Inclined elevator
An inclined elevator is generally a passenger and freight elevator with an inclined track , set up to overcome a height distance. The term is used differently in technical and legal respects:
- According to the European standards (European standard for inclined elevators - EN 81-22), the inclined elevator is a special type of elevator whose guide rails are inclined by more than 15 ° both to the vertical and to the horizontal;
- Inclined lifts that serve buildings and structures on a permanent basis are subject to the Lifts Directive (from 2015: Directive 2014/33 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of February 26, 2014 on the harmonization of the laws of the member states on lifts and safety components for lifts);
- Funiculars with only one car are colloquially referred to as inclined lifts. This term is not provided for in the relevant Cable Car Regulation (EU) 2016/424.
- in common usage are with different application purposes, and corresponding safety requirements (z. B. Construction, as hoists in the broader sense also other lifts furniture lifts , boat lifts , stair lifts etc. ), respectively.
Legal delimitation
From a legal point of view, the main difference between the shape of the elevator and the shape of the funicular railway of the inclined elevator lies in the guideline or regulation to be applied:
- A lift with a sloping track (also inclined lift ) is subject to the Lifts Directive of the European Parliament and the Council of February 26, 2014 on the harmonization of the laws of the Member States on lifts. This guideline applies to lifts which serve buildings and structures on a permanent basis and are intended a) for the transport of people; b) for the transport of people and goods; c) only for the transport of goods, provided that the load carrier can be stepped on, ie if a person can get into the load carrier without difficulty and has control devices that are located inside the load carrier or within reach of a person located there.
- A funicular is subject to Regulation (EU) 2016/424 of the European Parliament and of the Council of March 9, 2016 on cable cars. According to the definition of this ordinance, a "cable car" is: an overall system built at its destination, consisting of the infrastructure and subsystems, which was designed, built, assembled and put into operation for the purpose of transporting people and in which the transport is carried out along the route running ropes takes place.
For the user, it is often difficult to tell whether, from a legal point of view, he is traveling with an elevator with a sloping track (inclined elevator) or with a funicular. Both elevators with inclined lanes (see examples Hohenwerfen, Koblenz, Oberstdorf etc.) and funiculars can run both in closed buildings and in open terrain. Both the elevator directive and the ropeway ordinance permit public transport of people.
technology
Safety concept (according to EN 81-22)
The following safety components are defined in the Elevator Directive, which form the basis of the safety concept for inclined elevators:
- Locking devices of the landing doors;
- Devices that prevent the car from falling or uncontrolled movements;
- Speed limiter;
- Buffer;
- Safety devices on cylinders of the main hydraulic circuits when used as a device to prevent a fall;
- electrical safety devices in the form of safety circuits with electronic components.
Today, due to high safety requirements, elevators are equipped with a safety system that prevents deviations from normal operation, such as B. too high speeds or even a crash of the elevator car, even if all the suspension ropes should break.
In addition, the elevator cabins are suspended in rope constructions by at least two parallel ropes. The ropes are dimensioned in such a way that the breakage of one or more ropes does not lead to a fall. In a passenger lift with only two suspension ropes, a 16-fold rope safety is required according to EN 81-22. This means that an elevator could easily hold the loaded car safely with just one rope.
It is also important that the traction capability of the rope / traction sheave system is correctly designed. If the traction is too high, the ropes will wear out excessively. If the traction capacity is too low, the ropes can slip (slip) so that the car cannot start or brake properly or come back to its normal speed. Under certain circumstances the car does not come to a stop exactly at the level of the stop; In the worst case, the car slowly slides up or down to the lower or upper end point, depending on whether the car or counterweight is heavier.
A speed limiter prevents the car from traveling too quickly or up to the top or bottom of the cabin. If a limit value is exceeded, the drive is switched off electronically and the car is braked to a standstill using a safety gear. This safety device is independent of other operating parts of the elevator and works even in the event of a power failure. When the safety gear is triggered, the elevator motor is switched off.
Doors: Inclined elevators, must always be equipped with car and shaft doors. This prevents limbs from being drawn in or loads (e.g. prams) from being wedged on the passing outer wall.
Emergency call: Malfunctions in passenger elevators can result in the car doors not opening, e. B. when "getting stuck" between two stops. The people trapped in the car generally have no way of freeing themselves. This is why there is an emergency call button in the elevator car in elevators that have been built since 1999, which informs the elevator attendant of the malfunction.
The safety concept for the inclined elevator acc. The elevator directive allows fully automatic operation without operating personnel (e.g. operations manager or machinist).
Certain designs make it easier for users to stand by compensating for the change in inclination by means of level controls that always keep the floor level. The floor is adjusted electrically or hydraulically while driving - or the cabin moves on two offset rails so that the horizontal inclination of the cabin is maintained even when the incline changes due to the position of the wheels (see Minifunic ).
In order to keep the power consumption of these systems as low as possible, a counterweight is usually used in inclined elevators. The drive can be arranged both above and below.
Lists of inclined lifts (incomplete)
Germany
Baden-Württemberg
- Bad Herrenalb , Falkenburgbahn , gauge 1000 mm, since 1998, feeder to a hotel and a clinic (public)
- Freiburg im Breisgau , Schlossbergbahn , inclined elevator up the Freiburg Schlossberg to the Dattler restaurant, type: Twinliner from the manufacturer ABS Transportbahnen from Wolfurt , 262 m long with a 73.30 m difference in altitude, in operation since July 19, 2008,
- Hotzenwald , Hotzenwald lift, gradient 110%
- Ludwigsburg-Hoheneck Inclined elevator to the Hoheneck spa
- Stuttgart inclined elevator to the Stadtmitte S-Bahn station
Bavaria
- Munich Marienplatz train station , exit / access Marienhof (formerly)
- Garmisch-Partenkirchen , Olympic Stadium
- Oberstdorf , Schattenbergschanze ( Audi Arena Oberstdorf )
- near Oberstdorf, Heini-Klopfer ski-flying hill
Berlin
- Inclined elevator to the Brandenburger Tor S-Bahn station
- Inclined elevator to the S-Bahn station Innsbrucker Platz
Hamburg
- 2 inclined passenger elevators in Dockland, travel speed 2.5 m / s
- Inclined elevators to the subway stations :
- Borgweg underground station
- Gänsemarkt underground station
- Garstedt underground station
- Hamburg Jungfernstieg station (access to the Alsteranleger)
- Lutterothstraße underground station
- Messehallen underground station
- Sengelmannstrasse underground station
- Wartenau underground station
- Kiwittsmoor underground station
- Inclined elevator to the S-Bahn station Hauptbahnhof
Hesse
- Inclined elevator barrier wall west on Edersee
- Inclined elevator at the western end of the platform of the Bockenheimer Warte subway station in Frankfurt am Main
- Inclined elevator at the northern end of the platform of the Seckbacher Landstrasse subway station in Frankfurt am Main
- Inclined elevator at the southern end of the platform of the Frankfurt Messe S-Bahn station
- Inclined elevators to the platforms of the Niddapark underground station (currently closed and secured against vandalism)
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
- Inclined elevator to Sellin pier , Ruegen island
- Inclined elevator in Göhren (Rügen)
Lower Saxony
- Inclined elevator (correct: arched elevator ) in the New Town Hall Hanover , built in 1908, renovated in 2007/2008
North Rhine-Westphalia
- A few underground stations in Düsseldorf , Herne and Bochum
- Aachen University Hospital , connection to the helipad
Rhineland-Palatinate
- Funicular Ehrenbreitstein to Ehrenbreitstein in Koblenz , built in 2011 for the Federal Garden Show
Saxony
- Inclined elevator to Albrechtsburg in Meißen
- Inclined elevator to the old town of Schwarzenberg (Erzgeb.)
Saxony-Anhalt
- Inclined lift at the Wendefurth dam
Schleswig-Holstein
- Freely accessible inclined elevator in the Augustinum in Mölln . Travel speed 2.5 m / s
Thuringia
- Inclined elevator lead hole dam
Austria
- Burgenland , inclined elevator to Güssing Castle
- Carinthia , Heiligenblut, from Roßbach, Fleißalm tunnel railway since December 1987 in winter, two groups of gondolas hanging from a ceiling rail (diversion halfway) through a curved tunnel with windows into the higher-lying Fleißalm ski area. In summer the tunnel carries water.
- Upper Austria , Brennet Mountain , Klaus Castle
- Salzburg , Werfen , inclined elevator to Hohenwerfen Castle
- Salzburg , near Kaprun , Lärchwand inclined lift
- Tyrol , Innsbruck , inclined lift to Bergiselschanze
- Tyrol , Kufstein , inclined elevator to Kufstein Fortress
- Vorarlberg , inclined elevator Partenen – Trominier
Switzerland
- Guttannen im Haslital , Gelmerbahn , 106% max. pitch
- Lucerne , Gütsch cable car
- Lucerne, Hotel Montana funicular
- St. Gallen , Mühleggbahn
- St. Moritz , inclined elevator in Serletta car park
- Zurich , four inclined elevators to the underground station Löwenstrasse , gradient of 73 degrees, as the platforms on the different floors are not exactly one above the other.
Europe
- Great Britain
- England , London , Millennium Bridge inclined elevator , on St. Paul's side
- England , South East England , Hastings , East Hill Lift and West Hill Lift
- England , South West , Lynton and Lynmouth , Lynton & Lynmouth Cliff Railway
- England , West Central , near Telford , Trench, Trench inclined lift
- England , West Central , Gorge at Ironbridge , inclined elevator by Hay
- England , East Midlands , Grand Union Canal , Market Harborough , Foxton Inclined Elevator
- Scotland , Monkland Canal , Blackhill Inclined Elevator
- Finland , inclined elevator from the parking lot to the Hotel Koli ,
- France , Paris , elevators in the feet of the Eiffel Tower ,
- France , Paris , Funiculaire de Montmartre funicular
- France , Langres , inclined lifts between the parking lot and the old town located higher up
- France , Saint-Louis / Arzviller boat lift
- Italy , Mendelbahn in South Tyrol from St. Anton to the Mendelpass
- Italy , Sicily , Letojanni , inclined elevator between Hotel Antares and Olimpo
- Lithuania , Vilnius , Gedimino kalno inclined elevator to the castle
- Romania , inclined elevator to the castle in Deva (Romania)
- Romania , Transylvanian mining railway , Retișoara Inclined plane
- Sweden , some inclined elevators in the Stockholm metro
- Sweden , Umeå , Östra Station train station
- Sweden , Gothenburg , inclined elevator in the Universeum
- Slovenia , Ljubljana , inclined elevator from Krekplatz (Krekov trg) to Ljubljana Castle
- Spain , Catalonia , Puigcerdà , inclined elevator city- train station Puigcerdà
- Spain , inclined elevator in the Hotel Costa de Bahia on Fuerteventura , (from 2006)
- Czech Republic , Hotel Mövenpick Prague
- Czech Republic , Thermal Hotel, Karlovy Vary
Outside of Europe
- Australia , Katoomba Scenic Railway , steepest inclined elevator in the world with a slope of 128%
- China , some inclined elevators in the " Buddha Tower " Xi`an
- China / Hong Kong , Lantau Island , 2 inclined elevators in Discoverybay North
- Canada , Ontario , Big Chute Marine Railway
- USA , Nevada , Las Vegas , Luxor Hotel and Casino , inclined elevators in the "edges" of the pyramid
- USA , New Hampshire , Goffstown , Uncanoonuc Incline Railway
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Walter Hefti: Rail cable cars all over the world. Birkhäuser Verlag Basel and Stuttgart 1975, ISBN 3-7643-0726-9 , page 34
- ↑ Harmonized standards within the meaning of the harmonization legislation of the EU .
- ↑ Directive 2014/33 / EU on lifts .
- ↑ Lift database
- ↑ Information on the inclined lift - News - Ostseebad and Kneipp health resort Göhren on Rügen. In: www.goehren-ruegen.de. Retrieved August 24, 2016 .
- ↑ Ride on the Fleißalm tunnel railway youtube.com, rupilein1980, published March 16, 2012, accessed March 1, 2020, video 5:28, diversion at 2:45.
- ↑ Fleißalm Tunnelbahn in Heiligenblut alpinforum.com, accessed March 1, 2020
- ↑ Zurich main station underground station platform 31/32 - platform 4/5 . Retrieved October 8, 2015.
- ↑ Blue Mountain - Adventure World. In: Australien Journal :: Travel - Adventure - Knowledge. Retrieved September 20, 2009 .