Hurricane Irene (2011)

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Hurricane Irene
Category 3 hurricane ( SSHWS )
Hurricane Irene on August 24th as a Category 3 hurricane
Hurricane Irene on August 24th as a Category 3 hurricane
Emergence 20th of August
resolution August 28th
Peak wind
speed
120  mph (195  km / h ) (sustained for 1 minute)
Lowest air pressure 942  mbar ( hPa ; 27.8  inHg )
dead 56 total
Property damage US $ 10.1 billion (2011)
Affected
areas 		Lesser Antilles , Puerto Rico , Dominican Republic , Bahamas , United States East Coast
Season overview:
2011 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Irene (officially recommended by the US National Hurricane Center and also used by the German-speaking media: aɪˈrin pronunciation ) was a tropical cyclone that affected Puerto Rico , the Dominican Republic , Haiti , the Turks and Caicos Islands and the Bahamas and subsequently moved north on the east coast of the United States . Irene was the ninth tropical storm and first hurricane of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season . It originated on August 20, 2011 east of the Lesser Antilles and then moved across the Leeward Islands before embarking on a more northwestern and later northbound train path. The Category 1 hurricane hit the mainland of the United States in North Carolina, surfaced again south of Chesapeake Bay and hit a north-northeast migratory direction that made it graze the coast of New Jersey. It had an unusually large wind field, so that the effects of the hurricane due to wind breaks, storm surge and heavy rain were more far-reaching than with tropical cyclones of comparable intensity.

course

Hurricane track map

On August 15, 2011, a tropical wave , which was highlighted by a clearly recognizable cyclonic rotation close to the ground and was characterized by strong tropical humidity, broke away from the coast of Africa. The system was well defined and moved steadily westward across the Cape Verde Islands , although at the time atmospheric convection was largely southwest of the wave axis. As the wave receded from Cape Verde, the development of thunderstorms and rain showers remained isolated and the wave appeared broadly rolled out. On August 19, the convection of the system began to show signs of increasing organization as air pressure decreased and the environment in front of the wave became significantly more conducive to tropical cyclogenesis . The severe thunderstorm activity of the system around the main gravure feature became more evident, and on August 20, as the system approached the Antilles arc, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) determined that a tropical cyclone was imminent. A reconnaissance flight by the Hurricane Hunters confirmed the presence of a small circulation center directly southwest of an outbreak of violent convection and unusually high sustained winds, from which the NHC concluded that the system was sufficiently organized to act as a tropical storm at 23:00 UTC that day Irene to be classified.

At that time, Irene was about 305 km east of Dominica in the vicinity of a weakening high pressure area over the western central Atlantic, which provided a roughly west-northwest-facing trajectory for most of the hurricane's migration through the eastern Caribbean Sea .

On August 21, the center near the ground re-formed closer to the zone with the strongest convection; an anticyclone promoted the development of the storm by creating supporting discharge . Due to the improved structure and the only slight wind shear as well as the high water surface temperatures, the prognoses assumed that Irene would intensify further before moving over Hispaniola and remain just below the strength of a hurricane . The following day, Irene moved a little further north than originally expected to the west and passed Saint Croix a short distance towards Puerto Rico , with Irene showing a marked increase in strength and organization. A few hours later Irene moved overland in the southeast of the island near Punta Santiago; the constant wind speeds were assumed to be 110 km / h. Despite the effects of the land, observations of the hurricane with the weather radar revealed the existence of an eye-like feature; in addition, Doppler data indicated that wind speed was approaching hurricane strength. Irene was therefore upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale . The upgrade took place immediately after the hurricane first landed. The storm crossed the island and continued on its course. While the storm was just north of the mountainous Hispaniola coast, Irene gained strength only briefly and the increase in organization was small.

Irene lost some strength on August 23, but the following morning the hurricane began to form a discernible eye surrounded by deepening convection. The cyclone moved erratically across the southeastern Bahamas, over very warm water, so Irene expanded rapidly after the discharge was very well developed. The cyclone intensified into a Category 3 hurricane within a few hours. Irene underwent a partial cyclical re-formation of eyes , which weakened the hurricane. The eye that had developed disintegrated a few hours later. The hurricane was unable to recover from this cycle but continued to weaken.

Early on August 27, Irene weakened when approaching the Outer Banks of North Carolina from a Category 1 hurricane. That day at 11:30 a.m. UTC, Irene hit land near Cape Lookout , North Carolina with sustained winds of 140 km / h.

After the hurricane had been over land for about ten hours, the eye filled with clouds, but the center remained clearly visible on radar images. Over land, the hurricane has also gradually taken a more north-easterly direction. Later on August 27th, Irene came across the waters of the Atlantic Ocean near the southern end of Chesapeake Bay . Irene moved on in a north-northeast direction and lost strength slightly due to stronger wind shear and drier air in the southern semicircle, but the wind field continued to expand.

On August 28 at 9:00 a.m. UTC, the wind field of the strong winds reached from New York City to North Carolina. At 9:35 a.m. UTC, Irene came over land again near Little Egg Inlet , New Jersey. Based on the observations of a United States Air Force aircraft , it was found that the center of Irenes was passing over New York City at 1:00 p.m. UTC (9:00 a.m. local time). The constant wind speed at the time was estimated at 100 km / h, which is why Irene was downgraded to a tropical storm.

Irene became an extratropical storm over Québec , Canada on August 29th and reached Labrador . As a result, it persisted for a few days as a mighty Iceland low (ex-Irene) , determined the weather in northwestern Europe, and only disintegrated there around September 3rd.

Precautions

Barricaded restaurant in Ocean City , New Jersey

United States

The National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane warning for most of the US east coast and a state of emergency has been declared in the states of Delaware , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina and Virginia . The operators of the New York metro stopped all local traffic in the metropolis at noon on August 27th. New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg had the lower-lying districts with 250,000 residents preventively evacuated. President Obama returned from vacation early with his family.

New York City was hit by the New England Hurricane in September 1938 . Similar storm events were recorded in 1815, 1821, 1869 and 1893.

Effects

Victim
area dead Missing
Puerto Rico 1 0
Dominican Republic 4th 7th
Haiti 3 0
United States 45 1
Canada 1 0
Total 54 8th

Leeward Islands

During Irene's migration through the northeastern Caribbean, tropical storm conditions prevailed throughout the Leeward Islands , which generally did little damage, but low-lying areas were flooded. To the south, heavy thunderstorms and rains extended over Martinique , but most of this activity occurred before the NHC classified the system as tropical. Although the center passed directly north of the Guadeloupe island Grande-Terre , the outer rainbands had the greatest impact. The storm briefly created a rough sea with wave heights of a maximum of 5.6 m. Much of Martinique was affected by flooding, but rainfall was generally only moderate. Due to the storm, LIAT was forced to cancel all flights to and from Antigua early on August 22nd .

As the storm crossed the British Virgin Islands , it intensified, bringing gusty winds and heavy rainfall; however, the resulting property damage was minor. Lightning strike over Necker Island set fire to the home of British entrepreneur and balloonist Richard Branson , which burned down. On August 21, Irene crossed Saint Croix , the most populous island in the US Virgin Islands, as a strong tropical storm, but winds were measured on the island itself. To the north, in Saint Thomas , conditions were much worse; a peak gust of 110 km / h was measured at 21:20 UTC. In the area of ​​the American Virgin Islands, the storm led to isolated power outages, which affected all islands.

Puerto Rico

Rainfall from Hurricane Irene in Puerto Rico

Heavy rainfall caused extensive damage to the road network on Puerto Rico and the winds of the hurricane, which had now intensified into a hurricane, tore down numerous trees and poles from supply lines, so that the supply of electricity to more than one million residents of the island failed. US President Barack Obama declared a state of emergency. As Irene passed through Puerto Rico, 121,000 people were temporarily cut off from drinking water and 771 people had to go to emergency shelters. At higher altitudes, the sustained one-minute wind speed approached 178 km / h, according to the assessment of the weather radar images . The highest amounts of rain fell in the east of the US outer territory; in Gurabo was measured at 560 mm, the highest rainfall in Puerto Rico. The rains caused several rivers to overflow.

Agriculture also suffered damage from the storm, especially near the landfall. Strong winds uprooted perennial plants, so that several plantations for coffee and bananas were damaged. The hardest hit of these plantations are in Yabucoa and Manaubo , where large quantities of the banana trees were washed away by floods. The rains lasted for hours, so there were warnings of flash floods and floods. In total, the storm in Puerto Rico directly damaged more than 1,500 people and killed a woman driver when her vehicle was hit by a severely swollen watercourse. Preliminary estimates put the damage to buildings in Puerto Rico could amount to $ 500 million. In addition, there are economic losses, such as calculated loss of earnings during Irene's passage in the amount of 60.4 million US dollars.

In the open sea near the offshore Isla de Culebra, the sinking of a sailing boat in the rough sea was reported. Storm force winds knocked down fences and shattered windows. A total of 46 islanders sought shelter during the storm, and one family then needed further accommodation because the roof of their house was covered. On the Isla de Vieques , similarly strong sustained wind speeds were measured at 85 km / h, some gusts reached 115 km / h. Some electrical and telephone failures have been reported and the island's airfield ceased operations during the passage of the storm.

Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti)

Hurricane Irene as a Category 1 hurricane on August 22nd. Parts of the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico are covered by the clouds.

Hispaniola felt the effects of the hurricane, but the island got off relatively lightly, because the trajectory of the hurricane ran north of the coast, so that the island was on the left side of the hurricane, where the wind speeds are lower due to the forward movement of the hurricane.

However, the storm generated strong winds and persistent rain in the Dominican Republic , 37,700 people had to leave their homes and at least 88 towns were cut off from the outside world by the effects of the storm. The accompanying storm surge affected around 200 houses and triggered evacuations on the north coast of the country. The strongest wind speeds in the country occurred in northern Cibao , where many trees and poles were knocked down by utility lines. Swollen rivers, creeks and rivulets led to widespread flooding of homes and damaged streets; The oversaturation of the soil with water triggered landslides in the region, which led to further disabilities. Despite the further distance, Irene led to extreme rainfall in the southern parts of the country, which in many cases led to flood damage. Surface water running off and two overflowing rivers led to a large part of San Cristóbal being flooded; a bridge was swept away by the rushing mass of water. Two people drowned in these floods. Another person was killed in Cambita Garabitos and six others were reported missing. Heavy rain was also registered in La Altagracia , where one person in Higüey was carried away by the water and hundreds were brought to safety. Most of the damage in this region was caused by overflowing waterways, which also caused damage to agriculture. According to preliminary reports by the authorities, at least 2,292 households were damaged by the effects of Irene, and 13 houses were destroyed in such a way that repairs are not possible.

In north-eastern Haiti , persistent rainfall caused rivers to overflow, low-lying areas to be flooded by runoff rainwater and landslides to occur on several road sections. A total of around 500 residents left their homes in particularly endangered areas, but only one out of 160 emergency shelters was used. Surf and storm surge caused flooding on the coast, damaging several thousand houses. In the vicinity of Port-au-Prince , fresh winds also blew down many of the tents in which the victims, who had been made homeless by the January 12, 2010 earthquake , lived. In general, according to officials, the effects were less severe than originally feared; Flood damage occurred in isolation, but particularly in the northern parts of the country. Two people drowned in swollen watercourses in Haiti, and four people were injured by the effects of the storm.

Cuba

While Irene was already heading for the Bahamas, the outer rainbands dumped rainfall in the eastern parts of Cuba . Moa and Sagua de Tánamo in the province of Holguín reported 60 mm of rainfall, but on average less than five millimeters of rain fell. In the area of ​​the province of Guantánamo , less property damage was reported in Baracoa from high surf and flooding.

Turks and Caicos Islands and Bahamas

Irene as a Category 3 severe hurricane over the Bahamas

On August 24, Irene crossed the British Turks and Caicos Islands as a Category 1 hurricane. The winds caused by the cyclone covered roofs and tore down power lines. Lanterns were knocked down in Cockburn Town . The power supply was also interrupted for many households on Grand Turk Island , but here the damage to buildings remained at a low level. The island of Providenciales reported the highest values ​​for precipitation and wind force, but here too the reported damage to roofs and tourist facilities remained low. The Grand Turk docks were damaged, but operations resumed three days after Irenes passed through.

On August 25th, Irene hit the Bahamas as a Category 3 hurricane and wreaked havoc. The eye wandered directly over several of the islands. A peak gust with a wind speed of 225 km / h was recorded, locally fell up to 330 mm of precipitation. At least 40 houses were badly damaged on Mayaguana Island and several dozen buildings on Acklins were completely destroyed. The Lovely Bay settlement on this island was 90 percent destroyed. The roof of a school on Crooked Island , where wind peaks were measured at 159 km / h, was covered and the windows broke. A church on the island partially collapsed due to the storm. The worst damage in the Bahamas was recorded on Cat Island , where widespread panes of glass were broken and lightly built houses were torn apart. The total damage to property on the island runs into the millions, and many residents have been left homeless. Property damage was limited on New Providence and Grand Bahama because the center of Irene passed far away.

Despite the widespread property damage in the Bahamas, no natural disaster-related injuries were reported, even though the hurricane was the worst tropical cyclone since 1999 , when Hurricane Floyd hit the Bahamas, according to local officials .

Continental United States

Florida

Although Hurricane Irene stayed far off the coast of Florida , the rain bands periodically led to gusts and thunderstorms on the coast. The waves created by the cyclone reached heights of up to 4.8 m; At least eight people were injured in heavy surf at Boynton Inlet and one surfer was killed off the coast of Volusia County . In Lantana, the waves washed over the sea walls and destroyed a lifeguard watch tower. There was little beach erosion locally .

On the coast the winds were comparatively light; At the jetty at Lake Worth , the peak gust reached a speed of 65 km / h, at Palm Beach International Airport wind speeds of a maximum of 50 km / h were measured. The rainfall was also low; Palm Beachs Airport reported about 25 mm of rainfall; Fort Lauderdale Executive Airport reported 68 mm. In Melbourne , the amount of precipitation generated by the hurricane was 33 mm on August 24, and the peak gust with a wind speed of 63 km / h was measured at this measuring point one day later. Florida Power & Light reported that there were isolated blackouts in South Florida.

Carolina states

Because of its unusually large wind field, Hurricane Irene affected long stretches of the coastline with gusts and sporadic rainfall, even though the hurricane itself moved northwards far from land. Stormy winds hit the Lowcountry from the afternoon of August 26th, a gust with a wind speed of 89 km / h was recorded at a measuring station on Folly Island . The wind cut trees and created high surf along the Charleston County's coastline , causing beach erosion. Around four thousand households were affected by isolated power interruptions, mostly due to overturned utility masts.

Hurricane Irene shortly after landfall at Little Egg Inlet on August 28th

In North Carolina, gale force winds were observed on the Outer Banks several hours before landfall. The waves observed reached heights of 1.8 to 2.7 m. In addition, early on August 27th, Irene produced several tornadoes as she approached the coast . After Irene came ashore, winds reached hurricane strength in most of eastern North Carolina. Sustained winds of 140 km / h and peak gusts of 163 km / h were measured in Atlantic Beach . The cumulative rainfall recorded in the region by Irene was unusually high, ranging from 255 to 360 mm; the highest value was recorded in Bunyan.

Hurricane Irene caused major property damage in North Carolina. He destroyed houses and overturned vehicles. A tornado destroyed at least four houses in Columbia and three more were significantly damaged. Floods occurred in several areas; in Nash County, a tree killed a person. Even before the storm hit, a man in Onslow County had suffered heart failure while trying to storm his home. One person was killed in a falling tree in Pitt County and one in Sampson County , and one in Pitt County and one in Goldsboro were victims of storm-related traffic accidents. A man drowned in the flooding Cape Fear River .

Central Atlantic states

Fallen trees damaged numerous vehicles, like this Lexus RX450h in Washington, DC

Hurricane Irene caused widespread power outages in Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Washington, DC.

A tornado went of August 27 through the morning Sandbridge , one to Virginia Beach belonging town in Virginia . It covered at least five houses and damaged several more. In Newport News , Virginia, strong winds toppled a tree in an apartment building, killing one resident. Another tornado, which reached F1 level on the Fujita Scale in Lewes , Delaware , damaged 17 homes and destroyed another at around 6:35 p.m. on August 27.

new York

Washed out railroad tracks near Sloatsburg

The flooding of the Ramapo River meant that Metro-North and NJ Transit had to suspend traffic on the Port Jervis Line north of Suffern for an indefinite period; it turned out after the water had run off and was washed away by the flood around one kilometer of the route.

At a City Island marina in the Bronx , a man drowned trying to secure his boat during the storm. North of New York City, a person drowned when a dinghy capsized on the Croton River . A windsurfer drowned off the south shore of Long Island and a man died in Spring Valley after being electrocuted from hanging wires. While fleeing her house, a woman drowned in a badly swollen stream in New Scotland, southwest of Albany. Three days after the hurricane broke through, the body of a man who had disregarded the closure of a flooded street in Tuxedo was found.

By power outages in Nassau County and neighboring Suffolk County were on Long Iceland nearly 350,000 households and businesses without electricity, which was mostly caused by falling trees power lines torn with it.

Flash floods , some of which were devastating , occurred in the northwestern Catskill Mountains , particularly in the area of ​​the Town of Margaretville . A woman drowned in a stream near the Fleischmanns . A record flood along Schoharie Creek destroyed the Old Blenheim Bridge , a 156-year-old covered bridge , a National Historic Landmark . Prattsville's Main Street has been described by the city manager as a "complete loss". Residents of the area around the Frost Valley YMCA in the Ulster County lying Town of Shandaken were cut off from the outside world because the floods have washed away the road through this area in several places.

Irene also did significant damage further north, in the Adirondack Mountains . A section of the New York State Route 73 was washed away what the hamlet of Keene and St. Hubert's in the High Peaks region of Essex County insulated. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation announced that numerous landslides had occurred at these peaks themselves. The agency closed the Dix and Giant Wilderness Areas and the eastern part of the High Peaks Wilderness Area to the public for security reasons .

New England

Storm surge caused by Hurricane Irene in Greenwich, Connecticut

A storm surge hit the shores of Long Island Sound in Connecticut . On August 28, Connecticut's two major electricity companies, Connecticut Light and Power and United Illuminating, announced that a total of 754,000 of their customers were without electricity. The Route 15 , one of the main thoroughfares of the state was, between the border with New York and Interstate 91 in Meriden blocked due to fallen trees. Numerous roads have been flooded, such as Route 7 in New Milford by the Housatonic River, or they have been undermined and washed away, including a section of Route 72 near Bristol by the Pequabuck River . As in New York and Vermont, the heavy rain led to flash floods or floods in many places, such as on the Farmington River and the Connecticut River .

In Connecticut, at least three people died from the effects of Irenes. One person was killed in a fire believed to have been caused by power lines being torn down. and a woman in Prospect perished under similar circumstances. In Bristol, a man drowned when his canoe capsized in the churned waters of the Pequabuck River.

Two trees uprooted by Irene on the Massachusetts coast

A community worker in Southbridge was electrocuted from a hanging electricity line. In the east of Becket, the failure of a dam was erroneously reported, resulting in the evacuation of around 200 people.

Rhode Island recorded gusts of wind up to 114 km / h, uprooting trees and causing widespread damage to the power grid. At the end of the storm, an estimated 256,000 of the 480,281 electricity customers in the state were without electricity. The storm surge caused some damage along the coast at Narragansett Bay , with Providence at the end of the bay spared flooding the center, which is also due to the Fox Point Hurricane Barrier built in the 1960s . In some places rivers overflowed their banks and triggered local floods.

Almost every river in Vermont overflowed; at least three people drowned and one more went missing. In Wilmington , the level reached in the eastern arm of the Deerfield River a level that those of New England Hurricane of 1938 exceeded. Several covered wooden bridges, some of which were over 100 years old, were damaged or destroyed by floods, for example the Bartonsville Covered Bridge . Severe damage to the road network meant that around a dozen rural areas were cut off from the outside world and had to be supplied with helicopters immediately after the storm.

Canada

On August 28, strong winds and heavy rains from post-tropical storm Irene in Québec led to power outages for up to 250,000 households. In Montreal , buildings and traffic lights were occasionally damaged, and air traffic in Toronto had to be suspended for a while. One person was killed when their car was washed up in the Rivière Yamaska near Sorel-Tracy with several other vehicles ; Another stretch of road was washed away in Charlevoix-Est , and floods also led to evacuations in Estrie .

See also

Web links

Commons : Hurricane Irene (2011)  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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  2. ^ Hurricane sets course for America's East Coast , FAZ.net , August 25, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
  3. ^ National Hurricane Center: Atlantic Names - Pronunciation Guide ( English , PDF; 153 kB) National Weather Service. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
  4. ^ Corey Walton: Tropical Weather Discussion ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 15, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  5. ^ Corey Walton: Tropical Weather Discussion ( English ) National Hurricane Center . August 15, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  6. ^ John Cangialosi: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 18, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  7. ↑ Mike Tichacek: Tropical Weather Discussion ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 19, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  8. ↑ Jack Beven: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 20, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  9. ↑ Jack Beven: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 20, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  10. ↑ a b Eric Blake, Michael Brennan: Tropical Storm Irene Special Discussion Number One ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 20, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  11. ↑ Stacy Stewart: Tropical Storm Irene Discussion Number Three ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 21, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  12. ^ Richard Pasch: Tropical Storm Irene Discussion Number Four ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 21, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  13. ↑ Michael Brennan: Tropical Storm Irene Advisory Number Five A ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 22, 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
  14. ↑ Michael Brennan: Tropical Storm Irene Discussion Number Six . National Hurricane Center. August 22, 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
  15. ↑ Stacy Stewart: Tropical Storm Irene Tropical Cyclone Update ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 22, 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
  16. ↑ Stacy Stewart: Hurricane Irene Discussion Number Seven ( English ) Dr. Jeff Masters' Miracle Blog. August 22, 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
  17. ^ Lixion Avila: Hurricane Irene Discussion Number Nine ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 22, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
  18. ↑ Michael Brennan: Hurricane Irene Discussion Number Eleven ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 23, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
  19. ^ Daniel Brown: Hurricane Irene Discussion Number Fourteen ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 23, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
  20. ^ Richard Pasch, Todd Kimberlain: Hurricane Irene Discussion Number Sixteen ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 24, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
  21. ^ Daniel Brown: Hurricane Irene Discussion Number Eighteen ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 24, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
  22. ↑ Masters, Jeff: Irene's eyewall collapses; further intensification unlikely. ( English ) Weather Underground. August 26, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
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  24. ^ Daniel Brown: Hurricane Irene Intermediate Advisory Twenty-eight-A ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 27, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  25. ↑ Brown, Daniel; Franklin, James: Hurricane Irene Discussion Number Thirty ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 27, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  26. ↑ a b Stacy Stewart, Robbie Berg: Hurricane Irene Advisory Number Thirty-A ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 27, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  27. ↑ Brown, Daniel; Franklin, James: Hurricane Irene Discussion Number Thirty-two ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 28, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
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  29. ^ Richard Pasch: Tropical Storm Irene Tropical Cyclone Update ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 28, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  30. ↑ DWD weather map August 31 and September 3, 2011, 0:00 UTC , website of the Free University of Berlin, accessed on December 20, 2013.
  31. ↑ This season several hurricanes hit Europe, including the hurricane ex-Katia
  32. ↑ Irene's flooding 'could be a hundred-year event' , CNN , August 25, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
  33. ↑ East coast prepares for hurricane "Irene" FAZ.net, August 26, 2011
  34. ^ The unrest before the storm , Süddeutsche Zeitung , August 26, 2011. Accessed on August 26, 2011.
  35. ↑ Two million people have to leave their homes on August 27, 2011 on zeit.de , accessed on August 29, 2011
  36. ↑ Irene blamed for 40 deaths in US, Canada (English) . August 30, 2011. Archived from the original on September 1, 2011 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.interaksyon.com 
  37. ↑ a b c d e f g Hurricane Irene blamed for at least 44 US deaths ( English ) ABC. August 30, 2011. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved on August 30, 2011.
  38. ↑ Associated Press : Tropical Storm Irene Barrels toward Puerto Rico ( English ) Fox News . August 21, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 23, 2011.
  39. ↑ De fortes pluies orageuses cette nuity ( French ) In: Journal France-Antilles . France Antilles Martinique. August 22, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 22, 2011.
  40. ^ Retour au vert ( French ) In: Journal France-Antilles . France Antilles Guadeloupe. August 22, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 22, 2011.
  41. ^ CMC : Tropical Storm Irene forces LIAT to suspend services in and out of Antigua . In: Antigua Observer . Observer Publications Limited. August 21, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 23, 2011.
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  43. ↑ CNN Wire Staff: Fire destroys private-island home of Virgin head Richard Branson ( English ) CNN . August 22, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 23, 2011.
  44. ^ Joy Blackburn, Daniel Shea: Irene's eye crosses St. Croix ( English ) In: The Virgin Islands Daily News . Times-Shamrock Communications . August 22, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 23, 2011.
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  46. ↑ a b Coto, Danica: Hurricane Irene slams Puerto Rico; Could hit US ( English ) Forbes. August 22, 2011. Archived from the original on August 27, 2011. Retrieved on August 22, 2011.
  47. ↑ Christina Boyle: Category two storm Hurricane Irene on track to hit Florida, Georgia and Carolinas by the weekend ( English ) New York Daily News . Archived from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved on August 23, 2011.
  48. ↑ Gerardo Alvarado: Sin servicio de agua potable más de cien mil abonados ( Spanish ) In: El Nuevo Día . Grupo Ferré-Rangel. August 22, 2011. Archived from the original on August 27, 2011. Retrieved on August 22, 2011.
  49. ↑ Stewart, Stacy: Hurricane Irene Tropical Cyclone Update ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 22, 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
  50. ↑ Andrea Martínez: Reports preliminar de daños en la agricultura ( Spanish ) In: El Nuevo Día . Grupo Ferré-Rangel. August 22, 2011. Archived from the original on August 27, 2011. Retrieved on August 22, 2011.
  51. ↑ Joan Isabel González: Azote a las siembras en Maunabo y Yabucoa ( Spanish ) In: El Nuevo Día . Grupo Ferré-Rangel. August 23, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
  52. ↑ Yanira H. Cabiya: Se esperan unas 4 pulgadas más de lluvia en todo Puerto Rico ( Spanish ) In: El Nuevo Día . Grupo Ferré-Rangel. August 22, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
  53. ↑ AnVi OpenSource Knowledge Trust (Ed.): 2011 Atlantic Hurricane Season . 2011, p. 46 ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed April 25, 2016]).
  54. ↑ Gloria R. Kuilan: Los daños ascenderían a $ 500 millones ( Spanish ) In: El Nuevo Día . Grupo Ferré-Rangel. August 25, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
  55. ↑ Israel R. Sánchez: Un velero hundido y destrozos en residencias deja el huracán Irene en su paso por Culebra ( Spanish ) In: El Nuevo Día . Grupo Ferré-Rangel. August 22, 2011. Archived from the original on August 27, 2011. Retrieved on August 22, 2011.
  56. ↑ Stacy Stewart: Tropical Storm Irene Tropical Cyclone Update ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 22, 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
  57. ↑ Natalia R. Bartolomei: Azoto duro a Vieques ( Spanish ) In: El Nuevo Día . Grupo Ferré-Rangel. August 23, 2011. Archived from the original on August 27, 2011. Retrieved on August 23, 2011.
  58. ↑ Johanna García: Desplazados por las lluvias aumentan a 37.743 ( Spanish ) In: El Día . August 25, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 26, 2011.
  59. ↑ a b Redacción: Hay 31,900 desplazados y 85 comunidades aisladas ( Spanish ) In: Diario @ Diario . August 24, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 24, 2011.
  60. ↑ Redacción: Desplazados superan los 12 mil; hay 25 comunidades aisladas ( Spanish ) In: Diario @ Diario . August 24, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 24, 2011.
  61. ↑ Manuel Gilbert, Ricardo Santana: Irene deja daños en costa norte ( Spanish ) In: Listín Diario . Listín Diario. August 23, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 24, 2011.
  62. ↑ Lluvias causan muertes y destruyen puentes en el Sur ( Spanish ) In: Periódico 7 Días . Fundación Macroeconodata. August 24, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 24, 2011.
  63. ↑ Ramón Urbáez, José A. Thomas, Carlos Corporan: Hay tres muertos, 31 mil 900 personas desplazadas y daños diversos por Irene ( Spanish ) In: Almomento.net . August 24, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 24, 2011.
  64. ↑ Manuel A. Vega: Una persona desaparecida y 45 comunidades incomunicadas dejó Irene región Este ( Spanish ) In: Primicias . August 24, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 25, 2011.
  65. ↑ Irène provoque of inondations dans le Nord Ouest ( French ) Radio Métropole . August 23, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 26, 2011.
  66. ↑ a b Haiti escapes serious damage from Hurricane Irene, UN reports ( English ) UN News Center . August 24, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 25, 2011.
  67. ^ Prensa Latina : Hurricane Irene wreaks havoc in Haiti . In: Ahora . August 24, 2011. Archived from the original on August 30, 2011. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved August 26, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ahora.cu
  68. ^ Agence France-Presse : L'ouragan Irène fait 2 morts en Haïti ( French ) In: Le Figaro . Dassault Group . August 25, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  69. ↑ Rubicel González: Irene Does not Leave much Rain in Holguin ( English ) ahora.cu. August 25, 2011. Archived from the original on August 28, 2011. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved August 26, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ahora.cu
  70. ↑ Huracán Irene causa daños en Baracoa, Cuba ( Spanish ) In: The Miami Herald . The McClatchy Company . August 24, 2011. Archived from the original on November 5, 2011. Retrieved on August 27, 2011.
  71. ↑ Irma Fernandez: Hurricane Irene Update ( English ) In: San Diego Entertainer . August 25, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 25, 2011.
  72. ↑ Irene Weakens to Category 1 Hurricane, But Remains Big Threat to US (English) . In: Fox News Channel , August 23, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 25, 2011. 
  73. ↑ Gay N. Myers: Irene drenches Turks and Caicos, Bahamas . In: Travel Weekly . Northstar Travel Media. August 24, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  74. ^ Larry Bleiberg: Hurricane Irene damages Grand Turk cruise port ( English ) In: USA Today . Gannett Company . August 26, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  75. ↑ Hurricane "Irene": Evacuations on the US East Coast , Die Presse. August 25, 2011. 
  76. ^ Arian Campo-Flores, Valerie Bauerlein, Mike Esterel: US East Coast Braces as Irene Batters Bahamas ( English ) In: The Wall Street Journal . August 26, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
  77. ↑ a b Hurricane Irene: The Bahamas picks up the pieces after devastating storm ( English ) In: International Business Times . The International Business Times Inc. August 26, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  78. ↑ More flee ahead of Irene as track forecast shifts ( English ) msnbc.com. August 26, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 25, 2011.
  79. ↑ Chester Robards: Irene devastates Southeastern Bahamas ( English ) In: The Nassau Guardian . August 25, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 25, 2011.
  80. ↑ Hurricane Irene hammers Bahamas islands ( English ) In: BBC News Online . August 25, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 25, 2011.
  81. ↑ a b CNN Wire Staff: 'Awesome' hurricane rips through Bahamas' 700 islands ( English ) CNN. August 25, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 25, 2011.
  82. ↑ Taneka Thompson: Davis: Irene Caused millions of dollars in damage to Cat Iceland ( English ) In: The Tribune . August 27, 2011. Archived from the original on November 5, 2011. Retrieved on August 28, 2011.
  83. ↑ a b c d Glenn Glazer: Scattered rain, wind gusts hit South Florida as Irene plows through Bahamas ( English ) WPTV-TV . August 25, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 25, 2011.
  84. ↑ Evan Axelbank: Eight people injured by Irene's waves after being swept off a Boynton Beach jetty ( English ) WPTV. August 26, 2011. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved August 27, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wptv.com
  85. ↑ Jeff Weiner: Hurricane Irene's rough surf kills two off Florida coast, officials say ( English ) Orlando Sentinel . August 27, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  86. ↑ Eliot Kleinberg: Scattered rain, 51-mph wind gusts hit South Florida as Irene slams Bahamas, aims at Carolinas ( English ) The Palm Beach Post . August 25, 2011. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved on August 25, 2011.
  87. ↑ Weather observations for the past three days: West Palm Beach, Palm Beach International Airport ( English ) National Weather Service . August 25, 2011. Archived from the original on August 25, 2011. Retrieved on August 25, 2011.
  88. ↑ Weather observations for the past three days: Fort Lauderdale Executive Airport ( English ) National Weather Service. August 25, 2011. Archived from the original on August 25, 2011. Retrieved on August 25, 2011.
  89. ^ History for Melbourne, FL ( English ) Weather Underground. August 26, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  90. ↑ Bo Peterson, Glenn Smith: Forecasters: Worst of Irene moving through Lowcountry now ( English ) In: The Post and Courier . Evening Post Publishing Company. August 26, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  91. ↑ Smith, Bruce: Rain from Irene falling on SC coast (English) . In: The Anderson Independent-Mail , Independent Publishing Company, August 26, 2011. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. 
  92. ↑ Mitch Weiss: Hurricane Irene brings rain, heavy seas to coast (English) . In: CBS8 , August 26, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2016. 
  93. ↑ Jack Beven: Hurricane Irene Intermediate Advisory Twenty-Seven A ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 27, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  94. ↑ Jack Beven, Michael Brennan: Hurricane Irene Intermediate Advisory Twenty-Seven B ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 27, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  95. ↑ Jeff Masters: Irene sends 4.5 foot storm surge up Chesapeake Bay ( English ) Weather Underground. August 28, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  96. ↑ a b WSOC-TV : Irene devastates NC coast claiming multiple lives ( English ) Cox Enterprises . August 27, 2011. Archived from the original on November 4, 2011. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved August 28, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsoctv.com
  97. ↑ WNCT : Tornado confirmed in Tyrell County ( English ) Eyewitness News . August 27, 2011. Archived from the original on November 5, 2011. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved August 28, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www2.wnct.com
  98. ^ Hurricane Irene batters NC, killing 1 (English) , MSBNC. August 27, 2011. 
  99. ↑ David Zucchino: Hurricane Irene: First two deaths from storm are reported (English) . In: Nation Now , Los Angeles Times, August 27, 2011. 
  100. ^ Hurricane Irene ( English ) KYW-TV. August 28, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  101. ↑ About 500,000 customers in mid-Atlantic lack power ( English ) WMDT-TV. August 29, 2011. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved on August 29, 2011.
  102. ↑ Nearly 1 Million Lose Power in Mid-Atlantic ( English ) WBOC. August 28, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
  103. ↑ Mike Hixenbaugh: Tornado rips through Sandbridge, damages homes ( English ) The Virginian-Pilot. August 27, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  104. ↑ Six dead as Hurricane Irene edges into Virginia ( English ) MSBNC . August 27, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  105. ↑ Possible Tornado Damages 17 Homes Near Lewes, Delaware ( English ) KYW-TV . August 27, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  106. ^ Ned Potter: Hurricane Irene Spawns Tornadoes, Damage Reported in Delaware, Virginia , ABC News. August 28, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2011. 
  107. ^ NJ TRANSIT Service Information for Tuesday, August 30 ( English ) NJ Transit. August 29, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
  108. ↑ NR Kleinfield: Brave, Foolhardy and Just Unlucky: The Lives Lost in Hurricane Irene (English) . In: The New York Times , August 30, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2011. 
  109. ↑ Alyssa Sunkin: Flood victims's body discovered in Tuxedo (English) . In: Times-Herald Record , September 2, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2011. 
  110. ↑ Jonathan Allen: Long Island residents frustrated by power outages (English) , Reuters. August 29, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011. 
  111. ↑ Kat Kinsman: Amid devastating New York flooding, a stream of information (English) , Cable News Network. August 29, 2011. 
  112. ↑ Erik Eckholm: Covered Bridges, Beloved Remnants of Another Era, Were Casualties, Too (English) . In: The New York Times , August 31, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2011. 
  113. ↑ Noah Rosenberg, Peter Applebome: In Catskill Communities, Survivors Are Left With Little but Their Lives (English) . In: The New York Times , August 29, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011. 
  114. ↑ Michelle Haskell: Power still out, people still stuck in Frost Valley; YMCA helps neighbors (English) . In: Times-Herald Record , August 31, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2011. 
  115. ↑ Alissa J. Rubin: In the Adirondacks, Storm-Battered and Cut Off (English) . In: The New York Times , August 31, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2011. 
  116. ^ Adirondack Trail Information ( English ) New York State Department of Environmental Conservation . Retrieved September 1, 2011.
  117. ↑ a b c Shoreline Community Reeling From Irene (English) . In: The Hartford Courant , August 28, 2011. Archived from the original on September 1, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2011. 
  118. ↑ Irene knocks out power, downs trees on approach (English) , WTNH-TV. August 28, 2011. Archived from the original on September 18, 2011 Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved September 1, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wtnh.com 
  119. ↑ Hurricane Irene: Connecticut governor confirms 10th death ( English ) Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  120. ↑ Huntington Chief: Becket dam did not fail (English) . In: WWLP.com , 22News, August 28, 2011. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved September 1, 2011. 
  121. ↑ Irene delivers glancing blow to RI (English) . Retrieved September 2, 2011. 
  122. ↑ Irene leaves up to half of Rhode Iceland without power (English) . In: USA Today , August 28, 2011. Retrieved September 2, 2011. 
  123. ↑ In RI, bright day, big mess in storm's wake (English) , Providence Journal. August 30, 2011. Retrieved September 2, 2011. 
  124. ↑ Irene inundates Vermont, washing out bridges, killing one ( English ) CNN. Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  125. ↑ Matt Henson: WCAX viewers document deadly storm in Vt (English) . In: WCAX News , August 28, 2011. Archived from the original on April 6, 2012 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved August 29, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wcax.com 
  126. ↑ WCAX News: Vt. communities inundated by Irene flooding (English) . In: WCAX.com Vermont , August 28, 2011. Archived from the original on August 28, 2011 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved August 29, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wcax.com 
  127. ↑ Terri Hallenbeck: Vermont's covered bridges take a hit from Irene (English) . In: Burlington Free Press , Aug 29, 2011. 
  128. ↑ Phil Gast: Crews reach far corners of Vermont cut off by Irene (English) , CNN. September 1, 2011. 
  129. ↑ Irene drenches Quebec, Maritimes (English) . In: CBC News , August 28, 2011. 
  130. ↑ Irene balaie le Québec, 250,000 foyers privés d'électricité (French) . In: La Presse , August 28, 2011. 
  131. ↑ Irene leaves a mark on Quebec (English) . In: CBC News , August 29, 2011.