Twin-engine aircraft
Two-jet aircraft , so-called twinjets , are powered by two jet engines. They were developed parallel to the single-jet types by Arado, Heinkel, Messerschmitt, Gloster and Bell during the Second World War . After the end of the World War, the technical development and the total number of aircraft types produced increased sharply, especially in the military sector ( Lockheed, Boeing, Northrop, MiG, Ilyushin, Sukhoi , etc.). Production figures of several thousand units for military aircraft of a single type have not been uncommon since the 1950s. With the further development of more powerful engines and a rapidly increasing demand, more and more civil models have been designed since the 1960s, for example by the manufacturers Boeing, Lockheed, Airbus, Ilyushin, and Tupolev .
Modern twin jets are very powerful and can be used for all flight routes . Both very small (e.g. Eclipse 500 and Embraer Phenom 100 with a length of 10 m ) and very large (e.g. Airbus 350 and Boeing 777 with a length of up to 60 m ) are built.
Design features
There are some typical designs for the arrangement of the two jet engines. In modern passenger aircraft, safety aspects are paramount. In contrast to military machines, engines have to be arranged at a sufficient distance from the fuselage in order to maximize the safety of the passengers in the event of a fire or breakage of the blades. In military aircraft, the engines are installed in the fuselage itself or close to the fuselage in order to achieve maximum maneuverability.
Engines below the wings
The two engines are mounted below the wings on the left and right at a distance from the fuselage in engine nacelles, which is typical today for most of the larger passenger aircraft (e.g. Airbus and Boeing ). In the event of an engine explosion, sufficient distance from the fuselage is guaranteed. Less vibrations are transmitted to the hull. Compared to stern engines, the accessibility for controls and maintenance is much better.
Disadvantages: The controllability during engine failures is significantly worse, as the lever arm of the thrust loss is very long compared to stern or fuselage engines . The engines are only a short distance from the ground during take-offs and landings, which makes it easier for dirt and foreign bodies to be sucked in. The noise level in the passenger area (except at the very rear) is considerably higher than with stern engines.
Engines on the side of the stern
The engines are attached to the end of the fuselage on both sides with spacers (for example on Embraer , Bombardier or MD-80/90 ) in engine nacelles. Especially with small machines, this is the only way to keep a sufficient distance from the ground. It is an advantage to be able to construct aerodynamically very "clean" wings, in which the air flow is not disturbed by engines and their suspensions. Due to the arrangement close to the fuselage, the noise level in the rear passenger area is somewhat higher, but extremely low in most of the cabin.
Tail engine
The thrust nozzles are at the end of the fuselage, the compressor, combustion chamber and turbine are fully integrated into the fuselage, the air inlet is through openings on both sides of the fuselage or below the fuselage. This arrangement is typical for most of the twin-jet machines used by the military.
In the case of stealth aircraft in particular, the rear engine can also be clad towards the bottom by a special construction of the wings or an extended fuselage in order to make localization more difficult.
Engines on the side of the fuselage
The engines are located directly on both sides of the fuselage, mostly attached between the fuselage and the wings. This design can be found on some military aircraft (e.g. North American A-5 or Xian H-6 ).
Engines above the wings
On some models, the two engines are arranged above the wings, either directly above the wings (e.g. VFW-614 , Beriev Be-200 , HondaJet ) or a little behind (e.g. A-10 ). This design also protects the engines from sucking in water or dirt.
Integration of the engines into the wings
A direct integration of the engines into the wings (e.g. Lockheed SR-71 ) is less common, not least because of safety aspects.
Advantages and disadvantages
Aircraft with two engines are generally more economical to operate than aircraft with more engines. However, it must be ensured that if one engine fails, the aircraft can still be flown with the other engine for a long enough time to enable a safe landing. The ETOPS regulations of the aviation authorities must be adhered to very precisely, especially for flights that are far away from alternate airports .
The engines are generally larger than in three- or multi-jet aircraft, making them more efficient in use. The engines are relatively more powerful, as in an emergency a single engine must be able to drive the aircraft (1/2 maximum power). This is associated with a higher rate of climb (since the aircraft is relatively "overpowered"). The operating performance itself is lower than that of four-engine aircraft and therefore further away from the optimal operating point of the engines.
Classification of twin jets with primarily civil use according to size and production
Note on the table: For a quick overview, the aircraft types used in 2015 are highlighted in light blue. The columns can be sorted by clicking the small arrows in the heading bar.
Aircraft type |
image | Attachment of the engines |
Production (period) | Length (from-to) in m |
Span (from-to) in m |
Piece production (2012) |
Piece ready for use (2012) |
country |
comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adam A700 |
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laterally at the stern |
2003-2008 | 12 m | 13 m | 2 | 2 |
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Prototypes, business jet aircraft ( Very Light Jet ) |
Aérospatiale (Sud Aviation) SE 210 Caravelle |
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laterally at the stern |
1955-1972 | 32-36 m | 34 m | 282 | - |
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Short and medium-haul airliner |
Aérospatiale SN 601 Corvette |
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laterally at the stern |
1970-1988 | 13 m | 13 m | 40 |
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Business jet | |
Airbus A300 |
|
under the wings |
1972-2007 | 53-54 m | 44 m | 561 | 312 |
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Medium-range wide-body aircraft |
Airbus A300-600ST Beluga |
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under the wings |
1994-1999 | 56 m | 44 m | 5 | 5 |
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large-volume transport aircraft (for Airbus aircraft production) |
Airbus A310 |
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under the wings |
1982-2007 | 46 m | 43 m | 255 | 166 |
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shortened version of the A300, medium and long-haul wide-body aircraft |
Airbus A318 |
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under the wings |
2002– | 31 m | 34 m | 78 | 70 |
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Medium and long-range standard fuselage aircraft , smallest Airbus |
Airbus A319 |
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under the wings |
1995– | 33 m | 34 m | 1,357 | 1,352 |
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Medium-haul standard fuselage aircraft , also A319 CJ business aircraft ( Corporate Jetliner ) |
Airbus A320 |
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under the wings |
1987– | 37 m | 34 m | 3,192 | 3,041 |
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Standard medium-range fuselage aircraft |
Airbus A321 |
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under the wings |
1993– | 44 m | 34 m | 775 | 771 |
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Standard medium-range fuselage aircraft |
Airbus A330 -200 / -300 |
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under the wings |
1992– | 58-63 m | 60 m | 938 | 931 |
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Wide-body medium or long-haul aircraft |
Airbus A350 |
|
under the wings |
2013– | 60-73 m | 64 m |
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Wide-body aircraft | ||
Antonov An-148 |
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under the wings |
2004– | 29 m | 29 m | 24+ | 16+ |
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Passenger aircraft, regional airliner |
Antonov An-158 |
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under the wings |
2010– | 34 m | 29 m | 12 (approx.) | 6th |
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Passenger aircraft, regional airliner |
ATG javelin |
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laterally at the stern |
2005-2007 | 11 m | 8 m | 1 | - |
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Prototype, business jet ( Very Light Jet ), development stopped |
BAC 1-11 , BAC One-Eleven |
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laterally at the stern |
1963-1989 | 28-32 m | 27-28 m | 244 | 3 |
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Short and medium haul aircraft; three specimens as test aircraft at Northrop Grumman |
Beriev Be-200 |
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above the trunk |
1998– | 32 m | 32 m | 9 |
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Amphibious aircraft , small version of the Beriev Be-42 | |
Boeing 717 (= MD-95) |
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laterally at the stern |
1998-2006 | 37 m | 28 m | 156 | 142 |
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Short and medium-haul standard fuselage aircraft |
Boeing 737 |
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under the wings |
1968– | 28-42 m | 28-35 m | 6,062 | 4,928 |
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most built standard fuselage aircraft |
Boeing 757 |
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under the wings |
1982-2004 | 47-54 m | 38 m | 1,049 | 970 |
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Standard fuselage aircraft |
Boeing 767 |
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under the wings |
1981– | 48-61 m | 47-51 m | 983 | 864 |
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Wide-body aircraft |
Boeing 777 |
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under the wings |
1994– | 63-73 m | 60-64 m | 840 | 780 |
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Wide-body aircraft |
Boeing 787 |
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under the wings |
2009– | 57-63 m | 52-63 m | 1+ | 1+ |
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in flight testing; first wide-body aircraft, the fuselage to a large extent from CFRP consists |
Boeing MD-90 |
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laterally at the stern |
1993-2000 | 46 m | 32 m | 116 (approx.) | 109 |
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Standard fuselage aircraft |
Bombardier Canadair Regional Jet CRJ100 / 200/440/800 |
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laterally at the stern |
1991– | 27 m | 21 m | 925+ |
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Regional airliner | |
Bombardier Canadair Regional Jet CRJ700 / 900/1000 |
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laterally at the stern |
1999– | 32-39 m | 23-26 m | 497 |
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Regional airliner | |
Bombardier Challenger 300 |
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laterally at the stern |
2001– | 21 m | 19 m | 230+ |
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Long-haul business jet | |
Bombardier Global Express / Global 5000 |
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laterally at the stern |
1996– | 28 m | 29-30 m | 260+ |
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Long-haul business jet | |
Airbus A220 |
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under the wings |
2013– | 35-38 m | 35 m |
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in development, medium-haul aircraft | ||
Bombardier Learjet family |
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laterally at the stern |
1963– | 17-18 m | 13-15 m | 1,300+ |
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Business jet | |
Cessna Citation CitationJet, Encore, XLS, Sovereign, X |
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laterally at the stern |
1969– | 13-22 m | 14-19 m | 5,000+ |
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Business jet | |
Cessna Citation Mustang (= model 510 ) |
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laterally at the stern |
2005– | 12 m | 13 m | 300+ |
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Business jet ( Very Light Jet ) | |
Comac ARJ21 Regional Jet Xiángfèng |
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laterally at the stern |
2007– | 33-36 m | 27 m | 4th | 4th |
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Flight test phase, regional airliner |
Comac C919 |
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under the wings |
2010– | 38 m | 35 m |
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in planning, medium-haul standard fuselage aircraft | ||
Dassault Falcon / Mystère 10, 100, 10MER |
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laterally at the stern |
1970-1989 | 14 m | 13 m | 226 |
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Business aircraft; Special version for the military 10MER (7 copies ) | |
Dassault Falcon / Mystère 20, 200, HU-25 |
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laterally at the stern |
1963-1988 | 17 m | 16 m | 508 |
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Business jet | |
Dassault Falcon 2000, 2000S |
|
laterally at the stern |
1993– | 20 m | 21 m | 480+ |
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Business aircraft; Version 2000S updated from 2012 | |
Dassault Mercure |
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under the wings |
1971-1975 | 34 m | 30 m | 12 | - |
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Joint project between Dassault Aviation and Fiat (Italy), CASA (Spain), ADAP (Belgium), FW (Switzerland) and Canadair (Canada) |
Dornier 328-300 / 328JET |
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under the wings |
1998-2008 | 21 m | 20 m | 110 | 99 |
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Regional airliner |
Douglas DC-9 |
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laterally at the stern |
1965-1982 | 31-40 m | 27-36 m | 976 | 495 |
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Standard fuselage aircraft |
Eclipse 500 |
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laterally at the stern |
2002-2008 | 10 m | 11 m | 259 |
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Project currently stopped, business jet ( Very Light Jet ) | |
Embraer ERJ 145 family (ERJ 135, EMB 135KL / ERJ 140, ERJ 145, Herbin ERJ 145, Legacy 500/600 ) |
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laterally at the stern |
1995– | 26-29 m | 20-21 m | 1,100+ | 1,000+ |
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Regional airliner |
Embraer E-Jets 170, 175, 190, 195 |
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under the wings |
2002– | 29-38 m | 26-28 m | 537 |
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Regional airliner | |
Embraer Lineage 1000 |
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under the wings |
2008– | 36 m | 29 m |
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large business aircraft, variant of the E-Jet 190 | ||
Embraer Phenom 100 |
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laterally at the stern |
2007– | 12 m | 12 m | 12 approx. |
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Business jet ( Very Light Jet ) | |
Embraer Phenom 300 |
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laterally at the stern |
2008– | 15 m | 16 m |
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Business jet | ||
Emivest Aerospace SJ30 |
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laterally at the stern |
1996, 2006– | 14 m | 13 m | 2 |
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Business jet , until 2008 Sino-Swearingen SJ30-2 | |
Fokker F28 Fellowship |
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laterally at the stern |
1967-1987 | 27-29 m | 23-25 m | 241 | 20th |
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Short-haul airliner |
Fokker 70 |
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laterally at the stern |
1993-1997 | 30 m | 28 m | 48 | 43 |
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Regional airliner |
Fokker 100 |
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laterally at the stern |
1986-1997 | 35 m | 28 m | 277 | 229 |
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Short-haul aircraft |
Grumman Gulfstream II, C-11 |
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laterally at the stern |
1967–1978 (approx.) | 24 m | 21 m | 283 |
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Business jet | |
Gulfstream III |
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laterally at the stern |
1979-1986 | 25 m | 23 m | 206 |
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Business jet | |
Gulfstream IV |
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laterally at the stern |
1997-2003 | 23 m | 27 m | 535+ |
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Business jet | |
Gulfstream V / G500 / G550 |
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laterally at the stern |
1999– | 29 m | 28 m | 124+ |
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Business jet | |
Gulfstream G650 |
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laterally at the stern |
2009– | 30 m | 36 m |
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Business jet | ||
Hawker 400 / 400XP / 400XPR |
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laterally at the stern |
1985– | 15 m | 13 m | 40+ |
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Business jet , variant of the Raytheon Beechjet 400 |
|
Hawker 800 / 800XP / 800XPR |
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laterally at the stern |
1983-2013 | 16 m | 17 m | 650 |
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Business jet, variants of the BAe 125 ; also military use |
|
Hawker 4000 Horizon |
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laterally at the stern |
2008– | 21 m | 19 m | 10+ | 10+ |
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Business jet |
Hawker Beechcraft 390 Premier |
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laterally at the stern |
2001– | 14 m | 14 m | 260+ | 260+ |
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Business jet |
Heinkel-Potez CM 191 |
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laterally at the stern |
1961–1962 | 12 m | 10 m | 2 | - |
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Prototypes, civil version of the Fouga Magister |
HFB 320 Hansa Jet |
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laterally at the stern |
1966-1973 | 16 m | 14 m | 47 | 5+ (?) |
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Business aircraft ; partly also military use |
Honda HA-420 Hondajet |
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above the wings |
2003– | 13 m | 12 m | 2 |
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under development, business jet ( Very Light Jet ) |
|
IAI 1125 Astra / Astra SP / Gulfstream G100 |
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laterally at the stern |
1986– | 17 m | 16 m | 37+ |
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Business jet, Gulfstream G100 since 2002 |
|
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-81 / -82 / -83 / -87 |
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laterally at the stern |
1979-1999 | 39-46 m | 33 m | 1,191 | 499 |
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Standard fuselage aircraft |
Mitsubishi Regional Jet MRJ70 / MRJ90 |
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under the wings |
2009– | 33-36 m | 30 m | 1 | 1 |
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Prototype, regional airliner |
Pilatus PC-24 |
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laterally at the stern |
2013– | 19 m | 17 m | 1 | 1 |
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Prototype, business jet aircraft |
Sukhoi Superjet 100 |
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under the wings |
2005– | 24-35 m | 28 m | 3 | 2 |
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in flight test phase, regional airliner, partly western technology |
Tupolev Tu-104 |
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in the wings |
1955-1960 | 40 m | 34 m | 201 | - |
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second jet airliner in the world after the De Havilland DH.106 Comet |
Tupolev Tu-124 |
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in the wings |
1960-1965 | 30 m | 25 m | 164 | - |
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Short-haul aircraft |
Tupolev Tu-134 |
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laterally at the stern |
1963-1984 | 37 m | 29 m | 854 | 228 |
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Short-haul aircraft |
Tupolev Tu-204 / Tu-214 |
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under the wings |
1989- | 40-46 m | 42 m | 72 (approx.) | 39 |
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Medium-range standard fuselage aircraft |
Tupolev Tu-334 |
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laterally at the stern |
1999-2003 | 31-37 m | 29-33 m | 2 | - |
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Successor to the Tu-134, still in flight testing |
VFW Fokker 614 |
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above the wings |
1974-1988 | 20 m | 21 m | 19th | - |
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3 machines in military use |
Vickers 618 Nene Viking Nene Viking | under the wings |
1948 | 20 m | 27 m | 1 | - |
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prototype | |
Vickers 663 Tay-Viscount |
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under the wings |
1950 | 23 m | 27 m | 2 | - |
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Prototypes |
Classification of twin jets with primarily military use according to size and production
Note on the table: For a quick overview, the aircraft types used in 2013 are highlighted in light blue. The columns can be sorted by clicking the small arrows in the heading bar.
Aircraft type |
image | Attachment of the engines |
Production (period) | Length (from-to) in m |
Span (from-to) in m |
Piece production (2012) |
Piece ready for use (2012) |
country |
comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aeritalia G91Y (Fiat G.91Y) Yankee |
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Tail engine |
1966-1976 | 12 m | 9 m | 67 (approx.) | - |
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Fighter-bomber , reconnaissance aircraft , trainer , variant of the otherwise single-jet G.91 |
Aermacchi M-346 |
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Tail engine |
2004– | 11 m | 10 m | 3 | 3 |
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Prototypes, independent variant of the Jak-130 |
AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-Kuo |
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Tail engine |
1989-1999 | 14 m | 9 m | 131 | 126 |
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Multipurpose fighter , with US technology |
Alexejew / Samoljot 150 (= Baade RB-2) | under the wings |
1948-1953 | 27 m | 24 m | 1 | - |
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Prototype, bomber plane | |
Alpha Jet (Dassault / Dornier) |
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Tail engine |
1973-1984 | 12 m | 9 m | 508 | 295 |
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Jet trainer |
Antonov An-71 |
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above the wings |
1985 (approx.) | 23 m | 32 m | 3 | - |
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Prototypes, development stopped, follow-up project Jakowlew Jak-44 |
Antonov An-72 to AN-74-200 Coaler |
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above the wings |
1977– | 28 m | 32 m | 160+ | 70+ |
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STOL - transport aircraft for short and medium-haul routes |
Antonov An-74-300 / An-74TK-300 |
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above the wings |
2001– | 28 m | 32 m |
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in development, STOL - transport aircraft for short and medium-haul routes, also planned for civilian use | ||
Arado Ar 234 |
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under the wings |
1944-1945 | 12 m | 14 m | 210 | - |
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first jet-powered bomber aircraft |
Avia S-92 |
|
under the wings |
1946-1948 | 13 m | 11 m | 12 | - |
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Variant of the Me-262 |
Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck |
|
on the wings placed |
1952–1959 (?) | 16 m | 17 m | 692 | - |
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all-weather interceptor |
Avro 716 Shackleton MR.3 Phase 3 | under the wings |
1955–1958 (?) | 27 m | 37 m | - |
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4 propeller engines (RR Griffon 58 V12) and 2 supporting jets (RR Viper) | ||
BAC TSR-2 |
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laterally at the stern |
1964–1965 in the early 1960s | 27 m | 11 m | 3 | - |
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Prototypes of a supersonic reconnaissance and - bombers |
Bell P-59 Airacomet |
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on the side of the fuselage |
1944 – late 1940s (approx.) | 12 m | 14 m | 66 | - |
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first jet aircraft in the USA |
Beriev A-40 Albatross Mermaid |
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above the trunk |
1986 (approx.), 2008– | 43 m | 41 m | 2 |
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Prototypes, transport aircraft , world's largest amphibious aircraft | |
Beriev R-1 | above the trunk |
1951-1952 | 19 m | 20 m | 1 | - |
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Prototype of a flying boat in shoulder-wing design | |
Beriev WWA-14 |
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above the trunk |
1972-1975 | 26 m | 29 m | 2 | - |
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Prototype amphibians - VTOL -Flugzeugs in shoulder wing design |
Blackburn B-103 Buccaneer |
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on the side of the fuselage |
1961-1977 | 19 m | 13 m | 206 | - |
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Fighter aircraft for low-level attacks |
Boeing P-8 Poseidon |
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under the wings |
2008– | 39 m | 36 m | 1 |
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Prototype of a multi-purpose maritime reconnaissance aircraft ( Multimission Maritime Aircraft ), variant of a Boeing 737-800 | |
Boeing YC-14 |
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above the wings |
1976-1979 | 40 m | 39 m | 2 | - |
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Prototype of a military transporter (in competition with McDonnell Douglas YC-15 ) |
Bombardier / Raytheon Sentinel R1 |
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laterally at the stern |
2005– | 30 m | 28 m | 5+ | 5 |
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Reconnaissance plane |
Bristol T.188 |
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in the wings | 1961-1964 | 22 m | 11 m | 3 | - |
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Prototypes for supersonic tests up to Mach 3 |
Cessna A-37 Dragonfly |
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on the side of the fuselage |
1966-1977 | 9 m | 10 m | 616 | 51 |
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light fighter aircraft; developed from the Cessna T-37 |
Cessna T-37 tweet |
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on the side of the fuselage |
1955-1975 | 9 m | 10 m | 1,272 | 100+ |
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Training aircraft (civil and military) without armament |
Chengdu J-20 / 歼 -6 / (also: J-XX) | Tail engine |
2011– | 23 m (approx.) | 14 m (approx.) | 2+ | 2+ (?) |
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Fighter aircraft with stealth properties , in flight tests from 2011 | |
Convair F2Y Sea Dart |
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Tail engine |
1953-1957 | 16 m | 10 m | 5 | - |
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Prototype of a sea-based interceptor |
Dassault Mirage 4000 |
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Tail engine |
1979-1980 | 19 m | 12 m | 1 | - |
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Prototype, fighter-bomber and interceptor |
Dassault Mirage IV |
|
Tail engine |
1963-1968 | 23 m | 12 m | 62 | - |
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tactical medium-range bomber |
Dassault Rafale |
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Tail engine |
1997– | 15 m | 10 m | 115+ | 115+ |
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Multipurpose fighter aircraft |
De Havilland DH.110 Sea Vixen |
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Tail engine |
1959-1962 | 17 m | 15 m | 145+ | - |
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Hunter |
Douglas A-3 Skywarrior |
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under the wings |
1956-1961 | 23 m | 22 m | 282 | - |
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bomber |
Douglas B-66 Destroyer |
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under the wings |
1956–1960 (?) | 23 m | 22 m | 294 | - |
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Scouts , bombers |
Douglas F3D / F-10 Skyknight |
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on the side of the fuselage |
1950-1952 | 14 m | 15 m | 277 | - |
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Hunter |
Douglas X-3 stiletto |
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Tail engine |
1952-1954 | 20 m | 7 m | 1 | - |
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Prototype for supersonic tests |
Embraer R-99 / E-99 / P-99 / EMB-145H |
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laterally at the stern |
1999– | 28 m | 20 m | 22+ | 22+ |
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Reconnaissance aircraft , military variants ( AEW , Recce ) of the ERJ 145 |
Embraer KC-390 |
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under the wings |
2009– | 33 m | 34 m |
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in the project stage, multi-purpose transport aircraft , first flight planned until 2013 | ||
English Electric Canberra / Martin B-57 |
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in the wings |
1951-1961 | 15 m | 16 m | 1,352 | - |
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Fighter aircraft , license production in the USA as Martin B-57 |
English Electric Lightning / BAC Lightning |
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Tail engine ( arranged vertically ) |
1957–1960s (?) | 17 m | 11 m | 337 | - |
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Interceptor |
Eurofighter Typhoon |
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Tail engine |
2003– | 15 m | 11 m | 178+ | 178+ |
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Fighter aircraft with ground combat capability |
Fairchild C-123K Provider |
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under the wings |
1960s | 31 m | 34 m | - |
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Transport aircraft , primarily as a variant with 2 piston engines, additional special models with 2 piston engines and two turbofans | |
Fairchild-Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II |
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above the trunk |
1977– | 16 m | 17 m | 715 | 554 |
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Battlefield surveillance , ground attack aircraft |
Aerospatiale (Potez) CM.170 Fouga Magister |
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on the side of the fuselage |
1952-1967 | 10 m | 12 m | 929 | - |
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world's first jet trainer |
General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark |
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Tail engine |
1967-1982 | 22-23 m | 20/10 m | 563 | 21 (approx.) |
![]() |
Endurance - attack aircraft |
Gloster Javelin |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1954–1962 (approx.) | 17 m | 16 m | 436 | - |
![]() |
Fighter plane with delta wings |
Gloster Meteor G.41 |
![]() |
in the wings |
1943-1954 | 13-15 m | 13 m | 3,900 (approx.) | - |
![]() |
Fighter plane |
Grumman A-6 Intruder / EA-6 Prowler |
![]() |
on the side of the fuselage |
1962-1990 | 17-18 m | 16/10 m | 693 | 106+ |
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Attack aircraft for electronic warfare |
Grumman F-14 Tomcat |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1974-1992 | 19 m | 19/10 m | 712 | 25th |
![]() |
Multipurpose fighter |
HAL HF 24 Marut |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1961-1977 | 16 m | 9 m | 147 | - |
![]() |
Fighter bomber |
Harbin H-5 / 轰 -5 | under the wings |
1950 – late 1960s | 18 m | 21 m | 506 (approx.) | - |
![]() |
Variant of the Il-28 | |
Heinkel He 280 |
![]() |
under the wings |
1940-1943 | 10 m | 12 m | 9 | - |
![]() |
Prototype of a fighter plane |
HESA Azarakhsh | Tail engine |
1997– (approx.) | 14 m (approx.) | 8 m (approx.) | 6+ | 6+ |
![]() ![]() |
Total conversion of the F-5E Tiger II , double vertical tail | |
HESA Saeqeh | Tail engine |
2004– (approx.) | 14 m (approx.) | 8 m (approx.) | 3+ | 3+ |
![]() ![]() |
Total conversion of the F-5E Tiger II , double vertical tail | |
Hesa Simorgh | Tail engine |
2002– (approx.) | 14 m (approx.) | 8 m | 10+ | 10+ |
![]() ![]() |
Complete conversion of the F-5 | |
Hispano Aviación HA-200 Saetta / Super Saetta |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1961–1975 (?) | 9 m | 11 m | 200 (approx.) | - |
![]() |
Jet trainer and light ground attack aircraft |
Hongdu L-15 / L-15 猎鹰Falcon |
![]() |
Tail engine |
2006– (still in development) | 12 m | 10 m | 3 | 3 |
![]() |
Prototypes, jet trainers, in cooperation with the Russian OKB |
Horten H IX (also: Ho 229, Gotha Go 229) |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1944-1945 | 7 m | 17 m | 3 | - |
![]() |
Prototype of a flying wing - jet aircraft |
Ilyushin Il-214 MTA |
![]() |
under the wings |
2009– | 33 m | 30 m |
![]() ![]() |
under development, multi-purpose transport aircraft , first flight planned until 2014 | ||
Ilyushin Il-28 Beagle |
![]() |
under the wings |
1950 – late 1960s | 18 m | 21 m | 6.316 | - |
![]() |
Bomb plane |
Ilyushin Il-30 | under the wings |
1949–1951 (?) | 18 m | 17 m | 1 | - |
![]() |
tactical bomb plane | |
Ilyushin Il-40 Brawny |
![]() |
on the side of the fuselage |
1953 | 17 m | 16 m | 2 | - |
![]() |
Prototypes, ground attack aircraft |
Ilyushin Il-46 |
![]() |
under the wings |
1952 | 27 m | 30 m | 2 (?) | - |
![]() |
Prototype, heavy bomber (alternative to Tu-16 ) |
Ilyushin Il-54 Blowlamp | under the wings |
1955 | 29 m | 18 m | 2 (?) | - |
![]() |
Prototype, tactical bomb plane | |
Jakowlew Jak-25 Flashlight / Jak-25RV / 25PB |
![]() |
under the wings |
1954–1960 (?) | 16 m | 11 m | 638 | - |
![]() |
All-weather interceptor aircraft |
Jakowlew Jak-27 Flashlight-C |
![]() |
under the wings |
1956–1962 (?) | 17 m | 12 m | 180 (approx.) | - |
![]() |
Scouts , bombers and fighters |
Yakovlev Yak-28 Brewer |
![]() |
under the wings |
1958–1970s (?) | 13 m | 22-23 m | 1,180 | - |
![]() |
Interceptor , light bomber |
Jakowlew Jak-36 Freehand |
![]() |
at the bottom of the fuselage ( VTOL ) |
1963 – late 1960s (?) | 15 m | 7 m | 12 | - |
![]() |
VTOL - fighter aircraft , technology carrier, forerunner of the Yak-38 |
Jakowlew Jak-130 (Yak-130) |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1996 / 2002– | 11 m | 10 m | 12+ | 12+ |
![]() |
Trainer , still in flight testing |
Kawasaki C-1 |
![]() |
under the wings |
1973-1980 | 29 m | 30 m | 31 | 27 |
![]() |
Transporter |
Kawasaki C-2 (also: XC-2, CX) |
![]() |
under the wings |
2007– | 44 m | 44 m | 2 | 1 |
![]() |
Prototypes in flight testing, transporter , first flight January 26, 2010 |
Kawasaki T-4 |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1985– | 13 m | 10 m | 212 | 206 |
![]() |
Jet trainer |
Lavochkin La-200 |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1949 | 17 m | 13 m | 1 | - |
![]() |
Prototype, fighter plane |
Lavochkin La-250 anaconda |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1956-1957 | 27 m | 14 m | 4th | - |
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Experimental type , interceptor |
Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk |
![]() |
above the wings |
1981 – early 1990s | 20 m | 13 m | 64 | - |
![]() |
Stealth bomber , attack aircraft , out of service since April 2008 |
Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor |
![]() |
Tail engine |
2002– | 18 m | 19 m | 143+ | 129+ |
![]() |
Air superiority fighter |
Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning II JSF |
![]() |
Tail engine, lift engine |
2007– | 16 m | 11 m | 3+ | 3+ |
![]() |
STOVL variant of the F-35 stealth - multipurpose fighter plane in flight testing |
Lockheed A-12 Oxcart |
![]() |
in the wings |
1962-1964 | 31 m | 17 m | 13 | - |
![]() |
strategic altitude reconnaissance |
Lockheed S-3 Viking |
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under the wings |
1974-1988 | 16 m | 21/9 m | 187 | - |
![]() |
carrier-based submarine fighter |
Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird |
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in the wings |
1964–1968 (approx.) | 32 m | 16 m | 32 | - |
![]() |
strategic altitude reconnaissance |
Lockheed YF-12 |
![]() |
in the wings |
1963–1964 (approx.) | 31 m | 17 m | 3 | - |
![]() |
Prototypes, strategic altitude reconnaissance |
McDonnell F-101 Voodoo |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1956-1961 | 20 m | 12 m | 855 | - |
![]() |
Fighter plane |
McDonnell F2H Banshee |
![]() |
on the side of the fuselage |
1948-1953 | 14 m | 13 m | 895 | - |
![]() |
carrier-based fighter - bomber |
McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1958-1981 | 18-19 m | 12 m | 5,195 | 605 |
![]() |
Attack aircraft |
McDonnell Douglas / Boeing F-15 Eagle |
|
Tail engine |
1975– | 19 m | 13 m | 1,603 | 936 |
![]() |
Air superiority fighter |
McDonnell Douglas / Boeing F / A-18 Hornet |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1980– | 17 m | 18 m | 1,808 | 1,045 |
![]() |
Bomb fighter plane |
Messerschmitt Me 262 |
![]() |
under the wings |
1942-1945 | 10 m | 11 m | 1,433 | - |
![]() |
first series, jet-powered fighter ( Schwalbe ) and fighter-bomber ( Sturmvogel ) |
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-AT |
![]() |
on the side of the fuselage |
1996– | 12 m | 10 m |
![]() ![]() |
Trainers , prototypes | ||
Mikoyan-Gurevich I-320 | laterally at the stern |
1949-1950 | 16 m | 14 m | 3 | - |
![]() |
Prototypes, interceptors | |
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9 Fargo |
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laterally at the stern |
1946-1948 | 10 m | 10 m | 598 | - |
![]() |
Fighter plane |
Mikojan-Gurewitsch MiG-19 Farmer (also: FT-6) |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1955-1959 | 13-15 m | 9 m | 2,500 (approx.) | - |
![]() |
Fighter plane , fighter-bomber , scout and trainer (FT-6) |
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 Foxbat |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1969-1958 | 19-23 m | 13-14 m | 1,190 | 139 |
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Interceptor |
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29 Fulcrum |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1979–1991 (approx.) | 17 m | 11 m | 1,257 | 957 |
![]() ![]() |
Multipurpose fighter |
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-31 Foxhound |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1982–1989 (approx.) | 22 m | 13 m | 500 (approx.) | 190 |
![]() |
Endurance - interceptor |
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-35 Fulcrum-F |
![]() |
Tail engine |
2007– | 17 m | 11 m | 10 |
![]() |
Multipurpose fighter | |
Mikojan-Gurewitsch MiG 1.44 Flatpack (= MiG 1.42 / M-39) |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1999-2003 (approx.) | 22 m | 16 m | 1 | - |
![]() |
Prototype of a multi-purpose fighter |
Mitsubishi F-1 |
![]() |
on the side of the fuselage |
1977-1981 | 18 m | 8 m | 77 | - |
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Ground attack aircraft for anti-ship combat |
Mitsubishi T-2 |
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on the side of the fuselage |
1975-1988 | 18 m | 8 m | 90 | - |
![]() |
Training aircraft for anti-ship combat |
Myasishchev M-17 Mystic / M-55 Geofisika |
|
Tail engine |
1982–1990s (approx.) | 22 m | 40 m | 5 | 1+ (?) |
![]() former Soviet Union ![]() |
Altitude reconnaissance aircraft , in civilian altitude research |
Morane-Saulnier MS.755 Fleuret | on the side of the fuselage |
1953–1954 (approx.) | 10 m | 10 m | 1 | - |
![]() |
Prototype, forerunner of the MS.760 | |
Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris |
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on the side of the fuselage |
1954–1964 (approx.) | 10 m | 10 m | 165 | 11 (?) |
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Jet trainer, also in civilian use |
NAL / HAL Saras |
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laterally at the stern |
2004– | 15 m | 15 m | 2+ |
![]() |
light transport aircraft , in flight tests | |
Nanchang A-5 / Q-5 / Qiangji-5 Fantan |
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laterally at the stern |
1965-1992 | 16 m | 10 m | 1,000 (approx.) | 600 |
![]() |
light fighter-bomber , variant of the MiG-19 |
North 1500 Griffon |
|
laterally below the trunk |
1957-1958 | 14 m | 8 m | 2 | - |
![]() |
Experimental type with hybrid propulsion ( jet and ramjet ) |
North 1601 | in the wings close to the fuselage |
1950 | 13 m (?) | 12 m | 1 | - |
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Experimental type with swept wings | |
North American A-5 Vigilante |
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on the side of the fuselage |
1956-1963, 1968-1970 | 23 m | 16 m | 158 | - |
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carrier-supported , supersonic, all-weather bomber |
North American T-2 Buckeye |
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Tail engine below the fuselage |
1959-1975 | 12 m | 12 m | 529 | - |
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Training aircraft, decommissioned in 2008 |
North American T-39 / Rockwell Sabreliner |
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laterally at the stern |
1959–1982 (approx.) | 13 m | 14 m | 800+ | 21+ |
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civil as a business aircraft, military as a jet trainer |
Northrop F-5A / B Freedom Fighter , F-5E / F Tiger II |
|
Tail engine |
1962-1987 | 14 m | 8 m | 2,238 | 620 |
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tactical lightweight fighter |
Northrop F-89 Scorpion |
![]() |
laterally below the trunk |
1949-1958 | 16 m | 18 m | 1,050 | - |
![]() |
All-weather interceptor |
Northrop T-38 Talon |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1961-1972 | 14 m | 8 m | 1,187 | 591 |
![]() |
first supersonic - jet trainer |
Northrop XP-79 Flying Ram |
![]() |
on the side of the fuselage |
1945 | 4 m | 9 m | 1 | - |
![]() |
Prototype of a flying wing aircraft |
Northrop YA-9 |
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under the wings |
1972-1973 | 16 m | 17 m | 2 | - |
![]() |
Prototype of a ground attack aircraft |
Northrop YF-23 Black Widow II |
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at the stern above the wings |
1987-1991 | 20 m | 13 m | 2 | - |
![]() |
Prototype of a fighter aircraft in competition with the F-22 |
Northrop Grumman Scaled Composites Model 281 Proteus |
![]() |
above the trunk |
1998 | 17 m | 24 m | 1 | 1 |
![]() |
Prototype with tandem wings , optimized for heights between 15 and 19 km, taken over from Northrop Grumman for the UAV development |
Panavia 200 (PA-200) Tornado IDS / ECR, GR |
|
Tail engine |
1973-1999 | 16-18 m | 14/8 m | 992 | 473 |
![]() ![]() ![]() |
Interceptor |
Panavia Tornado Air Defense Variant (ADV) / F1, F2, F3 |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1979-1999 | 19 m | 14/9 m | 218 | 41 |
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4th generation interceptor |
PZL I-22 / M-93 Iryda |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1985-1996 | 13 m | 10 m | 8th | - |
![]() |
Jet trainer |
Raytheon T-1 / T-400 (variants of the Raytheon Beechjet 400) |
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laterally at the stern |
1992–1997 (approx.) | 15 m | 13 m | 192 | 192 |
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Jet trainer (especially cargo and tanker pilots ) |
Saab 105 |
|
on the side of the fuselage |
1966 – early 1970s (?) | 11 m | 10 m | 191 | 134 |
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Jet trainer , combat and reconnaissance aircraft |
Saunders-Roe SR.A / 1 |
![]() |
on the side of the fuselage |
1947 | 14 m | 14 m | 3 | - |
![]() |
Prototype of a flying boat of the Royal Air Force |
SEPECAT Jaguar |
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Tail engine |
1973–1985 | 16 m | 9 m | 543 | 166 (approx.) |
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Assault and reconnaissance aircraft |
Shenyang J-6 / 歼 -6 / JJ-6 / F-6 testbed |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1970-1986 | 13-15 m | 9 m | 3,000 (approx.) | 458 |
![]() |
Variant of the MiG-19 |
Shenyang J-8 / 歼 -8 / Jianjiji-8 / Jian-8 / F-8 Finback |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1980– | 21-22 m | 9 m | 300 (approx.) | 220 |
![]() |
Air superiority fighter |
Shenyang J-11 / 歼 -11 / Jianji-11 / Jian-11 | Tail engine |
2009– | 22 m | 15 m | 260+ | 249+ |
![]() |
Multipurpose fighter, variant of the Su-27/30 | |
Shenyang J-15 / J-11B / 歼 -15 Flying Shark | Tail engine |
1998– | m | m | 2+ | 2+ |
![]() |
Prototypes (first flight August 31, 2009), multi-purpose fighter, variant of the Su-27/ 33 | |
SNCASO SO-4050 Vautour |
|
under the wings |
1958–1960 (approx.) | 16 m | 15 m | 149 | - |
![]() |
Multipurpose Attack Aircraft (MRCA) |
Soko J-22 Orao / IAR-93 |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1981-1992 | 15 m | 10 m | 410 | 33 (?) |
![]() ![]() |
Fighter bomber |
Sukhoi Su-15 Flagon |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1967-1979 | 20 m | 9 m | 1,290 | - |
![]() |
|
Sukhoi Su-24 Fencer |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1974–1980s (approx.) | 24 m | 10-18 m | 1,400+ (approx.) | 811 |
![]() |
Bomber , ground attack aircraft |
Sukhoi Su-25 Frogfoot |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1981– | 15 m | 14 m | 1,024+ | 525 |
![]() ![]() |
Ground attack aircraft |
Sukhoi Su-27 flanker |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1984– | 21 m | 14 m | 812+ (?) | 674+ (?) |
![]() ![]() |
Air superiority fighter , single seat |
Suchoi Su-28 (also: Su-25UT) |
|
on the side of the fuselage |
1987 | 15 m | 14 m | 1 | - |
![]() |
Prototype of a jet trainer , variant of the Su-25 |
Suchoi Su-30 Flanker-C (also: Su-27/30) |
|
Tail engine |
1991– | 22 m | 14 m | 153+ (?) | 152+ (?) |
![]() |
Endurance - fighter-bombers , two seats |
Suchoi Su-33 Flanker-D (also: Su-27K) |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1993-1994 | 21 m | 15 m | 25+ (?) | 25+ (?) |
![]() |
Air superiority fighter , carrier variant of the Su-27 |
Sukhoi Su-34 Fullback |
![]() |
Tail engine |
2006– | 23 m | 15 m | 10+ | 10+ |
![]() |
two-seat fighter - bomber |
Sukhoi Su-35 Super-Flanker / Su-35BM |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1988–1996 (approx.), 2008– | 22 m | 15 m | 3+ (?) | 3+ (?) |
![]() ![]() |
Air superiority fighter , in flight testing |
Suchoi Su-47 Berkut (also: Su-37) |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1997– | 23 m | 15 m | 2 | 1 |
![]() |
Experimental aircraft , air superiority fighter |
Sukhoi Su-57 PAK FA |
![]() |
Tail engine |
2000– | 21 m | 14 m | 2 | 1 |
![]() ![]() |
Prototype, stealth - 5th generation multipurpose fighter, in flight testing; India involved in the two-seater |
Supermarine Scimitar |
![]() |
on the side of the fuselage |
1957–1960 (approx.) | 17 m | 11 m | 76 | - |
![]() |
Interceptors , fighter-bombers |
Textron AirLand Scorpion |
![]() |
on the side of the fuselage |
2013– | 13 m | 14 m | 1 | - |
![]() |
Prototype; light fighter aircraft , reconnaissance aircraft ( ISR ) |
Tupolev Tu-14 Bosun |
|
under the wings |
1951–1953 (approx.) | 21 m | 22 m | 550 (approx.) | - |
![]() |
Bomber for short- and medium-haul routes |
Tupolev Tu-16 Badger / Type 39 |
![]() |
in the wings |
1953 – mid 1970s | 26 m | 33 m | 1,059 | - |
![]() |
strategic bomber |
Tupolev Tu-22 Blinder (before Beauty ) |
|
Tail engine (above the fuselage) |
1962 – late 1970s | 42 m | 23 m | 311 | - |
![]() |
strategic bomber |
Tupolev Tu-22M backfire |
|
Tail engine |
1972–1987 (approx.) | 42 m | 34/23 m | 497 | 151 |
![]() ![]() |
Medium-range - Bomber |
Tupolev Tu-28 / Tu-128 Fiddler |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1963-1970 | 27 m | 20 m | 188 | - |
![]() |
Endurance - interceptor |
Vought F7U Cutlass |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1950-1955 | 13 m | 12 m | 320 | - |
![]() |
Fighter plane |
Xian H-6 |
![]() |
on the side of the fuselage under the wings |
1968– | 34 m | 33 m | 150 ++ | 150 |
![]() |
Variant of the Tu-16 Badger |
Xian JH-7 Flounder / FBC-1 Flying Leopard |
![]() |
Tail engine |
1992– | 21 m | 13 m | 140 (?) | 35 (?) |
![]() |
Endurance - multi-purpose aircraft , the first Chinese fighter plane without Russian model |
Classification of twin-jet hybrid and special constructions according to size and production
Note on the table: For a quick overview, the aircraft types used in 2012 are highlighted in light blue. The columns can be sorted by clicking the small arrows in the heading bar.
Aircraft type |
image | Attachment of the engines |
Production (period) | Length (from-to) in m |
Span (from-to) in m |
Piece production (2012) |
Piece in use (2012) |
country |
comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A-90 Orljonok (Ekranoplan) |
|
on the side of the cockpit |
1975-1980 | 58 m | 32 m | 5 | - |
![]() |
additional propeller on the vertical stabilizer, ground effect vehicle |
Lockheed P-2 / P2V Neptune |
|
below the wings | 1946–1962 | 28 m | 32 m | 1,118 | - |
![]() |
the jets support the 2 propeller engines |
Lockheed Martin P-175 Polecat | Tail engine |
2005-2006 | 27 m | 1 | - |
![]() |
UAV , prototype, development probably stopped due to crash | ||
Sikorsky S-72 RSRA "X-Wing" (helicopter) |
![]() |
on the side of the cockpit below the rotor |
1976 (-1988) | 22 m | 19 m | 2 | - |
![]() |
Prototypes, diameter of the main rotor: 18 m |
Classification of twin-engine unmanned aircraft used for military purposes (so-called drones) according to size and production
Although twin-jet drones are unmanned and currently still relatively small in their dimensions compared to "classic" aircraft, they are controlled from the outside by so-called joystick pilots and can therefore be viewed as "real" pilot-controlled aircraft. As technology matures, its importance will increase considerably in the future, particularly in the military sector.
Note on the table: For a quick overview, the aircraft types used in 2012 or under development are highlighted in light blue. The columns can be sorted by clicking the small arrows in the heading bar.
Aircraft type |
image | Attachment of the engines |
Production (period) | Length (from-to) in m |
Span (from-to) in m |
Piece production (2012) |
Piece ready for use (2012) |
country |
comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EADS gown |
|
above the rear torso |
in development | 12 m | 28 m |
![]() ![]() ![]() |
Unmanned aerial vehicle ( MALE ); in development, first flight planned for 2015 |
See also
- Single-engine aircraft
- Three-engine aircraft
- Four-engine aircraft
- Six-engine aircraft
- Eight-engine aircraft
- Unmanned aerial vehicle (drone)
Web links
- Overview of civil aircraft used worldwide in 2008 at Flightglobal (English)
- more overviews at Flightglobal (English)
- Photo collection at Planespotters
- Photo collection at airliners.net
- Journal Flight Global (English)
- Journal Aviation Week (English)
- Trade journal Flugrevue
Remarks
- ↑ a b c d The respective model is classified under the name under which it became known or, in the case of current models, under which it is currently offered or listed by the manufacturers. Possibly. Several designations are listed, for models from the former Soviet Union, Russia, China, etc. also the NATO designations.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h The length and span dimensions are commercially rounded to the nearest meter in order to keep the table clear. Different sizes for variants of a model: from-to m, for swing-wing aircraft : maximum / minimum size.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h The quantities are taken from (a) Overviews in Flight International ( overviews as PDFs (English) ( Memento from January 20, 2010 in the Internet Archive ): "World Airliner Census" for civil aircraft (status no middle of the year), "Directory World Air Forces" for military aircraft (status at the end of each year). The overviews summarize all aircraft in use on the respective cut-off date, including temporarily decommissioned ("parked") examples, with the exception of aircraft operated by leasing companies. (b ) Production information from Airbus at www.airbus.com (constantly updated) under Aircraft families and Boeing at www.boeing.com . (C) Production figures for business jets, as well as the number of airworthy aircraft, are sometimes only published very sparsely by the manufacturers Only reliable information is included in the table. The total number of items produced is partially not published and is As far as possible , taken from other sources or statistics from Flight International and Aviation Week . The overviews are available online at Flightglobal ( Memento from January 20, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) as a PDF (English). Figures for China are generally not certain. a. sinodefence.com .
- ↑ a b c d Country or countries with the headquarters of the manufacturer or companies. In cooperation, e.g. B. EADS / Airbus all countries directly involved are listed. In the case of the countries of the former Eastern Bloc , the former USSR may also be listed for production before 1990.
Individual evidence
- ↑ according to Flight International 18.-24. August 2009, p. 37 In 2009 a copy was still in use at Waltair Aviation (Congo); further use unknown
- ↑ of which A330-200 481 copies, A330-200F 17 copies, A330-300 440 copies
- ↑ of which A330-200 400 copies, A330-200F 9 copies, A330-300 382 copies
- ↑ First flight in April 2010: Info at defense-aerospace (English)
- ↑ s. Note in flightglobal (English)
- ↑ s. U.S. Aircraft Register , accessed June 16, 2013
- ↑ a b c d on the Boeing website , the production figures can only be determined somewhat laboriously via user-defined reports , as of February 12, 2010
- ↑ a b c d e f Bombardier took over several formerly independent aircraft manufacturers. The range currently includes u. a. the business jets Learjet (short to medium-haul, up to around 10 passengers), Challenger (medium to long-haul, maximum 15 passengers) and Global (long-haul, up to 19 passengers). The production of and the rights to the regional airliners CRJ Series (formerly Canadair , up to 104 passengers) and DHC-8 (formerly de Havilland Canada DHC-8, turboprop, up to 78 passengers) as well as the Airbus A220 (up to 150 passengers) have meanwhile been restored sold.
- ↑ at Flightglobal there are 925 CRJ100 / 200 listed
- ↑ Current names according to the manufacturer's information ( Memento from August 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), previous names were u. a. FanJet 500, III, V, Jet, Excel
- ↑ In the introtext of the manufacturer cessna.com ( Memento from August 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ according to the manufacturer's website ( Memento from July 22, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
- ↑ Type description in airliners.net
- ↑ after Figgen, Plath, Rothfischer: Verkehrsflugzeuge , ISBN 3-8289-5351-4 , pp. 155/156
- ↑ information to Deliveries (English)
- ↑ in: Flight International 5–11 May 2009, p. 34
- ↑ a b c d e The Gulfstream Aerospace belongs since 1999 to the US company General Dynamics . The Gulfstream aircraft will continue to be sold under their previous brand . General Dynamics provides u. a. also the jets F-16 , F-111 , tanks and submarines.
- ↑ Prototype of a civilian development to the business aircraft, plus photos and information e.g. B. in the Technikmuseum Sinsheim-Speyer , at pletav (French) , airport-data.com (English) and airwar.ru (Russian)
- ↑ ch-aviation.ch ch-aviation.com , accessed on November 14, 2015
- ↑ Type description and photo at: Aviastar.org
- ↑ Photo at: Aviastar.org and Aircraftphotos.com
- ↑ Type description and photo at Aviastar.org
- ↑ Photos at Aviastar.org and Aircraftphotos.com
- ↑ more detailed information in: Tony Holmes: Type Handbook Classic Military Aircraft . Königswinter 2006, ISBN 978-3-89880-561-2 . P. 312; and at Flugzeuginfo.net
- ↑ Photo in Airliners.net
- ^ Proper name of the politician Chiang Ching-kuo
- ↑ Photo s. klay.smugmug.com in engl. Adventure rider forum advrider.com
- ↑ Photo in: Flying - From Propeller to Jet Drive , Klagenfurt, undated , ISBN 3-7043-6030-9 , p. 68 u. P. 72
- ↑ Type description with photos on the company website of the Kharkov State Aircraft Manufacturing Company (KSAMC) ksamc.com ( Memento from October 31, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
- ↑ Photo on the KSAMC company website ksamc.com ( Memento from January 23, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Information beo ( Memento from September 5, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) on airsceneuk.org.uk
- ↑ 2 Armstrong-Siddeley Viper 203 turbojets for support during take-off (so-called assisted take-off ) due to excessive take-off weight caused by bomb loads (note: these facts are given in many sources; a photo with the additional turbojets is missing)
- ↑ Another photo at SE-Technology ( Memento from October 22, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
- ↑ more photos at Aviation Week , accessed on January 7, 2011.
- ↑ Image of this special variant, produced in small numbers, at aeroweb.brooklyn.cuny.edu ( Memento from April 7, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ a b No more copies listed
- ↑ collector's copies are occasionally used at airshows, e.g. B. presented in Reno (Nevada) in 2008
- ↑ only information for Iran: 25
- ↑ Type description at Sinodefence ( Memento from May 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Photo of the H-5 at Sinodefence sinodefence.com ( Memento from July 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Detailed information at globalsecurity.org
- ↑ For photos see globalsecurity.org
- ↑ Detailed information at globalsecurity.org
- ↑ For more photos see globalsecurity.org
-
↑ Detailed information at globalsecurity.org and in
Claudio Müller: Flugzeug der Welt 2004 , Zurich 2004, ISBN 3-613-02377-6 , p. 214 f. - ↑ more detailed information in: Tony Holmes: Type Handbook Classic Military Aircraft . Königswinter 2006, ISBN 978-3-89880-561-2 , p. 345
- ↑ Type description at Sinodefence ( Memento from July 6, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Designation as Multirole Transport Aircraft (MTA)
- ↑ Information (German) and picture at suchoj.com
- ↑ Information from the Yakowlew design bureau 483 Jak-25 and 155 Jak-25RV (PB). Archived from the original on July 26, 2013 ; accessed on March 23, 2020 .
- ↑ s. Aviation Week, Feb 1, 2010, p. 22 Delayed Debut for Japan's Military Airlifter ; at Flightglobal a video with ground tests of the CX from 2007 (English)
- ↑ Abbreviation for Joint Strike Fighter , an American development program for fighter aircraft
- ↑ according to Aviation Week , Feb. 8, 2010, p. 24, flight testing of the 3rd prototype began on February 2, 2010
- ↑ further information at suchoj.com
- ↑ Pictures at suchoj.com
- ↑ Data from the type description in: Enzyklopädie der Flugzeug , Augsburg 1995, ISBN 3-89350-055-3 , p. 119
- ↑ warfare.ru
- ↑ bharat-rakshak.com ( Memento from March 5, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ at least until 2008 in the ARGENTINIAN AIR FORCE according to Flightglobal
- ↑ Photos s. 1000aircraftphotos.com
- ↑ further information in: Hans-Jürgen Becker: NASA aviation research and groundbreaking developments . Stuttgart 2005, p. 171ff (Proteus and the ERAST program)
- ↑ including T-400: 13, T-1: 179
- ↑ Planes of the World 1999 . Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-613-01933-7 , p. 268
- ↑ Number according to Flight International India 150, Oman 16
- ↑ Type description at Sinodefence ( Memento from April 16, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
- ↑ as J-6 / JJ-6: China 272; as F-6: 186
- ↑ Type description at Sinodefence ( Memento from September 13, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
- ↑ Type description at Sinodefence ( Memento from February 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
- ↑ Photos and information at Sinodefence ( Memento from February 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Photos and information on page no longer available , search in web archives: aviationweek.com and flightglobal.com ( memento of May 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), both accessed on May 30, 2011; in the Aviation Week magazine, May 9, 2011, p. 35 ff.
- ^ Photos in Aviation Week magazine, May 9, 2011, p. 35ff with two different prototypes
- ↑ a b c d e f g h The specified numbers for Su-27, Su-30, Su-33, Su-35 and J-11 (Chinese license production of the Su-27), which all belong to the Su-27 production family are unsecured, both for reasons of confidentiality and because in some cases there is not a strict distinction between the models. The total figures listed here are taken from both flightglobal.com ( memento from January 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) and milavia.net . At Flightglobal, a total stake of 789 pieces of the Su-27 / Su-30 / J-11 family is specified for 2009; the individual performance lists Su-27: 214, Su-27/30: 260 and J-11: 249 , therefore 66 copies less. Milavia currently states, also listed by country, for 2010 (produced / operational): Su-27: at least 812/674, Su-30: at least 153/152, J-11: 48/20, Su-33: 25/25 and Su-35: 3/3. - Values accessed on February 14, 2010
- ↑ Photos of the test flight at flightglobal.com (English), accessed on February 13, 2010
- ↑ on January 29, 2010 according to Aviation Week of Feb. 8, 2010, p. 30f, T-50-1 first flight test, T-50-2 for ground tests
- ↑ Type description: Sinodefence ( Memento from January 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
- ↑ further information also at Sinodefence ( Memento from January 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Photo of the Polecat: lockheedmartin.com ( Memento from April 21, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Test aircraft crashed, information from Flightglobal, March 2007: " Lockheed confirms P-175 Polecat UAV crash "
- ↑ further information in: Hans-Jürgen Becker, NASA aviation research and groundbreaking developments, Stuttgart, 2005, p. 109ff (RSRA and X-Wing - new ways in helicopter construction)