Ludwig VII. (Bavaria)
Ludwig VII of Bavaria (* probably 1368 ; † May 1, 1447 in Burghausen ) was Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt from 1413 until his death . He was called "the bearded one" or "the bearded one" because he wore a beard according to the French fashion of his time.
Ludwig was the son of his predecessor Stephan III. , with whom he promoted the election of his relative Ruprecht von der Pfalz as King of the Holy Roman Empire . He stayed in France for many years . Since his brother-in-law, King Charles VI. was largely incapable of governing due to a mental illness , Ludwig was de facto ruler of France. As Bernabò Visconti's grandson , he was also involved in Italian politics. Ludwig promoted the arts and had the New Palace built in Ingolstadt . His quarrel with Heinrich XVI. von Bayern-Landshut dragged on for decades and ended with Ludwig's imprisonment in Burghausen, where he finally died.
Contemporary history background
With Ludwig's great-grandfather Ludwig IV , the Wittelsbachers had established the Roman-German king for the first time in 1314. After his death, Bavaria was divided among his six sons. Stephan II received the Duchy of Bavaria-Landshut in 1353, which after his death in 1375 was again divided among his sons. Stephan III, the father of Ludwig VII, received Bavaria-Ingolstadt, which consisted of several separate parts: the area around the residential city of Ingolstadt, a southern part that stretched from Wasserburg via Kufstein to Kitzbühel , and free float in today's Upper Palatinate . The unfavorable layout of the new duchy was to cause some dispute with the Landshut cousins.
After the death of Ludwig IV, the Wittelsbach family increased their commitment in northern Italy through marriage alliances with Bernabò Visconti, Lord of Milan. Stephan III. married a daughter of Visconti and after his death, like his son later, proceeded against Visconti's murderer Gian Galeazzo . The Bavarian dukes were also active in France, where marriage alliances were also the chosen means. Of decisive importance is the year 1385, in which the double wedding of Cambrai sealed the alliance between Straubing-Holland and Burgundy and Isabeau, the sister of Louis VII, the young King Charles VI. of France married. Your brother should therefore travel to France again and again over the next few decades.
The year of death of Ludwig IV, 1347, marks a turning point in the history of Europe. The Black Death , a plague epidemic of unimagined proportions, spread across the continent and caused its population to shrink rapidly. The population decline lasted for over a century and only came to a standstill in the period after the death of Louis VII. In addition to the devastating economic and demographic effects of the plague, the Hundred Years War broke out between England and France in 1337 . The influence of the church, which split for four decades in 1378, also declined. Because of this development one speaks of the time in which Ludwig VII was born, also of the crisis of the late Middle Ages .
Life
Early years
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Ludwig was probably born in 1368 as the son of Duke Stephen III. and the Milanese noblewoman Taddea Visconti . His mother died when Ludwig was thirteen years old; his younger sister Isabeau married the French King Charles VI in Amiens in 1385 . It is not known whether Ludwig attended his sister's wedding, but he spent many years in France between 1391 and 1415. He gained his first military experience in 1388 in the city war between the Bavarian dukes and the Swabian League of Cities . In September 1388 he took part in the siege of Donaustauf .
Envoy of the Pope
At the end of 1391 Ludwig visited Bonifatius IX on behalf of the Roman Pope . the French court for the first time. He had commissioned Ludwig and his father on a trip to Italy to campaign for the Roman papacy in the Holy Roman Empire and in France. Ludwig was welcomed, his brother-in-law Karl VI. had German-style clothing made in his honor for himself and some courtiers and granted him a pension of 5,000 francs .
Return to Bavaria
In 1393 Ludwig returned to Bavaria to support his father in the conflict with the other Wittelsbach dukes who had allied themselves against him in the Treaty of Munich . The bone of contention was that of Stephen brother Johann II. And his son Ernst procured Bavarian division of 1392 , the Ingolstadt saw cheated in. An impending war was initially prevented by the sudden death of the Landshut Duke Friedrich at the end of 1393.
Ludwig's father Stephan and Johann took over the guardianship for Friedrich's underage son Heinrich XVI. However, the conflicts between Munich and Ingolstadt soon broke out again as both sides tried to expand their influence in rich Lower Bavaria . A division of Bavaria-Landshut was prevented by the estates , who all paid homage to their young duke.
Stephan and Johann agreed on May 8, 1394 to act alternately as Heinrich's guardian for two years. While Stephan then tried to get the release of King Wenzel , who had been taken prisoner on the same day , Johann continued to prepare for a war with Ingolstadt. In May he came to an understanding with the Austrian dukes Albrecht and Wilhelm , and on June 6th he signed a contract with Berthold Wähinger , the Bishop of Freising , who was also the Austrian Chancellor.
Ludwig VII wanted to forestall the preparations for war in Munich with an attack on Freising at Christmas 1394. When he also conquered and plundered Neuburg an der Donau on Epiphany in 1395 , Johann attacked with his two sons Aichach , Friedberg and Markt Schwaben . The clashes, known as the First Bavarian House War , dragged on to Candlemas , but ended with no clear result.
Kingmaker in the empire
Stephan III. was reconciled with his brother in the autumn of 1395. Heinrich's mother was able to persuade Stephen's son Ludwig to stand still by paying 10,000 guilders . When he reached an agreement with Ernst von Bayern-Munich, the situation in Bavaria calmed down again. But father and son already had new plans: Together with several other princes, they overthrew King Wenceslas and took part in a secret meeting in Frankfurt on February 1, 1400 , at which the election of a new king was decided.
In August 1400, in the presence of Stephen in Lahnstein, the deposition of Wenzel and the installation of the Wittelsbacher Ruprecht von der Pfalz was announced. This was able to prevail against Wenzel not least thanks to the support of the two Ingolstadters. While Stephan III. in France with the help of his daughter Isabeau, her husband Charles VI. moved to recognize Ruprecht as king, he entrusted the administration of the duchy to his son, who in the meantime had a son with his favorite woman himself.
Ludwig devoted himself again to the Wittelsbach Italian policy, which had already brought him to Italy in 1390/91 . The attempt at a marriage alliance with the Kingdom of Naples had failed at that time. The train to Lombardy , which Ludwig was planning together with his relative, the Roman-German King Ruprecht, was not a lucky star either. Duke Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan, with whom Ludwig was also related through his mother, struck Ruprecht in 1402. Ludwig now set off again for France to meet with Charles VI. to conclude an alliance against Milan. However, the sudden death of Gian Galeazzo during the siege of Florence rendered the purpose of the trip useless.
Rise to regent in France
However, Ludwig used his stay in France to marry Anna von Bourbon , a lady-in-waiting of his sister who was closely related to the royal family. Anna bore Ludwig two sons, but only the older one, who was named like his father Ludwig , reached adulthood. The marriage turned out to be particularly favorable from a financial point of view: Anna's dowry was a proud 130,000 francs. Ludwig also received half a French county and a pension of 12,000 francs. His income thus corresponded to that of a nephew of the king.
The enterprising Ludwig made sure that he actually received the money he was entitled to and took parts of the crown treasure as pledge if the French king did not have enough cash. While in France the impression arose that Isabeau was plundering the state treasure for her German relatives, her brother was able to bring some valuable works of art to Bavaria. He paid his creditors with instructions to Paris banks.
Ludwig sent about half of his income to Bavaria, where his father, after the confirmation of the division of 1392 in the winter of 1402/03 with the young dukes of Bavaria-Munich , Ernst and Wilhelm III. , and Heinrich XVI. von Bayern-Landshut was in dispute. In this way, the Ingolstadt residents were able to redeem pledged cities, repay their debts and even gain some new places.
However, Louis himself stayed in France most of the time, where he gained more and more influence after the murder of Louis of Orléans , the king's brother, in November 1407. He ran the court of the heir to the throne, accompanied the court on all trips and was finally able to acquire the Hôtel du Porc-Epic in the immediate vicinity of the royal residence. Since Charles VI. was de facto incapable of governing due to a mental illness, Ludwig's position corresponded to that of a regent of France.
Quarrel with the Bavarian cousins
Throughout the winter of 1402/03, Ludwig received letters from the city of Munich asking for help against the dukes Ernst and Wilhelm III. asked, who after the agreement with his father Stephan III. wanted to go back there. When he learned in mid-March that the city was already under siege, he immediately returned to Bavaria. Ludwig tried to prevent Munich from being handed over to his cousins at the negotiating table, but had to recognize their rule over the city on May 31. He now made his way to the Rhine, where he helped settle the disputes between King Ruprecht and the Archbishop of Mainz . It wasn't until July that he was finally able to look after his own areas in the Duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt again.
Ludwig realized that his father's lavish lifestyle had driven the young duchy into debt. He therefore called on the spiritual and secular lords in the area not to lend him any more money. The angry protests of Stephen III. he accepted. During his short stay in Bavaria in 1403/04, Ludwig also found the time to sue his cousin Heinrich. He found support for this from his cousin Johann III. , the Prince Elector of Liège and later Duke of Straubing-Holland. Ludwig demanded compensation from Heinrich for the disadvantage of the Ingolstadt duchy in the recently confirmed division of the country.
When Ernst von Bayern-Munich, appointed as judge, rejected the claim in 1406, Ludwig went on appeal. In 1407 he turned to King Ruprecht and in 1409 to the Roman Pope Gregory XII. and a total of four times to the Pisan Pope John XXIII . Although he bowed to the Freising arbitration ruling of 1410, which confirmed Heinrich's rights as Duke of Bavaria-Landshut, he tried to isolate it through an alliance with Ernst and Wilhelm. However, he urged the two to make far-reaching concessions, whereupon they sided with his opponent Heinrich.
Last years in France
In France, Ludwig turned to the influential Duke of Burgundy , Johann Ohnefurcht , who was married to a princess from the Straubing-Holland line. Together they defeated the uprising of the citizens of Liège against the Wittelsbach prince-elector Johann in the Battle of Othée in 1408 . The political cooperation between the two was initially very positive, but from 1412 onwards it came to a complete standstill due to Johann's populist reform demands. Johann demanded lower taxes and less courtly luxury, Ludwig refused and thus incurred the anger of the Parisian tradesmen.
When an angry crowd gathered in front of his house, he fled to his relative Wilhelm II of Straubing-Holland in Hainaut . The transport with his valuables, which were to be forwarded to him, was attacked by party members of the Burgundian, who killed and mutilated a Bavarian squire. Ludwig, whose first wife died in 1408, soon returned to Paris because he wanted to marry the French noblewoman Katharina von Alençon .
The marriage planned for May 23, 1413 would have brought Ludwig again a considerable dowry. However, it had to be postponed because the day before the royal residence was stormed by insurgents ( Cabochiens ), some of which were armed . Ludwig, some courtiers and a number of ladies-in-waiting, a total of twenty men and fifteen women, were captured by them. The queen's brother was imprisoned in the Louvre . During his two-month detention, he was mainly questioned about the treasures he had removed from the country, but escaped execution.
After his release on August 4th, Ludwig returned to the French court. In October he married Katharina von Alençon. However, his relationship with John of Burgundy was broken, and so Ludwig did everything to harm him. In February 1415 he left France at the head of a delegation to the Council of Constance . He left his second wife Katharina, whose two children had died early with Ludwig. She died in Paris in 1462.
Assassination attempt in Constance
Since his father Stephan III. Having died in September 1413, Ludwig had been Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt for over a year when he arrived in Constance with a large retinue. Even the Roman-German King Sigismund went outside the city walls to personally greet the duke. At the council, Louis condemned the Burgundian thesis that the murder of Louis of Orléans was justified as a tyrannical murder . The leadership of the French Council embassy was both the high point and the end of Ludwig's work in the service of the French crown. In the next few years, his work in Bavaria was too busy for him to return to France.
In 1417, Ludwig narrowly escaped an assassination attempt by his cousin Heinrich von Bayern-Landshut , who founded the Kelheim Parakeet Society on April 17, 1414 together with other opponents of the Ingolstadt man . Ludwig had claimed that Heinrich was the son of a cook, which he took as a fatal insult. When Ludwig referred to his opponent as “a man who forgot his bluets”, he and fifteen loyal followers attacked him and seriously injured him.
The Bavarian War
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The conflict with Heinrich, which was already with Stephan III. had been in dispute overshadowed Ludwig's reign for more than thirty years. The fact that Ludwig called his adversary a "pluethunt" (bloodhound) after the attempted murder in Constance certainly did not help to defuse the conflict.
Heinrich XVI., Who was only able to avoid punishment for attacking Ludwig through the intercession of Friedrich von Brandenburg and his Munich cousins Ernst and Wilhelm and above all through the payment of 6,000 guilders to King Sigismund, sought revenge. The battle between the Konstanz League, led by him, and Ludwig VII culminated in the Bavarian War in 1420-22 , which began with the burglar of the Nuremberg burgrave festival by the Ingolstadt and ended with his defeat against the Munich dukes in the battle of Alling . Johann III, who had succeeded his deceased brother Wilhelm, Duke of Straubing-Holland since 1418 and whom Ludwig would have liked to have on his side, behaved neutrally.
At the instigation of King Sigismund, who intended to concentrate his forces on the Hussites , a four-year armistice was concluded between the warring parties in Regensburg on October 2, 1422 with the mediation of Eichstätt Prince-Bishop Johann II von Heideck . The duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt was temporarily subordinated to a royal governor, Ludwig VII. Followed the king at his court in Hungary and Heinrich XVI. was sent to Lithuania to support the Teutonic Order . Ludwig now took legal action again and supported a lawsuit against Heinrich because of the attempted murder in Constance and the destruction of the castle of the Bavarian nobleman Kaspar Törring .
Battle for Straubing
In the meantime, a dispute broke out between the Wittelsbach lines over the Straubinger Ländchen , which Ludwig claimed for himself as "eltist and willigst prince of Bayrn". Duke Johann III. von Straubing-Holland was poisoned on January 6, 1425. Since he had no male descendants and his niece Jakobäa only claimed the Dutch part of the duchy, the Straubinger Ländchen had become ownerless. Ludwig met Ernst and Heinrich in Freising on February 5 to discuss how to proceed. However, no agreement was reached.
When Albrecht of Austria also claimed the area for himself and the end of the armistice of 1422 was approaching, King Sigismund intervened. In March 1426 he set Heinrich, Ernst and Wilhelm as candidates for taking over the Straubinger Ländchen. Ludwig refused this decision, whereupon the king transferred the matter to his chancellor Konrad von Mainz . The other three dukes did not want to bow to his judgment. In October, Sigismund finally accepted Ludwig as a candidate for the Straubing legacy. However, he did not take part in the homage of the Straubing estates in January 1427.
On July 21, in Heinrich's absence, he and Ernst and Wilhelm transferred the final decision to the estates, who in turn referred them to the royal court. King Sigismund initially favored a tripartite division of the Straubinger Ländchen, but allowed himself to be persuaded by the Munich dukes to divide the Straubing area by head. Duke Johann's legacy was thus quartered in the Pressburg arbitration award of 1429, with two parts going to Munich and one each to Ingolstadt and Landshut.
Conflicts between fathers and sons
Heinrich felt that he was being taken advantage of and could only be persuaded to give in through a remote process . On January 19, 1434 he was found guilty by the free chair in Villigst and finally agreed to a settlement. However, the conflict between Ludwig and Heinrich continued to smolder. A mediation attempt by the Landshut estates was stopped by Heinrich in 1435, and open war between the two dukes broke out again the following year. Ludwig was also at odds with the Bishop of Passau . He had used Passau subjects in Schärding and on Königstein to build fortifications, after which the bishop Ludwig had the fortifications razed.
The execution of Agnes Bernauer's daughter, Agnes Bernauer, on October 12, 1435 gave rise to renewed resentment between the Bavarian dukes. Albrecht III. , the son of Duke Ernst, had probably secretly married Agnes and thus endangered the succession in Bavaria-Munich. His father had Agnes Bernauer drowned in the Danube near Straubing while Albrecht was hunting with Heinrich. Albrecht resented Heinrich's involvement in the affair and therefore sided with Heinrich's arch enemy Ludwig. This rapprochement between the Munich and Ingolstadt dukes remained an episode, however, and Albrecht soon became reconciled with his father and finally with Heinrich.
Albrecht's short-term ally, Ludwig, soon got into conflict with his son. In 1438 Ludwig VII did not take part in the preparations for an all-Bavarian country peace , but his son Ludwig VIII did. The next few years were marked by the dispute between father and son. The Eichstätter Prince-Bishop Albrecht II von Hohenrechberg , commissioned by the king, tried to mediate. Apparently Ludwig VIII could not forgive his father for always having preferred his illegitimate son Wieland von Freyberg, who died in 1439 . Ludwig VII's well-intentioned advice for his son of the same name went unheeded, as did several trips by his councilor Sixt Riederer to the court of King Friedrich III. 1440 had no lasting effects. In 1443 the younger Ludwig finally allied himself with Heinrich von Bayern-Landshut and Ludwig VII soon withdrew to Neuburg an der Donau .
Captivity and death
After months of siege of the city, Ludwig VII was captured on October 4, 1443 in Neuburg an der Donau. Ludwig VIII now took over the government in Bavaria-Ingolstadt. After the death of his son in 1445, Ludwig VII was first handed over to Albrecht Achilles , the brother of his daughter-in-law Margarete . In order to prevent his release, he first held him in custody in Ansbach and then handed him over to Heinrich in 1446 for a large payment. The Duchy of Ingolstadt was meanwhile ruled by officials in Ludwig's name, but the imprisonment meant that his options were limited. He finally died in early May 1447 as a prisoner of his Landshut cousin in Burghausen Castle . He could have bought himself out, but had obviously been too proud to consider this option and had also forbidden the Ingolstadt countryside to pay ransom for his release. He was buried in the Raitenhaslach monastery near Burghausen, the second burial place of the Landshut line.
Builder and art patron
Ludwig's reign is significant not least because of his lively construction activity. So he planned a new palace in Ingolstadt. He also had the cathedral built in 1425 and donated the benefice house , which later housed the university . The poor living there were supposed to pray for the salvation of the duke, who included up to 1,000 intercessors in his plans. However, these were not implemented after his death.
The constant conflicts between Ludwig and his Wittelsbach relatives made a better fortification of the cities he ruled necessary. Occasionally, like in Schärding, he got in the way of his neighbors. Fortification measures are also proven in Friedberg , Rain am Lech , Kufstein , Wasserburg am Inn , Lauingen and Schrobenhausen . The completion of the new city walls in his residential cities Ingolstadt and Neuburg an der Donau was of particular importance . The new fortifications in Neuburg had to pass their first practical test as early as 1440 when Ludwig was besieged by his son. Ludwig VIII initially had to withdraw without success, but was able to penetrate the city three years later and take his father prisoner.
The jewels that Ludwig sent to Bavaria from France are outstanding in terms of art history. Their value in the currency of the time is estimated at around 100,000 guilders. They include, among other things, gold and silver tableware, reliquaries from the possession of his wife Anna von Bourbon and, as the most important part, the jewels from the French crown treasure. The latter were both a reserve for times of financial hardship, which a prince like Ludwig could easily get into, as well as potential gifts for guests. In addition to the numerous works of art that he had brought back from France, Ludwig also commissioned work himself. The so-called Ottheinrich Bible , a valuable Bible manuscript, named after a later owner , was made for him.
Ludwig also paid great attention to his external appearance. He adapted his coat of arms, in which Wittelsbach and northern Spanish elements were combined, to the circumstances. He chose the St. Oswald's raven as heraldic animal by 1413 at the latest . Sculpture was also an important means of representation for Ludwig. A red marble tomb designed by himself, which was supposed to surpass that of his relative Albrecht II of Straubing-Holland , was never completed. The tombstone intended for this purpose remained unworked, but a draft of the grave relief attributed to Hans Multscher has been preserved.
Ludwig's legacy
The fifty-five-year history of the Duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt ended with the death of Ludwig. Almost the entire area, including the parts of the Straubinger Ländchen , which had been awarded to Ingolstadt in the Pressburg arbitration award in 1429, fell to Ludwig's arch enemy Heinrich XVI. from Bavaria-Landshut. This had against the will of King Friedrich III. and regardless of the inheritance claims of Albrecht III. took possession of the Ingolstadt Duchy of Bavaria-Munich and was able to maintain this claim.
Marriages and offspring
Duke Louis VII married Anna von Bourbon (1380–1408), widow of Johann II von Berry, the Count of Montpensier , on October 1, 1402 in Paris . Their parents were Johann I , Count of Marche and Vendôme , and his wife Catherine of Vendôme. The marriage had two sons:
- Ludwig VIII the Hunchback (1403–1445) ⚭ 1441 in Ingolstadt Princess Margarete (1410–1465), daughter of Elector Friedrich I of Brandenburg and his wife Princess Elisabeth of Bavaria-Landshut , daughter of Duke Friedrich of Bavaria-Landshut ;
- Johann (* / † 1404 in Paris).
In his second marriage, Ludwig married Countess Katharina (1395–1462), the widow of Peter of Navarre , Count of Mortain, in Paris on October 1, 1413 . Their parents were Count Peter II of Alençon and his wife Marie de Chamaillard. The marriage had two children, none of whom reached adulthood:
- Johann (1414-1420);
- Anna (1416-1418).
family tree
literature
- Helga Czerny: The death of the Bavarian dukes in the late Middle Ages and in the early modern period 1347–1579. Preparations - dying - funeral ceremonies - burial - memoria (= series of publications on Bavarian national history . Volume 146 ). CH Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-10742-7 , p. 116–134 (also dissertation, University of Munich 2004).
- Bernhard Glasauer: Duke Heinrich XVI. (1393–1450) the empire of Bavaria-Landshut. Territorial politics between dynasty and empire (= Munich contributions to historical science . Volume 5 ). Herbert Utz Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-8316-0899-7 (also dissertation, University of Munich 2009).
- Karin Kaltwasser: Duke and nobility in Bavaria-Landshut under Heinrich XVI. the rich (1393-1450) . Dissertation, University of Regensburg 2004 ( opus-bayern.de [PDF]).
- Renate Kremer: The disputes about the Duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt 1438–1450 (= series of publications on Bavarian regional history . Volume 113 ). CH Beck, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-406-10694-3 (also dissertation, University of Mannheim 1989).
- Claudia Märtl : France. Duke Ludwig VII of Bavaria-Ingolstadt (1368–1447) and his sister Isabeau at the French royal court . In: Alois Schmid , Katharina Weigand (Hrsg.): Bavaria in the middle of Europe. From the early Middle Ages to the 20th century . CH Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-52898-8 , p. 107-120 .
- Sigmund Ritter von Riezler : Ludwig VII . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 19, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1884, pp. 502-508.
- Monika Schmid: The importance of Duke Ludwig VII for architecture and visual art in the partial duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt . Dissertation, University of Eichstätt 1987.
- Theodor Straub : Duke Ludwig the Bearded of Bavaria-Ingolstadt and his relations with France in the period from 1391 to 1415 (= Munich historical studies. Department of Bavarian History . Volume 7 ). Lassleben, Kallmünz 1965 (also dissertation, University of Munich 1966).
- Theodor Straub: Ludwig VII. The bearded. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 15, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-428-00196-6 , pp. 360-363 ( digitized version ).
- Theodor Straub: Ludwig the Bearded. Myth and Reality . In: Collection sheet of the historical association Ingolstadt . tape 110 , 2001, p. 75-90 .
- Joachim Wild : The dukes of Straubing and Ingolstadt. Temporary residence cities . In: Alois Schmid , Katharina Weigand (Hrsg.): The rulers of Bavaria. 25 historical portraits of Tassilo III. until Ludwig III. 2nd Edition. CH Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-54468-1 , p. 118-129 , especially 124-128 .
Web links
- Exhibition about Ludwig VII. In the city museum Ingolstadt
- Map of the Duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt at the time of Ludwig VII.
Remarks
- ^ Theodor Straub: The Milanese marriage of Duke Stephen III. of the Kneißels and The real year of birth of Duke Louis the Bearded and his sister Isabeau de Bavière . In: Collection sheet of the historical association Ingolstadt . tape 77 , 1968, pp. 5–12 ( periodika.digitale-sammlungen.de ).
- ↑ At that time there was also a Pope in Avignon who was supported by France. For the background, see Occidental Schism .
- ↑ Charles VI. had gray-black garments made as they were worn in Germany at the time, cf. Straub, Duke Ludwig the Bearded. P. 8.
- ^ Regesta of the Count Palatine on the Rhine. Volume 2, No. 6 ( regesten.regesta-imperii.de ).
- ↑ These include, for example, the so-called Goldene Rössl , which is now in Altötting , and Karl VI kneeling in front of Maria. shows with horse, dog and some figures of saints.
- ↑ This complained in a letter: "He [Ludwig VII.] Maint, we sullen with our armůt and notichait suffer!" (Neuburger Kopialbuch 69, 38).
- ↑ The parakeet was supposed to parody Ludwig's coat of arms bird, the St. Oswald's raven, cf. Theodor Straub, Bavaria under the sign of the divisions and partial duchies , in: Handbuch der Bayerischen Geschichte , Volume 2, Munich 1988, p. 248 f.
- ↑ According to the chronicler Johannes Aventinus , cf. Matthias Lexer (Ed.), Aventinus , p. 544.
- ↑ See Lexer, Aventinus , p. 544.
- ^ Alfred Wendehorst : The diocese of Eichstätt. Volume 1: The series of bishops until 1535 (= Germania Sacra. New series. Volume 45). Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-11-018971-1 , p. 191.
- ↑ Quoted from Dorit-Maria Krenn / Joachim Wild, “Fürste in der Ferne” , Augsburg 2003, p. 37.
- ↑ We have received a letter from Ludwig VII to his son dated August 1, 1428, in which he gave him information on how to conduct the war. It is kept in the Bavarian Main State Archives (Neuburger Kopialbuch, fol. 74).
- ↑ On Ludwig's death and burial of Helga Czerny: The death of the Bavarian dukes in the late Middle Ages and in the early modern period 1347–1579. Preparations - dying - funeral ceremonies - burial - memoria (= series of publications on Bavarian national history . Volume 146 ). CH Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-10742-7 , p. 129–134, 634–635 (also dissertation, University of Munich 2004).
- ↑ Cf. Robert Suckale : The Regensburger Buchmalerei from 1350 to 1450. In: Regensburger Buchmalerei. Munich 1987, pp. 93-99; Brigitte Gullath : Ottheinrich Bible. In: Historical Lexicon of Bavaria . January 26, 2010, accessed August 25, 2014 .
| predecessor | Office | successor |
|---|---|---|
| Stephan III. |
Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt 1413–1447 |
Louis VIII |
| Louis of Valois |
Count of Mortain (de iure uxoris ) 1413-1425 |
John of Orléans |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Louis VII |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Louis the Bearded; Louis the Bearded |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 1368 |
| DATE OF DEATH | May 1, 1447 |
| Place of death | Burghausen |