Nyaung U (District)

Number 7: in cyan blue, depicts the Nyaung U district .

Nyaung U is a district in central Myanmar . It is located in the southwest of the Mandalay region . Its administrative and functional center is the city of the same name, Nyaung U , which had 48,528 inhabitants in 2014. The district consists of the two townships Nyaung U and, since 2014, Kyaukpadaung. Kyaukpadaung Township was previously part of Myingyan District. The total area of the district is since then 3423.1 km² and the total population in 2014 was 501,855 inhabitants.

geography

topography

In the south, west and north the district borders on the Magwe region . It is bordered by the Myingyan District to the east and the Meiktila District to the southeast . The north-south extension of the district is up to 74.3 kilometers, the east-west extension up to 68.8 kilometers. The three core towns of the Nyaung U Township, Nyaung U, Old Bagan and New Bagan are all on the Irrawaddy River and form a triangle with each other, which are connected by several paved roads, including Route 2.

The city of Pakokku is located on the northern bank of the Irrawaddy 30 kilometers northeast of Bagan and is the closest metropolitan center of the district and can be reached via the newly built Pakokku Bridge in 2009 .

The only significant river is the Irrawaddy . Its north to south-west course of the river forms the north-western border of the district. The flow is not regulated. Temporary river islands and new river arms are formed due to the high proportion of sediment carried along. Parts of the islands are flooded and washed away every year. The river is the most important source of water for the district. There are more than a dozen other temporary river courses in the district, the river beds of which are only filled with water during the rainy season.

The Nyaung-U district is located in the central dry zone of Myanmar. The vegetation is mostly withered, brownish and monotonous in the dry season. In the savannah landscape , villages alternate with palm groves and open plains. Human settlements and structures appear more densely.

With the Kyet Mauk Taung there is a larger artificial lake in the area of the district. In the center of the Nyaung U township, a range of hills around two kilometers wide runs in a south-north direction , which begins and ends with a length of around 15 kilometers within the township territory and reaches heights of up to 400 meters. Mount Tu Yin is the highest point in the Tu Yin range of hills .

Today's geographical district area comprises a historical landscape with uniform cultural, natural and socio-economic characteristics, which forms an indivisible whole as the Bagan cultural heritage. The Ananda Temple , the Htilominlo Temple , the Dhammayangyi Temple, the Shwesandaw Pagoda , the Bupaya Pagoda and the Shwezigon Pagoda and many other sacred buildings are located in the district area. They are part of the old royal city of Bagan . Today 2376 pagodas still exist. The holy sites have been combined as the Bagan Archaeological Zone into an 8 km × 13 km protection zone and lie entirely within the district area. The area is located in an earthquake prone zone. The last earthquake was on August 24, 2016 with a magnitude of 6.8 (7) with an epicenter about 40 km southwest of Bagan, which caused damage to the historical sites. Some buildings were restored with international help, while others had a makeshift restoration by the military government.

Landscape scenes in Nyaung U District 2012-2016

Bagan, temples scattered in the landscape

Hot air balloon over Bagan, with the Irrawaddy in the background, December 2012

Mount Popa and the Youk-soun Kyaung teak monastery , landscape of the Kyaukpadaung township

Around Bagan captured from the top of a pagoda

Palm trees near Bagan

The meandering Irrawaddy at the end of the dry season in March 2016, you can see the extensive sandbanks on the banks of Bagan, looking north

With the ferry on the Irrawaddy from Bagan to Mandalay, in the background Bagan in the sunset, with hot air balloons on tour, November 2013

The up to 400 meters high Tu Yin range of hills not far from Bagan in the township of Nyaung-U

climate

There are five local seasons :

Pre-monsoon: May - June
Monsoon: July - August
After monsoons: September - October
Winter: November - January
Summer: February - April

Nyaung U District has the highest temperatures of any region in Myanmar. The months from January to March are warm and dry, and there is seldom rain. From March it will be hot and dry, although the temperature differences are not very high all year round. It is permanently warm to hot and the average annual temperature is 27.9 degrees Celsius. The maximum daily temperature at this time is usually between 33 and 35 degrees Celsius. However, maximum values of 43 degrees Celsius can also be reached. The temperatures do not vary very much and the minimum temperature of just over 20 degrees Celsius is only 10 degrees Celsius different from the general maximum temperatures.

In the city of Nyaung U, an average of 618.9 millimeters of rain per square meter fall year-round. The variation in precipitation in the region ranges from 508 and 1016 mm rainfall per square meter, depending on the location. However, this falls unevenly over time. The dry season lasts from the beginning of December to the end of March with a total rainfall of just 12.1 millimeters of rain per square meter. The reason for the seasonally unevenly distributed rainfall is the up to 3000 meter high peaks of the Rakhine Yoma in western Myanmar. The peaks hold off the heavy rain clouds of the monsoons . The monsoon rains during the rainy season from early April to November are bimodal with a month-long dry period in July when dry, drying winds blow from the south. Most of the rain of the year falls in August, September and October. This is the time when the sunshine time is least.

According to the Köppen classification, the area falls into the wet tropical savannah category ( Köppen Code AW ). Comparable climatic regions of the world would be Jamaica , the Northern Territory of Australia or Panama . The climate, and in particular the times and amounts of precipitation, influence the local economy and, in particular, the primarily important agricultural economy, for example in the choice of cultivated plants. The lack of rain often leads to water shortages and crop losses. As a result, the rural population is threatened in their existence. Overall, the rainfall in the long-term observation has decreased. The rainy season has also changed.

In the long term, the average annual rainfall in the Nyaung U district developed as follows:

1981: 765 mm
1991: 517 mm
2001: 556 mm
2009: 374 mm

The climate projections for the area predict a general rise in temperature in the future, an increase in the variability of precipitation during the rainy season, an increase in the risk of flooding as a result of a late onset and premature decline of monsoon rains, and an increase in the occurrence and intensity of extreme weather events, including cyclones , floods, intense rainfall , extremely high temperatures and drought.

Natural events

The region lies in a tectonically insecure zone. Myanmar lies on the eastern edge of the border between the Indian and Burma plates in a subduction zone . The district is located in Myanmar's Seismic Zone IV ("Severe Zone"). The intensity of earthquakes range between VIII (destructive) and IX (devastating) on the Mercalli scale (MMS) with expected ground accelerations of 0.30–0.40 g.

Many of the local earthquakes with shallow focus occur in the region due to both leaf displacement and upheaval . Both the active Sunda megathrust in the Indian Ocean and the Sagaing Fault cut through the district and are the main causes of the tectonic unrest in the area. The site is also surrounded by two other large active faults, the Chauk-Yenanchaung fault and the Gwe-cho fault .

Due to the proximity to the Irrawaddy and its tributaries, the riparian area is exposed to flooding and river bank erosion. During the monsoon season from May to October, tributaries are usually flooded three or more times, affecting living space and livelihoods in low-lying communities as well as traffic.

Probably in connection with climate change , the region is becoming increasingly deserted . Man-made interventions such as deforestation but also erosion and increasing salinity have intensified this process. There are an average of five forest fires a year. City and forest fires are a major threat in the dry season (roughly November to May); Fires caused almost 70 percent of the recorded catastrophic events. These can represent a significant health hazard for residents and visitors and directly damage the locations.

Relief and nature reserves

Mount Popa seen from the road to Kyaukpadaung , Taung Kalat on the left at the edge of the picture

Popa Taung Kalat

The relief runs steadily increasing from west to east. On the western border near the river bank, the average height is 60 meters above sea level and on the eastern border of the township of Nyaung U it is 480 meters above sea level. The plateau that begins here , the Pegu-Joma , continues in a westerly direction in the Kyaukpadaung Township, which belongs to the district, and reaches its climax there with Mount Popa . The 129 km² Popa Mountain National Park, established in 1989, extends around Mount Popa . It is 67 kilometers from the historic sites of Bagan. Here the climate is cooler and the bidoviversity is richer than in the surrounding area. The landscape there is lined with palmyra palms . Since the altitude above sea level is generally higher in the eastern areas, the climate there is overall somewhat cooler and has higher precipitation values. As a result, there are more forests and greater biodiversity than in the lower western parts of the district. Not far from Mount Popa is the Popa Taung Kalat volcanic cone. The Buddhist monastery on Popa Taung Kalut is one of the most important pilgrimage sites for Buddhist monks, believers and nuns.

Flora and fauna

Due to the semi-arid climate, tree plants that are used to dryness are predominant. Dry deciduous forests dominate, such as wing fruit plants and Than-Dahat forests , which consist of two dominant tree species ( Terminalia Oliveri or Myrobalanen and Tectona hamiltoniana ). Other local dry species that are planted in the increased local forest plantations include, for example, Acacia and Eucalyptus . Furthermore neem , tamarind and euphorbias are common. Other native plants are the Bombax malabarica , Shorea obtusa , Vachellia leucophloea , Ficus neriifolia . Bamboo grows on Mount Popa. There are also teak trees and Pentacme siamensi , Artocarpus integrifolia and the Chinese jujube .

The nature of the forests examined in a study village in 2014 showed that the forest was relatively healthy, with existing soil vegetation and erosion protection . Smaller wildlife was present and there was adequate biodiversity . As a result of the expansion of agricultural areas, deforestation for the purpose of firewood or because of the general infrastructural development, the forest population in the area has been reduced overall. Due to the climate, reforestation is not without problems. For this purpose, the Green Department was established in 1997 in the region for the dry zone .

Macaque monkey on Mount Popa

Macaque monkeys are common on Mount Popa. There are four endemic bird species, including the Burmese bush lark and the white -necked thrush , as well as an above-average number of snake species that especially feel at home in the dark corners of the temple buildings. In the middle of the 19th century, elephants , sambars and tigers roamed the area. Around 1900 there were still leopards and seraues that were hunted. Lyre deer were already rare around 1900. Wild dogs that hunted in packs were mostly found in the Kyaukpadaung township around 1900.

Floors

A 1996 soil survey in Kyaukpadaung classified the existing soils as sandy soil (including gravel), sandy loam, and loamy soil, which differ depending on the landform. The soil type was exposed in ten soil samples taken in Nyaung U township:

Sand (62.3–87.8 percent share)
Silt (4.1 to 14.8 percent)
Ton (3.5–21.9 percent share) together

The cation exchange capacity was low in four soil samples, very low in five samples and average in only one sample. The base saturation level of Ca was in the low range in seven out of ten samples. In the case of Na, on the other hand, the majority of the samples showed medium or very high degrees of base saturation. In the case of Mg , the degrees of saturation were predominantly medium or low. on. The pH value is just above 6.0. The increased soil alkalinity is mainly caused by the use of saline groundwater for irrigation.

According to the classification of soils according to the World Reference Base , the following types of soil existed in the township of Kyaukpadaung :

The soils have the following characteristics: 1) low fertility, 2) low humus content, 3) low water storage capacity and 4) high evaporation rate. Generally the soils contain potash salt . All crops with the exception of legumes must be supplied with additional nitrogen . Ortstein is present in almost all soils. The soil erosion , the areas located in the higher is particularly strong, is largely due to intense rainfall and rapid surface runoff. The sandy loam soils are particularly prone to wind erosion . Soil erosion is exacerbated by deforestation. The strongly pronounced soil degradation in Nyaung U is intensified, as in the entire dry zone, by increasing soil salinity through evaporation processes, leaching of the soil in the rainy season through rapidly draining rainwater. Agricultural use, overgrazing, deforestation due to agricultural expansion, commercial and illegal logging, excessive felling of charcoal and firewood trees are also factors that have favored this process on site. All of this is exacerbated by population growth. Soil degradation leads to decreased production (through loss of topsoil and nutrients), loss of productive land (through sludge formation and reduced vegetation cover) and effects on infrastructure (through silting of ponds, sedimentation in canals and damage to pumps from high Sediment loads in the water). High sediment loads also pose a major challenge for shipping on rivers, especially in the dry season.

The nutrient values of the soil are depleted and show a low level of organic matter or humus cover . There are intermediate plantings with pigeon peas and peanut plants. However, the primary use is intended as a supply for pets and not for replenishing the organic content in the soil. Local agriculture therefore uses artificial fertilizers but also animal manure . The misuse of fertilizers and pesticides as well as the agricultural overexploitation of the land also lead to a reduction in soil productivity.

Water balance and land use

There is sufficient groundwater in the soil. District data on the new groundwater formation rate, translated into area equivalents, result in values of 30 to 90 mm of precipitation per square meter per year. The use of groundwater for human needs can therefore only take place as one source alongside others. In comparison, the abstraction potential is less than two percent of the existing surface water resource (Irrawaddy) and around 50 percent of the total amount of surface water artificially stored by dams.

In 2013, Nyaung U township comprised 665.61 km² of the total area of agricultural land. This corresponds to a ratio of 45.6 percent cultivated land to the total area. 18.6 km² of forest area was protected as a nature reserve. The other forest area on the township Nyaung U was 150.7 km². In the township of Kyaukpadaung, 62 percent of the area has been used for agriculture. The remaining areas consist to a large extent of partially deforested areas, which are nevertheless used informally for agriculture. These 0.4 to four hectare area carpets are not officially recognized as usable area, but are of great importance to the local population. The land use of these non-owned areas is based on usus fructus rights. The informal development takes place in monoculture . Above all, leaf litter , straw, wood and stakes are harvested from these areas , for example for use as building materials for houses, fuel or as raw materials for the local lacquer art industry. In the vicinity of the villages there are mainly free-range pastures for domestic cattle. This still existing form of cultivation shows clear features of a subsistence economy . Because of the lack of firewood in Kyaukpadaung, the government planned to set up specialized plantations for firewood production.

traffic

The traffic-related infrastructure corresponds to the status of a developing country. Overall, the traffic is not condensed. Construction work on public transport routes, traffic safety, but also the means of transport do not meet the norms and standards with regard to occupational safety and general safety requirements of a developed country.

The national trunk road Route 2 crosses the district along the course of the river. Nyang U has one domestic airport, Nyaung U Airport . The two airlines Air Mandalay and Air Bagan fly to Nyaung U daily.

A central railway connection that comes from the south and swings to the east runs through the district. There is one train station in Nyaung U, the Bagan Railway Station . From there there are daily connections to Yangon , Mandalay , Pakokku and Naypyitaw . There is also a bus terminal near the train station, the Bagan Shwe Pyi Highway Bus Terminal , from which destinations across Myanmar can be reached.

The district's second largest city, Kyaukpadaung, also has a train station. There is also a ferry service on the Irrawaddy to the provincial capital of Mandalay. The connection is served by one public and six private ferry operators. Like the rest of the river bank, the landing stage is unsurfaced and natural. There are no developed piers or jetties . Other local public transport as well as individual transport in the district is underdeveloped and poorly regulated. Instead of regular buses, there are tuktuk drivers or (old) taxis. Horse-drawn carriages, ox-carts or simple carts that are pulled by people, like demolished, outdated and unsafe trucks, are also part of the streetscape in the district. The roofs of moving vehicles are also used to transport people or goods.

E-bikes are now a well-represented vehicle category. These modes of transport are mainly used in the tourism sector. In Bagan alone there were 10,000 registered e-bikes around 2016.

Traffic and street scenes in Nyaung U District 2009-2016
Nyaung U Airport, 2009
Simple horse-drawn carriage, Nyaung U 2010
River cruise ship on the Irrawaddy to Mandalay in Bagan, 2012
Light passenger traffic in Nyaung U, 2014
Ox cart near Bagan, 2016
Motorcycles in New Bagan, 2013

Anawrahta road. The main road between Old Bagan and Nyaung-U, December 2013

The roads are divided into five categories, from village roads to country roads. The Ministry of Construction (MOC) and the Township Development Committee (TDC) are responsible for this. Highways and city streets generally have asphalt or tar pavements. Older sections often have lots of potholes and cracks. Most of the lower category roads are unpaved. In the dry phase, this results in the problem of a high volume of dust that severely restricts the view. In the rainy phase, muddy surfaces form on the paths, which limit usability. Since the paved roads usually do not have any rainwater sewers either, the rainwater flows off on the road surface. This leads to flooding and regularly closes the streets for several hours to several days.

A significant number of rural communities do not have adequate road access to the three main towns in the district. As a result, the residents of the communities are considerably hindered from participating in the supra-local economic life.

Street lights are only installed in part of the city street, and after sunset, many streets are dark and visibility is poor. This is a particularly dangerous situation for tourists who return by e-bike after sunset.

There is no regulated parking system or regular public parking spaces, with the result that vehicles are parked chaotically. This leads to unmanageable situations, particularly with mass contact points.

history

As the core area of the Kingdom of Bagan

The original Bupaya Pagoda as shown in this picture from 1868 was completely destroyed by the 1975 earthquake. A new pagoda in its original form, but gilded, was rebuilt in the same place

The area of today's district was the center of the largest Buddhist empire in the medieval world, which emerged with Bagan as the capital in the 9th century ( Kingdom of Bagan ). The rise of Bagan ran parallel to the increasing dominance of the Bamer in Upper Myanmar . In increasing numbers, they advanced from the north and settled along the course of the Irrawaddy . Eventually the Bamer advanced into what is now Bagan. There was already a Pyu settlement there , called Pukan . The Bamer took the city in 849 and made it the capital of their empire. The region formed the first united kingdom of Burma for about 430 years. The heyday reached the Bagan area with the accession to the throne of King Anawrahta and his son Kyanzittha from 1084 to 1113. The rulers of Bagan and the social elite had over 10,000 stone religious monuments erected on a total area of 104 km² in the plain around Bagan. Anyone who founded a temple or a monastery wanted to demonstrate to posterity their deep religiousness. Above all, the pious patron hoped for better opportunities for advancement in his next rebirth. During the heyday, the city's population was between 50,000 and 200,000. The Mongol Invasion ( First Mongol Invasion of Burma ) 1277–1278, 1283–1285 and 1287 accelerated Bagan's decaying process considerably.

In the centuries that followed, Bagan shrank back to the size of a village. The local aristocracy, however, continued the original symbolic patterns of meaning into the 19th century without, of course, exercising any political power. The heirs of the historical legacy continued to refer to themselves as Mintha (Prince). In neighboring Nyaung U, the mayors derived their origin from Manuha , an enslaved king of Thaton , who had been kidnapped by Aniruddha to Bagan.

The riverside town of Nyaung-U is also mentioned in ancient inscriptions, but its growth into a larger city did not come about until much later when it became the commercial center of Burmese lacquer manufacturing in the 18th century.

Colonial administration

Self-portrait by Friedrich Oscar Oertel during his Burma trip from 1892–1893 in Bagan

Nyaung U formed the south-western part of the Myingyan District, here: Burma Province in 1931

In 1856/57 there was a severe famine in the region that left many people dead.

The geologist William Thomas Blanford first explored the area in 1862 and published the research results.

After the Third Anglo-Burmese War , Upper Burma was annexed in 1885. Nyaung-u became the headquarters of the Pagan District. The Pagan District was established in November 1885 after an expeditionary force moved along the Irrawaday River and repeatedly struck the opposing Burmese forces. First of all, the war was followed by a phase of small-scale military combat.

A parent district, headquartered in Myingyan, was also established in 1885 when the Mandalay expedition passed the Irrawaddy, and Pagan (Bagan) became the headquarters of a second deputy commissioner in Myingyan district. From then on there was the Township Pagan and Kyaukpadaung and above that the Pagan Subdivision , which in turn was hierarchically below the Myingyan District. The second parallel subdivision of the Myingyan District was called "Myingyan Subdivision" and consisted of three other townships. The Pagan Subdivision initially included the townships Pagan, Kyaukpadaung and Sale, parts of Meiktila and Magwe and the entire Pakokku district of today . But the Pakokku and Meiktila districts were formed shortly thereafter and separated from the subdivision.

In the wake of the British annexation, local administrators surrendered to the military expedition, and there was no open hostility. The Burmese governor joined the Shwegyobyu insurgents in Pakangyi, Pakokku district , after six months . During these early days of British rule, riverside trade flourished, but in 1886 parts of the district were practically occupied by dacoitys (bandits in India). This happened particularly in the area south of Bagan. The northern and eastern areas, however, were kept quiet to some extent by the establishment of posts in Sameikkon on the Irrawaddy and in Natogyi inland to the northeast of the district. Combined operations at Myingyan and Ava put an end to the insurgency under Thinga Yaza . The mountain valleys around Mount Popa remained the refuge of robbers for a long time and at least one Dacoit was still at large ten years after the British annexation in this area. In 1887, a leader named Nga Cho caused serious problems in the south, and a second insurgent, Nga Tok , worried the northern areas. The latter was killed in 1888; But the former and another leader, Yan Nyun , who was famous for his atrocities, continued to conduct violence in the district for two years. By 1889 all of Myingyan, with the exception of the Popa tract, was free of dacoits. But it wasn't until Van Nyun surrendered that the entire district could be considered pacified. Nga Cho stayed at large six years longer, but ceased to be a dangerous leader when Van Nyun gave up.

The area of the two newly built townships were:

Kyaukpadaung Township: 3150.8 km² (today: 1964.1 km²)
Pagan Township: 1,506.8 km² (today: 1,459 km²)

The populations of the two townships were:

Kyaukpadaung Township: 1891: 66,608 inhabitants, 1901: 68,043 inhabitants
Pagan Township: 1891: 49,606 inhabitants, 1901: 56,971 inhabitants

In 1896/97 there was a famine due to the lack of rain, which was successfully fought by additional food deliveries.

The number of settlements was:

Kyaukpadaung Township: 304 villages with Kyaukpadaung as township headquarters had a population of 907 in 1901.
Township Pagan: 189 villages with Nyaung-U as the main town had a population of 6,254 in 1901.

In 1903 the:

Townships Kyaukpadaung: 507.4 km²,
Townships Pagan 388.3 km² cultivated.

The local economic activities at that time ranged from 15 local fisheries, a primitive salt production, textile production to lacquer art production. Export-oriented trade transactions were carried out through the district center of Myingyan. The trade there was controlled by Chinese and Indians. But the Burmese were the owners of the company on site. Imports and exports, mainly agricultural products, were transported by the Irrawady river steamship and the railway that already existed in Myingyan. Even then, road construction was organized by public authorities. There were already budgets for this and by 1900 the Pagan Township had around 212 kilometers of paved roads. The Irrawady Flotilla Company operated on the river , whose ships transported mail and goods alongside passengers and headed for Nyaung U as planned. The administration also operated a ferry at Nyaung U. Livestock theft was the most common form of crime. The military police , which belonged to the Mandalay battalion, maintained U-30s in NYaug and another 30 police officers in Kyaukpadaung. The place of jurisdiction at that time was Myingyan. There was one of the two district prisons near Bagan. This had 60 places, half of which were lepers .

The tax revenues, including the Thathameda, were:

Kyaukpadaung township: 116,000 Burmese rupees (Rs), which corresponds to around € 17.183 million in today's currency.
Township Pagan: 77,000 Burmese rupees (Rs), which corresponds to around € 11.406 million in today's currency

The illiteracy rate was 1901 in:

Nyaung U Township: 76.8%
Kyaukpadaung Township: 79.6%

In 1901/1903 the Ananda Museum in Bagan was built on the orders of Lord Curzon , who had recognized the archaeological value of the site during a visit. This was rebuilt in 1937/38. After the war-related closure and evacuation of the cultural assets, the museum was reopened in 1954 and expanded in 1979 and 1995. Today it operates under the name Bagan Archaeological Museum . At the time, Dr. Emil Forchhammer in Bagan and researched the temple complexes in 1881. Gordon Hanninton Luce systematically studied Bagan from 1912. His work is considered to be the most important research results on Bagan.

By the First World War , a gradually differentiating administration was set up for Burma Proper , the principles of which were adopted from British India . The level of the districts was introduced by the British government after the Indian model. Above it stood the governor of the Indian province of Burma followed by the viceroy for all of India. At the district level, there were now paid administrative staff who had to be professionally qualified for their task. They replaced the people appointed by the Burmese king, whose posts were mostly inherited. In place of traditional personal rule, rule came through the law. British colonial administration was initially based on the existing indigenous management system at the local level, but evolved over time. The use of indirect rule , particularly in remote areas, was widespread: traditional leaders remained in place, overseen by officers based in Britain. The chief commissioner represented the highest local authority, which acted as "agent of the governor general". A graduated territorial system with township officials and commissioners was created. In addition to the traditional functions, the local colonial administrators expanded their functions to include the federal departments of health, education and forestry. The British administrative structure was based on the Upper Burma Village Regulation Act and the Lower Burma Village Act , which were later revised as the Village Act of 1907 . These laws also codified the roles of the village chiefs, known as thugyi , and gave them powers to oversee local security and assist the district officials.

Around 1900, today's Nyaung-U district did not yet exist. However, the Mandalay region already existed with some of the districts that exist today. In the 1901 census, most of today's district area still belonged to the Myingyan district , which is still there today in a reduced form. The municipality of Pagan / Bagan has been incorporated into the Nyaung-u registration area in both name and status since the 1911 census . From then on, Bagan was classified as an excluded city by the colonial authorities and Nyaung-U was elevated to a city that has since been included in the surveys. In 1911 Nyaung U had 5726 inhabitants. Between 1921 and 1931, the urban population of Nyaung U town rose from 7,094 in 1921 to 8,118 in 1931.

After independence and during the military dictatorship

After the area of today's district was initially occupied by the Japanese conquest of Burma in 1942, it was liberated by Indian-British troops in early 1945 through the battle for Meiktila and Mandalay .

Shortly after gaining independence from the United Kingdom in 1948, a communist uprising began in Burma , which was supported by the Burma Communist Party and which also spread to the district. Kyaukpadaung, which at that time still belonged to the Myingyan district , was conquered by communist insurgents. In January 1950 the city was retaken by government troops. In the following years, too, there were further attacks and attacks by the KPB. In April 1955, communist insurgents stormed the Nyaung U prison and freed 134 prisoners. Many of you were party members.

Many of the administrative institutions of the colonial era were maintained during the post-independence parliamentary rule. Until the military coup in 1962 , the territorial administrative units of Burma were standardized in states, districts, townships, village tracts and wards.

Some infrastructure expansions in the district area took place in the 1960s. In 1960, the Nyaung U landing field was expanded into an airport that can be used all year round and is now served by the Union of Burma Airways . On the occasion of the visit of the Indonesian President Suharto to Bagan, a bypass road south of Bagan was built past Nayung U airport back to Nyaung U so that it could get from the hotel to the airport unhindered. From 1964 to 1970 the railway line between Kyaukpadaung and Gwegyo (towards Rangoon) was built. Around 1970 the Kyaukpadaung-Chauk railway line was continued. This served primarily to transport oil products from the oil fields near Chauk , as well as raw materials and finished products from the fertilizer plants in Salay (Chauk Township).

In September 1988 there were large nationwide demonstrations directed against the military regime and sponsored by the monks. Kyaukpadaung was a major protest center for these uprisings with thousands of demonstrators.

The military rulers blocked the transfer of power to democratically elected representatives across the country for decades. There were also multiple violations of the exercise of freedom of expression and other basic democratic rights by representatives of the regime on site. After the national election victory of the NLD , the junta regime organized a vote of no confidence with 67,000 signatories against U Bo Zan , who had previously been elected for the National League for Democracy during the 1990 elections for the House of Representatives with 70.87 percent of the vote in Kyaukpadaung. Rallies were organized centrally on site in order to obtain the desired number of signatures for the vote of no confidence. This should demonstrate to the public that the election winners of the NLD are no longer supported by the people and thus have no legality to represent the will of the people. This resulted in the use of pressure and violence by the local regime representatives against the local population. For example, those who stayed away from the rallies had to pay a fine and were brought to another rally by force (e.g. kicking in their own house) by the local security structures. After the election was canceled by the regime, the next elections did not take place again until 2010.

During the demonstrations against the military regime in Myanmar in 2007 , violent protests with up to 30,000 participants, including mainly monks, took place in the district, including the township capital of Kayukpadung.

Beginning of the tourist boom

Beginnings of tourism, western tourists with horse-drawn cabs in Bagan in 1976

Restoration work in Bagan, 2016

Larger image section of the same place

The handling of the historical heritage by government agencies was not done properly in the 20th century. When a team from the Burma Historical Commission visited Bagan in 1957, a temple suddenly disappeared. A public works agency had used all of the building's stones to build the Nyaung U-Kyaukpadaung Highway. Due to the political isolation from 1962 onwards, further international activities ceased. The second major earthquake on the evening of July 8, 1975 struck the pagoda city of Bagan. It completely destroyed two large temples and a large number of other temples and pagodas of various sizes. The earthquake meant a severe blow to the preservation of Bagan's temples.

Tourism began in Bagan in the 1970s, especially for domestic tourism. However, the area wasn't known as a popular tourist destination until the early 1980s. Internationally significant tourism began after Western scholars on site showed a great deal of interest in the historic buildings that were badly damaged by the 1975 earthquake. The number of tourists in Bagan was 13,004 in 1992. The number of tourist arrivals has increased steadily since then. Only with the work of the French Pierre Pichard on behalf of the Ecole francaise d'Extreme-Orient (EFEO) was a comprehensive inventory of the temples created in 1992.

In order to develop the area more for tourism and in the hope that this measure would have a positive effect on the inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage Program, the people who lived in what is now Old Bagan were moved by the government to the newly created one in the 1990s Relocated to New Bagan. In a short time, 4,000 residents had to leave their homes by order of the government and relocate to the unprepared new quarter without compensation. In the center of New Bagan there are now retail and basic tourist infrastructures. In addition, in 1996 the state created a golf course to promote tourism, the Bagan Nyaung Oo Golf Club , which is located within the UNESCO cultural heritage zone and is operated by the state. At this time, some renovations began. However, the nomination was rejected due to a lack of detailed management plans and provisions for infrastructure and tourism development.

Myanmar only enacted its first law on the protection of cultural heritage - the Law on the Protection and Conservation of Regions of Cultural Heritage - in 1998, two years after its nomination for the World Heritage List was rejected . However, due to rampant corruption and nepotism during the era of military rule, the law was ineffective.

The proper preservation of the site has come with widespread criticism of the military regime in Myanmar. In response, the generals decided to do the restoration, rebuilding, and gilding of the stupas for their own merits, and to build a luxury hotel within the property, thus associating their regime with Bagan's ancient glory. Since there were no guidelines for detailed work, the new designs were not authentic. This process was led by General Khin Nyunt , who was called Bagan's restorer. In 1998 the military regime decided to re-admit foreigners within the country's borders.

From simple farmers to the upper class, funds were donated locally to renovate or rebuild the sacred buildings. In this way, 1299 monuments were created on site between 1995 and 2008, completely new and often not true to the original. Shortly before leaving office in March 2016, the then government approved 42 more hotel construction projects in the zone. The following NLD government subsequently approved 25 of the 42 hotels that had already been built and rejected 17 construction projects that had not yet started.

The new fantasy buildings as well as the tourist structures within the protection zone had no further effects on the application process. In its test report for Bagan's second application for membership in 2018, ICOMOS ruled:

"The nominated property retains its authenticity through the presence of extensive original historical structures, archaeological resources, wall paintings and sculptures."

The area was awarded the Unesco World Heritage title at the next attempt in 2019. To secure this title, however, extensive protective measures, such as the dismantling of tourist structures in the protection zone, must be implemented. With the submission of the “Management Plan” to UNESCO in 2018, Bagan received comprehensive guidelines for the preservation and protection of its heritage, in particular to curb unbridled tourist buildings such as hotels.

Impact of recent state and administrative reforms at the local level

The then Prime Ministers of Thailand, Abhisit Vejjajiva and Myanmar, Thein Sein during their visit to Myanmar in October 2010. Until 2016, Sein pursued a moderate reform policy that led to the country opening up

After the saffron revolution of 2007, the country's political culture changed forever. The most recent development of the district has mainly been shaped by the transformation of the central state in recent years. When the country opened up to the outside world, an economic revival began. Comprehensive modernization projects have been formulated by the central government. With foreign capital, every household in the country should be connected to the public electricity grid by 2030.

Various state reforms followed, which were intended to reduce the democratic deficit of the political system throughout the country. This was primarily aimed at decentralizing the local development process in rural areas more strongly and transferring powers such as budget rights more strongly to the local level and introducing new forms of co-determination ( local governance ). As a result, several committees were set up at the federal level in March 2013 in all regions and states, which were carried out nationwide:

In April, following the passing of the Mandalay Region Municipal Affairs Organization Law ( Hluttaw Law no. 3 2013 ), the Township Municipal Affairs Committee was established in the Mandalay region. A fourth institutional planning structure, the township development planning process , was also already being drawn up.

In the Mandalay region there are currently three development budget pots at the township level:

1. The Poverty Reduction Fund since 2012, for infrastructure projects (schools, health facilities, road renovation, wells, solar parcels). Amount: one million US dollars annually, financial allocation from the Union for the Mandalay region
2. The Rural Development Fund , the budget amount depends on the annual income, works like the Poverty Reduction Fund
3. The Constituency Development Fund , since 2013, each township receives 100,000 US dollars for infrastructure projects, the townships have the right to propose.

As a result of the reforms, the strict top-down mode of command and order of the central authorities vis-à-vis local authorities has been reduced. Information and communications are now also carried up from the bottom up to central government offices and used in decision-making.

A 2014 UNDP survey of residents in the Mandalay region found that half of the population felt restricted in their expression and feared sanctions. The population still did not fully trust the state and its representatives to comply with their own laws and basic human rights.

Islamophobia

Fear of Islam has grown sharply across Myanmar in recent years . During the 1970s, de-Islamization had occurred in central Burma and along the transport corridor from Mandalay via Bagan, Magwe and Pyay. Mosques were burned and not rebuilt. The residents of Kyaukpadaung advocated this religious policy of eliminating mosques in the area. The residents of Kyaukpadaung are known for not accepting non-Buddhist residents. In the case of a suspected mosque construction in the city, an angry crowd gathered in front of the construction site in 2017 and successfully demanded its removal. Afterwards it turned out that the building should not be a mosque. The cancellation was carried out anyway.

population

health and safety

Since 2017, an international clinic has been located in New Bagan, the Global Care Bagan Clinic , which provides medical care in this area in addition to the Nyaung U 200 Beded Hospital and Moon & Sun Hospital in Nyaung U and four other clinics in the district's second largest city secures. In 2013, there were 35 rural health centers and 5–10 pharmacies in the Nyaung U township.

During the rainy season, isolated outbreaks of dengue fever occur throughout the entire Mandalay region and thus also in the Nyaung U district .

In the entire zone, 30.8 percent of residents show too little growth. The indicator is classified as a serious public health problem by the WHO . A shortened growth phase in adolescents can be caused by persistently poor access to a sufficiently diverse range of foods, infections and a poor health environment for mother and child. Babies with low birth weight make up 17.2 percent of the total, caused by the small weight gain of the mothers as well as the poor development of the fetus during pregnancy. Almost 90 percent of children between the ages of 6 and 24 months are inadequately fed. Illnesses seem to be caused primarily by malnutrition . Poor hygiene and limited access to sanitary facilities also promote disease. The sick leave of the children is correspondingly pronounced.

The district has a generally good security position and offers a safe environment. The people on the street are considered friendly and hospitable .

Education and culture

The literacy rate in 2014 was 88 to 91 percent of the population in the district and is therefore just as high as the rate for all of Myanmar but slightly lower than the literacy rate within the Mandala region. At the age of 11, after primary school education, significant proportions of a year graduate leave school. Of 3133 eleven-year-olds in 2014, only 2644 children went to secondary school. As a result, around 300 children, i.e. 10 percent of the year, have only minimal elementary school education . Since 10 percent of a year did not receive any schooling at all, around 20 percent of the growing population still have no or only a very low standard of education. Fifty-five percent of a year does not finish secondary school (9 to 10 years of education). Unlike before, numerical gender differences in access to education are no longer statistically verifiable for people born after 2000. The rural population shows a higher educational gap than the urban population. Of those aged over 25 in 2014, 17.1 percent had never attended school. In rural areas, the share of the educationally absent class among those over 25 years of age was 20 percent. The proportion of people over the age of 25 who had graduated from a university or college was only 7.8 percent in 2014.

The vocational school, which was founded in Bagan in 1924 and named Lacquerware Technology College in 2003 , offers 350 to 400 mainly local students a year-long training course in the art of painting. In the second largest city of Kyaukpadaung, the Government Technical Institute Kyaukpadaung has existed since 1993 as a higher educational institution.

In 2013 in Nyaung U township:

114 primary schools with 22,735 students and 834 teachers
4 secondary schools with 13,424 students and 356 teachers
5 high schools with 4,213 students and 125 teachers

Due to the low level of social and economic development on site, cultural social life is not developed. In the regional center of Kyaukpadaung, for example, known as a transport hub with no sights worth mentioning, a private bookstore and library has only been open since 1995 after a 30-year break . There is also a modern cinema in Kyaukpadaung.

Demographics

Between 1983 and 2014, the total district population of both townships increased from 385,442 residents to 501,855 residents. That is a numerical increase of 116,413 inhabitants in 31 years and an average increase of 3755 inhabitants per year.

The birth rate has decreased significantly since 2005. The newborn cohorts after 2005 no longer have the highest numerical values as the age group of those born between 2000 and 2005, but are significantly lower. The fertility rate broken down into the individual townships in 2014 was:

Nyaung U Township: 1.9 born / female
Kyaukpadaung Township: 2.1 born / woman
Ngathayauk Subtownship: 2.0 born / female

This means that there were statistically significantly fewer newborns per woman in the district than for the entire Union of Myanmar. The national average in 2014 was 2.5 births / woman. In the Mandalay region, 280 women die at birth for every 100,000 births. The death rate is twice as high compared to the average in Southeast Asia , which is 140 deaths per 100,000 births. With 282 deaths per 100,000 births, the Union's overall average is somewhat higher than in the Mandalay region, to which the Nayaung U district belongs. The life expectancy in comparison to developed societies significantly lower. In 2014 it was 64.9 years.

Civil society and gender issues

Although civil society on the ground has been forming in the last few years, it remains fragmented and weak and is still at an early stage. The needs of the community cannot effectively take up or represent the forms of representation (e.g. existing parties) that have existed to date, nor can they bundle them into an effective policy which - on their own initiative and would lead to legal, budgetary and regulatory reforms.

In rural areas, women spend significantly more days working on the land than men, both in the monsoon season (approx. 30% more days) and in the dry season (approx. 50% more days) . This is especially true for weed control, pest control and harvesting , although women as well as men are involved in soil preparation. As in other parts of the country, however, women tend to receive lower wages than men for their farm labor, typically 75% of men's daily wages. Women are also typically responsible for tending to small livestock, growing vegetables, and performing post-harvest activities such as separating, grinding, and peeling. They are also primarily responsible for collecting water, firewood and forest products. The use of poor quality technology and equipment by women creates further difficulties. More valuable production goods are usually controlled by men.

Households with female head of household are more likely than poorer households with male head of household . Gender inequality in income distribution is significant. The men receive a higher average per capita income than women 's households because women 's households have little livelihoods (land, livestock and capital) and they are dependent on low-wage work in agriculture as their main source of income.

Religion, ethnicity

Three child monks with containers for food donations, Bagan in January 2013

Procession of monks, Bagan in December 1999

The vast majority of the population (more than 95 percent) practice the Buddhist faith. Around 3 percent of the population are members of the Islamic faith and 1.1 percent practice a Christian denomination. Atheists are almost nonexistent. The values are similar for Myanmar as a whole, but the minority religions are a little more pronounced in the national average than in Nyaung U.

Existing Buddhist monasteries are:

Almost 100 percent of the residents belong to the Bamar ethnic group .

Standard of living

Washing clothes on the Irrawadday river in Bagan, traditional way of life around 1976

Women wash their things in Irrawaday in Bagan 2013, a more unchanged situation for the poor class

Begging in Bagan, 2013

Water transport in Bagan, 2013

Bamboo house in Bagan, 2013

Bamboo house in Bagan, 2013

income

Overall, the rural population is economically worse off today than in earlier times. The majority of the rural population is considered poor. Around 2018, 60 percent of the households (approx. Four people) in a reference village in the district had less than 75 US dollars a month to live on. In the meantime, due to the ongoing structural crisis in the countryside, economic and social change has begun in the rural population of the district. The subsistence economy is increasingly being displaced by paid wage labor . Through development projects by international NGOs , they have been particularly active in the district since the 2000s to support the authorities in this transformation process from outside. Many young farmers sell their land in order to pursue a regular paid job, either abroad or as employed farm workers in Kayah State .

Household expenses

Food insecurity is a major local development obstacle. Buying enough food through the local market is made difficult by low incomes and high private debt. On average, grocery purchases account for more than half of total household spending (53%). The expenditures for education, health and transport are very low. Almost 40% of households have difficulties meeting their food needs. The primary coping strategy is to reduce the portion size (27%). This leads to low birth weights in newborns, stunted growth in children, and high rates of malnourished mothers, suggesting that the nutritional status of mothers who are pregnant or breastfeeding is worse than that of mothers who do not breastfeed. The rate of waste is of high public health.

The debt of households is high and 35 percent of the loans are used to study data from 2018 right back for the purchase of food. 18 percent of households do not have enough food available, with this being most pronounced for wage laborers and smallholders with less than 2 hectares of land. Rural households have to travel up to two hours to the market to buy groceries. In the rainy season, the travel times are longer. In many villages there are few fresh vegetables available.

Supply infrastructure

in the center of Nyaung U, 2014

The level of civilizational development and the supply of the population with public goods is at the level of a developing country . Until a few years ago, the traditional way of life, which has been handed down for centuries, applied to the rural population. The cattle slept under the houses, there were no diesel generators or wells.

The local construction is similar to the construction that is typical for the Southeast Asian region. This is especially true for traditional construction . Traditional bamboo houses are still widespread and the most widely used design. Around a quarter of the residential buildings have a bare earth floor. In addition to the use of light building materials from renewable raw materials from the area, the climatically adapted, loose and airy construction of the houses is striking. The houses are usually one-story and at ground level. The public line and grid-bound infrastructure is underdeveloped. There are no sidewalks in many places, and road surfaces are not always paved. The maintenance of private and public buildings and civil engineering is carried out irregularly. A public municipal regulation of the development and the building standards is not pronounced. Unusual structural growth and low building standards result from this. Traffic routing is only partial. There are no lines on the streets. Street lighting is also not available across the board. Other underground pipes (sewage, drinking water, telecommunications) are also not the norm. Only a few households receive electricity from donated solar cells from development aid projects. Only a third of the population is connected to the power grid. The majority primarily use candles , private generators and batteries to generate light .

Oxen and carts are the most valuable possessions of the local rural population. In addition to agricultural work, drawn carts are primarily used to transport goods, but also water that has to be transported from wells. Those who did not have an ox and cart carried the water from pots weighing up to ten kilograms on their head and around their hips for miles into the houses. In the past, due to the persistent drought, the government increasingly drilled wells that were made available to the rural population as public goods.

In terms of ensuring a modern supply infrastructure such as modern living space, clean drinking water, electricity and modern sanitary facilities, around a quarter of the district's residents did not have access to them in 2014. In 2014, fewer than four percent of households had internet access. There were only 1,433 registered cars in Nyaung U Township in 2014. Most have a motorized two-wheeler. With 24,386 registered mopeds / motorcycles only in the township of Nyaung U, this mode of transport is by far the most common. In 2014, the majority of residents continued to use firewood instead of electric or gas stoves to prepare dishes . In 2014, only a minority of households had their own television . Only a little more than half of households also have a radio . Only a third of the population had their own mobile phone in 2014 . With these social indicators, too , the district is at the level of overall Myanmar and somewhat lower than in the Mandalay region.

Development aid and engagement by NGOs

Due to the persistently low level of civilizational development of the population and the public structures, international organizations have been increasingly active on site since 2000 and are running specific application-related development projects in various areas. The primary focus is on meeting the population's primary needs . This includes improving the supply of the population with water for their own consumption, irrigation of agriculture, use of groundwater and river regulation. The establishment of a climate-sensitive agriculture, the production of educational institutions, the distribution of solar technology for electricity generation, improvement of the soil quality by changing the cultivation methods, etc.

The most visible NGO on site is the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations , which has been active in Myanmar since 1978. Your local involvement is aimed at local measures that aim to provide immediate and long-term support for livelihoods in rural areas. This also includes the establishment of government institutions to improve governance in the agricultural sector. A prominent example on site are Farmer Field Schools , which aim to increase the agricultural productivity of the primary crops in the central dry zone by imparting practical knowledge to the local rural population.

Celebrations, celebrations

Nats Shrine on Mount Popa

Loka Nanda Temple in Bagan

Religious ceremonies have been celebrated in the Bagan region for a long time. The times of the annual local festivals are based on the lunar calendar . On the morning of the full moon in early January, monks of all ages gather to celebrate the Ananda festival . During this time, hundreds of vendors' stalls were set up around the temples for about a month. During the full moon in November, the Thadinkyut Full Moon Festival (Lantern Festival), which celebrates the end of Buddhist Lent, pagodas and temples are lit with candles, which put the sacred building areas in a festive mood. In addition to these festivals, the temples of Alottawpyae, Loka Nanda , Shwezigon, and Manuha Temple hold their own pagoda festival for a period of two days to a month each year. These festivals are deeply rooted in the consciousness of the local population.

Every year the Nat festival in honor of the Nat takes place in various places and with great effort in the district on the full moon in November / December . The Popa Taung Kalat is the actual center of Nat worship in Myanmar.

economy

Tourism industry

Due to the great tourist importance of this district for Myanmar, there is increasing international package tourism as well as individual backpacking tourism in addition to local domestic tourism and pilgrims. This means that appropriate tourist infrastructures such as hotels and restaurants, including those with Western standards, are available. However, the development is still in the early stages and many tourist standards have not yet been developed on site.

Apprentices in a restaurant in Bagan

Before the development of tourism, local residents traditionally worked in agriculture. With the development of tourism, tourism-related activities have become a new form of livelihood for local communities. In 2016, the hotels employed 3,200 people, all of whom, with the exception of the board of directors, came from the immediate vicinity. There is no special local tourism school. After in-house training , the trainees are employed as normal specialist employees.

The production of souvenirs for tourists is a source of income for the local population. In 2008 there were only 38,135 foreign tourist arrivals. In 2013, the arrival of nearly 200,000 tourists in Bagan was registered. That meant a 20 percent increase over the previous year. This led to a boom in the tourism industry. New hotels and catering facilities have been built and in turn offer new employment opportunities for the local population. In Bagan alone there were 83 hotels, motels and guest houses with a total of 2,845 rooms in 2016. These accommodation options can be broken down into five categories, ranging from 1 star to 4 stars or unrated. 15% of these facilities have 3 or 4 stars, 15% 2 or 1 star and the remaining 70% have no rating. A total of 182 restaurants were registered in Bagan in 2016. Thereof 80 large restaurants, 57 bistros and 45 cafes.

The following years also meant strong growth in local tourist arrivals. In 2017, 300,441 foreign tourists were registered in Bagan. Most of the foreign visitors came from the USA, the EU and Japan. The number of domestic tourists in Bagan was estimated at 306,000 visitors in 2016. This group mostly stayed in cheap guest houses or small hotels, while foreigners booked the more expensive facilities. The upswing continued unchecked in 2019. In the first six months of 2019, more than 210,000 foreign tourists reached Bagan. 470,000 foreign tourist arrivals are expected in 2020. The government agencies expect constant growth and a steady increase in cultural demand for the local attractions. There are also long-term forecasts for the purpose of planning the capacity of the local guest beds and setting up appropriate tourist resources on site. In the middle planning variant, these envisage the arrival of one million foreign tourists in Bagan for 2030. In addition, there is a forecast of one million local tourists. In comparison, 2.4 million foreign tourists visited Angkor Wat in 2016 . In line with the growth, 8,000 rooms will be required on site from 2015 to 2030 instead of the 2,512 available rooms, and corresponding construction activities will result. This means larger hotels, which, however, are to be built outside the protected World Heritage zone.

In 2016 alone, 24 local travel agencies operated in Bagan. They organize guided tours, vehicles and transport. The tourism sector around Bagan offers an additional income opportunity for several hundred local guides . A guide can earn 10 to 35 US dollars a day. Since the local competition is high, however, the income is depressed.

Scenes of the tourism and catering industry in Bagan and the surrounding area
2016 Bagan
2016 Bagan
Wetkyi In, Nyaung-U, 2016
Wetkyi In, Nyaung-U, 2016
Balloon tourism over Bagan
Resort in Old Bagan

Business

Bagan is one of the centers of traditional Burmese lacquer art . In Old Bagan, New Bagan and in small villages along the streets there are numerous workshops that use the simplest means (bamboo mesh and varnish obtained from tree sap) to produce vessels and other everyday objects with artistic ornamentation . The lacquer art cluster offers employment for 4,000 locals who are employed in 650 to 700 mostly small businesses. Only six to eight companies are medium-sized companies with 51 to 100 employees. Machines are not used in the district. So far, production has been carried out exclusively by hand. The production is sold on to specialized retail stores in Bagan, but also Yangon or Mandalay. The opening of the tourism sector in Myanmar to foreign tourists has resulted in a steady increase in visitors, which in turn has had a positive effect on the sales figures for this branch of industry. The employment relationship is very informal. There is no written contract basis and wages are paid on a daily basis.

Economic scenes in Bagan and the surrounding area 2008-2014
Women workers in a lacquer art workshop near Bagan, 2008
Shop in Bagan 2013
Production of road bitumen in Bagan, 2013
Harvesting palm sap near Bagan in 2014
Onion harvest near Bagan in 2013
Production of peanut oil, Bagan 2014
Loom in Min Nan Thu Village, not far from Bagan, 2016

Agriculture

Palm syrup production at Bagan 2006

Subsistence farming and extensive land use

Almost half of the labor force worked in agriculture in 2014. This is characterized by a very low productivity . The dominant form of management corresponds to extensive land use . The farmers are highly dependent on forest products, especially firewood, posts, poles and fodder, to secure their livelihood and their livestock. The use of agricultural technology for tillage is not widespread. Instead, traditional muscle-powered devices predominate in work use.

In agriculture, smallholders dominate, with some very little land holdings of just a few hectares. As a rule, the farmers also have at least 30 of their own palm trees to manage. Local farmers extract palm sugar and palm wine from the local palm trees . The palm fruits are also harvested and eaten. The wood of the palm tree serves as building material on site.

Cultivation products

The soil is not productive. The cultivation focuses on maize first after production, onions second after production, sesame second after cultivation area, peanuts first after cultivation area , pigeon pea , plums , palm trees, sorghum (millet type) and tamarind . Due to the climatic change and the increase in drought, harvests have recently been canceled more often because the plants are not producing any fruit. The productivity of family farms has declined overall.

The poor agricultural profitability is a critical factor for the agricultural communities in the district. Inflexible loan repayment terms are forcing farmers to sell their crops as soon as they are harvested, which floods the market and lowers incomes. Many farming communities have low incomes, which in turn limits their ability to invest in productive assets and develop their skills. The rural communities are therefore unable to adapt to changing market conditions such as the variability of crop prices, environmental conditions such as pest and disease outbreaks, and irregular weather conditions such as floods or drought, the ability of farmers and workers to band together is limited, which is their influence restricts the ability to influence market prices through their own agreements.

The CMA CGM Alexander von Humboldt for 16,020 TEU calls at the Port of Hamburg on May 28, 2013. The total harvest of Nyaung U Township would be 1.42 cargoes from that ship

Annual agricultural production in the township of Nyaung-U, 2012/13
variety	Acreage in hectares	Amount of harvest in baskets	1 basket in hectoliters (1 basket = 38.836 L)	in standard ISO 20 foot shipping containers (331 HL)	in T (1890: 26.5 kg)
Cowpea	902.8	35,696	13,862.9	41.9	945.9
cotton	110.5	57,925	22,495.7	68	1,535
Chilli	328.2	174,520	67,776.6	204.8	4,624.7
peanut	29,984	2,803,583	1,088,799.5	3289.4	74,354
Chickpeas	287.7	8,887	3451.4	10.4	235.5
Corn	508.28	6,656,800	2,585,234.8	7810.4	176,405.2
Mung bean	11,804.7	309.224	120090.2	362.8	8,194.4
Palm wine	830.8	6,026,850	2,340,587.5	7,071.3	159,711.5
rice	973.3	177.369	68,883	208.1	4,700
sesame	20,171.2	144,362	56,064.4	169.4	3,825.6
Sorghum	4293.3	135.114	52,472.8	158.5	3,580.5
Pigeon pea	11,318.3	341,747	132,720.86	401	9,056.3
onion	253.7	2,824,000	1,096,728.6	3,313.4	74,836
total	81,766.8			22,901.3	522,004.6

irrigation

technological status of irrigation methodology in Bagan, on the banks of the Irrawady, 2013

Precipitation varies greatly at the beginning of the rainy season . This unpredictability, which is particularly high in the central part of the dry zone, hinders agricultural production by increasing the risk of drought at the beginning of the rain-fed harvest cycle. Farmers' difficulties are exacerbated by lower than usual rainfall recently. In recent decades, rainfall in the northern parts of the dry zone has decreased significantly in June. Surface water from rivers and reservoirs is abundant, but the sparse infrastructure and high pumping costs hinder people's access to it. The estimated volume of water for irrigation is very small compared to the Irrawaddy runoff. The artificial irrigation of the cultivated areas only takes place on 25 percent of the total cultivated area. Most of the dams that have existed up to now have only been built since the 1990s . In the Kyaukpadaung Township, these were the Taungyay Dam (2002-2005), Kyatmauktaung Dam (2005-2006) and the Pinnchaung Dam (1996-1999). In Nyaung U, the Myakan tank renovation took place from 1996-1997 . The results of studies showed that farmers' access to irrigation water led to significantly higher household incomes than where there were only wells with limited water availability. The average income per household in US dollars in 2011 for households near a dam and thus to a good water supply was US $ 3,362. An agricultural household with only one well as a source of water earned only US $ 1,226 in one year.

Agricultural policy

In the past, agricultural policy in Myanmar has been closely focused on maximizing rice field production through intensification in order to keep the price and availability of rice in Myanmar down. The long-term result has been a significant increase in raw material production, but a decrease in farmers' incomes, as prices in the market have not kept pace with production costs. Restrictive export controls lead to oversupply on the domestic market , which keeps harvest prices low. This benefits national consumers, but affects the incomes of farmers, especially smallholders . In addition, agricultural advisory agencies continue to frequently instruct farmers to adhere to central government's annual agricultural production schedules, which limits farmers' flexibility. Irregular farm incomes limit the purchase of seeds , fertilizers , pesticides and labor. Most of the agricultural labor products are imported from China and there are almost no quality controls. In addition, many farmers lack the ability to use resources such as fertilizers and pesticides effectively due to a lack of outside help.

In 2012, a federal law on arable land was passed. This aims to improve the legal rights of agricultural owners. The associated formal land registry process was in the late phase of implementation in 2018. The local laws have historically come into conflict with the official registration system and the associated land classifications. In addition, many elements of the land registry process remain unclear (e.g. taxation), which is unsettling for farmers. The legally insecure position of farmers is also exacerbated by land seizures as a result of debts, disputes or the industrial development of agriculture. Land disputes mostly arise from poorly defined property. In the Nyaung-U district, there are also land seizures in favor of state-sponsored agricultural projects, private agro-industrial projects, large industrial development projects, the establishment of military sites and urban expansion. Corruption and private land speculation are considered the main cause of land seizures in Myanmar.

Livestock

A herd of cattle passes the 12th century Sulamani Pagoda in Bagan

Most households with land have draft cattle. Rearing ruminants and poultry is an important source of income for poorer and landless households . Low access to animal health services and feed availability leads to high disease losses and an increased risk of overgrazing of the original grasslands. Improved pastures require safe keeping and a better knowledge of animal nutrition by keepers . The pet owners try to increase the number of animals to draw the maximum benefit from the limited resources available feed resources, while the capacity of the pasture land is overused. The consequences of oversized herds are significant animal losses, loss of income and environmental damage.

The local trade in animals and animal products faces many obstacles that prevent farmers from finding the best markets for their animals. The bureaucratic effort at local, regional and national level, e.g. B. the slaughter permit system, forces farmers to accept lower market prices. There are no local farmers 'organizations that support the collective procurement and marketing of animals and animal products, and little effort has been made to establish local breeders' associations .

Retail and service industries

Informal work such as mobile street trading is also widespread in Nyaung U District. In addition to the stationary retail stores, there are also permanent and covered markets with temporary market stalls in the main towns . The standards of the goods and the sales ambience here also correspond to those of a developing country. A widespread national or international supermarket chain chain culture has not yet established itself here. Instead, small owner-managed sole proprietorships dominate.

The many local handicrafts shops near the tourist areas offer wood and ivory carvings, tapestries, silverware, brassware, silk and cotton fabrics, and traditional clothing.

Scenes of street trading in Nyaung U and Mount Popa 2006-2018
Mani Sithu Market in Nyaung U, 2018
Fish Market, Nyaung U
Market in Nyaung U, 2016
Market in Nyaung U, 2016
Mount Popa, shop assistants, 2006
Street trading on the climb to Mount Popa, 2014

Financial sector

Most of the district's banks are represented in the Nyaung U and Kyaukpadaung. The following Myanmar-wide financial institutions are represented with several branches in the district area:

Associations

The private tourism sector in particular shows further developed forms of private corporation . The Myanmar Tourism Federation (MTF) is a private tourism organization made up of 11 private tourism associations. MTF has been operating a regional office in Bagan since 2015. Among the member associations of the MTF tourism industry, five associations have a branch in Bagan. These are:

Myanmar Hoteliers Association (Bagan)
Myanmar Restaurant Association (Bagan)
Myanmar Tourist Guide Association (Bagan)
Tourism Transportation Association
Souvenir Entrepreneurs Association

There are three local tourism business associations in Bagan.

E-Bike Association
Taxi Driver Association
Horse Cart Association

The Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture (MORAC) commissioned the MTF Bagan branch to collect the Bagan zone fee from foreign tourists at Nyaung U Airport and other designated locations in Bagan.

administration

Authorities

In relation to the standards of developed affluent states, the locally established administrative structures are clearly underdeveloped. The number of employees of around 100 administrative employees of the two township administrations and the district administration (without the employees of the Villagetracts or public institutions) for 500,000 inhabitants is by far not enough for a comprehensive exercise of the entire public range of tasks, measured by the standards of wealthy countries.

GAD

Basically, the local administrative structures of the district all go back to the GAD, the General Administration Department , a union authority. This central body forms the backbone of Myanmar's public administration and in 2014 employed 36,080 people in sub-national and central authorities across the country.

Township administration

The third administrative level of Myanmar are the townships . They form the essential building blocks of Myanmar's federal public administration system. There are three of them in Nyaung U District:

Nyaung-U Township
Kyaukpadaung Township
Ngathayauk subtownship as a separate statistical subcategory

The township authorities, led by a director, carry out order management for the central government. Core competencies are tax administration , land and population registration. Planning and statistical tasks, municipal supervision, and coordination of cooperation with subordinate Union ministerial authorities at the company's own supra-local level also apply. Core competencies are also the socio-economic development, especially of rural areas, which includes the implementation of development projects . Regardless of the size of a township, the number of employees of the authority is. It is currently 34 GAD officials and the director throughout Myanmar. Township administrators have not been covered by recent administrative and government reforms . They are still controlled from the capital by an appointed director of the GAD (General Administration Department). This authority level does not have its own legislative bodies.

In the budget year 2012/2013 the township Nyaung U had a total budget of 65.0 million kyat . At the very volatile exchange rate of about 1:10 at the time, this corresponded to around 6 million euros.

District Administration

The district authority is above the two township authorities in Nyaung U and Kyaukpadaung. This serves as an intermediary between the two township authorities, the authorities of the regional administration in Mandalay and the central Union authorities. Such tasks include statistical and planning activities, for example in the budget area. The agency has the same number of employees all over Myanmar. There are currently 27, of which clerks are the most common jobs. Each local offshoot of this decentralized type of agency in Myanmar has the same structure with two departments.

Administration of the Villagetracts

Despite the reforms and local elections after the law on the administration of municipalities and villages was passed in February 2012, GAD retains an important role in local affairs. Although the GAD no longer provides the ward or tract administrator itself, there is still a personal instance in local village tract matters within the GAD. These administrators do not hold the actual office of the community leader and the local community administrator can dismiss them for abuse of power, incompetence or corruption. The GAD's Villaget tract or ward authorized officers support the local villa tract administrators in their role.

The role of community leaders is to act as the lowest level of government agencies and the most important interface between the state and the people in Myanmar. The municipal administrators are responsible for tax collection, land register entries and statistical surveys on the population structure. Occasionally, the village chiefs even have to countersign the farmers' loans from the Myanmar Agricultural Development Bank . Local clerks support the Villagetract manager and keep records of administrative, economic and social statistics as well as office processes and security records in 33 standardized forms.

Public institutions, networks and lines

Most of the public institutions are provided by decentralized ministerial bodies at Union level. In some cases the public services are complemented by NGOs or religious organizations.

Water supply and sanitation

Water reservoir in the village of Min Nan Thu not far from Bagan, 2016

The public water supply and sanitation are operated by the Township Development Committee . There are two water supply plants in Nyaung U City that supply water to six counties. One of the facilities is a water distribution system with a simple treatment system, another has no treatment system for the withdrawn river water. A water treatment plant has been installed in New Bagan. However, due to the low capacity of the system, the water is usually supplied directly from the river. New Bagan's water treatment plant is located away from the mainstream of the river. The river's water level drops during the dry season, so only a limited amount of water can be withdrawn. Since the turbidity of the river water is high, local consumers carry out sedimentation treatment themselves before use. The operation of the water supply is only maintained during the day and stopped at night. In October 2016, the number of individual water connections in Nyaung City and New Bagan City was 2,400 connections and 361 connections, the supply rate of urban households with running water was only 38% and 23%.

There are no sewage treatment plants for wastewater disposal even in urban areas . Faecal matter is collected and processed by hotels and restaurants using self-installed systems such as septic tanks . Normal households are not equipped with such septic tanks and discharge their wastewater directly into the soil in the area or into rivers or streams.

Power supply and telecommunications

You can see the local above-ground power line and, if applicable, the telecommunications network, as well as the unpaved road surface in New Bagan, 2013, corner of Sein-Pan-Straße - San Pal Straße, not far from the center of New Bagan

The electricity and telephone lines run across the river along the streets. For the power supply there are four substations in the Bagan area , one in Nyaung U, one in New Bagan, the Bagan substation and the Chauk substation , 30 km further south. These supply the township area of Nyaung Us with electricity. The communication lines are managed by Nyaung U Myanmar Post and Telecommunication (MPT) and used by MPT, two other communication companies, a cable TV broadcaster and an Internet service provider. MPT's communication line goes to Pakokku , Nyaung U and Kyaukpadaung. The between five and ten above-ground line strands run mainly 10–30 m from the road. Many of the overhead lines and electricity pylons impair the aesthetic appearance of the cultural landscape and the general cityscape.

Although telecommunications and internet facilities are available for tourists in Bagan and the three major towns, the service standards as of 2016 are often low.

Health facilities

Some of the health facilities in the district are provided by private organizations. As a rule, responsibility lies with the public clinics at the township level. Basically, the national health budget has increased significantly across the country since 2010. New clinics and staff were set up and the basic level of care has improved since then. Medicine and medical consumables are usually available in sufficient quantities. The qualifications of the staff are given, but their salaries remained low and the motivation low. The general structural condition of the clinics is usually not inadequate. There is, however, a tendency towards a partial shortage of larger furnishings such as beds. If medicine is not available, patients have to pay for it themselves, contrary to the official presentation.

Waste disposal

The waste disposal systems only work partially. The Nyaung U Township's organized garbage disposal area consists of only two urban areas, Nyaung U City and New Bagan City, and does not include rural areas. In addition, the existing garbage dump is located within the monument protection area. The garbage is scattered in the surrounding area and lies around openly everywhere. The township administration of Nyaung U collects around 20 tons of waste every day in both urban areas for waste collection. These are transported to the final repository for disposal. However, garbage weighing 40 to 50 tons per day is not collected. Instead, this garbage is dumped on roadsides and rivers.

Public safety, tourism information, fire protection

In addition to the medical facilities, schools and the Bagan Archaeological Museum, there are local police stations of the Myanmar Police Force , a prison, a post office ( Nyaung U Post Office ) and a government tourist information office in New Bagan. this is operated by the Ministry of Tourism and Hotels. The office consists of four departments and 24 employees. There are also two other tourist offices at Nyaung U Airport and on the market in Nyaung U. The quality of information provided by these tourist offices was considered to be of limited use in 2016. There are now public toilet facilities at the tourism hotspots.

The MOTH also operates its own local police. There are four tourist police stations in Old Bagan, New Bagan, Nyaung U and on Mount Popa. There are a total of 42 tourist police in the district. The police officers wear a uniform called the “ tourist police ”. In Bagan, police patrol airports, bus stops, train stations, toll collection stations in the Bagan Heritage Area , important temples and tourist facilities, and places that are mainly used by tourists. There are a number of police stations along the streets that are guarded and monitored around the clock. In addition, a hotline system has been set up in Bagan, which tourists can use to contact the tourist police directly in an emergency.

There is a cross-level fire service organization down to the local level. The largest fire service organization in the district is the Nyaung U Fire Service Department . Exercises and fire protection training are held with the population on a regular basis.

Sport, culture, education

There is also a library. The District Public Library Nyaung U has 100 square meters of media space. There is an outdoor sports facility in the town of Nyaung U, which is used by the local football club Nyaung FC , among others . The stadium with running track and natural grass has stands, no floodlights and has a capacity of 2000 spectators.

Administrative zones

Nyaung U Township including Ngathayauk Subtownship

Population of Nyaung U Township excluding Ngathayauk Subtownship
2013	2014
188,301	198.185

The area of the township Nyaung U with the Ngathayauk Subtownship consists of 1459 km². Its population in 2014, including the Ngathayauk Subtownship, was 239,947. The population density of the township consisted of 164.5 inhabitants / km². Of these, 186,504 were rural residents and 54,343 urban residents. At this point in time there was a significant excess of women (130,471 women versus 109,476 men). The township consists of 59 village tracts.

The Ngathayauk Subtownship, which fills the eastern part of the Nyaung U Township as a statistical special region around its main town Ngathayauk, had an area of 347.8 km² and a population of 41,762 inhabitants in 2014. A total of 19 Village Tracts are located in the subtownship area. The population density is 120.1 inhabitants per km².

Kyaukpadeng Township

Kyaukpadaung Township had a population of 261,908 in 2014. Of these, 145,283 were women (55.5%) and 116,625 men (44.5%). the area is 1964.1 km². The population density in 2014 was 133.3 people. In 2002, 109 local self-government units were recorded, which are referred to as Village Tracts in Myanmar . These work in a similar way to the Indian-Nepalese panchayats . The 109 Village Tracts at that time contained a total of 337 individual districts. The total number of settlements decreased slightly in 2014 for unknown reasons, while the number of Village Tracts increased slightly.

Settlements

The area is predominantly rural. Besides the two main towns there are no other urban settlements besides New Bagan and Ngathayouk. The rural places are often far from fixed roads and are not connected to public supply networks. The urban and rural divide is therefore particularly pronounced in terms of the level of civilizational development.

Towns of the township

Nyaung U (2014: 48,528 inhabitants)
Kyaukpadaung (2014: 42,817 inhabitants)
Ngathayouk (2014: 5815 inhabitants)
Bagan

Village tracts of the Kyaukpadaung township

In 2014 the township Kyaukpadaung had four village tracts with more than 5000 inhabitants, 79 village tracts between 1000 and 4999 inhabitants and 25 village tracts with fewer than 1000 inhabitants. In addition to the 118 Village Tracts, the eponymous main towns included another 205 geographically distributed towns and small villages.

Village Tract	place	Population (2014)	Geographical longitude	Geographic latitude	Village Code	Distance to Chauk in km (West)	Distance to Yenangyaung in km (south)	Distance to Pakokku in km (north)	Distance to Kyaukpadaung in km (center)	Altitude meters above sea level
Ah Hmyaung Kan	Ah Hmyaung Kan	2177	95.023826599121094	20.7045707702637	191998	30.4	31.0			346
Ah Hmyaung Kan	In Pin San		95,040077209472699	20.6940593719482	191999	32.7	31.0			332
Aing Lyar (North)	Aing Lyar (North)	1723	95.186218261718807	20.697719573974599	192044	44.3	41.8	71.3	17.0
Aing Lyar (North)	San Myaing Aye		95.163146972656307	20.7034206390381	192046	41.9	40.3	70.6	16.0	246
Aing Lyar (North)	San Pya		95.1458969116211	20.6933097839355	192045
Aing Lyar (North)	Win Min Kan		95.173988342285199	20.698369979858398	192047
Aing Lyar (South)	Aing Lyar (South)	683	95.18701171875	20.6952800750732	192048
Aing Ma (North)	Aing Ma (North)	1070	95.450309753417997	20.862510681152301	191887
Aing Ma (North)	Aing Ma (South)		95.449226379394503	20.854179382324201	191888
Be Myar (a) Si Yin Su	Be Myar (Si Yin Su)	1126	95.109619140625	20.838830947876001	191933
Be Myar (a) Si Yin Su	Pein Hne Taw		95.108810424804702	20.830400466918899	191934
Am Gwa	Am Gwa	654	95.057037353515597	20.785169601440401	191972
Am Gwa	Hnaw pin		95.044082641601605	20.7948093414307	191973
Byi Sin Inn	Byi Sin Inn	518	95.501876831054702	20.836870193481399	192144
There was	There was	1100	95.0431289672852	20.8369998931885	191927
Daung Lel	Daung Lel	3135	95.1821670532227	20.9837207794189	191860
Daung Lel	Kone Paw Net		95.1787185668945	20.9953308105469	191861
Daung Lel	Shwe Si Taing (Shwe Se Taing)		95.187232971191406	20.9588298797607	191862
Dee Doke Kone	Chaung Char		95.341239929199205	20.9711303710938	191845
Dee Doke Kone	Dee Doke Kone	5457	95.380706787109403	20.9965000152588	191838
Dee Doke Kone	Htan Chauk Pin (a) Tha Nat Pin		95.360832214355497	21.017030715942401	191841
Dee Doke Kone	Myin Chan Kone		95.372146606445298	21.022129058837901	191840
Dee Doke Kone	Sar Kyin		95.417877197265597	20.959449768066399	191842
Dee Doke Kone	Thee Kone (East)		95.348258972167997	20.985759735107401	191843
Dee Doke Kone	Thee pin		95.389518737792997	20.954109191894499	191839
Dee Doke Kone	Thone A cone		95.341842651367202	20.977209091186499	191844
Gaung Ye	Gaung Ye	930	95.360397338867202	20.867599487304702	191896
Gaung Ye	Se Peik		95.350936889648395	20.880250930786101	191897
Hin Khwet Aing	Chaung Char Su (North)		95.124572753906307	20.694309234619102	191989
Hin Khwet Aing	Chaung Char Su (South)		95.123840332031307	20.6915798187256	191988
Hin Khwet Aing	Hin Khwet Aing	3340	95.116462707519503	20.6857604980469	191987
Hin Khwet Aing	Kan Yin		95.130043029785199	20.698280334472699	191992
Hin Khwet Aing	Kyat Twin Kan		95.101417541503906	20.723949432373001	191991
Hin Khwet Aing	Thit Sat Pin		95.120063781738295	20.7099094390869	191990
Hlaing Thar	Hlaing Thar	3228	95.302093505859403	20.9881992340088	191847
Hlaing Thar	Kan Kone		95.287033081054702	21.0035705566406	191850
Hlaing Thar	Ma Gyi Su		95.303260803222699	21.005010604858398	191849
Hlaing Thar	Pin Pooh		95.300773620605497	20.98464012146	191848
Hlaing Thar	Than Gyi Kone		95.320426940917997	21.001419067382798	191851
Hlyaw Taw	Hlyaw Taw	940	95.278488159179702	20.8938503265381	191903
Hnit Kyat Khwe	Hnit Kyat Khwe	3463	95.118171691894503	20.898170471191399	191914
Hpa Yar Gyi Kone	Hpa Yar Gyi Kone	1569	95.063293457031307	20.725780487060501	191993
Hpa Yar Gyi Kone	Kyun Boe Kone (Sat Hnit Yar Thi Pin)		95.080833435058594	20.7217102050781	191994
Hpet Taw Yae	Hpet Taw Yae	577	95.417953491210895	20.8509006500244	191891
In Taing (East)	In Taing (East)	1467	95.078407287597699	20.840400695800799	191925
In Taing (East)	In Taing (West)		95.067283630371094	20.846170425415	191926
In Taw	In Taw	1186	95.177520751953097	20.819860458373999	191961
In Taw Kyei	In Taw Kyei	1021	95.209213256835895	20.810960769653299	191960
Ka Taw	Hta Naung Kone		95.214546203613295	20.647560119628899	192034
Ka Taw	Ka Taw	2458	95.199752807617202	20.6444396972656	192033
Ka Taw	Ma Gyi Yoe		95.223106384277301	20.6432495117188	192035
Ka Taw	Oke Hpo		95.218948364257798	20.638950347900401	192036
Ka Taw	Si Thar		95.183647155761705	20.645820617675799	192037
Kaing	Kaing	756	95.251007080078097	20.801200866699201	192069
Kaing	Nyaung Pin Thar		95.247467041015597	20.8047199249268	192070
Kan Bar Te (South)	Kan Bar Te (North)		95.453712463378906	20.9806098937988	191832
Kan Bar Te (South)	Kan Bar Te (South)	1219	95.457473754882798	20.974250793456999	191831
Kan Bar Te (South)	Tha Yet Cho Kone		95.453697204589801	20.998500823974599	218295
Kan Hpyu	Htan Pauk Kone		95.221000671386705	21.024089813232401	191816
Kan Hpyu	Kan Hpyu	5211	95.212142944335895	21.052640914916999	191813
Kan Hpyu	Kyee Kan		95.188507080078097	21.047449111938501	191814
Kan Hpyu	Tha Yet Taw		95.203666687011705	21.016300201416001	191815
Kan Lwin	Kan Lwin (North)	1637	95.089218139648395	20.701829910278299	192016
Kan Lwin	Kan Lwin (South)		95.085060119628906	20.694360733032202	192015
Kan Lwin	Yone		95.063552856445298	20.693489074706999	192017
Kan Ni	Kan Ni	539	95.118957519531307	20.658250808715799	192018
Kan Ni	Kan Ni Ywar Thit		95.120033264160199	20.660110473632798	192019
Kan Pat Lel	Gway Kone		95.203811645507798	20.854110717773398	191950
Kan Pat Lel	Kan Pat Lel	6266	95.1903076171875	20.838640213012699	191949
Kan Pat Lel	Le Gwa		95.221412658691406	20.841070175170898	191952
Kan Pat Lel	No.1 (Nyaung Hpyu Pin)		95.238876342773395	20.838609695434599	191953
Kan Pat Lel	No.2 (Khaw Mon Kone)		95.250686645507798	20.8307094573975	191954
Kan Pat Lel	No.3 (Sat Pyar Kyin)		95.230133056640597	20.824619293212901	191955
Kan Pat Lel	Ywar Thit		95.192573547363295	20.855690002441399	191951
Kan Pauk	Kan Pauk	3065	95.173988342285199	20.8414497375488	191945
Kan Pauk	Khway Tauk Pin		95.180168151855497	20.843879699706999	191946
Kan Pauk	Taung Hla		95.169906616210895	20.855249404907202	191948
Kan Pauk	Taung Nauk		95.154373168945298	20.851320266723601	191947
Kha Paung Kone	Kha Paung Kone	3223	95.363502502441406	20.746870040893601	192119
Kha Paung Kone	Khe Gyi Kone		95.386917114257798	20.742750167846701	192121
Kha Paung Kone	Ta Khun Taing		95.378738403320298	20.744319915771499	192120
Khin Mun	Hpon Thar		95.013603210449205	20.627059936523398	192004
Khin Mun	Khin Mun	2503	94.998542785644503	20.6480102539063	192003
Khin Mun	San Su		95.054672241210895	20.6201496124268	192006
Khin Mun	Yae Nant Thar				192007
Khin Mun	Ywar Thit		95.007141113281307	20.619869232177699	192005
Khway Tauk Kone	Khway Tauk Kone	2297	95.223548889160199	21.0088005065918	191856
Khway Tauk Kone	Lel Yar		95.229682922363295	21.016740798950199	191857
Ku	Ku		95.426933288574205	20.9600505828857	191836
Ku	Than Kone		95.435111999511705	20.946189880371101	191837
Ku Lel	Ku Lel	548	95.332717895507798	20.959699630737301	191846
Kyar Nay Aint	Kyar Nay Aint	1479	95.286491394042997	21.021419525146499	191852
Kyar Nay Aint	Yae Ngan		95.309471130371094	21.019990921020501	191854
Kyar Nay Aint	Yone Kyin		95.296401977539105	21.0372200012207	191853
Kyauk Chaw	Kyauk Chaw	1947	95.392517089843807	20.895399093627901	191880
Kyauk Chaw	Kyin Gaung		95.404289245605497	20.922449111938501	191881
Kyauk Chaw	Lay Taing Sin		95.432487487792997	20.887130737304702	191882
Kyauk Chaw	Yae Ka Lay		95.41552734375	20.9403190612793	191883
Kyauk Khwet	Kyauk Khwet	1106	95.318450927734403	20.945060729980501	191878
Kyauk Khwet	Thin Paung		95.361892700195298	20.9180202484131	191879
Kyauk Pon	Kyauk Pon (North)	2243	95.320533752441406	20.831029891967798	192075
Kyauk Pon	Kyauk Pon (South)		95.320739746093807	20.828760147094702	192074
Kyauk Pon	Wet Ma Htauk		95.327400207519503	20.846340179443398	192076
Kyauk Sit Kan	Kyauk Sit Kan	3064	95.151786804199205	20.738639831543001	191984
Kyauk Sit Kan	Lin Yaw San		95.129493713378906	20.739740371704102	191986
Kyauk Sit Kan	Lwin Pin Kone (Khway Kya Twin)		95.147529602050795	20.719549179077099	191985
Kyauk Ta Tar	Kan Zat Kone		95.229583740234403	20.966600418090799	191872
Kyauk Ta Tar	Kyauk Ta Gar	1276	95.235931396484403	20.9740104675293	191871
Kyet Pyit	Kyet Pyit	1026	95.518493652343807	20.788719177246101	192146
Kyet Pyit	Pan Taw Kyin		95.511810302734403	20.777370452880898	192147
Kyet Su Taw	Kyet Su Taw	412	95.456047058105497	20.769029617309599	192130
Kyoet Pin Thar	Chaing (Kyauk Tan)		95.438430786132798	20.742509841918899	192129
Kyoet Pin Thar	Kyoet Pin Thar	1060	95.426399230957003	20.767349243164102	192128
Kywe Kan	In Taw		95.035560607910199	20.658990859985401	192001
Kywe Kan	Kywe Kan	1058	95.039489746093807	20.6591091156006	192000
Lay Pin (South)	Gon Taw		95.415550231933594	21.0248107910156	191830
Lay Pin (South)	Lay Pin (North)		95.420600891113295	21.005510330200199	191828
Lay Pin (South)	Lay Pin (South)	1812	95.419219970703097	20.998540878295898	191827
Lay Pin (South)	Ma Soe Yain		95.427673339843807	20.979679107666001	191829
Lel Gyi (North)	Lel Gyi Myauk	952	95.257339477539105	21.016660690307599	191855
Lel Gyi Taung	Lel Gyi Taung	1428	95.2247314453125	20.7076091766357	192096
Lel Gyi Taung	Let Pan Kyin Nyaung		95.216072082519503	20.705499649047901	192099
Lel Gyi Taung	Let Pan Kyin Thee Kone		95.215423583984403	20.708229064941399	192098
Lel Gyi Taung	Pauk Taw (West)		95.236793518066406	20.698610305786101	192097
Lel Yar	Lel Yar	4492	95.12109375	20.8276691436768	191962
Lel Yar	Taung Chay		95.1251220703125	20.816310882568398	191963
Lel Yar	Yae Htwet		95.153373718261705	20.8161106109619	191965
Lel Yar	Ywar Lat		95.115127563476605	20.7882900238037	191964
Let Pan Aint	Let Pan Aint	442	95.223686218261705	20.853340148925799	191904
Let Pan Pin	Htan Taw Gyi		95.116897583007798	20.858079910278299	191937
Let Pan Pin	Let Pan Pin	4303	95.118919372558594	20.872930526733398	191935
Let Pan Pin	Sa Bai Pin		95.109306335449205	20.8474006652832	191940
Let Pan Pin	Tet Ma (Myay Sun)		95.120689392089801	20.868949890136701	191936
Let Pan Pin	Was yon kone		95.097549438476605	20.836399078369102	191938
Let Pan Pin	Was Yon Kone Ywar Thit		95.097267150878906	20.841499328613299	191939
Let Pan Pyar	Let Pan Pyar (North)	4322	95.386711120605497	20.816699981689499	192134
Let Pan Pyar	Let Pan Pyar (South)		95.387428283691406	20.812049865722699	192133
Let Pan Pyar	Taung Hla		95.391433715820298	20.839450836181602	192135
Let Pan Pyar	Wet Choke Kone (North)		95.431739807128906	20.815879821777301	192138
Let Pan Pyar	Wet Choke Kone (South)		95.436866760253906	20.807559967041001	192137
Let Pan Pyar	Yin Mar Kone		95.379470825195298	20.7953395843506	192136
Lun Aing	Delivery boy		95.324249267578097	20.880739212036101	191900
Lun Aing	Lun Aing	897	95.323387145996094	20.8709602355957	191899
Ma Gyi Kone	Ah Tar Kone Thar		95.267921447753906	20.727420806884801	192109
Ma Gyi Kone	An oh		95.251167297363295	20.721599578857401	192110
Ma Gyi Kone	Htan Thone Gwa		95.236297607421903	20.664430618286101	192106
Ma Gyi Kone	Kan Bar Ni		95.259658813476605	20.687440872192401	192102
Ma Gyi Kone	Ma Gyi Kone	4225	95.248962402343807	20.688159942626999	192100
Ma Gyi Kone	Myaung U		95.258079528808594	20.675409317016602	192105
Ma Gyi Kone	Be Kone		95.240058898925795	20.680170059204102	192104
Ma Gyi Kone	Pauk Taw (East)		95.240928649902301	20.7032794952393	192107
Ma Gyi Kone	Pauk Taw (Middle)		95.238899230957003	20.7009792327881	192108
Ma Gyi Kone	Shar Pin Hla		95.267562866210895	20.684980392456101	192101
Ma Gyi Kone	Su Tat		95.254692077636705	20.6738395690918	192103
Ma Gyi Ngoke To	Ma Gyi Ngoke To	625	95.0472412109375	20.648349761962901	192002
Ma Gyi Taing	Kone Te		95.230377197265597	20.8326606750488	191957
Ma Gyi Taing	Ma Gyi Taing	1859	95.242317199707003	20.806749343872099	191956
Ma Gyi Taing	Pyayt Wa		95.223518371582003	20.809230804443398	218296
Ma Gyi Taing	San Hla		95.207946777343807	20.822719573974599	191958
Ma Gyi Taing	Si Pin Thar		95.242507934570298	20.802839279174801	191959
Me Dee	Htan Pin Lint		95.171806335449205	20.677770614623999	192025
Me Dee	Kyaung		95.160491943359403	20.653060913085898	192024
Me Dee	Kywe Ta Lin Ywar Oh		95.126670837402301	20.650560379028299	192026
Me Dee	Kywe Ta Lin Ywar Thit (a) Shwe Koke Kan		95.1309814453125	20.654649734497099	192027
Me Dee	Me Dee	3769	95.174171447753906	20.659040451049801	192023
Me Dee	Pauk San		95.146522521972699	20.632020950317401	192032
Me Dee	Pwe Khin (Middle)		95.152717590332003	20.637149810791001	192030
Me Dee	Pwe Khin (South) (a) Auk Chaing		95.149261474609403	20.6343994140625	192031
Me Dee	Pwe Khin Ywar Thit		95.155143737792997	20.639520645141602	192029
Me Dee	Shwe Bo (a) Oe Bo Kone		95.137748718261705	20.645320892333999	192028
Min Gaung (North)	Htan Chan (Gwa)		95.224853515625	20.739049911498999	192055
Min Gaung (North)	Ma Hlwa Pin		95.226257324218807	20.740680694580099	192054
Min Gaung (North)	Min Gaung (North) (Shar Pin Hla)	2434	95.231018066406307	20.742660522460898	192053
Min Gaung (North)	Nyaung Pin Thar		95.224952697753906	20.7352905273438	192058
Min Gaung (North)	San Pwint		95.217483520507798	20.753210067748999	192056
Min Gaung (North)	Thu Htay Kone (No. 8)		95.234672546386705	20.756750106811499	192059
Min Gaung (North)	Ywar Thit Kone		95.217041015625	20.738569259643601	192057
Min Gaung (South)	Aung Chan Thar (No. 9)		95.202400207519503	20.735609054565401	192052
Min Gaung (South)	Min Gaung (South)	95.223388671875	20.733289718627901	192049
Min Gaung (South)	Pauk Pin Sun	95.215682983398395	20.728960037231399	192050
Min Gaung (South)	Si Thar	95.217208862304702	20.7364292144775	192051
Moe Nan Kyin	Kan (Myanmar)	95.417922973632798	20.840999603271499	191893
Moe Nan Kyin	Moe Nan Kyin	95.410453796386705	20.844240188598601	191892
Mon Kan	Ah Tar (East)	95.271293640136705	20.731269836425799	192112
Mon Kan	Mon Kan	95.281082153320298	20.710929870605501	192111
Myauk Taw	Myauk Taw	95.244140625	20.967979431152301	191870
Myin Thar Taung	Htauk Shar			191822
Myin Thar Taung	Khar Pat	95.294090270996094	21.063919067382798	191820
Myin Thar Taung	Myin Thar Taung	95.322662353515597	21.061649322509801	191819
Myin Thar Taung	Saing Gaung			191821
Myin Thar Taung	Than pin			191823
Nat Kan Lel	Nat Kan Lel	95.299049377441406	20.92214012146	191875
Ngar Shan Taung	Ngar Shan Taung	95.071868896484403	20.645570755004901	192014
Nyaung Chaing	Kin Mun Chon	95.283996582031307	20.800430297851602	192073
Nyaung Chaing	Nyaung Chaing (North)	95.267303466796903	20.824670791626001	192071
Nyaung Chaing	Nyaung Chaing (South)	95.277191162109403	20.819459915161101	192072
Nyaung Hto	Ah Tar Ywar Ma	95.27001953125	20.73291015625	192091
Nyaung Hto	Ah Tar Ywar Thit	95.268623352050795	20.7419109344482	192092
Nyaung Hto	Nyaung Hto (East)	95.246269226074205	20.7576999664307	192089
Nyaung Hto	Nyaung Hto (West)	95.241203308105497	20.759120941162099	192088
Nyaung Hto	Oke Shit Kone	95.266876220703097	20.729770660400401	192093
Nyaung Hto	San Kone	95.259040832519503	20.735120773315401	192090
Nyaung Kan Daunt	Aye	95.094383239746094	20.858980178833001	191924
Nyaung Kan Daunt	Kyat Htaung	95.095611572265597	20.852939605712901	191923
Nyaung Kan Daunt	Nyaung Kan Daunt	95.086318969726605	20.858030319213899	191922
Nyaung Pin Thar	Htan Taw U	95.234329223632798	20.6756401062012	192041
Nyaung Pin Thar	Htein Lin	95.235923767089801	20.673360824585	192039
Nyaung Pin Thar	Let Pan Kyin (Middle)	95.217742919921903	20.703149795532202	192043
Nyaung Pin Thar	Let Pan Kyin (South)	95.219100952148395	20.7009391784668	192042
Nyaung Pin Thar	Ma Hlwa Kone	95.232933044433594	20.6727600097656	192040
Nyaung Pin Thar	Myaung Wa	95.2354736328125	20.6709995269775	219105
Nyaung Pin Thar	Nyaung Pin Thar	95.229232788085895	20.6768493652344	192038
Nyaung Pin Thar	Ywar Thar Yar	95.2197265625	20.6898708343506	218297
Oh no, Hmone Yoe	Kan Hnit Sint	95.4520263671875	20.8372192382813	191890
Oh no, Hmone Yoe	Oh no, Hmone Yoe	95.459678649902301	20.832210540771499	191889
Poke Par Lwin	Chaing	95.228576660156307	20.9634799957275	191865
Poke Par Lwin	Ngar Yant Kone	95.231468200683594	20.958400726318398	191864
Poke Par Lwin	Popa Lwin	95.212081909179702	20.944969177246101	191863
Poke Par Lwin	Taung Hla	95.216728210449205	20.9722805023193	191866
Popa	Chaung Hpyar	95.174957275390597	20.913730621337901	191910
Popa	Popa	95,200942993164105	20.936780929565401	191908
Popa	Taung Ka Lat	95.208213806152301	20.914039611816399	191911
Popa	Taw Tsar Chaung	95.208442687988295	20.9368896484375	191909
Pway Kyit	Pway Kyit Su Tat	95.120506286621094	20.649400711059599	192020
Pway Kyit	Pway Kyit Ywar Thit	95.109657287597699	20.6368808746338	192021
Pway Kyit	Taung Htan Taw	95.120292663574205	20.635410308837901	192022
Pyin Ma Gyi	Pyin Ma Gyi (North) (Lel Kyin Khaung)	95.314292907714801	20.908269882202099	191877
Pyin Ma Gyi	Pyin Ma Gyi (South)	95.315330505371094	20.904689788818398	191876
Se	Se	95.302673339843807	20.8985996246338	191901
Se	Lake Ma (Se Ma)	95.291816711425795	20.877630233764599	191902
Se pauk	Inn Chaung	95.163276672363295	20.887100219726602	191907
Se pauk	Nyaung Kan	95.182189941406307	20.882560729980501	191906
Se pauk	Se pauk	95.172630310058594	20.886989593505898	191905
Seik Tein	Htauk Shar	95.235282897949205	21.094770431518601	218292
Seik Tein	Saing Khaung	95.255813598632798	21.064369201660199	218293
Seik Tein	Seik Tein (North)	95.271476745605497	21.052789688110401	191818
Seik Tein	Seik Tein (South)	95.267219543457003	21.047939300537099	191817
Seik Tein	Than pin	95.2386474609375	21.0353107452393	218294
Si Pauk Kan	Si Pauk Kan	95.091178894042997	20.795780181884801	191968
Sin Gaung	Pay Taw	95.368019104003906	20.7322692871094	192118
Sin Gaung	Sin Gaung	95.373176574707003	20.7247200012207	192116
Sin Gaung	Thone a	95.368507385253906	20.7134799957275	192117
Sin Myint	Myin Thar	95.501556396484403	20.876529693603501	191886
Sin Myint	Sin Myint	95.477203369140597	20.872249603271499	191885
Sin Taing Kan	Kyan Soet	95.086860656738295	20.8231601715088	191930
Sin Taing Kan	San Kyaw	95.078132629394503	20.827610015869102	191932
Sin Taing Kan	Sin Taing Kan	95.097061157226605	20.8342399597168	191929
Sin Taing Kan	Su Tat	95.104667663574205	20.832370758056602	191931
Sin Tat Kyin	Sin Tat Kyin	95.043716430664105	20.821710586547901	191928
Sun	Kan Ye	95.110801696777301	20.774509429931602	191983
Sun	Kyaung you	95.146553039550795	20.755100250244102	191981
Sun	Sun		95.128501892089801	20.759799957275401	191980
Sun	Yoe Char	95.134803771972699	20.779689788818398	191982
Son Kone	Sin Sin	95.288177490234403	20.961410522460898	191874
Son Kone	Son Kone	95.268089294433594	20.9883708953857	191873
Su Hpyu Kone	Su Hpyu Kone	95.371620178222699	21.025800704956101	191824
Su Hpyu Kone	Yar Gyi Taw (East)	95.355651855468807	21.039009094238299	191825
Su Hpyu Kone	Yar Gyi Taw (West)	95.347602844238295	21.038110733032202	191826
Ta Gar Ma	Ta Gar Ma	95.097923278808594	20.815240859985401	191969
Ta Gar Ma	Ywar Ma	95.081771850585895	20.8166198730469	191970
Ta Gar Ma	Ywar Pooh	95.098579406738295	20.8112602233887	191971
Ta Laing Kan (a) Ka Zi	Kyaung Su	95.041687011718807	20.7288208007813	191996
Ta Laing Kan (a) Ka Zi	Nga Tha Yauk	95.043212890625	20.735359191894499	191997
Ta Laing Kan (a) Ka Zi	Ta Laing Kan (a) Ka Zi	95.044616699218807	20.742259979248001	191995
Ta Lin Kone	Hpo Kone	95.372550964355497	20.732709884643601	192127
Ta Lin Kone	Myay Ni Kone	95.380172729492202	20.740329742431602	192126
Ta Lin Kone	Well Be Tan	95.407943725585895	20.7134895324707	192124
Ta Lin Kone	Nyaung Pin Thar	95.404296875	20.737400054931602	192123
Ta Lin Kone	Pan Kyaing	95.391128540039105	20.705579757690401	192125
Ta Lin Kone	Ta Lin Kone	95.402229309082003	20.73118019104	192122
Ta Nga Kan	Ah Lel	95.102981567382798	20.870180130004901	191921
Ta Nga Kan	Hpo Su	95.105979919433594	20.8584804534912	191917
Ta Nga Kan	Kan Ni	95.106292724609403	20.872119903564499	191920
Ta Nga Kan	Ta Gar Gyi	95.099456787109403	20.876649856567401	191918
Ta Nga Kan	Ta Nga Kan	95.110313415527301	20.873329162597699	191915
Ta Nga Kan	Ywar Oh	95.097579956054702	20.864320755004901	191916
Ta Nga Kan	Ywar Thit	95.093948364257798	20.863920211791999	191919
Taung Paw (North)	Taung Paw (North)	95.241439819335895	20.959049224853501	191868
Taung Paw (North)	Ywar Thit Ka Lay	95.269363403320298	20.956190109252901	191869
Taung Paw (South)	Taung Paw (South)	95.241523742675795	20.9522800445557	191867
Taung Paw Ba Lon	Hello Pyet Taung	95.433776855468807	20.7948207855225	192132
Taung Paw Ba Lon	Taung Paw Ba Lon	95.414237976074205	20.787290573120099	192131
Taung U	Hta Naung Kyin	95.470077514648395	20.802410125732401	192141
Taung U	Can	95.483673095703097	20.7571907043457	192143
Taung U	Its Pan Kone	95.492980957031307	20.816919326782202	192140
Taung U	Taung U	95.480453491210895	20.8171195983887	192139
Taung U	Te Kone	95.477546691894503	20.779230117797901	192142
Taung Zin	Ah Lel Tei			191943
Taung Zin	Shwe Nauk San	95.138801574707003	20.864580154418899	191942
Taung Zin	Taung Zin	95.126663208007798	20.856199264526399	191941
Taung Zin	Twin Ma			191944
Tei Pin Te	Dant Kyin	95.318496704101605	20.800420761108398	192080
Tei Pin Te	Kyauk Ta Gar	95.286918640136705	20.790000915527301	192083
Tei Pin Te	Kyet Hpyu Te	95.380569458007798	20.7829704284668	192081
Tei Pin Te	Pyi Thar Yar	95.325996398925795	20.774379730224599	218298
Tei Pin Te	Tei Pin Te	95.329406738281307	20.793920516967798	192077
Tei Pin Te	Ya Thayt Taung	95.350311279296903	20.805170059204102	192078
Tei Pin Te	Za Lin Taung	95.382972717285199	20.777149200439499	192082
Tei Pin Te	Zee Hpyu Kone	95.317832946777301	20.758110046386701	192079
Tha Pyay Kaing	Lel Di	95.454521179199205	20.939569473266602	191835
Tha Pyay Kaing	Well, Ywe Taw	95.465232849121094	20.9274806976318	191834
Tha Pyay Kaing	Tha Pyay Kaing	95.463592529296903	20.931310653686499	191833
Tha Yet Taw	Lake Kan	95.244956970214801	20.728910446166999	192095
Tha Yet Taw	Tha Yet Taw	95.233566284179702	20.7329006195068	192094
Than Bo	Than Bo	95.160003662109403	20.909040451049801	191912
Than Bo	Than Bo Ywar Thit	95.167510986328097	20.911840438842798	191913
Thea Boke Ma	Aye	95.231193542480497	20.771640777587901	192066
Thea Boke Ma	Hpo Kone	95.231056213378906	20.767210006713899	192068
Thea Boke Ma	Htan Taw Su	95.231948852539105	20.775770187377901	192065
Thea Boke Ma	Kyi Kone	95.229522705078097	20.773099899291999	192064
Thea Boke Ma	Oe Aing	95.238967895507798	20.788579940795898	192067
Thea Boke Ma	Thea Boke Ma	95.236526489257798	20.774469375610401	192063
Thee Kone-Daung Lel (a) Thee Kone (West)	Myauk Kone	95.1885986328125	21.004289627075199	191859
Thee Kone-Daung Lel (a) Thee Kone (West)	Thee Kone (West)	95.193267822265597	20.992429733276399	191858
Thet Kei Kyin	Tei Chaung	95.373130798339801	20.856420516967798	191895
Thet Kei Kyin	Thet Kei Kyin	95.387733459472699	20.856960296630898	191894
Thit Tein	Thit Tein	95.494789123535199	20.903720855712901	191884
Twin Hpyu	In Pin Gyi	95.095642089843807	20.749790191650401	191976
Twin Hpyu	Inn Gaung	95.115402221679702	20.748729705810501	191977
Twin Hpyu	San Twin Gyi	95.074623107910199	20.757959365844702	191975
Twin Hpyu	Twin Hpyu	95.089759826660199	20.780790328979499	191974
Wet Gyi Kan	In pin	95,200866699218807	20.7913608551025	192061
Wet Gyi Kan	Tha Pyay Yoe	95.179046630859403	20.795829772949201	192062
Wet Gyi Kan	Wet Gyi Kan	95.184036254882798	20.794879913330099	192060
Wet Thar Chin	Wet Thar Chin	95.35302734375	20.841690063476602	191898
Yae Ngan	Yae Ngan	95.502662658691406	20.805080413818398	192145
Yae Sone	Kywe Ku	95.051223754882798	20.588220596313501	192013
Yae Sone	Ma Hlwa Kone	95.088401794433594	20.619670867919901	192009
Yae Sone	Shar Taw Su	95.030838012695298	20.5495491027832	192011
Yae Sone	Si pin	95.059562683105497	20.5755500793457	192010
Yae Sone	U yin	95.046798706054702	20.584409713745099	192012
Yae Sone	Yae Sone	95.078582763671903	20.601709365844702	192008
Ywar Kauk	Sar Tone	95.321838378906307	20.706859588623001	192114
Ywar Kauk	Taung Yaik (a) Thar Yar Aye	95.3173828125	20.7394104003906	192115
Ywar Kauk	Ywar Kauk	95.316162109375	20.733169555664102	192113
Ywar Lu	Pauk Thit	95.132293701171903	20.789579391479499	191967
Ywar Lu	Ywar Lu	95.122352600097699	20.795129776001001	191966
Za Lin Taung	Htan Taw Yoe	95.112869262695298	20.783689498901399	191979
Za Lin Taung	Za Lin Taung	95.111557006835895	20.7782897949219	191978
Zay Kone	Da hat Kone	95.242759704589801	20.763210296630898	192086
Zay Kone	Myaing Thar Yar	95.262359619140597	20.7717399597168	192087
Zay Kone	Nyaung Thar	95.240516662597699	20.7693996429443	192085
Zay Kone	Zay Kone	95.2447509765625	20.767290115356399	192084

Village tracts and associated settlements of the township Nyaung U with the subtownship Ngathayouk

According to: There are 59 politically recognized village tracts in the township of Nyaung U and 15 village tracts in the subtownship of Hgathayouk. These Villagetracts, which are comparable to a single German municipality in terms of their area , include 138 other settlements listed here, such as community members but geographically separated districts from the main town or officially recognized hamlets . The main town Nyung U is divided into 13 districts, which have a similar meaning as a Villagetract, with a total of 48,528 inhabitants in 2014 and four districts of the main town Ngathayouk with 5815 inhabitants. Nine village tracts had a population of more than 5,000 in 2014 and thus had a function as local basic care centers for their immediate surroundings. 39 units had a population between 1000 and 4999 inhabitants. Only eleven Villagetracts had residents of less than 1,000. Together the population of all 59 Villagetracts was 149,657 inhabitants. Together, the total population of the township Nyaung U without the population of the subtownship Ngathayouk (41,762 inhabitants) is 198,185 inhabitants.

status	place	Residents	Geographical altitude	Geographic latitude	Height above sea level in meters
Part of a village	Nyaung Hla
Village tract	Let Pan Chay Paw	7811	21.29 N.	95.07 O	56.00
District of Let Pan Chay Paw	Without Chaung
District of Let Pan Chay Paw	Taung Hpet Tan		21.26 N.	95.08 O	79.00
Part of a village	Tha Yet Kone
District of Let Pan Chay Paw	Myauk Hpet Tan
Part of a village	Ywar Thit Kone
District of Let Pan Chay Paw	Kan Taw
District of Let Pan Chay Paw	Koke Ko Kone
Part of a village	Ywar Oh
District of Let Pan Chay Paw	Without Chaung Kyun
District of Let Pan Chay Paw	Khet Lan Kan (North)
Village tract	Hpone Taw (Taung Zin)	9774	21.03 N.	95.01 O	316.00
Part of a village	Kun Hpa Lar
Part of a village	Hta Yaing Taw
Part of a village	Hta Naung Su
Part of a village	Ma Gyi Zauk
Part of a village	Kaung Pin Si
Part of a village	San Pya
Part of a village	Pan twin
Part of a village	Ka Kye
Part of a village	Khway Pyoke
Part of a village	Kone (Nyaung U)
Village tract	Tu Ywin Taing	5378	21.11 N.	94.92 O	126.00
Part of a village	Thea Pyin Taw		06/21 N	94.05 O	204.00
Part of a village	Kan Gyi Kone
Part of a village	Ma Gyi Tan
Part of a village	Hpoe Ni Kan
Part of a village	Kan Gyi Kone (Ywar Thit)
Part of a village	Let Wea		08/21 N	94.94 O	161.00
Village tract	Myin Ka Bar	6057	21.15 N	94.86 O	66.00
Village tract	Sint Ku	7240	20.95 N.	94.86 O	67.00
Village tract	Kyun Ma Gyi also Kyun Khin Gyi	1569
Part of a village	Yae Twin Gyi
Part of a village	Koke Ko Chaung
Village tract	Kya Oh	5190	21.01 N.	94.86 O	64.00
Part of a village	Kya Oh Kyun
Part of a village	Maubin
Part of a village	Ywar Thit
Part of a village	Ywar Thit U Yin
Part of a village	Myaung		20.99	94.9	156.00
Part of a village	Myay Thant Taung
Part of a village	Taung Bi Ywar Ma		20.91 N.	94.96 O	217.00
Part of a village	U Yin Su
Part of a village	Taung Bi Ywar Thit		20.92 N.	94.96 O	212.00
Part of a village	Si Pin Thar
Part of a village	Thea Yar Chaung
Part of a village	Ah Yar Taw		20.91 N.	94.99 O	259.00
Village tract	Myay Ne Lay	903	21.18 N.	94.94 O	101.00
Village tract	Kan Bar Ni	1537	21.18 N.	94.97 O	124.00
Village tract	Nyaung Ni Kyin	1656
Part of a village	Yae Twin Nyaung Pin
Village tract	Si Thar	442
Village tract	Inn Taing	613	21.17 N.	94.97 O	145.00
Village tract	Myay Thin Twin	2862	21.13 N.	95.00 O	247.00
Part of a village	Zee Oh
Part of a village	Let Pan Te (North)		21.16 N.	95.02 O	228.00
Village tract	Yan San	2183	21.19 N	95.02 O	151.00
Part of a village	Ywar Thar Aye
Village tract	Pu Lin	1634	21:22 N.	94.97 N.	67.00
Village tract	Let Htoke	2854	21.29 N.	95.11 O	66.00
District of Let Htoke	Let Htoke Kyun
Part of a village	Hpa Yar Lay Kone
Village tract	Thit Htaunt Kyun	2693	21.27 N.	95.04 O	58.00
Village tract	Pyawt Kan	1175	21:24 N.	95.06 O	111.00
Village tract	Ah Htet Nyint	1463	21.25 N.	95.02 O	65.00
Part of a village	Ah Htet Nyint Kyun
Village tract	Auk Nyint	2331	21:24 N.	95.00 O	62.00
Part of a village	Thu Kaung Ti
Part of a village	Tha Hpan Kone
Village tract	Mee Laung Pyar (Ywar Thit)	4213	20.97 N.	94.86 O	63.00
District of Mee Laung Pyar	Mee Laung Pyar (South)		20.98 N.	94.87 O	66.00
District of Mee Laung Pyar	Mee Laung Pyar (North)		20.99 N.	94.87 O	65.00
Part of a village	Lel Kan
Part of a village	Nyaung Sin (Pyi Taw Thar)
Village tract	Kyauk Pyin Kan	2505	21.01 N.	94.01 O	142.00
Part of a village	Za Ka
Part of a village	Sin Lu Aing		20.99 N.	95.11 O	459.00
Village tract	Htee Pooh	4040	20.97 N.	95.11 O	454.00
Part of a village	Since has Kan		20.97 N.	95.07 O	386.00
Part of a village	Hman Taw
Part of a village	Kaung Nyo		20.99 N.	95.06 O	369.00
Part of a village	Kyoet Pin Thar
Village tract	Sa Par Thin	1158	20.97 N.	95.00 O	304.00
Village tract	Da Has See	441	20.96 N.	95.09 O	436.00
Village tract	Nga Min May	3348	20.95 N.	95.04 O	395.00
Village tract	Nyaung Pin Thar	103	20.99 N.	95.04 O	350.00
Village tract	Su Ti	1551	20.99 N.	95.01 O	319.00
Village tract	Tha Pyay Aing	2489	20.9 N.	95.03 O	335.00
Part of a village	Kone Shey		20.93 N.	95.03 O	383.00
Part of a village	Chay Pu Kan
Village tract	Dan	1930	20.88 N.	94.97 O	243.00
Part of a village	Hin Khwet Aing
Part of a village	Than Chay Kan		20.90 N.	94.93 O	202.00
Village tract	Chaung Shey	3086	21.02 N.	94.97 O	243.00
Part of a village	Ah Nauk Ohn
Village tract	Chaung Wa	1311
Part of a village	Nga Lin Poke
Village tract	Ywar Thit (South)	532
Village tract	Pan Kone Pin	413
Village tract	Was Khin Gyi	1174	21.00 N	95.02 O	317.00
Part of a village	Thea twin
Part of a village	Ta Pauk Yon
Village tract	Nyaung Pin (Tet Ma)	3266	20.96 N.	94.99 O	286.00
Part of a village	Oke Hlay Kar
Part of a village	Mon Taing		20.95 N.	94.92 O	226.00
Part of a village	Tha Put Su
Part of a village	Gon Taw
Village tract	Taw	816	08/21 N	94.89 O	106.00
Village tract	Dan Kyin	1775	05/21 N	94.98 O	256.00
Village tract	Pyun (Nyaung U)	2779	06/21 N	95.02 O	308.00
Part of a village	Kan Sauk
Part of a village	Ma Yaunt Ye (Shwe Hlaing)
Village tract	Kone Hpa Yar	2007	08/21 N	95.01 O	296.00
Village tract	Chauk Kan	1818	09/21 N	95.02 O	296.00
Village tract	Kone Tan Gyi	5008	21.14 N.	94.91 O	111.00
Part of a village	Thant Zin Kyei
Part of a village	Hpyauk Seik Pin
Village tract	Taung Ba	1370	21.13 N.	94.96 O	189.00
Village tract	Ku (Nyaung U)	3399	21.11 N.	94.98 O	232.00
Part of a village	Taung Khwin
Part of a village	Taung Shey
Part of a village	Shin Mein		09/21 N	94.98 O	236.00
Village tract	Zee Sa Hmyin	1811	21.03 N.	94.94 O	188.00
Part of a village	Yar Taw Gyi
Village tract	Pwe Taing Ywar Thit / Pya Taing	1137
Village tract	Kyauk Kan	1030
Village tract	Nyaung To	1795	21.1 N	94.94 O	160.00
Village tract	Nwar Kyoe Aing / Nat Kyoe Aing	823	21.11 N.	94.88 O	87.00
Part of a village	Hpwar Saw (West)
Part of a village	Hpwar Saw (East)
Part of a village	Kan Pauk (East)
Part of a village	Kan Pauk (West)
Part of a village	Thu Htay Kan
Village tract	Min Nan Thu	613
Village tract	Taung Bi Lay	6205
Village tract	Taung Bi lay Yar	5332
Village tract	Taung Ywar Naung	1702
Part of a village	Taung Ywar Naung Taung Kone
Village tract	Ywar Thar	2472	21.05 N.	94.85 O	62.00
District of Let Htoke	Nyaung Hla
Part of a village	Mya Kan
Part of a village	Kyauk Saung
Part of a village	Pyawbwe
Part of a village	Myo Hla
Village tract	Kan Ni Pauk	1815	06/21 N	94.9 O	124.00
Part of a village	Aye
Village tract	Shwe Ka Hpyu	431	20.99 N.	94.93	183.00
Village tract	Myay Ni	4925	20.9 N.	94.88 O	136.00
Part of a village	Bo Kone
Part of a village	San Kan		20.88 N.	94.91 O	227.00
Part of a village	Kyun Bo Kan
Part of a village	Have Yar Kone
Part of a village	Pyin Chaung		20.95 N.	94.9 O	208.00
Village tract	Kan Thar Yar	1473	21.18 N.	95.07 O	210.00
Village tract	Ku Lar Te	2557	21.18 N.	95.1 O	221.00
Village tract	Kamma (Nyaung U)	3716
Part of a village	Zay Ma Gyi
Village tract	Sin Thar Mway	3985	21.19 N	95.12 O	254.00
Part of a village	Khet Lan Kan (South)		21.23 N.	95.12 O	210.00
Part of a village	Pyar Pon
Village tract	Taw Pyar	3896
Part of a village	Oh yin		21.1 N	95.18 O	329.00
Part of a village	Maung Gwet Taw
Village tract	Se	5302
Part of a village	Tet Ma Khar
Part of a village	Te Ma
Village tract	Kan Ni Gyi	1983	21.13 N.	95.1 O	323.00
Part of a village	Wet Lu		21.12 N.	95.08 O	336.00
Village tract	Kan Tein	1604	21.12 N.	95.13 O	327.00
Village tract	Ta Pauk Kone	813	21.11 N.	95.1 O	342.00
Village Tract	Taung Taw	1782	08/21 N	95.14 O	383.00
Village tract	Ywar Pale	1773	21.1 N	95.14 O	341.00
Part of a village	Hpa Lan Kan
Village tract	Byu Gyi	1754	21.01 N.	95.16 O	455.00
Village tract	Ku Taw	3521
Part of a village	Kyo Pin Thar
Village tract	Set Set Yo	1135	21.05 N.	95.13 O	416.00
Part of a village	Myet Khar Taw
Part of a village	Kan Thar
Part of a village	Zee Zar Hmyin (North)
Part of a village	Zee Zar Hmyin (South)
Part of a village	Thant Shin Kone
Part of a village	Se Lan
Part of a village	Gyoe Kan
Part of a village	Than Zat Taw
Part of a village	Gant Gar
Part of a village	Moe Nat
Part of a village	Thiri Pyit Sa Yar
Part of a village	Ya Naung (East)
Part of a village	Aingt Gyi
Part of a village	Tha nut pin
Part of a village	Aung Thar
Part of a village	Htauk Wa
Part of a village	Taung Pon Wa

literature

All information in the article is based on the literature listed here.

history

Jonathan Liljeblad, Bas Verschuuren: Indigenous Perspectives on Sacred Natural Sites: Culture, Governance and Conservation, Routledge, 2018
Bertil Lintner: Burma In Revolt: Opium And Insurgency Since 1948, Taylor and Francis Group, London-New York 1994

Travel literature

Regis St. Louis, David Eimer, Nick Ray, Simon Richmond: Lonely Planet Travel Guide Myanmar (Burma), Mair Dumont, 2018, pp. 167–182
Andrea Markand, Volker Klinkmüller: Myanmar Travel Guide, Stefan Loose Travel Handbooks, DuMont Reiseverlag, Ostfildern, 5th edition, 2014
Tobias Esche: Myanmar: On the way in the land of the white elephants, Trescher Verlag, 2nd edition, Berlin 2015, from p. 285

geography

The Promotion of Climate-Smart Villages to Support Community-Based Adaptation Programming in Myanmar, Results of a Rapid Scoping Study Working Paper No. 213 CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), 2017
Improving water management in Myanmar's Dry Zone for food security, livelihoods and health (PDF) , report from a study from 2013 by the International Water Management Institute
Water Resource Assessment of the Dry Zone of Myanmar, Final Report for Component 1 (PDF) , report of a study from 2013 by the International Water Management Institute
Farmer Field School Curriculum on Climate Smart Agriculture in Central Dry Zone (PDF) , Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 2019, ISBN 978-92-5-131324-4
Edward L. Webb, Thiha: Integrating Social Preference in GIS-Aided Planning for Forestry and Conservation Activities: A Case Study from Rural SE Asia, Article (PDF Available) in: Environmental Management 30 (2): 183-98, September 2002, Springer Publishing, New York
Kyaw Tint, Springate-Baginski, O., Macqueen, DJ, Mehm Ko Ko Gyi: Unleashing the potential of community forest enterprises in Myanmar. Ecosystem Conservation and Community Development Initiative (ECCDI) , University of East Anglia and International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London, 2014.
Social Assessment, Final Report October 2014 (PDF) , The Republic of the Union Myanmar Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation Myanmar Agricultural Development Support Project
Data Collection Survey on the Project for Development of Water Saving Agricultural Technology in the Central Dry Zone in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , Final Report, August 2013, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Sanyu Consultants INC.
Amy Soe, Isabelita M. Pabuayon: Income Distribution of Households in Different Type of Irrigation System and Different location from each irrigation system , FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform, June 2019

population

economy

Soe Tint, Win Pa Pa Myo, Naw Mar Lar: A Comparative Study of International Tourists' Satisfaction towards Bagan, Mandalay Region , Dagon University, Yangon University of Distance Education, JARC-YU, Vol. 7, No. 1 & 2, 2018
Project for Establishment of the Pilot Model for Regional Tourism Development in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (PDF) , Final Report, March 2018, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018
Diagnostic Study on a Lacquerware Cluster in Bagan and Nyaung-U, Myanmar, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), June 2014

Public Management and Governance

Bagan Disaster Risk Management Plan (DRMP), Final Report 2018 (PDF) Department of Archeology and National Museums, Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture,
Local Governance Mapping: The State of local Governance: Trends in Mandalay , UNDP 2014
Kyi Pyar Chit, Matthew Arnold: Administering the State in Myanmar: an Overview of the General Administration Department , Policy Dialogue Brief Series No. March 6, 2015
Nomination Dossier for Inscription on the World Heritage List, Bagan, Volume III: Annex: R, The Integrated Management Framework (Management Plan), (PDF) , Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture with Government of Mandalay Region and Government of Magway Region, January 2018

Individual evidence

↑ Jonathan Liljeblad, Bas Verschuuren: Indigenous Perspectives on Sacred Natural Sites: Culture, Governance and Conservation, Routledge, 2018, p. 185
↑ Data Collection Survey on the Project for Development of Water Saving Agricultural Technology in the Central Dry Zone in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , Final Report, August 2013, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Sanyu Consultants INC., P. 8
↑ Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018, p. 3f
↑ Myanmar Climate Report , No. 9/2017, ISSN 2387-4201, Norwegian Meteorological Institute , pp. 23–36
↑ Andrea Markand, Volker Klinkmüller: Myanmar Travel Guide, Stefan Loose Travel Handbooks, DuMont Reiseverlag, Ostfildern, 5th edition, 2014, p. 234
↑ Helen James: Population, Development, and the Environment: Challenges to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in the Asia Pacific, palgrave macmillan, Singapore 2019, p. 398
^ Social Assessment, Final Report October 2014 , p. 16
↑ Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018, p. 12
↑ Bagan Disaster Risk Management Plan (DRMP), Final Report 2018 (PDF) , p. 17
↑ Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018, p. 11
↑ Bagan Disaster Risk Management Plan (DRMP), Final Report 2018 (PDF) , p. 18
↑ https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/maps/disf/Nyaung-U-District/
↑ http://www.asterism.info/parks/popa/
↑ Oliver Springate-Baginski, Duncan Macqueen, Mehm Ko Ko Gyi: Unleashing the potential of community forest enterprises in Myanmar , International Institute for Environment and Development, London 2014, p. 34
↑ Oliver Springate-Baginski, Duncan Macqueen, Mehm Ko Ko Gyi: Unleashing the potential of community forest enterprises in Myanmar , International Institute for Environment and Development, London 2014, p. 36
↑ Andrea Markand, Volker Klinkmüller: Myanmar Travel Guide, Stefan Loose Travel Handbooks, DuMont Reiseverlag, Ostfildern, 5th edition, 2014, p. 234
^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 18, New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931 [v. 1, 1909], p. 121.
↑ Kyaw Tint, Oliver Springate-Baginski, Duncan Macqueen, Mehm Ko Ko Gyi: Unleashing the potential of community forest enterprises in Myanmar , International Institute for Environment and Development, London 2014 p. 37
↑ Oliver Springate-Baginski, Duncan Macqueen, Mehm Ko Ko Gyi: Unleashing the potential of community forest enterprises in Myanmar , International Institute for Environment and Development, London 2014, p. 34
↑ Andrea Markand, Volker Klinkmüller: Myanmar Travel Guide, Stefan Loose Travel Handbooks, DuMont Reiseverlag, Ostfildern, 5th edition, 2014, p. 234
^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 18, New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931 [v. 1, 1909], p. 121.
↑ Data Collection Survey on the Project for Development of Water Saving Agricultural Technology in the Central Dry Zone in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , Final Report, August 2013, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Sanyu Consultants INC, p. 60
↑ Edward L. Webb, Thiha: Integrating Social Preference in GIS Aided Planning for Forestry and Conservation Activities: A Case Study from Rural SE Asia, Article (PDF Available) in: Environmental Management 30 (2): 183-98, September 2002 , Springer-Verlag, New York, p. 190
↑ Data Collection Survey on the Project for Development of Water Saving Agricultural Technology in the Central Dry Zone in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , Final Report, August 2013, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Sanyu Consultants INC, p. 27
↑ Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018, p. 11
↑ Improving water management in Myanmar's Dry Zone for food security, livelihoods and health (PDF) , report of a study from 2013 by the International Water Management Institute, p. 43
↑ The Promotion of Climate-Smart Villages to Support Community-Based Adaptation Programming in Myanmar, Results of a Rapid Scoping Study Working Paper No. 213 CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), 2017, Annex 3: Description of Agricultural Commodity Profile in Each Village and Agro-Ecological System, p. 31
↑ Water Resource Assessment of the Dry Zone of Myanmar, Final Report for Component 1 (PDF) , report of a study from 2013 by the International Water Management Institute, p. 31
↑ Data Collection Survey on the Project for Development of Water Saving Agricultural Technology in the Central Dry Zone in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , Final Report, August 2013, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Sanyu Consultants INC, p. 215
↑ Integrating Social Preference in GIS-Aided Planning for Forestry and Conservation Activities: A Case Study from Rural SE Asia, Environmental Management Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 183–198 Springer Verlag, New York 2002, p. 186
↑ airmandalay.com
↑ Air Bagan | Treasure of Myanmar. Retrieved October 31, 2019 .
↑ Project for Establishment of the Pilot Model for Regional Tourism Development in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (PDF) , Final Report, March 2018, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), p. 48
↑ Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018, p. 7
^ Project for Establishment of the Pilot Model for Regional Tourism Development in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (PDF) , Final Report, March 2018, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), p. 56
^ Project for Establishment of the Pilot Model for Regional Tourism Development in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (PDF) , Final Report, March 2018, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), pp. 54f
↑ Donald M. Stadtner: Sacred Sites of Burma: Myth and Folklore in an Evolving Spiritual Realm, Bangkok 2011. ISBN 978-974-9863-60-2 , p. 216
↑ Andrea Markand, Volker Klinkmüller: Myanmar Travel Guide, Stefan Loose Travel Handbooks, DuMont Reiseverlag, Ostfildern, 5th edition, 2014, p. 234
^ Thant Myint-U: The River of Lost Footsteps, Faber & Faber, 2011
↑ Donald M. Stadtner: Ancient Pagan: Buddhist Plain of Merit, River Books, 2005, p. 22
^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 19, New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931 [v. 1, 1909], p. 312.
^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 18, New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931 [v. 1, 1909], p. 123.
^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 16, New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931 [v. 1, 1909], p. 61.
^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 18, New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931 [v. 1, 1909], p. 130.
^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 19, New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931 [v. 1, 1909], p. 312.
^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 18, New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931 [v. 1, 1909], p. 129.
^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 18, New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931 [v. 1, 1909], p. 132.
↑ Conversion: 1 Rs. Corresponds to 1 Indian rupee , 15 rupees corresponded to 1 pound sterling in 1900 , 2222 today's euros correspond to 1 pound sterling from 1900
^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 18, New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931 [v. 1, 1909], p. 124.
^ Paul Strachan: Imperial Pagan: Art and Architecture of Old Burma, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1989, p. 4
↑ Naoko Sonoda: New Horizons for Asian Museums and Museology, Springeropen, 2016, p. 22
↑ Hans-Bernd Zöllner: Burma between "independence first, independence last", democracy and development, vol. 38, LIT Verlag, Hamburg 2000, p. 224f
↑ Kyi Pyar Chit, Matthew Arnold: Administering the State in Myanmar: an Overview of the General Administration Department , Policy Dialogue Brief Series No. 6, March 2015, p. 1f
^ Census of India, 1901, Volume XI., Part I., CC Lowis, of the Indian Civl Service, Superintendent, Census Operations. Burma, 1902 , map of Upper Burma with districts on p. 135
^ Census of India, 1911, Volume IX, Office of the Superintendent , Government Printing, Burma, Rangoon 1912, pp. 18f
↑ JJ Bennisson. Census of India, 1931, Volume XI Burma Part I. Report, Rangoon Office of the Supdt, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma 1933, p 49
^ Burma Weekly Bulletin, Ministry of Information, Burma. Information and Broadcasting Department, 1951, p. 8f
^ Bertil Lintner: Burma In Revolt: Opium And Insurgency Since 1948, Taylor and Francis Group, London-New York 1994, pp. 134f
↑ Kyi Pyar Chit, Matthew Arnold: Administering the State in Myanmar: an Overview of the General Administration Department, Policy Dialogue Brief Series No. 6 , March 2015, p. 2
^ House of Commons Papers - Volume 9, 1960, p. 30
^ Richard D. Sands, Howard L. Ohman, Fred J. Sanger: Technical Report, Volumes 69-70, US Army, Natick, Massachusetts, 1971, p. 205
↑ Tobias Esche: Myanmar Travel Guide: On the way in the land of the white elephants, Trescher Verlag, 2018, p. 186
^ Daily Report: Asia & Pacific, Issues 32–50, United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service, The Service, 1970, p. 406
↑ K. Yhome: Myanmar: can the generals resist change ?, Rupa & Co., in association with Observer Research Foundation, 2008, p. 40
^ Burma Special Report: The Committee Representing the People's Parliament (CRPP), University of Michigan, 2008, pp. 16, 20-22
^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Asia, Pacific, Issues 3510-3522, British Broadcasting Corporation, 1999, pp. B-1
^ Committee representing members of the People's Parliament elected in the 1990 multi-party general elections, Notification No. 19 (4/99)
↑ Than Tun, Mranʻ mā Nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ Samuiṅʻʺ Koʻmarhanʻ: Some observations on history and culture of early Myanma, Myanmar Historical Commission, 2005, p. 199
↑ Klaus Fleischmann: The new constitution of the Union of Burma: Prehistory, Contents, Reality, Volume 82 of Heilbronner Hochschulschriften, Edition 82 of communications from the Institute for Asian Studies, Institute for Asian Studies, 1976, p. 359
↑ Soe Tint, Win Pa Pa Myo, Naw Mar Lar: A Comparative Study of International Tourists' Satisfaction towards Bagan, Mandalay Region , Dagon University, Yangon University of Distance Education, JARC-YU, Vol. 7, No. 1 & 2, 2018, p. 2f
↑ Andrea Markand, Volker Klinkmüller: Myanmar Travel Guide, Stefan Loose Travel Handbooks, DuMont Reiseverlag, Ostfildern, 5th edition, 2014, p. 237
↑ myanmarexplorer.de
↑ lost-abroad.com
↑ https://www.irrawaddy.com/features/despite-world-heritage-status-bagans-future-far-assured.html
^ Lynn Meskell: A Future in Ruins: UNESCO, World Heritage, and the Dream of Peace, Oxford-University Press, pp. 109f
↑ Dave Costello, Billi Bierling: Trekking Beyond: Walk the world's epic Trails, White Lion Publishing, 2018, p. 128
↑ Andrea Markand, Volker Klinkmüller: Myanmar Travel Guide, Stefan Loose Travel Handbooks, DuMont Reiseverlag, Ostfildern, 5th edition, 2014, p. 234
↑ https://www.irrawaddy.com/features/despite-world-heritage-status-bagans-future-far-assured.html
↑ The State of Local Governance: Trends in Mandalay - UNDP Myanmar 2014, p. 46
↑ The State of Local Governance: Trends in Mandalay - UNDP Myanmar 2014, p. 48
^ The State of Local Governance: Trends in Mandalay - UNDP Myanmar 2014, pp. 50f
↑ The State of Local Governance: Trends in Mandalay - UNDP Myanmar 2014, p. 8f
↑ Jayati Bhattacharya, Coonoor Kripalani: Indian and Chinese Immigrant Communities: Comparative Perspectives, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, Anthem Press, 2015, p. 128
↑ Hinustantimes, August 2017
↑ open_jicareport.jica.go.jp p. 219
↑ mmtimes.com
↑ Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018, p. 11f
↑ http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf P. 72
↑ The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census, Ngathayauk Sub-Township Report (PDF) , p. 14
↑ The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census, Nyaung-U Township Report (PDF) , p. 14
↑ The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census, Nyaung-U Township Report (PDF) , p. 17
↑ Diagnostic Study on a cluster Lacquerware in Bagan and Nyaung-U, Myanmar, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), June 2014, p 22
↑ Collection Survey on the Project for Development of Water Saving Agricultural Technology in the Central Dry Zone in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , Final Report, August 2013, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Sanyu Consultants INC, p. 219
↑ Myanmar Institute e. V., biographies project
↑ Mandalay Division, 1983 Population Census, Immigration and Manpower Department, December 1986, p. 46
↑ themimu.info p. 12
↑ themimu.info p. 39
↑ themimu.info p. 42
↑ * Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018, p. 5
↑ Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018, p. 13
↑ * Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018, p. 14
↑ themimu.info p. 13
↑ open_jicareport.jica.go.jp p. 215
↑ Helen James: Population, Development, and the Environment: Challenges to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in the Asia Pacific, pallgrave macmillan, Singapore 2019, p. 402
↑ * Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018, p. 11
↑ * Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018, p. 11
↑ Bernd Schiller: Reading Trip to Myanmar / Burma: Good Spirits in the Land of the Golden Pagodas, Picus Verlag, 2011, Chapter 2 (page number was not given in preview mode)
↑ themimu.info p. 26
↑ themimu.info p. 8
↑ themimu.info p. 9
↑ cgspace.cgiar.org The Promotion of Climate-Smart Villages to Support Community-Based Adaptation Programming in Myanmar, Results of a Rapid Scoping Study Working Paper No. 213 CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), 2017, Annex 2: Description of target Villages in the 4 Agro-Ecological Zones, pp. 27-29
↑ themimu.info pp. 26–31
↑ themimu.info p. 10
↑ themimu.info p. 39
↑ themimu.info p. 34
↑ themimu.info p. 35
↑ themimu.info p. 36
↑ FAO Myanmar Newsletter, Issue 1, April 2018 , p. 1
↑ Farmer Field School Curriculum on Climate Smart Agriculture in Central Dry Zone (PDF) , Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 2019, ISBN 978-92-5-131324-4 , p. 1
↑ http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf Project for Establishment of the Pilot Model for Regional Tourism Development in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar Final Report, The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Ministry of Hotels and Tourism, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), March 2018, p. 33
↑ myanmar-spezialisten.com
↑ faszination-suedostasien.de
↑ https://uyr.uy.edu.mm/bitstream/handle/123456789/700/A%20Comparative%20study%20of%20International.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y p. 5
↑ http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf p. 60
↑ unido.org p. 26
↑ http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf p. 46
↑ http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf p. 42
↑ http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf p. 43
↑ https://www.mmtimes.com/news/nyaung-u-airport-be-renovated-handle-more-habengers.html The Myanmar Times : Nyaung-U airport to be renovated to handle more passengers, August 15, 2019
↑ http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf p. 69
↑ http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf p. 71
↑ http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf p. 47
↑ Helen James: Population, Development, and the Environment: Challenges to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in the Asia Pacific, pallgrave macmillan, Singapore 2019, p. 404
↑ myanmar-burma-reisetipps.de
↑ unido.org p. 5
↑ unido.org p. 14
↑ https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/2015-05 /Diagnostic_Study_on_a_Lacquerware_Cluster_in_Report_0.pdf p. 10
↑ unido.org p. 11
↑ unido.org p. 14
↑ themimu.info p. 22
↑ Helen James: Population, Development, and the Environment: Challenges to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in the Asia Pacific, pallgrave macmillan, Singapore 2019, p. 398
↑ Andrea Markand, Volker Klinkmüller: Myanmar Travel Guide, Stefan Loose Travel Handbooks, DuMont Reiseverlag , Ostfildern, 5th edition, 2014, p. 295
↑ open_jicareport.jica.go.jp p. 216
↑ Andrea Markand, Volker Klinkmüller: Myanmar Travel Guide, Stefan Loose Travel Handbooks, DuMont Reiseverlag , Ostfildern, 5th edition, 2014, p. 294f
↑ Helen James: Population, Development, and the Environment: Challenges to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in the Asia Pacific, pallgrave macmillan, Singapore 2019, p. 401
↑ Helen James: Population, Development, and the Environment: Challenges to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in the Asia Pacific, pallgrave macmillan, Singapore 2019, p. 405
↑ Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018, p. 5
↑ Data Collection Survey on the Project for Development of Water Saving Agricultural Technology in the Central Dry Zone in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , Final Report, August 2013, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Sanyu Consultants INC, p. 84
↑ JC Nelkenbrecher: Pocket book for merchants, 20th edition, revised by Dr. Ernst Jerusalem, printed and published by Georg Reimer, Berlin 1890, dimensions: p. 724, basket: p. 723
↑ Improving water management in Myanmar's Dry Zone for food security, livelihoods and health (PDF) , report of a study from 2013 by the International Water Management Institute, p. 7
^ Social Assessment, Final Report October 2014 (PDF) , The Republic of the Union Myanmar Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation Myanmar Agricultural Development Support Project, p. 21f
^ Social Assessment, Final Report October 2014 (PDF) , The Republic of the Union Myanmar Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation Myanmar Agricultural Development Support Project, p. 47
↑ Amy Soe, Isabelita M. Pabuayon: Income Distribution of Households in Different Type of Irrigation System and Different location from each irrigation system, FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform, June 2019 , Table 4. Average annual household income (Kyats / household) and Gini ratio for dam and pump irrigated areas, Wann Twin and Nyaung U townships, Myanmar, 2011.
↑ Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018, p. 7
↑ Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018, p. 10
↑ Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018, p. 5
↑ https://uyr.uy.edu.mm/bitstream/handle/123456789/700/A%20Comparative%20study%20of%20International.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y p. 10
↑ http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf p. 46
↑ Kyi Pyar Chit Saw, Matthew Arnold: Administering the State in Myanmar - An Overview of the General Administration Department , October 2014, p. 16
↑ Pyar Chit Saw, Matthew Arnold: Administering the State in Myanmar - An Overview of the General Administration Department , October 2014, p. 31
↑ Pyar Chit Saw, Matthew Arnold: Administering the State in Myanmar - An Overview of the General Administration Department , October 2014, p. 32
↑ Data Collection Survey on the Project for Development of Water Saving Agricultural Technology in the Central Dry Zone in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , Final Report, August 2013, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Sanyu Consultants INC., P. 48
↑ Pyar Chit Saw, Matthew Arnold: Administering the State in Myanmar - An Overview of the General Administration Department , October 2014, p. 30
↑ Kyi Pyar Chit Saw. amd Matthew Arnold March 2014. Administering the State in Myanmar: An Overview of the General Administration , Policy Dialogue Brief Series, No. 6, 2015, p. 9
↑ The State of Local Governance: Trends in Mandalay - UNDP Myanmar 2014, p. 58
↑ http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf p. 56
↑ http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf p. 57
↑ https://uyr.uy.edu.mm/bitstream/handle/123456789/700/A%20Comparative%20study%20of%20International.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y p. 9
↑ https://themimu.info/sites/themimu.info/files/documents/Report_Local_Governance_Mapping_Mandalay_UNDP_Dec2014.pdf The State of Local Governance: Trends in Mandalay - UNDP Myanmar 2014, p. 63
↑ The State of Local Governance: Trends in Mandalay - UNDP Myanmar 2014, p. 64
^ The State of Local Governance: Trends in Mandalay - UNDP Myanmar 2014, p. 65
↑ http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf p. 57
↑ http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf p. 54
↑ http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf p. 39
↑ The Myanmar Times: K430 million lost to fires in Mandalay last year , January 16, 2019
↑ https://www.europlan-online.de/nyaung-oo-stadium/verein/26899 Pictures and information about the stadium
↑ open_jicareport.jica.go.jp p. 287 GAD TS office, Year 2013
↑ themimu.info p. 6
↑ themimu.info p. 7
↑ themimu.info p. 6
↑ Integrating Social Preference in GIS-Aided Planning for Forestry and Conservation Activities: A Case Study from Rural SE Asia , Environmental Management Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 183–198 Springer Verlag, 2002 New York, p. 185
↑ themimu.info
↑ themimu.info pp. 9-10

21.2011 94.9101Coordinates: 21 ° 12 ' N , 94 ° 55' E

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[99] * Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018, p. 5

[100] Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018, p. 13

[101] * Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018, p. 14

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[103] _jicareport.jica.go.jp p. 215

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[106] * Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018, p. 11

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[110] themimu.info p. 9

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[114] themimu.info p. 39

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[131] ttp://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf p. 71

[132] ttp://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf p. 47

[133] Helen James: Population, Development, and the Environment: Challenges to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in the Asia Pacific, pallgrave macmillan, Singapore 2019, p. 404

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[139] unido.org p. 14

[140] themimu.info p. 22

[141] Helen James: Population, Development, and the Environment: Challenges to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in the Asia Pacific, pallgrave macmillan, Singapore 2019, p. 398

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[146] Helen James: Population, Development, and the Environment: Challenges to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in the Asia Pacific, pallgrave macmillan, Singapore 2019, p. 405

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[153] Amy Soe, Isabelita M. Pabuayon: Income Distribution of Households in Different Type of Irrigation System and Different location from each irrigation system, FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform, June 2019 , Table 4. Average annual household income (Kyats / household) and Gini ratio for dam and pump irrigated areas, Wann Twin and Nyaung U townships, Myanmar, 2011.

[154] Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018, p. 7

[155] Annex 12A: Profile of Htee Pu Climate Smart Village (PDF) , International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2018, p. 10

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[157] ttps://uyr.uy.edu.mm/bitstream/handle/123456789/700/A%20Comparative%20study%20of%20International.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y p. 10

[158] ttp://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf p. 46

[159] Kyi Pyar Chit Saw, Matthew Arnold: Administering the State in Myanmar - An Overview of the General Administration Department , October 2014, p. 16

[160] Pyar Chit Saw, Matthew Arnold: Administering the State in Myanmar - An Overview of the General Administration Department , October 2014, p. 31

[161] Pyar Chit Saw, Matthew Arnold: Administering the State in Myanmar - An Overview of the General Administration Department , October 2014, p. 32

[162] Data Collection Survey on the Project for Development of Water Saving Agricultural Technology in the Central Dry Zone in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , Final Report, August 2013, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Sanyu Consultants INC., P. 48

[163] Pyar Chit Saw, Matthew Arnold: Administering the State in Myanmar - An Overview of the General Administration Department , October 2014, p. 30

[164] Kyi Pyar Chit Saw. amd Matthew Arnold March 2014. Administering the State in Myanmar: An Overview of the General Administration , Policy Dialogue Brief Series, No. 6, 2015, p. 9

[165] The State of Local Governance: Trends in Mandalay - UNDP Myanmar 2014, p. 58

[166] ttp://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf p. 56

[167] ttp://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf p. 57

[168] ttps://uyr.uy.edu.mm/bitstream/handle/123456789/700/A%20Comparative%20study%20of%20International.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y p. 9

[169] ttps://themimu.info/sites/themimu.info/files/documents/Report_Local_Governance_Mapping_Mandalay_UNDP_Dec2014.pdf The State of Local Governance: Trends in Mandalay - UNDP Myanmar 2014, p. 63

[170] The State of Local Governance: Trends in Mandalay - UNDP Myanmar 2014, p. 64

[171] The State of Local Governance: Trends in Mandalay - UNDP Myanmar 2014, p. 65

[172] ttp://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf p. 57

[173] ttp://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf p. 54

[174] ttp://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12306734_01.pdf p. 39

[175] The Myanmar Times: K430 million lost to fires in Mandalay last year , January 16, 2019

[176] ttps://www.europlan-online.de/nyaung-oo-stadium/verein/26899 Pictures and information about the stadium

[177] _jicareport.jica.go.jp p. 287 GAD TS office, Year 2013

[178] themimu.info p. 6

[179] themimu.info p. 7

[180] themimu.info p. 6

[181] Integrating Social Preference in GIS-Aided Planning for Forestry and Conservation Activities: A Case Study from Rural SE Asia , Environmental Management Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 183–198 Springer Verlag, 2002 New York, p. 185

[182] themimu.info

[183] themimu.info pp. 9-10