Twin-engine aircraft

An Air France Boeing 777-300ER taking off , the largest twin-engine aircraft type ever built.

Two-jet aircraft , so-called twinjets , are powered by two jet engines. They were developed parallel to the single-jet types by Arado, Heinkel, Messerschmitt, Gloster and Bell during the Second World War . After the end of the World War, the technical development and the total number of aircraft types produced increased sharply, especially in the military sector ( Lockheed, Boeing, Northrop, MiG, Ilyushin, Sukhoi , etc.). Production figures of several thousand units for military aircraft of a single type have not been uncommon since the 1950s. With the further development of more powerful engines and a rapidly increasing demand, more and more civil models have been designed since the 1960s, for example by the manufacturers Boeing, Lockheed, Airbus, Ilyushin, and Tupolev .

Modern twin jets are very powerful and can be used for all flight routes . Both very small (e.g. Eclipse 500 and Embraer Phenom 100 with a length of 10 m ) and very large (e.g. Airbus 350 and Boeing 777 with a length of up to 60 m ) are built.

Design features

Jets in gondolas below the wings (A310)

Jets in gondolas on the side of the stern (Fokker 100)

Tail engine, side air inlet (F-5E)

Tail engine, air inlet under the fuselage (MiG-29)

Jets above the wings (A-10)

There are some typical designs for the arrangement of the two jet engines. In modern passenger aircraft, safety aspects are paramount. In contrast to military machines, engines have to be arranged at a sufficient distance from the fuselage in order to maximize the safety of the passengers in the event of a fire or breakage of the blades. In military aircraft, the engines are installed in the fuselage itself or close to the fuselage in order to achieve maximum maneuverability.

Engines below the wings

The two engines are mounted below the wings on the left and right at a distance from the fuselage in engine nacelles, which is typical today for most of the larger passenger aircraft (e.g. Airbus and Boeing ). In the event of an engine explosion, sufficient distance from the fuselage is guaranteed. Less vibrations are transmitted to the hull. Compared to stern engines, the accessibility for controls and maintenance is much better.

Disadvantages: The controllability during engine failures is significantly worse, as the lever arm of the thrust loss is very long compared to stern or fuselage engines . The engines are only a short distance from the ground during take-offs and landings, which makes it easier for dirt and foreign bodies to be sucked in. The noise level in the passenger area (except at the very rear) is considerably higher than with stern engines.

Engines on the side of the stern

The engines are attached to the end of the fuselage on both sides with spacers (for example on Embraer , Bombardier or MD-80/90 ) in engine nacelles. Especially with small machines, this is the only way to keep a sufficient distance from the ground. It is an advantage to be able to construct aerodynamically very "clean" wings, in which the air flow is not disturbed by engines and their suspensions. Due to the arrangement close to the fuselage, the noise level in the rear passenger area is somewhat higher, but extremely low in most of the cabin.

Tail engine

The thrust nozzles are at the end of the fuselage, the compressor, combustion chamber and turbine are fully integrated into the fuselage, the air inlet is through openings on both sides of the fuselage or below the fuselage. This arrangement is typical for most of the twin-jet machines used by the military.

In the case of stealth aircraft in particular, the rear engine can also be clad towards the bottom by a special construction of the wings or an extended fuselage in order to make localization more difficult.

Engines on the side of the fuselage

The engines are located directly on both sides of the fuselage, mostly attached between the fuselage and the wings. This design can be found on some military aircraft (e.g. North American A-5 or Xian H-6 ).

Engines above the wings

On some models, the two engines are arranged above the wings, either directly above the wings (e.g. VFW-614 , Beriev Be-200 , HondaJet ) or a little behind (e.g. A-10 ). This design also protects the engines from sucking in water or dirt.

Integration of the engines into the wings

A direct integration of the engines into the wings (e.g. Lockheed SR-71 ) is less common, not least because of safety aspects.

Advantages and disadvantages

Aircraft with two engines are generally more economical to operate than aircraft with more engines. However, it must be ensured that if one engine fails, the aircraft can still be flown with the other engine for a long enough time to enable a safe landing. The ETOPS regulations of the aviation authorities must be adhered to very precisely, especially for flights that are far away from alternate airports .

The engines are generally larger than in three- or multi-jet aircraft, making them more efficient in use. The engines are relatively more powerful, as in an emergency a single engine must be able to drive the aircraft (1/2 maximum power). This is associated with a higher rate of climb (since the aircraft is relatively "overpowered"). The operating performance itself is lower than that of four-engine aircraft and therefore further away from the optimal operating point of the engines.

Classification of twin jets with primarily civil use according to size and production

Note on the table: For a quick overview, the aircraft types used in 2015 are highlighted in light blue. The columns can be sorted by clicking the small arrows in the heading bar.

Aircraft type	image	Attachment of the engines	Production (period)	Length (from-to) in m	Span (from-to) in m	Piece production (2012)	Piece ready for use (2012)	country	comment
Adam A700		laterally at the stern	2003-2008	12 m	13 m	2	2	United States	Prototypes, business jet aircraft ( Very Light Jet )
Aérospatiale (Sud Aviation) SE 210 Caravelle		laterally at the stern	1955-1972	32-36 m	34 m	282	-	France	Short and medium-haul airliner
Aérospatiale SN 601 Corvette		laterally at the stern	1970-1988	13 m	13 m	40		France	Business jet
Airbus A300		under the wings	1972-2007	53-54 m	44 m	561	312	France / Germany / European consortium	Medium-range wide-body aircraft
Airbus A300-600ST Beluga		under the wings	1994-1999	56 m	44 m	5	5	France / Germany / European consortium	large-volume transport aircraft (for Airbus aircraft production)
Airbus A310		under the wings	1982-2007	46 m	43 m	255	166	France / Germany / European consortium	shortened version of the A300, medium and long-haul wide-body aircraft
Airbus A318		under the wings	2002–	31 m	34 m	78	70	France / Germany / European consortium	Medium and long-range standard fuselage aircraft , smallest Airbus
Airbus A319		under the wings	1995–	33 m	34 m	1,357	1,352	France / Germany / European consortium	Medium-haul standard fuselage aircraft , also A319 CJ business aircraft ( Corporate Jetliner )
Airbus A320		under the wings	1987–	37 m	34 m	3,192	3,041	France / Germany / European consortium	Standard medium-range fuselage aircraft
Airbus A321		under the wings	1993–	44 m	34 m	775	771	France / Germany / European consortium	Standard medium-range fuselage aircraft
Airbus A330 -200 / -300		under the wings	1992–	58-63 m	60 m	938	931	France / Germany / European consortium	Wide-body medium or long-haul aircraft
Airbus A350		under the wings	2013–	60-73 m	64 m			France / Germany / European consortium	Wide-body aircraft
Antonov An-148		under the wings	2004–	29 m	29 m	24+	16+	Ukraine	Passenger aircraft, regional airliner
Antonov An-158		under the wings	2010–	34 m	29 m	12 (approx.)	6th	Ukraine	Passenger aircraft, regional airliner
ATG javelin		laterally at the stern	2005-2007	11 m	8 m	1	-	United States	Prototype, business jet ( Very Light Jet ), development stopped
BAC 1-11 , BAC One-Eleven		laterally at the stern	1963-1989	28-32 m	27-28 m	244	3	United Kingdom	Short and medium haul aircraft; three specimens as test aircraft at Northrop Grumman
Beriev Be-200		above the trunk	1998–	32 m	32 m	9		Russia	Amphibious aircraft , small version of the Beriev Be-42
Boeing 717 (= MD-95)		laterally at the stern	1998-2006	37 m	28 m	156	142	United States	Short and medium-haul standard fuselage aircraft
Boeing 737		under the wings	1968–	28-42 m	28-35 m	6,062	4,928	United States	most built standard fuselage aircraft
Boeing 757		under the wings	1982-2004	47-54 m	38 m	1,049	970	United States	Standard fuselage aircraft
Boeing 767		under the wings	1981–	48-61 m	47-51 m	983	864	United States	Wide-body aircraft
Boeing 777		under the wings	1994–	63-73 m	60-64 m	840	780	United States	Wide-body aircraft
Boeing 787		under the wings	2009–	57-63 m	52-63 m	1+	1+	United States	in flight testing; first wide-body aircraft, the fuselage to a large extent from CFRP consists
Boeing MD-90		laterally at the stern	1993-2000	46 m	32 m	116 (approx.)	109	United States	Standard fuselage aircraft
Bombardier Canadair Regional Jet CRJ100 / 200/440/800		laterally at the stern	1991–	27 m	21 m		925+	Canada	Regional airliner
Bombardier Canadair Regional Jet CRJ700 / 900/1000		laterally at the stern	1999–	32-39 m	23-26 m		497	Canada	Regional airliner
Bombardier Challenger 300		laterally at the stern	2001–	21 m	19 m	230+		Canada	Long-haul business jet
Bombardier Global Express / Global 5000		laterally at the stern	1996–	28 m	29-30 m	260+		Canada	Long-haul business jet
Airbus A220		under the wings	2013–	35-38 m	35 m			Canada	in development, medium-haul aircraft
Bombardier Learjet family		laterally at the stern	1963–	17-18 m	13-15 m	1,300+		United States	Business jet
Cessna Citation CitationJet, Encore, XLS, Sovereign, X		laterally at the stern	1969–	13-22 m	14-19 m	5,000+		United States	Business jet
Cessna Citation Mustang (= model 510 )		laterally at the stern	2005–	12 m	13 m	300+		United States	Business jet ( Very Light Jet )
Comac ARJ21 Regional Jet Xiángfèng		laterally at the stern	2007–	33-36 m	27 m	4th	4th	People's Republic of China	Flight test phase, regional airliner
Comac C919		under the wings	2010–	38 m	35 m			People's Republic of China	in planning, medium-haul standard fuselage aircraft
Dassault Falcon / Mystère 10, 100, 10MER		laterally at the stern	1970-1989	14 m	13 m	226		France	Business aircraft; Special version for the military 10MER (7 copies )
Dassault Falcon / Mystère 20, 200, HU-25		laterally at the stern	1963-1988	17 m	16 m	508		France	Business jet
Dassault Falcon 2000, 2000S		laterally at the stern	1993–	20 m	21 m	480+		France	Business aircraft; Version 2000S updated from 2012
Dassault Mercure		under the wings	1971-1975	34 m	30 m	12	-	France	Joint project between Dassault Aviation and Fiat (Italy), CASA (Spain), ADAP (Belgium), FW (Switzerland) and Canadair (Canada)
Dornier 328-300 / 328JET		under the wings	1998-2008	21 m	20 m	110	99	Germany	Regional airliner
Douglas DC-9		laterally at the stern	1965-1982	31-40 m	27-36 m	976	495	United States	Standard fuselage aircraft
Eclipse 500		laterally at the stern	2002-2008	10 m	11 m	259		United States	Project currently stopped, business jet ( Very Light Jet )
Embraer ERJ 145 family (ERJ 135, EMB 135KL / ERJ 140, ERJ 145, Herbin ERJ 145, Legacy 500/600 )		laterally at the stern	1995–	26-29 m	20-21 m	1,100+	1,000+	Brazil	Regional airliner
Embraer E-Jets 170, 175, 190, 195		under the wings	2002–	29-38 m	26-28 m		537	Brazil	Regional airliner
Embraer Lineage 1000		under the wings	2008–	36 m	29 m			Brazil	large business aircraft, variant of the E-Jet 190
Embraer Phenom 100		laterally at the stern	2007–	12 m	12 m	12 approx.		Brazil	Business jet ( Very Light Jet )
Embraer Phenom 300		laterally at the stern	2008–	15 m	16 m			Brazil	Business jet
Emivest Aerospace SJ30		laterally at the stern	1996, 2006–	14 m	13 m	2		United States	Business jet , until 2008 Sino-Swearingen SJ30-2
Fokker F28 Fellowship		laterally at the stern	1967-1987	27-29 m	23-25 ​​m	241	20th	Netherlands	Short-haul airliner
Fokker 70		laterally at the stern	1993-1997	30 m	28 m	48	43	Netherlands	Regional airliner
Fokker 100		laterally at the stern	1986-1997	35 m	28 m	277	229	Netherlands	Short-haul aircraft
Grumman Gulfstream II, C-11		laterally at the stern	1967–1978 (approx.)	24 m	21 m	283		United States	Business jet
Gulfstream III		laterally at the stern	1979-1986	25 m	23 m	206		United States	Business jet
Gulfstream IV		laterally at the stern	1997-2003	23 m	27 m	535+		United States	Business jet
Gulfstream V / G500 / G550		laterally at the stern	1999–	29 m	28 m	124+		United States	Business jet
Gulfstream G650		laterally at the stern	2009–	30 m	36 m			United States	Business jet
Hawker 400 / 400XP / 400XPR		laterally at the stern	1985–	15 m	13 m	40+		United States	Business jet , variant of the Raytheon Beechjet 400
Hawker 800 / 800XP / 800XPR		laterally at the stern	1983-2013	16 m	17 m	650		United States	Business jet, variants of the BAe 125 ; also military use
Hawker 4000 Horizon		laterally at the stern	2008–	21 m	19 m	10+	10+	United States	Business jet
Hawker Beechcraft 390 Premier		laterally at the stern	2001–	14 m	14 m	260+	260+	United States	Business jet
Heinkel-Potez CM 191		laterally at the stern	1961–1962	12 m	10 m	2	-	France / Germany	Prototypes, civil version of the Fouga Magister
HFB 320 Hansa Jet		laterally at the stern	1966-1973	16 m	14 m	47	5+ (?)	Germany	Business aircraft ; partly also military use
Honda HA-420 Hondajet		above the wings	2003–	13 m	12 m	2		United States / Japan	under development, business jet ( Very Light Jet )
IAI 1125 Astra / Astra SP / Gulfstream G100		laterally at the stern	1986–	17 m	16 m	37+		Israel	Business jet, Gulfstream G100 since 2002
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-81 / -82 / -83 / -87		laterally at the stern	1979-1999	39-46 m	33 m	1,191	499	United States	Standard fuselage aircraft
Mitsubishi Regional Jet MRJ70 / MRJ90		under the wings	2009–	33-36 m	30 m	1	1	Japan	Prototype, regional airliner
Pilatus PC-24		laterally at the stern	2013–	19 m	17 m	1	1	Switzerland	Prototype, business jet aircraft
Sukhoi Superjet 100		under the wings	2005–	24-35 m	28 m	3	2	Russia	in flight test phase, regional airliner, partly western technology
Tupolev Tu-104		in the wings	1955-1960	40 m	34 m	201	-	Soviet Union	second jet airliner in the world after the De Havilland DH.106 Comet
Tupolev Tu-124		in the wings	1960-1965	30 m	25 m	164	-	Soviet Union	Short-haul aircraft
Tupolev Tu-134		laterally at the stern	1963-1984	37 m	29 m	854	228	Soviet Union	Short-haul aircraft
Tupolev Tu-204 / Tu-214		under the wings	1989-	40-46 m	42 m	72 (approx.)	39	Russia	Medium-range standard fuselage aircraft
Tupolev Tu-334		laterally at the stern	1999-2003	31-37 m	29-33 m	2	-	Russia	Successor to the Tu-134, still in flight testing
VFW Fokker 614		above the wings	1974-1988	20 m	21 m	19th	-	Germany / Netherlands	3 machines in military use
Vickers 618 Nene Viking Nene Viking		under the wings	1948	20 m	27 m	1	-	United Kingdom	prototype
Vickers 663 Tay-Viscount		under the wings	1950	23 m	27 m	2	-	United Kingdom	Prototypes

Classification of twin jets with primarily military use according to size and production

Note on the table: For a quick overview, the aircraft types used in 2013 are highlighted in light blue. The columns can be sorted by clicking the small arrows in the heading bar.

Aircraft type	image	Attachment of the engines	Production (period)	Length (from-to) in m	Span (from-to) in m	Piece production (2012)	Piece ready for use (2012)	country	comment
Aeritalia G91Y (Fiat G.91Y) Yankee		Tail engine	1966-1976	12 m	9 m	67 (approx.)	-	Italy	Fighter-bomber , reconnaissance aircraft , trainer , variant of the otherwise single-jet G.91
Aermacchi M-346		Tail engine	2004–	11 m	10 m	3	3	Italy	Prototypes, independent variant of the Jak-130
AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-Kuo		Tail engine	1989-1999	14 m	9 m	131	126	Taiwan	Multipurpose fighter , with US technology
Alexejew / Samoljot 150 (= Baade RB-2)		under the wings	1948-1953	27 m	24 m	1	-	Soviet Union	Prototype, bomber plane
Alpha Jet (Dassault / Dornier)		Tail engine	1973-1984	12 m	9 m	508	295	Germany / France	Jet trainer
Antonov An-71		above the wings	1985 (approx.)	23 m	32 m	3	-	Soviet Union	Prototypes, development stopped, follow-up project Jakowlew Jak-44
Antonov An-72 to AN-74-200 Coaler		above the wings	1977–	28 m	32 m	160+	70+	Ukraine (former Soviet Union )	STOL - transport aircraft for short and medium-haul routes
Antonov An-74-300 / An-74TK-300		above the wings	2001–	28 m	32 m			Ukraine (former Soviet Union )	in development, STOL - transport aircraft for short and medium-haul routes, also planned for civilian use
Arado Ar 234		under the wings	1944-1945	12 m	14 m	210	-	German Empire	first jet-powered bomber aircraft
Avia S-92		under the wings	1946-1948	13 m	11 m	12	-	Czechoslovakia	Variant of the Me-262
Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck		on the wings placed	1952–1959 (?)	16 m	17 m	692	-	Canada	all-weather interceptor
Avro 716 Shackleton MR.3 Phase 3		under the wings	1955–1958 (?)	27 m	37 m		-	United Kingdom	4 propeller engines (RR Griffon 58 V12) and 2 supporting jets (RR Viper)
BAC TSR-2		laterally at the stern	1964–1965 in the early 1960s	27 m	11 m	3	-	United Kingdom	Prototypes of a supersonic reconnaissance and - bombers
Bell P-59 Airacomet		on the side of the fuselage	1944 – late 1940s (approx.)	12 m	14 m	66	-	United States	first jet aircraft in the USA
Beriev A-40 Albatross Mermaid		above the trunk	1986 (approx.), 2008–	43 m	41 m	2		Russia	Prototypes, transport aircraft , world's largest amphibious aircraft
Beriev R-1		above the trunk	1951-1952	19 m	20 m	1	-	Soviet Union	Prototype of a flying boat in shoulder-wing design
Beriev WWA-14		above the trunk	1972-1975	26 m	29 m	2	-	Soviet Union	Prototype amphibians - VTOL -Flugzeugs in shoulder wing design
Blackburn B-103 Buccaneer		on the side of the fuselage	1961-1977	19 m	13 m	206	-	United Kingdom	Fighter aircraft for low-level attacks
Boeing P-8 Poseidon		under the wings	2008–	39 m	36 m	1		United States	Prototype of a multi-purpose maritime reconnaissance aircraft ( Multimission Maritime Aircraft ), variant of a Boeing 737-800
Boeing YC-14		above the wings	1976-1979	40 m	39 m	2	-	United States	Prototype of a military transporter (in competition with McDonnell Douglas YC-15 )
Bombardier / Raytheon Sentinel R1		laterally at the stern	2005–	30 m	28 m	5+	5	Canada / United States	Reconnaissance plane
Bristol T.188		in the wings	1961-1964	22 m	11 m	3	-	United Kingdom	Prototypes for supersonic tests up to Mach  3
Cessna A-37 Dragonfly		on the side of the fuselage	1966-1977	9 m	10 m	616	51	United States	light fighter aircraft; developed from the Cessna T-37
Cessna T-37 tweet		on the side of the fuselage	1955-1975	9 m	10 m	1,272	100+	United States	Training aircraft (civil and military) without armament
Chengdu J-20 / 歼 -6 / (also: J-XX)		Tail engine	2011–	23 m (approx.)	14 m (approx.)	2+	2+ (?)	People's Republic of China	Fighter aircraft with stealth properties , in flight tests from 2011
Convair F2Y Sea Dart		Tail engine	1953-1957	16 m	10 m	5	-	United States	Prototype of a sea-based interceptor
Dassault Mirage 4000		Tail engine	1979-1980	19 m	12 m	1	-	France	Prototype, fighter-bomber and interceptor
Dassault Mirage IV		Tail engine	1963-1968	23 m	12 m	62	-	France	tactical medium-range bomber
Dassault Rafale		Tail engine	1997–	15 m	10 m	115+	115+	France	Multipurpose fighter aircraft
De Havilland DH.110 Sea Vixen		Tail engine	1959-1962	17 m	15 m	145+	-	United Kingdom	Hunter
Douglas A-3 Skywarrior		under the wings	1956-1961	23 m	22 m	282	-	United States	bomber
Douglas B-66 Destroyer		under the wings	1956–1960 (?)	23 m	22 m	294	-	United States	Scouts , bombers
Douglas F3D / F-10 Skyknight		on the side of the fuselage	1950-1952	14 m	15 m	277	-	United States	Hunter
Douglas X-3 stiletto		Tail engine	1952-1954	20 m	7 m	1	-	United States	Prototype for supersonic tests
Embraer R-99 / E-99 / P-99 / EMB-145H		laterally at the stern	1999–	28 m	20 m	22+	22+	Brazil	Reconnaissance aircraft , military variants ( AEW , Recce ) of the ERJ 145
Embraer KC-390		under the wings	2009–	33 m	34 m			Brazil	in the project stage, multi-purpose transport aircraft , first flight planned until 2013
English Electric Canberra / Martin B-57		in the wings	1951-1961	15 m	16 m	1,352	-	United Kingdom	Fighter aircraft , license production in the USA as Martin B-57
English Electric Lightning / BAC Lightning		Tail engine ( arranged vertically )	1957–1960s (?)	17 m	11 m	337	-	United Kingdom	Interceptor
Eurofighter Typhoon		Tail engine	2003–	15 m	11 m	178+	178+	Germany / Italy / Spain / United Kingdom	Fighter aircraft with ground combat capability
Fairchild C-123K Provider		under the wings	1960s	31 m	34 m		-	United States	Transport aircraft , primarily as a variant with 2 piston engines, additional special models with 2 piston engines and two turbofans
Fairchild-Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II		above the trunk	1977–	16 m	17 m	715	554	United States	Battlefield surveillance , ground attack aircraft
Aerospatiale (Potez) CM.170 Fouga Magister		on the side of the fuselage	1952-1967	10 m	12 m	929	-	France	world's first jet trainer
General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark		Tail engine	1967-1982	22-23 m	20/10 m	563	21 (approx.)	United States	Endurance - attack aircraft
Gloster Javelin		Tail engine	1954–1962 (approx.)	17 m	16 m	436	-	United Kingdom	Fighter plane with delta wings
Gloster Meteor G.41		in the wings	1943-1954	13-15 m	13 m	3,900 (approx.)	-	United Kingdom	Fighter plane
Grumman A-6 Intruder / EA-6 Prowler		on the side of the fuselage	1962-1990	17-18 m	16/10 m	693	106+	United States	Attack aircraft for electronic warfare
Grumman F-14 Tomcat		Tail engine	1974-1992	19 m	19/10 m	712	25th	United States	Multipurpose fighter
HAL HF 24 Marut		Tail engine	1961-1977	16 m	9 m	147	-	India	Fighter bomber
Harbin H-5 / 轰 -5		under the wings	1950 – late 1960s	18 m	21 m	506 (approx.)	-	People's Republic of China	Variant of the Il-28
Heinkel He 280		under the wings	1940-1943	10 m	12 m	9	-	German Empire	Prototype of a fighter plane
HESA Azarakhsh		Tail engine	1997– (approx.)	14 m (approx.)	8 m (approx.)	6+	6+	Iran / United States	Total conversion of the F-5E Tiger II , double vertical tail
HESA Saeqeh		Tail engine	2004– (approx.)	14 m (approx.)	8 m (approx.)	3+	3+	Iran / United States	Total conversion of the F-5E Tiger II , double vertical tail
Hesa Simorgh		Tail engine	2002– (approx.)	14 m (approx.)	8 m	10+	10+	Iran / United States	Complete conversion of the F-5
Hispano Aviación HA-200 Saetta / Super Saetta		Tail engine	1961–1975 (?)	9 m	11 m	200 (approx.)	-	Spain	Jet trainer and light ground attack aircraft
Hongdu L-15 / L-15 猎鹰Falcon		Tail engine	2006– (still in development)	12 m	10 m	3	3	People's Republic of China	Prototypes, jet trainers, in cooperation with the Russian OKB
Horten H IX (also: Ho 229, Gotha Go 229)		Tail engine	1944-1945	7 m	17 m	3	-	German Empire	Prototype of a flying wing - jet aircraft
Ilyushin Il-214 MTA		under the wings	2009–	33 m	30 m			Russia / India	under development, multi-purpose transport aircraft , first flight planned until 2014
Ilyushin Il-28 Beagle		under the wings	1950 – late 1960s	18 m	21 m	6.316	-	Soviet Union	Bomb plane
Ilyushin Il-30		under the wings	1949–1951 (?)	18 m	17 m	1	-	Soviet Union	tactical bomb plane
Ilyushin Il-40 Brawny		on the side of the fuselage	1953	17 m	16 m	2	-	Soviet Union	Prototypes, ground attack aircraft
Ilyushin Il-46		under the wings	1952	27 m	30 m	2 (?)	-	Soviet Union	Prototype, heavy bomber (alternative to Tu-16 )
Ilyushin Il-54 Blowlamp		under the wings	1955	29 m	18 m	2 (?)	-	Soviet Union	Prototype, tactical bomb plane
Jakowlew Jak-25 Flashlight / Jak-25RV / 25PB		under the wings	1954–1960 (?)	16 m	11 m	638	-	Soviet Union	All-weather interceptor aircraft
Jakowlew Jak-27 Flashlight-C		under the wings	1956–1962 (?)	17 m	12 m	180 (approx.)	-	Soviet Union	Scouts , bombers and fighters
Yakovlev Yak-28 Brewer		under the wings	1958–1970s (?)	13 m	22-23 m	1,180	-	Soviet Union	Interceptor , light bomber
Jakowlew Jak-36 Freehand		at the bottom of the fuselage ( VTOL )	1963 – late 1960s (?)	15 m	7 m	12	-	Soviet Union	VTOL - fighter aircraft , technology carrier, forerunner of the Yak-38
Jakowlew Jak-130 (Yak-130)		Tail engine	1996 / 2002–	11 m	10 m	12+	12+	Russia	Trainer , still in flight testing
Kawasaki C-1		under the wings	1973-1980	29 m	30 m	31	27	Japan	Transporter
Kawasaki C-2 (also: XC-2, CX)		under the wings	2007–	44 m	44 m	2	1	Japan	Prototypes in flight testing, transporter , first flight January 26, 2010
Kawasaki T-4		Tail engine	1985–	13 m	10 m	212	206	Japan	Jet trainer
Lavochkin La-200		Tail engine	1949	17 m	13 m	1	-	Soviet Union	Prototype, fighter plane
Lavochkin La-250 anaconda		Tail engine	1956-1957	27 m	14 m	4th	-	Soviet Union	Experimental type , interceptor
Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk		above the wings	1981 – early 1990s	20 m	13 m	64	-	United States	Stealth bomber , attack aircraft , out of service since April 2008
Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor		Tail engine	2002–	18 m	19 m	143+	129+	United States	Air superiority fighter
Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning II JSF		Tail engine, lift engine	2007–	16 m	11 m	3+	3+	United States	STOVL variant of the F-35 stealth - multipurpose fighter plane in flight testing
Lockheed A-12 Oxcart		in the wings	1962-1964	31 m	17 m	13	-	United States	strategic altitude reconnaissance
Lockheed S-3 Viking		under the wings	1974-1988	16 m	21/9 m	187	-	United States	carrier-based submarine fighter
Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird		in the wings	1964–1968 (approx.)	32 m	16 m	32	-	United States	strategic altitude reconnaissance
Lockheed YF-12		in the wings	1963–1964 (approx.)	31 m	17 m	3	-	United States	Prototypes, strategic altitude reconnaissance
McDonnell F-101 Voodoo		Tail engine	1956-1961	20 m	12 m	855	-	United States	Fighter plane
McDonnell F2H Banshee		on the side of the fuselage	1948-1953	14 m	13 m	895	-	United States	carrier-based fighter - bomber
McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II		Tail engine	1958-1981	18-19 m	12 m	5,195	605	United States	Attack aircraft
McDonnell Douglas / Boeing F-15 Eagle		Tail engine	1975–	19 m	13 m	1,603	936	United States	Air superiority fighter
McDonnell Douglas / Boeing F / A-18 Hornet		Tail engine	1980–	17 m	18 m	1,808	1,045	United States	Bomb fighter plane
Messerschmitt Me 262		under the wings	1942-1945	10 m	11 m	1,433	-	German Empire	first series, jet-powered fighter ( Schwalbe ) and fighter-bomber ( Sturmvogel )
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-AT		on the side of the fuselage	1996–	12 m	10 m			Russia / France	Trainers , prototypes
Mikoyan-Gurevich I-320		laterally at the stern	1949-1950	16 m	14 m	3	-	Soviet Union	Prototypes, interceptors
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9 Fargo		laterally at the stern	1946-1948	10 m	10 m	598	-	Soviet Union	Fighter plane
Mikojan-Gurewitsch MiG-19 Farmer (also: FT-6)		Tail engine	1955-1959	13-15 m	9 m	2,500 (approx.)	-	Soviet Union	Fighter plane , fighter-bomber , scout and trainer (FT-6)
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 Foxbat		Tail engine	1969-1958	19-23 m	13-14 m	1,190	139	Soviet Union	Interceptor
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29 Fulcrum		Tail engine	1979–1991 (approx.)	17 m	11 m	1,257	957	Russia / Soviet Union	Multipurpose fighter
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-31 Foxhound		Tail engine	1982–1989 (approx.)	22 m	13 m	500 (approx.)	190	Soviet Union	Endurance - interceptor
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-35 Fulcrum-F		Tail engine	2007–	17 m	11 m	10		Russia	Multipurpose fighter
Mikojan-Gurewitsch MiG 1.44 Flatpack (= MiG 1.42 / M-39)		Tail engine	1999-2003 (approx.)	22 m	16 m	1	-	Russia	Prototype of a multi-purpose fighter
Mitsubishi F-1		on the side of the fuselage	1977-1981	18 m	8 m	77	-	Japan	Ground attack aircraft for anti-ship combat
Mitsubishi T-2		on the side of the fuselage	1975-1988	18 m	8 m	90	-	Japan	Training aircraft for anti-ship combat
Myasishchev M-17 Mystic / M-55 Geofisika		Tail engine	1982–1990s (approx.)	22 m	40 m	5	1+ (?)	Russia / former Soviet Union	Altitude reconnaissance aircraft , in civilian altitude research
Morane-Saulnier MS.755 Fleuret		on the side of the fuselage	1953–1954 (approx.)	10 m	10 m	1	-	France	Prototype, forerunner of the MS.760
Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris		on the side of the fuselage	1954–1964 (approx.)	10 m	10 m	165	11 (?)	France	Jet trainer, also in civilian use
NAL / HAL Saras		laterally at the stern	2004–	15 m	15 m	2+		India	light transport aircraft , in flight tests
Nanchang A-5 / Q-5 / Qiangji-5 Fantan		laterally at the stern	1965-1992	16 m	10 m	1,000 (approx.)	600	People's Republic of China	light fighter-bomber , variant of the MiG-19
North 1500 Griffon		laterally below the trunk	1957-1958	14 m	8 m	2	-	France	Experimental type with hybrid propulsion ( jet and ramjet )
North 1601		in the wings close to the fuselage	1950	13 m (?)	12 m	1	-	France	Experimental type with swept wings
North American A-5 Vigilante		on the side of the fuselage	1956-1963, 1968-1970	23 m	16 m	158	-	United States	carrier-supported , supersonic, all-weather bomber
North American T-2 Buckeye		Tail engine below the fuselage	1959-1975	12 m	12 m	529	-	United States	Training aircraft, decommissioned in 2008
North American T-39 / Rockwell Sabreliner		laterally at the stern	1959–1982 (approx.)	13 m	14 m	800+	21+	United States	civil as a business aircraft, military as a jet trainer
Northrop F-5A / B Freedom Fighter , F-5E / F Tiger II		Tail engine	1962-1987	14 m	8 m	2,238	620	United States	tactical lightweight fighter
Northrop F-89 Scorpion		laterally below the trunk	1949-1958	16 m	18 m	1,050	-	United States	All-weather interceptor
Northrop T-38 Talon		Tail engine	1961-1972	14 m	8 m	1,187	591	United States	first supersonic - jet trainer
Northrop XP-79 Flying Ram		on the side of the fuselage	1945	4 m	9 m	1	-	United States	Prototype of a flying wing aircraft
Northrop YA-9		under the wings	1972-1973	16 m	17 m	2	-	United States	Prototype of a ground attack aircraft
Northrop YF-23 Black Widow II		at the stern above the wings	1987-1991	20 m	13 m	2	-	United States	Prototype of a fighter aircraft in competition with the F-22
Northrop Grumman Scaled Composites Model 281 Proteus		above the trunk	1998	17 m	24 m	1	1	United States	Prototype with tandem wings , optimized for heights between 15 and 19 km, taken over from Northrop Grumman for the UAV development
Panavia 200 (PA-200) Tornado IDS / ECR, GR		Tail engine	1973-1999	16-18 m	14/8 m	992	473	United Kingdom / Germany / Italy	Interceptor
Panavia Tornado Air Defense Variant (ADV) / F1, F2, F3		Tail engine	1979-1999	19 m	14/9 m	218	41	United Kingdom	4th generation interceptor
PZL I-22 / M-93 Iryda		Tail engine	1985-1996	13 m	10 m	8th	-	Poland	Jet trainer
Raytheon T-1 / T-400 (variants of the Raytheon Beechjet 400)		laterally at the stern	1992–1997 (approx.)	15 m	13 m	192	192	United States	Jet trainer (especially cargo and tanker pilots )
Saab 105		on the side of the fuselage	1966 – early 1970s (?)	11 m	10 m	191	134	Sweden	Jet trainer , combat and reconnaissance aircraft
Saunders-Roe SR.A / 1		on the side of the fuselage	1947	14 m	14 m	3	-	United Kingdom	Prototype of a flying boat of the Royal Air Force
SEPECAT Jaguar		Tail engine	1973–1985	16 m	9 m	543	166 (approx.)	France / United Kingdom	Assault and reconnaissance aircraft
Shenyang J-6 / 歼 -6 / JJ-6 / F-6 testbed		Tail engine	1970-1986	13-15 m	9 m	3,000 (approx.)	458	People's Republic of China	Variant of the MiG-19
Shenyang J-8 / 歼 -8 / Jianjiji-8 / Jian-8 / F-8 Finback		Tail engine	1980–	21-22 m	9 m	300 (approx.)	220	People's Republic of China	Air superiority fighter
Shenyang J-11 / 歼 -11 / Jianji-11 / Jian-11		Tail engine	2009–	22 m	15 m	260+	249+	People's Republic of China	Multipurpose fighter, variant of the Su-27/30
Shenyang J-15 / J-11B / 歼 -15 Flying Shark		Tail engine	1998–	m	m	2+	2+	People's Republic of China	Prototypes (first flight August 31, 2009), multi-purpose fighter, variant of the Su-27/ 33
SNCASO SO-4050 Vautour		under the wings	1958–1960 (approx.)	16 m	15 m	149	-	France	Multipurpose Attack Aircraft (MRCA)
Soko J-22 Orao / IAR-93		Tail engine	1981-1992	15 m	10 m	410	33 (?)	Yugoslavia Romania	Fighter bomber
Sukhoi Su-15 Flagon		Tail engine	1967-1979	20 m	9 m	1,290	-	Soviet Union
Sukhoi Su-24 Fencer		Tail engine	1974–1980s (approx.)	24 m	10-18 m	1,400+ (approx.)	811	Soviet Union	Bomber , ground attack aircraft
Sukhoi Su-25 Frogfoot		Tail engine	1981–	15 m	14 m	1,024+	525	Russia (former Soviet Union )	Ground attack aircraft
Sukhoi Su-27 flanker		Tail engine	1984–	21 m	14 m	812+ (?)	674+ (?)	Russia / Soviet Union	Air superiority fighter , single seat
Suchoi Su-28 (also: Su-25UT)		on the side of the fuselage	1987	15 m	14 m	1	-	Soviet Union	Prototype of a jet trainer , variant of the Su-25
Suchoi Su-30 Flanker-C (also: Su-27/30)		Tail engine	1991–	22 m	14 m	153+ (?)	152+ (?)	Russia	Endurance - fighter-bombers , two seats
Suchoi Su-33 Flanker-D (also: Su-27K)		Tail engine	1993-1994	21 m	15 m	25+ (?)	25+ (?)	Russia	Air superiority fighter , carrier variant of the Su-27
Sukhoi Su-34 Fullback		Tail engine	2006–	23 m	15 m	10+	10+	Russia	two-seat fighter - bomber
Sukhoi Su-35 Super-Flanker / Su-35BM		Tail engine	1988–1996 (approx.), 2008–	22 m	15 m	3+ (?)	3+ (?)	Russia / former Soviet Union	Air superiority fighter , in flight testing
Suchoi Su-47 Berkut (also: Su-37)		Tail engine	1997–	23 m	15 m	2	1	Russia	Experimental aircraft , air superiority fighter
Sukhoi Su-57 PAK FA		Tail engine	2000–	21 m	14 m	2	1	Russia / India	Prototype, stealth - 5th generation multipurpose fighter, in flight testing; India involved in the two-seater
Supermarine Scimitar		on the side of the fuselage	1957–1960 (approx.)	17 m	11 m	76	-	United Kingdom	Interceptors , fighter-bombers
Textron AirLand Scorpion		on the side of the fuselage	2013–	13 m	14 m	1	-	United States	Prototype; light fighter aircraft , reconnaissance aircraft ( ISR )
Tupolev Tu-14 Bosun		under the wings	1951–1953 (approx.)	21 m	22 m	550 (approx.)	-	Soviet Union	Bomber for short- and medium-haul routes
Tupolev Tu-16 Badger / Type 39		in the wings	1953 – mid 1970s	26 m	33 m	1,059	-	Soviet Union	strategic bomber
Tupolev Tu-22 Blinder (before Beauty )		Tail engine (above the fuselage)	1962 – late 1970s	42 m	23 m	311	-	Soviet Union	strategic bomber
Tupolev Tu-22M backfire		Tail engine	1972–1987 (approx.)	42 m	34/23 m	497	151	Russia (former Soviet Union )	Medium-range - Bomber
Tupolev Tu-28 / Tu-128 Fiddler		Tail engine	1963-1970	27 m	20 m	188	-	Soviet Union	Endurance - interceptor
Vought F7U Cutlass		Tail engine	1950-1955	13 m	12 m	320	-	United States	Fighter plane
Xian H-6		on the side of the fuselage under the wings	1968–	34 m	33 m	150 ++	150	People's Republic of China	Variant of the Tu-16 Badger
Xian JH-7 Flounder / FBC-1 Flying Leopard		Tail engine	1992–	21 m	13 m	140 (?)	35 (?)	People's Republic of China	Endurance - multi-purpose aircraft , the first Chinese fighter plane without Russian model

Classification of twin-jet hybrid and special constructions according to size and production

Note on the table: For a quick overview, the aircraft types used in 2012 are highlighted in light blue. The columns can be sorted by clicking the small arrows in the heading bar.

Aircraft type	image	Attachment of the engines	Production (period)	Length (from-to) in m	Span (from-to) in m	Piece production (2012)	Piece in use (2012)	country	comment
A-90 Orljonok (Ekranoplan)		on the side of the cockpit	1975-1980	58 m	32 m	5	-	Soviet Union	additional propeller on the vertical stabilizer, ground effect vehicle
Lockheed P-2 / P2V Neptune		below the wings	1946–1962	28 m	32 m	1,118	-	United States	the jets support the 2 propeller engines
Lockheed Martin P-175 Polecat		Tail engine	2005-2006		27 m	1	-	United States	UAV , prototype, development probably stopped due to crash
Sikorsky S-72 RSRA "X-Wing" (helicopter)		on the side of the cockpit below the rotor	1976 (-1988)	22 m	19 m	2	-	United States	Prototypes, diameter of the main rotor: 18 m

Classification of twin-engine unmanned aircraft used for military purposes (so-called drones) according to size and production

Although twin-jet drones are unmanned and currently still relatively small in their dimensions compared to "classic" aircraft, they are controlled from the outside by so-called joystick pilots and can therefore be viewed as "real" pilot-controlled aircraft. As technology matures, its importance will increase considerably in the future, particularly in the military sector.

Note on the table: For a quick overview, the aircraft types used in 2012 or under development are highlighted in light blue. The columns can be sorted by clicking the small arrows in the heading bar.

Aircraft type	image	Attachment of the engines	Production (period)	Length (from-to) in m	Span (from-to) in m	Piece production (2012)	Piece ready for use (2012)	country	comment
EADS gown		above the rear torso	in development	12 m	28 m			Germany / France / Spain	Unmanned aerial vehicle ( MALE ); in development, first flight planned for 2015

See also

• Single-engine aircraft
• Three-engine aircraft
• Four-engine aircraft
• Six-engine aircraft
• Eight-engine aircraft
• Unmanned aerial vehicle (drone)

Web links

• Overview of civil aircraft used worldwide in 2008 at Flightglobal (English)
• more overviews at Flightglobal (English)
• Photo collection at Planespotters
• Photo collection at airliners.net
• Journal Flight Global (English)
• Journal Aviation Week (English)
• Trade journal Flugrevue

Remarks

1. ↑ ^{a b c d} The respective model ^is classified under the name under which it became known or, in the case of current models, under which it is currently offered or listed by the manufacturers. Possibly. Several designations are listed, for models from the former Soviet Union, Russia, China, etc. also the NATO designations.
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} The length and span dimensions are commercially rounded to the nearest meter in order to keep the table clear. Different sizes for variants of a model: from-to m, for swing-wing aircraft : maximum / minimum size.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} The quantities are taken from (a) Overviews in Flight International ( overviews as PDFs (English) ( Memento from January 20, 2010 in the Internet Archive ): "World Airliner Census" for civil aircraft (status no middle of the year), "Directory World Air Forces" for military aircraft (status at the end of each year). The overviews summarize all aircraft in use on the respective cut-off date, including temporarily decommissioned ("parked") examples, with the exception of aircraft operated by leasing companies. (b ) Production information from Airbus at www.airbus.com (constantly updated) under Aircraft families and Boeing at www.boeing.com . (C) Production figures for business jets, as well as the number of airworthy aircraft, are sometimes only published very sparsely by the manufacturers Only reliable information is included in the table. The total number of items produced is partially not published and is As far as possible , taken from other sources or statistics from Flight International and Aviation Week . The overviews are available online at Flightglobal ( Memento from January 20, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) as a PDF (English). Figures for China are generally not certain. a. sinodefence.com .
4. ↑ ^{a b c d} Country or countries with the headquarters of the manufacturer or companies. In cooperation, e.g. B. EADS / Airbus all countries directly involved are listed. In the case of the countries of the former Eastern Bloc , the former USSR may also be listed for production before 1990.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ according to Flight International 18.-24. August 2009, p. 37 In 2009 a copy was still in use at Waltair Aviation (Congo); further use unknown
2. ↑ of which A330-200 481 copies, A330-200F 17 copies, A330-300 440 copies
3. ↑ of which A330-200 400 copies, A330-200F 9 copies, A330-300 382 copies
4. ↑ First flight in April 2010: Info at defense-aerospace (English)
5. ↑ s. Note in flightglobal (English)
6. ↑ s. U.S. Aircraft Register , accessed June 16, 2013
7. ↑ ^{a b c d} on the Boeing website , the production figures can only be determined somewhat laboriously via user-defined reports , as of February 12, 2010
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Bombardier took over several formerly independent aircraft manufacturers. The range currently includes u. a. the business jets Learjet (short to medium-haul, up to around 10 passengers), Challenger (medium to long-haul, maximum 15 passengers) and Global (long-haul, up to 19 passengers). The production of and the rights to the regional airliners CRJ Series (formerly Canadair , up to 104 passengers) and DHC-8 (formerly de Havilland Canada DHC-8, turboprop, up to 78 passengers) as well as the Airbus A220 (up to 150 passengers) have meanwhile been restored sold.
9. ↑ at Flightglobal there are 925 CRJ100 / 200 listed
10. ↑ Current names according to the manufacturer's information ( Memento from August 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), previous names were u. a. FanJet 500, III, V, Jet, Excel
11. ↑ In the introtext of the manufacturer cessna.com ( Memento from August 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
12. ↑ according to the manufacturer's website ( Memento from July 22, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
13. ↑ Type description in airliners.net
14. ↑ after Figgen, Plath, Rothfischer: Verkehrsflugzeuge , ISBN 3-8289-5351-4 , pp. 155/156
15. ↑ information to Deliveries (English)
16. ↑ in: Flight International 5–11 May 2009, p. 34
17. ↑ ^{a b c d e} The Gulfstream Aerospace belongs since 1999 to the US company General Dynamics . The Gulfstream aircraft will continue to be sold under their previous brand . General Dynamics provides u. a. also the jets F-16 , F-111 , tanks and submarines.
18. ↑ Prototype of a civilian development to the business aircraft, plus photos and information e.g. B. in the Technikmuseum Sinsheim-Speyer , at pletav (French) , airport-data.com (English) and airwar.ru (Russian)
19. ↑ ch-aviation.ch ch-aviation.com , accessed on November 14, 2015
20. ↑ Type description and photo at: Aviastar.org
21. ↑ Photo at: Aviastar.org and Aircraftphotos.com
22. ↑ Type description and photo at Aviastar.org
23. ↑ Photos at Aviastar.org and Aircraftphotos.com
24. ↑ more detailed information in: Tony Holmes: Type Handbook Classic Military Aircraft . Königswinter 2006, ISBN 978-3-89880-561-2 . P. 312; and at Flugzeuginfo.net
25. ↑ Photo in Airliners.net
26. ^ Proper name of the politician Chiang Ching-kuo
27. ↑ Photo s. klay.smugmug.com in engl. Adventure rider forum advrider.com
28. ↑ Photo in: Flying - From Propeller to Jet Drive , Klagenfurt, undated , ISBN 3-7043-6030-9 , p. 68 u. P. 72
29. ↑ Type description with photos on the company website of the Kharkov State Aircraft Manufacturing Company (KSAMC) ksamc.com ( Memento from October 31, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
30. ↑ Photo on the KSAMC company website ksamc.com ( Memento from January 23, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
31. ↑ Information beo ( Memento from September 5, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) on airsceneuk.org.uk
32. ↑ 2 Armstrong-Siddeley Viper 203 turbojets for support during take-off (so-called assisted take-off ) due to excessive take-off weight caused by bomb loads (note: these facts are given in many sources; a photo with the additional turbojets is missing)
33. ↑ Another photo at SE-Technology ( Memento from October 22, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
34. ↑ more photos at Aviation Week , accessed on January 7, 2011.
35. ↑ Image of this special variant, produced in small numbers, at aeroweb.brooklyn.cuny.edu ( Memento from April 7, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
36. ↑ ^{a b} No more copies listed
37. ↑ collector's copies are occasionally used at airshows, e.g. B. presented in Reno (Nevada) in 2008
38. ↑ only information for Iran: 25
39. ↑ Type description at Sinodefence ( Memento from May 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
40. ↑ Photo of the H-5 at Sinodefence sinodefence.com ( Memento from July 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
41. ↑ Detailed information at globalsecurity.org
42. ↑ For photos see globalsecurity.org
43. ↑ Detailed information at globalsecurity.org
44. ↑ For more photos see globalsecurity.org
45. ↑ Detailed information at globalsecurity.org and in
    Claudio Müller: Flugzeug der Welt 2004 , Zurich 2004, ISBN 3-613-02377-6 , p. 214 f.
46. ↑ more detailed information in: Tony Holmes: Type Handbook Classic Military Aircraft . Königswinter 2006, ISBN 978-3-89880-561-2 , p. 345
47. ↑ Type description at Sinodefence ( Memento from July 6, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
48. ↑ Designation as Multirole Transport Aircraft (MTA)
49. ↑ Information (German) and picture at suchoj.com
50. ↑ Information from the Yakowlew design bureau 483 Jak-25 and 155 Jak-25RV (PB). Archived from the original on July 26, 2013 ; accessed on March 23, 2020 . 
51. ↑ s. Aviation Week, Feb 1, 2010, p. 22 Delayed Debut for Japan's Military Airlifter ; at Flightglobal a video with ground tests of the CX from 2007 (English)
52. ↑ Abbreviation for Joint Strike Fighter , an American development program for fighter aircraft
53. ↑ according to Aviation Week , Feb. 8, 2010, p. 24, flight testing of the 3rd prototype began on February 2, 2010
54. ↑ further information at suchoj.com
55. ↑ Pictures at suchoj.com
56. ↑ Data from the type description in: Enzyklopädie der Flugzeug , Augsburg 1995, ISBN 3-89350-055-3 , p. 119
57. ↑ warfare.ru
58. ↑ bharat-rakshak.com ( Memento from March 5, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
59. ↑ at least until 2008 in the ARGENTINIAN AIR FORCE according to Flightglobal
60. ↑ Photos s. 1000aircraftphotos.com
61. ↑ further information in: Hans-Jürgen Becker: NASA aviation research and groundbreaking developments . Stuttgart 2005, p. 171ff (Proteus and the ERAST program)
62. ↑ including T-400: 13, T-1: 179
63. ↑ Planes of the World 1999 . Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-613-01933-7 , p. 268
64. ↑ Number according to Flight International India 150, Oman 16
65. ↑ Type description at Sinodefence ( Memento from April 16, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
66. ↑ as J-6 / JJ-6: China 272; as F-6: 186
67. ↑ Type description at Sinodefence ( Memento from September 13, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
68. ↑ Type description at Sinodefence ( Memento from February 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
69. ↑ Photos and information at Sinodefence ( Memento from February 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
70. ↑ Photos and information on page no longer available , search in web archives: aviationweek.com and flightglobal.com ( memento of May 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), both accessed on May 30, 2011; in the Aviation Week magazine, May 9, 2011, p. 35 ff.
71. ^ Photos in Aviation Week magazine, May 9, 2011, p. 35ff with two different prototypes
72. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} The specified numbers for Su-27, Su-30, Su-33, Su-35 and J-11 (Chinese license production of the Su-27), which all belong to the Su-27 production family are unsecured, both for reasons of confidentiality and because in some cases there is not a strict distinction between the models. The total figures listed here are taken from both flightglobal.com ( memento from January 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) and milavia.net . At Flightglobal, a total stake of 789 pieces of the Su-27 / Su-30 / J-11 family is specified for 2009; the individual performance lists Su-27: 214, Su-27/30: 260 and J-11: 249 , therefore 66 copies less. Milavia currently states, also listed by country, for 2010 (produced / operational): Su-27: at least 812/674, Su-30: at least 153/152, J-11: 48/20, Su-33: 25/25 and Su-35: 3/3. - Values ​​accessed on February 14, 2010
73. ↑ Photos of the test flight at flightglobal.com (English), accessed on February 13, 2010
74. ↑ on January 29, 2010 according to Aviation Week of Feb. 8, 2010, p. 30f, T-50-1 first flight test, T-50-2 for ground tests
75. ↑ Type description: Sinodefence ( Memento from January 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
76. ↑ further information also at Sinodefence ( Memento from January 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
77. ↑ Photo of the Polecat: lockheedmartin.com ( Memento from April 21, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
78. ↑ Test aircraft crashed, information from Flightglobal, March 2007: " Lockheed confirms P-175 Polecat UAV crash "
79. ↑ further information in: Hans-Jürgen Becker, NASA aviation research and groundbreaking developments, Stuttgart, 2005, p. 109ff (RSRA and X-Wing - new ways in helicopter construction)