Newbottle, Tyne and Wear and Discovery of chemical elements: Difference between pages
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The discovery of the elements known to exist today is presented here in chronological order. The elements are listed generally in the order in which each was first defined as the pure element, as the exact date of discovery of most elements cannot be accurately defined. There are no written records for the discoveries of the first few elements that were known in antiquity. |
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{{infobox UK place| |
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|map_type= Tyne and Wear |
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|country = England |
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|official_name= Newbottle |
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|latitude= 54.857571 |
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|longitude= -1.477397 |
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|population = |
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|metropolitan_borough= [[City of Sunderland]] |
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|metropolitan_county= [[Tyne and Wear]] |
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|region= North East England |
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|constituency_westminster= [[Houghton and Washington East]] |
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|post_town= HOUGHTON LE SPRING |
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|postcode_area= DH |
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|postcode_district= DH4 |
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|dial_code= |
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|os_grid_reference= |
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}} |
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Given is each element's [[list of elements by name|name]], [[atomic number]], year of first report, name of the discoverer, and some notes related to the discovery. |
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'''Newbottle''' is a village in [[North East England]], lying directly between [[Durham]](eight miles to the south) and [[Sunderland]](6 miles north easterly), one and a half miles north of [[Houghton-le-Spring]]. The village occupies an elevated position and is accessed from three sides up a steep bank. |
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[[Image:Periodic table.svg|right|200px|thumb|[[Periodic Table]] of elements]] |
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Neighbouring villages / areas include Grasswell (between Newbottle and [[Houghton le Spring]]), [[Shiney Row]] (between Newbottle and [[Washington, Tyne and Wear]]), Herrington Burn (between Newbottle and Shiney Row) and Success/Philadelphia (between Newbottle and Herrington Burn). |
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==Unrecorded discoveries== |
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The name Newbottle derives from the [[Old English language|Saxon]] 'New Battle' meaning 'new settlement'. Newbottle village can trace its roots back to the year 1050 making it truly medieval. The local church, St Matthews, dates from 1850. The village centre is a designated conservation area and the stone built housing and other buildings still standing make Newbottle a surprisingly picturesque place for walkers and other visitors. Herrington Country Park provides a haven for walking, picnics, model boating and cycling and is a mile on foot to the north of the village accessible by public footpath. |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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|- |
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! [[Atomic number|Z]]<br> |
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! Name<br> |
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! Earliest use<br> |
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! Oldest<br>remaining<br>sample<br> |
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! Discoverers |
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! Place of<br>oldest<br>sample<br> |
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! class="unsortable" |Notes |
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|- |
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|29 |
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|[[Copper]] |
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|9000 BCE |
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|6000 BCE |
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|[[iron#History|Middle East]] |
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|[[iron#History|Anatolia]] |
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|Copper was probably the first metal mined and crafted by man.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rameria.com/inglese/history.html |title=Copper History |publisher=Rameria.com |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> Earliest estimates of discovery of copper suggest around 9000 BCE in the Middle East. It is one of the most important materials to humans throughout the entire [[copper age|copper]] and [[bronze age]]s. Copper beads dating from 6000 BCE were found in [[Çatal Höyük]], [[Anatolia]].<ref>[http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/copper/overview.php CSA - Discovery Guides, A Brief History of Copper]</ref> |
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|- |
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|79 |
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|[[Gold]] |
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|before 6000 BCE |
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|5500 BCE |
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|[[Gold#History|Middle East]] |
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|[[Egypt]] |
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|Archaeologists suggest that first use of gold began with the first civilizations in the Middle East. It may have been the first metal used by humans. Oldest remaining gold jewelry is that in the tomb of Egyptian [[Queen Zer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bullion.nwtmint.com/gold_history.php |title=Gold History |publisher=Bullion.nwtmint.com |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianvillage.com/turquoiseinfo.htm |title=The Turquoise Story |publisher=Indianvillage.com |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|82 |
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|[[Lead]] |
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|7000 BCE |
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|3800 BCE |
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|[[Lead#History|Near East]] |
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|[[Abydos]] |
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|It is believed that lead smelting began at least 9000 years ago, and the oldest known artifact of lead is statuette found at the temple of [[Osiris]] on the site of Abydos dated circa 3800 BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lead.org.au/lanv2n3/lanv2n3-22.html |title=The History of Lead - Part 3 |publisher=Lead.org.au |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> Lead was first purified and clearly differentiated from tin by medieval [[Alchemy and chemistry in Islam|Arabic chemists]]<ref name=El-Eswed>{{citation|title=Lead and Tin in Arabic Alchemy|first=Bassam I.|last=El-Eswed|journal=Arabic Sciences and Philosophy|year=2002|volume=12|pages=139–53|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|doi=10.1017/S0957423902002060}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|47 |
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|[[Silver]] |
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|before 5000 BCE |
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|~4000 BCE |
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|[[Silver#History|Asia Minor]] |
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|? |
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|Estimated to have happened to shortly after that of copper and gold.<ref>[http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/ag.html 47 Silver]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementfacts/a/silver.htm |title=Silver Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements |publisher=Chemistry.about.com |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|26 |
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|[[Iron]] |
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|before 5000 BCE |
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|4000BCE |
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|[[History of ferrous metallurgy|?]] |
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|[[Egypt]] |
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|There is evidence that iron is known from before 5000 BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/fe.html |title=26 Iron |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> The oldest known iron objects used by humans are some beads made from meteorite iron, in Egypt, made about 4000BCE. Discovery of smelting around 3000 BCE lead to the prominence of use of iron for tools and weapons, which lead to the start of [[iron age]] around 1200 BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his101%5Cmisc%5Cpersia.htm |title=Notes on the Significance of the First Persian Empire in World History |publisher=Courses.wcupa.edu |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|6 |
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|[[Carbon]] |
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|3750 BCE |
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|? |
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|[[Carbon#History|Egyptians and Sumerians]] |
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|? |
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|Earliest known use of charcoal for the reduction of copper, zinc and tin ores in the manufacture of bronze, by the Egyptians and Sumerians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caer.uky.edu/carbon/history/carbonhistory.shtml |title=History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky |publisher=Caer.uky.edu |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> [[Diamond]]s were probably known as early as 2500 BCE<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4555235.stm | title = Chinese made first use of diamond | publisher = BBC News | date= 17 May 2005 | accessdate = 2007-03-21}}</ref> First true chemical analyses were made in the 18th century CE,<ref>{{cite book |author=R-A Ferchault de Réaumur |last=Ferchault de Réaumur |first=R-A |year=1722 |title=L'art de convertir le fer forgé en acier, et l'art d'adoucir le fer fondu, ou de faire des ouvrages de fer fondu aussi finis que le fer forgé (English translation from 1956) |location=Paris, Chicago}}</ref> and in 1789 was listed by [[Antoine Lavoisier]] as an element.<ref>{{citeweb|author=Senese, Fred |date=September 9, 2009|url= http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/inorganic/faq/discovery-of-carbon.shtm |title=Who discovered carbon?|publisher=Frostburg State University|accessdate=2007-11-24 }}</ref> |
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|- |
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|50 |
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|[[Tin]] |
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|3500 BCE |
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|2000 BCE |
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|[[Tin#History|?]] |
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|? |
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|First smelt in combination with copper around 3500 BCE to produce [[bronze]] and [[brass]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/sn.html |title=50 Tin |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> Oldest artifacts date around 200 BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://neon.mems.cmu.edu/cramb/Processing/history.html |title=History of Metals |publisher=Neon.mems.cmu.edu |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> First purified and clearly differentiated from lead by medieval [[Alchemy and chemistry in Islam|Arabic chemists]] (ca. 700–1400 CE).<ref name=El-Eswed/> |
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|- |
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|16 |
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|[[Sulfur]] |
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|before 2000 BCE |
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|? |
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|[[Sulfur#History|Chinese/Indians]] |
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|? |
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|First used at least 4000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.georgiagulfsulfur.com/history.htm |title=Sulfur History |publisher=Georgiagulfsulfur.com |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> First identified as an element by [[Geber]] (ca. 800 CE).<ref name="r8"/> Also recognized as an element by [[Antoine Lavoisier]] in 1777. |
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|- |
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|80 |
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|[[Mercury (element)|Mercury]] |
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|before 2000 BCE |
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|1500 BCE |
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||[[Mercury (element)#History|Chinese/Indians]] |
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|[[Egypt]] |
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|Known to ancient Chinese and Hindus before 2000 BC, and found in Egyptian tombs dating from 1500 BCE.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mercury and the environment — Basic facts | publisher=''[[Environment Canada]], Federal Government of Canada'' | year=2004 | url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/MERCURY/EN/bf.cfm | accessdate=2008-03-27}}</ref> First identified as an element by [[Geber]] (ca. 800 CE).<ref name="r8">Strathern, Paul. (2000). Mendeleyev’s Dream – the Quest for the Elements. New York: Berkley Books.</ref> |
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|- |
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|30 |
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|[[Zinc]] |
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|before 1000 BCE |
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|1000 BCE |
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|[[History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent|Indian metallurgists]] |
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|[[Indian subcontinent]] |
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|Extracted as a metal since antiquity by [[History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent|Indian metallurgists]] before 1000 BCE, but the true nature of this metal was not understood in ancient times. Identified as a unique metal by the metallurgist [[Rasaratna Samuccaya]] in 800 CE<ref name=Craddock>Craddock, P. T. et al. (1983), "Zinc production in medieval India", ''World Archaeology'' '''15''' (2), Industrial Archaeology, p. 13</ref> and by the alchemist [[Paracelsus]] in 1526.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/zn.html |title=30 Zinc |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> Isolated by [[Andreas Sigismund Marggraf]] in 1746. |
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|} |
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==Recorded discoveries== |
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The village is situated in the Copt Hill ward on a predominantly Labour run council, however since the local elections of May 2007 the ward itself is served by an Independent councillor. Along with many other communities the local economy has changed over the past generation. The Co-operative store and Post Office have closed and the land and property developed. The village is served by Newbottle Workingmen's Club [[Working Men's Club and Institute Union|CIU]], pubs The Jolly Potters, The Sun Inn and the Italian restaurant Benito's at the Queens Head. A newsagent/general dealer serves the local community as well as an off-licence/store. |
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{| class="sortable wikitable" |
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|- |
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! | Z<br> |
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! | Element<br>name<br> |
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! | <small>Observed or<br>predicted<br> |
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! | <small>Report of<br>characterization<br>(widely recognized)</small><br><ref name=D1/><ref name=D2/> |
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! | <small>Isolation<br>(widely known)</small><br> |
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! | <small>Observer<br> |
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! | <small>Person who<br>widely reported first<br>characterization<br>(usually accepted discoverer)<br> |
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! | <small>First<br>isolator<br> |
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! class="unsortable"| Notes |
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|- |
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|33 |
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|[[Arsenic]] |
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|800 CE (ca.) |
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|? |
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|800 CE (ca.) |
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|[[Geber]] |
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|[[Geber]] or [[Albertus Magnus|A.Magnus]] |
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|[[Geber]] |
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|Discovered and isolated by [[Geber]], who described its preparation in his ''Liber Fornacum'', ca. 800 CE.<ref name=Sarton>[[George Sarton]], ''Introduction to the History of Science'' ([[cf.]] Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq (1997), [http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/Introl1.html ''Quotations From Famous Historians of Science''], [http://www.cyberistan.org Cyberistan])</ref><ref name=Ansari>{{citation|title=Electrocyclic reactions: from fundamentals to research|first1=Farzana Latif|last1=Ansari|first2=Rumana|last2=Qureshi|first3=Masood Latif|last3=Qureshi|year=1998|publisher=Wiley-VCH|isbn=3527297553|pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The History of Chemistry|first=Thomas|last=Thomson|publisher=Colburn and Bentley|year=1830|pages=129-30}}</ref> [[Albertus Magnus]] was the first European to isolate the element in 1250.<ref name=D1>{{cite web |url=http://www.chemicalelements.com/show/dateofdiscovery.html |title=Periodic Table: Date of Discovery|accessdate=2007-03-13}}</ref><ref name=D2>{{cite web |url=http://chemistry.about.com/library/das/aa030303a.htm |title=Timeline of Element Discovery|accessdate=2007-03-13}}</ref> In 1649, [[Johann Schröder]] published two ways of preparing elemental arsenic. |
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|- |
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|51 |
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|[[Antimony]] |
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|800 (ca.) |
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| |
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|800 (ca.) |
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|[[Geber]] |
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| |
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|[[Geber]] |
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|Discovered and isolated by [[Geber]] ca. 800 CE.<ref name=Sarton/><ref name=Ansari/> [[Basilius Valentinus]] was the first European to describe the element around 1450.<ref name=D1/><ref name=D2/> First description of a procedure for isolating elemental antimony in 1540 by [[Vannoccio Biringuccio]]. |
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|- |
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|83 |
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|[[Bismuth]] |
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|800 (ca.) |
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| |
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|1753 |
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|[[Geber]] |
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| |
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|[[Claude François Geoffroy|C.F.Geoffroy]] |
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|Discovered by [[Geber]] ca. 800.<ref name=Ansari/><ref name=Briffault>[[Robert Briffault]] (1938), ''The Making of Humanity'', p. 195</ref> Later described in writings attributed to [[Basilius Valentinus]] around 1450.<ref name=D1/> Definitively identified by [[Claude François Geoffroy]] in 1753.<ref name=D2/> |
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|- |
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|15 |
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|[[Phosphorus]] |
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|1669 |
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| |
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|''1669'' |
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|[[Hennig Brand|H.Brand]] |
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| |
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|''H.Brand'' |
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|Prepared from urine, it was the first element to be chemically discovered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/p.html |title=15 Phosphorus |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|27 |
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|[[Cobalt]] |
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|1732 |
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| |
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|? |
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|[[Georg Brandt|G.Brandt]] |
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| |
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|? |
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|Proved that the blue color of glass is due to a new kind of metal and not bismuth as thought previously.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/co.html |title=27 Cobalt |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|78 |
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|[[Platinum]] |
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|1735 |
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| |
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|''1735'' |
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|[[Antonio de Ulloa|A.de Ulloa]] |
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| |
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|''A. de Ulloa'' |
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|First description of a metal found in [[South America]]n gold was in 1557 by [[Julius Caesar Scaliger]]. Ulloa published his findings in 1748, but [[Charles Wood (scientist)|Sir Charles Wood]] also investigated the metal in 1741. First reference to it as a new metal was made by [[William Brownrigg]] in 1750.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/pt.html |title=78 Platinum |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|28 |
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|[[Nickel]] |
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|1751 |
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| |
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|''1751'' |
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|[[Axel Fredrik Cronstedt|A.F.Cronstedt]] |
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| |
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|''A.F.Cronstedt'' |
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|By attempting to extract copper from the mineral known as "fake copper" (now known as [[niccolite]]).<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/ni.html |title=28 Nickel |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|12 |
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|[[Magnesium]] |
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|1755 |
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| |
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|1808 |
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|[[Joseph Black|J.Black]] |
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| |
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|[[Humphry Davy|H.Davy]] |
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|Black observed that ''magnesia alba'' (MgO) was not [[quicklime]] (CaO). Davy isolated it electrochemically from [[magnesia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/mg.html |title=12 Magnesium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|1 |
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|[[Hydrogen]] |
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|1766 |
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| |
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|1500(ca.) |
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|[[Henry Cavendish|H.Cavendish]] |
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| |
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|[[Paracelsus]] |
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|Cavendish was the first to distinguish {{chem|H|2}} from other gases, although [[Paracelsus]] around 1500, Robert Boyle, and Joseph Priestley had observed its production by reacting strong acids with metals. Lavoisier named it in 1793.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/h.html |title=01 Hydrogen |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements|last=Andrews|first=A. C.|publisher=Reinhold Book Corporation|location=New York|year=1968|pages=272|editor=Clifford A. Hampel|chapter=Oxygen|id=LCCN 68-29938}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|8 |
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|[[Oxygen]] |
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|1771 |
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| |
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|''1771'' |
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|[[Carl Wilhelm Scheele|C.W.Scheele]] |
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| |
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|''C.W.Scheele'' |
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|Obtained from by heating [[mercuric oxide]] and [[nitrate]]s in 1771, but published his findings in 1777. [[Joseph Priestley]] also prepared this new ''air'' by 1774, but only Lavoisier recognized it as a true element and named it in 1777.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/o.html |title=08 Oxygen |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements|last=Cook|first=Gerhard A.|coauthors=Lauer, Carol M.|publisher=Reinhold Book Corporation|location=New York|year=1968|pages=499–500|editor=Clifford A. Hampel|chapter=Oxygen|id=LCCN 68-29938}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|7 |
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|[[Nitrogen]] |
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|1772 |
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| |
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|''1772'' |
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|[[Daniel Rutherford|D.Rutherford]] |
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| |
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|''D.Rutherford'' |
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|He showed that the air in which animals had breathed, even after removal of the exhaled carbon dioxide, was no longer able to burn a candle. [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]], [[Henry Cavendish]], and [[Joseph Priestley]] also studied the element about the same time, and Lavoisier named it in 1775-6.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/n.html |title=07 Nitrogen |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|17 |
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|[[Chlorine]] |
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|1774 |
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| |
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|''1774'' |
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|[[Carl Wilhelm Scheele|C.W.Scheele]] |
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| |
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|''C.W.Scheele'' |
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|Obtained it from [[hydrochloric acid]], but thought it was an oxide. Only in 1808 Humphry Davy recognized it as an element.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/cl.html |title=17 Chlorine |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|25 |
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|[[Manganese]] |
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|1770 |
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| |
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|1774 |
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|[[Torbern Olof Bergman|T.O.Bergman]] |
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| |
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|[[Johan Gottlieb Gahn|J.G.Gahn]] |
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|Distinguished [[pyrolusite]] as the calx of a new metal. [[Ignatius Gottfred Kaim]] also discovered the new metal in 1770 and Scheele in 1774 too. It was isolated by reduction of [[manganese dioxide]] with carbon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/mn.html |title=25 Manganese |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|56 |
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|[[Barium]] |
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|1772 |
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| |
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|1808 |
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|[[Carl Wilhelm Scheele|C.W.Scheele]] |
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| |
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|[[Humphry Davy|H.Davy]] |
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|Scheele distinguished a new earth ([[BaO]]) in [[pyrolusite]] and Davy isolated the metal by [[elecrolysis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/ba.html |title=56 Barium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|42 |
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|[[Molybdenum]] |
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|1778 |
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| |
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|1781 |
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|[[Carl Wilhelm Scheele|C.W.Scheele]] |
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| |
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|[[Peter Jacob Hjelm|P.J.Hjelm]] |
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|Scheele recognised as a constituent of [[Molybdenite|molybdena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/mo.html |title=42 Molybdenum |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|52 |
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|[[Tellurium]] |
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|1782 |
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| |
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|1795? |
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|[[Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein|F.-J.M. von<br>Reichenstein]] |
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| |
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|[[Martin Heinrich Klaproth|M.H.Klaproth]] |
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|Muller observed it as an impurity in gold ores from Transylvania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/te.html |title=52 Tellurium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|74 |
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|[[Tungsten]] |
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|1781 |
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| |
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|1783 |
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|[[Torbern Bergman|T.Bergman]] |
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| |
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|[[Juan José Elhuyar|J.J.Elhuyar]], [[Juan José|J.José]] &[[Fausto Elhuyar|F.Elhuyar]] |
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|Bergman obtained from [[scheelite]] an oxide of a new element. The Elhuyars obtained [[tungstic acid]] from [[wolframite]] and reduced it with charcoal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/w.html |title=74 Tungsten |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |author=IUPAC |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|38 |
|||
|[[Strontium]] |
|||
|1787 |
|||
| |
|||
|1808 |
|||
|[[William Cruikshank (chemist)|W.Cruikshank]] |
|||
| |
|||
|H.Davy |
|||
|Cruikshank and [[Adair Crawford]] in 1790 concluded that [[strontianite]] contained a new earth. It was eventually isolated electrochemically in 1808 by Humphry Davy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/sr.html |title=38 Strontium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
! |
|||
! |
|||
!'''''1789''''' |
|||
! |
|||
! |
|||
!colspan=1|[[Antoine Lavoisier|A.Lavoisier]] |
|||
! |
|||
! |
|||
!The first modern list of chemical elements, containing among others, 23 elements of those known then.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://homepage.mac.com/dtrapp/periodic.f/lavoisier.html |title=Lavoisier |publisher=Homepage.mac.com |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> He also redefined the term "element". Until him, all metals except mercury were not considered elements. |
|||
|- |
|||
|40 |
|||
|[[Zirconium]] |
|||
|1789 |
|||
| |
|||
|1824 |
|||
|[[Martin Heinrich Klaproth|M.H.Klaproth]] |
|||
| |
|||
|[[Jöns Jakob Berzelius|J.J.Berzelius]] |
|||
|Klaproth identified the a new element in [[zirconia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/chronology_index.html |title=Chronology - Elementymology |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| contribution = Zirconium| year = 2007–2008| title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics| editor-last = Lide| editor-first = David R.| volume = 4| pages = 42| place = New York| publisher = CRC Press| id = 978-0-8493-0488-0}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|92 |
|||
|[[Uranium]] |
|||
|1789 |
|||
| |
|||
|1841 |
|||
|[[Martin Heinrich Klaproth|M.H.Klaproth]] |
|||
| |
|||
|[[Eugène-Melchior Péligot|E.-M.Péligot]] |
|||
|Mistakenly identified an [[uranium oxide]] obtained from [[pitchblende]] as the element itself and named it after the recently discovered planet [[Uranus (planet)|Uranus]].<ref>{{cite journal| title = Chemische Untersuchung des Uranits, einer neuentdeckten metallischen Substanz| author = [[Martin Heinrich Klaproth|M. H. Klaproth]]| journal = Chemische Annalen| volume = 2| issue =| year = 1789| pages = 387–403}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| title = Recherches Sur L'Uranium| author = E.-M. Péligot| journal = Annales de chimie et de physique| volume = 5| issue = 5| year = 1842| pages = 5–47| url =http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k34746s/f4.table}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|22 |
|||
|[[Titanium]] |
|||
|1791 |
|||
| |
|||
|1825 |
|||
|[[William Gregor|W.Gregor]] |
|||
| |
|||
|[[Jöns Jakob Berzelius|J.J.Berzelius]] |
|||
|Gregor found an oxide of a new metal in [[ilmenite]] and [[Martin Heinrich Klaproth]] independently discovered the element in [[rutile]] in 1795 and named it. Pure metallic form was obtained only in 1910 by [[Matthew A. Hunter]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Titanium|url=http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/22.html|date=2004|accessdate=2006-12-29| publisher=[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=''The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements'' |year=1968 |author=Barksdale, Jelks |publisher=[[Reinhold Book Corporation]] |location=[[Skokie, Illinois]] |pages=732-38 "Titanium"|id=LCCCN 68-29938}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|39 |
|||
|[[Yttrium]] |
|||
|1794 |
|||
| |
|||
|1840 |
|||
|[[Johan Gadolin|J.Gadolin]] |
|||
| |
|||
|[[Carl Gustav Mosander|C.G.Mosander]] |
|||
|Discovered in [[gadolinite]], but Mosander showed later that it contained more elements.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VV5KAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=Yttrium+discovery&source=web&ots=kIrp-JqrS0&sig=Vjpm3O79VUAN-FiVRKaSmuCalbg&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result|journal=Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl.|volume=XV|pages=137 | doi = 10.1103/| doi_brokendate = 2008-06-25 | title = Introduction to the Rarer Elements}}</ref><ref>{{citejournal|year=1796|journal=Crell Anal.|volume=I|pages=313 | title =. }}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|24 |
|||
|[[Chromium]] |
|||
|1797 |
|||
| |
|||
|1798 |
|||
|[[Louis Nicolas Vauquelin|L.N.Vauquelin]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''L.N.Vauquelin'' |
|||
|Discovered and isolated from [[crocoite]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/cr.html |title=24 Chromium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|4 |
|||
|[[Beryllium]] |
|||
|1798 |
|||
| |
|||
|1828 |
|||
|[[Louis Nicolas Vauquelin|L.N.Vauquelin]] |
|||
| |
|||
|[[Friedrich Wöhler|F.Wöhler]]&[[Antoine Bussy|A.Bussy]] |
|||
|Vauquelin discovered the oxide in [[beryl]] and emerald, and Klaproth suggested the present name around 1808.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/be.html |title=04 Beryllium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|23 |
|||
|[[Vanadium]] |
|||
|1801 |
|||
| |
|||
|1830 |
|||
|[[Andrés Manuel del Río|A.M.del Río]] |
|||
| |
|||
|[[Nils Gabriel Sefström|N.G.Sefström]] |
|||
|Río found the metal in [[vanadinite]] but retracted the claim after [[Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils]] disputed it. Sefström isolated and named it, and later it was shown that Río had been right in the first place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/v.html |title=23 Vanadium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|41 |
|||
|[[Niobium]] |
|||
|1801 |
|||
| |
|||
|1864 |
|||
|[[Charles Hatchett|C.Hatchett]] |
|||
| |
|||
|[[Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand|C.W.Blomstrand]] |
|||
|Hatchett found the element in [[columbite]] ore and named it ''columbium''. [[Heinrich Rose]] proved in 1844 that the element is distinct from tantalum, and renamed it ''niobium'' which was officially accepted in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/nb.html |title=41 Niobium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|73 |
|||
|[[Tantalum]] |
|||
|1802 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Anders Gustaf Ekeberg|A.G.Ekeberg]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Ekeberg found another element in minerals similar to [[columbite]] and in 1844, Heinrich Rose proved that it was distinct from niobium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/ta.html |title=73 Tantalum |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|46 |
|||
|[[Palladium]] |
|||
|1802 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1802'' |
|||
|[[William Hyde Wollaston|W.H.Wollaston]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''W.H.Wollaston'' |
|||
|Wollaston discovered it in samples of platinum from South America, but did not publish his results immediately. He had intended to name it after the newly discovered [[asteroid]], [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]], but by the time he published his results in 1804, cerium had taken that name. Wollaston named it after the more recently discovered asteroid [[2 Pallas|Pallas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/pd.html |title=46 Palladium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|58 |
|||
|[[Cerium]] |
|||
|1803 |
|||
| |
|||
|1839 |
|||
|[[Martin Heinrich Klaproth|M.H.Klaproth]],<br>[[Jöns Jakob Berzelius|J.J.Berzelius]] &<br>[[Wilhelm Hisinger|W.Hisinger]] |
|||
| |
|||
|[[Carl Gustaf Mosander|C.G.Mosander]] |
|||
|Berzelius and Hisinger discovered the element in [[ceria]] and named it after the newly discovered [[asteroid]] (then considered a planet), [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]]. Klaproth discovered it simultaneously and independently in some tantalum samples. Mosander proved later that the samples of all three researchers had at least another element in it, [[lanthanum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/ce.html |title=58 Cerium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|76 |
|||
|[[Osmium]] |
|||
|1803 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1803'' |
|||
|[[Smithson Tennant|S.Tennant]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''S.Tennant'' |
|||
|Tennant had been working on samples of South American platinum in parallel with Wollaston and discovered two new elements, which he named osmium and iridium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/os.html |title=76 Osmium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|77 |
|||
|[[Iridium]] |
|||
|1803 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1803'' |
|||
|[[Smithson Tennant|S.Tennant]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''S.Tennant'' |
|||
|Tennant had been working on samples of South American platinum in parallel with Wollaston and discovered two new elements, which he named osmium and iridium, and published the iridium results in 1804.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/ir.html |title=77 Iridium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|45 |
|||
|[[Rhodium]] |
|||
|1804 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1804'' |
|||
|[[William Hyde Wollaston|W.H.Wollaston]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''W.H.Wollaston'' |
|||
|Wollaston discovered and isolated it from crude platinum samples from South America.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/rh.html |title=45 Rhodium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|19 |
|||
|[[Potassium]] |
|||
|1807 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1807'' |
|||
|[[Humphry Davy|H.Davy]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''H.Davy'' |
|||
|Davy discovered it by using [[electrolysis]] on [[potash]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/k.html |title=19 Potassium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|11 |
|||
|[[Sodium]] |
|||
|1807 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1807'' |
|||
|[[Humphry Davy|H.Davy]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''H.Davy'' |
|||
|Davy discovered it a few days after potassium, by using [[electrolysis]] on [[soda]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/na.html |title=11 Sodium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|20 |
|||
|[[Calcium]] |
|||
|1808 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1808'' |
|||
|[[Humphry Davy|H.Davy]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''H.Davy'' |
|||
|Davy discovered the metal by [[electrolysis]] of [[quicklime]].<ref name="autogenerated1" /> |
|||
|- |
|||
|5 |
|||
|[[Boron]] |
|||
|1808 |
|||
| |
|||
|1808 |
|||
|[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac|J.L.Gay-Lussac]] &<br>[[Louis Jacques Thénard|L.J.Thénard]] |
|||
| |
|||
|[[Humphry Davy|H.Davy]] |
|||
|On June 30, 1808, Lussac and Thénard announced a new element in [[boric acid|sedative salt]], and nine days later Davy announced the isolation of metallic boron.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/b.html |title=05 Boron |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|53 |
|||
|[[Iodine]] |
|||
|1811 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1811'' |
|||
|[[Bernard Courtois|B.Courtois]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''B.Courtois'' |
|||
|Courtois discovered it in the ashes of [[sea weed]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/i.html |title=53 Iodine |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|3 |
|||
|[[Lithium]] |
|||
|1817 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1817'' |
|||
|[[Johan August Arfwedson|J.A.Arfwedson]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''J.A.Arfwedson'' |
|||
|Arfwedson discovered the alkali in [[petalite]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/li.html |title=03 Lithium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|48 |
|||
|[[Cadmium]] |
|||
|1817 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1817'' |
|||
|[[Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann|K.S.L Hermann]],<br>[[Friedrich Stromeyer|F.Stromeyer]]&<br>[[J.C.H. Roloff]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''K.S.L Hermann,<br>F. Stromeyer,<br>J.C.H. Roloff'' |
|||
|All three found an unknown metal in a sample of [[zinc oxide]] from Silesia, but the name that Stromeyer gave became the accepted one.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/cd.html |title=48 Cadmium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|34 |
|||
|[[Selenium]] |
|||
|1817 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1817'' |
|||
|[[Jöns Jakob Berzelius|J.J.Berzelius]] &<br>[[Johann Gottlieb Gahn|J.G.Gahn]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''J.J.Berzelius &<br>J.G.Gahn'' |
|||
|While working with lead they discovered a substance that they thought it is tellurium, and after realizing it is different.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/se.html |title=34 Selenium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|14 |
|||
|[[Silicon]] |
|||
|1824 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1824'' |
|||
|[[Jöns Jakob Berzelius|J.J.Berzelius]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''J.J.Berzelius'' |
|||
|[[Humphry Davy]] thought in 1800 that [[silica]] is an element, not a compound, and in 1808 suggested the present name. In 1811 Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thénard probably prepared impure silicon, but Berzelius is credited with the discovery for obtaining the pure element in 1824.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/si.html |title=14 Silicon |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|13 |
|||
|[[Aluminium]] |
|||
|1825 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1825'' |
|||
|[[Hans Christian Ørsted|H.C.Ørsted]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''H.C.Ørsted'' |
|||
|[[Antoine Lavoisier]] predicted in 1787 that [[alumine]] is the oxide of an undiscovered element, and in 1808 [[Humphry Davy]] tried to decompose it, and although failed, suggested the present name. [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] was the first to isolate metallic aluminum in 1825.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/al.html |title=13 Aluminium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|35 |
|||
|[[Bromine]] |
|||
|1825 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1825'' |
|||
|[[Antoine Jérôme Balard|A.J.Balard]],<br>[[Leopold Gmelin|L.Gmelin]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''A.J.Balard &<br>L.Gmelin'' |
|||
|They both discovered the element in the Autumn of 1825, and published the results next year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/br.html |title=35 Bromine |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|90 |
|||
|[[Thorium]] |
|||
|1829 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Jöns Jakob Berzelius|J.J.Berzelius]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Berzelius obtained the oxide of a new earth in [[thorite]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/th.html |title=90 Thorium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|57 |
|||
|[[Lanthanum]] |
|||
|1838 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Carl Gustaf Mosander|C.G.Mosander]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Mosander found a new element in samples of [[ceria]] and published his results in 1842, but later, he showed that this [[lanthana]] contained four more elements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/la.html |title=57 Lanthanum |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|68 |
|||
|[[Erbium]] |
|||
|1842 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Carl Gustaf Mosander|C.G.Mosander]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Mosander managed to split the old [[yttria]] into yttria proper and [[erbia]], and later [[terbia]] too.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/er.html |title=68 Erbium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|65 |
|||
|[[Terbium]] |
|||
|1842 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1842'' |
|||
|[[Carl Gustaf Mosander|C.G.Mosander]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''C.G.Mosander'' |
|||
|In 1842 Mosander split [[yttria]] into two more earths, [[erbia]] and [[terbia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/tb.html |title=65 Terbium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|44 |
|||
|[[Ruthenium]] |
|||
|1807 |
|||
| |
|||
|1807 |
|||
|[[Jedrzej Sniadecki|J.Sniadecki]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''J.Sniadecki'' |
|||
|Sniadecki isolated the element in 1807 but his work was not ratified. [[Gottfried Wilhelm Osann]] thought thought he found three new metals in Russian platinum samples, and in 1844, [[Karl Ernst Claus|Karl Karlovich Klaus]] confirmed that there was a new element. The latter is usually recognized as the discoverer of the element.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/ru.html |title=44 Ruthenium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|55 |
|||
|[[Caesium]] |
|||
|1860 |
|||
| |
|||
|1882 |
|||
|[[Robert Bunsen|R.W.Bunsen]] &<br>[[Gustav Kirchhoff|G.R.Kirchhoff]] |
|||
| |
|||
|[[Carl Setterberg|C.Setterberg]] |
|||
|Bunsen and Kirchhoff were the first to suggest finding new elements by [[spectrum analysis]]. They discovered caesium by its two blue [[emission line]]s in a sample of [[Dürkheim]] [[mineral water]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/cs.html |title=55 Caesium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> The pure metal was eventually isolated in 1962 by Setterberg.<ref>[http://www.chem.shef.ac.uk/chm131-2001/chb01jms/caesium.html Ceasium<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|37 |
|||
|[[Rubidium]] |
|||
|1861 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Robert Bunsen|R.W.Bunsen]] &<br>[[Gustav Kirchhoff|G.R.Kirchhoff]] |
|||
| |
|||
|[[Hevesy]] |
|||
|Bunsen and Kirchhoff discovered it just a few months after caesium, by observing new spectral lines in the mineral [[lepidolite]]. Bunsen never obtained a pure sample of the metal, which was later obtained by Hervesy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/rb.html |title=37 Rubidium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|81 |
|||
|[[Thallium]] |
|||
|1861 |
|||
| |
|||
|1862 |
|||
|[[William Crookes|W.Crookes]] |
|||
| |
|||
|[[Claude-Auguste Lamy|C.-A.Lamy]] |
|||
|Shortly after the discovery of rubidium, Crookes found a new green line in a selenium sample and later that year, Lamy found the element to be metallic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/tl.html |title=81 Thallium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|49 |
|||
|[[Indium]] |
|||
|1863 |
|||
| |
|||
|1867 |
|||
|[[Ferdinand Reich|F.Reich]] &<br>[[Hieronymous Theodor Richter|H.T.Richter]] |
|||
| |
|||
|T.Richter |
|||
|Riach and Richter First identified it in [[sphalerite]] by its birght indigo-blue spectroscopic emission line. Richter isolated the metal several years later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/in.html |title=49 Indium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|2 |
|||
|[[Helium]] |
|||
|1868 |
|||
| |
|||
|1895 |
|||
|[[Pierre Janssen|P.Janssen]] &<br>[[Joseph Norman Lockyer|J.N.Lockyer]] |
|||
| |
|||
|[[Sir William Ramsay|W.Ramsay]],<br>[[Per Theodor Cleve|P.T.Cleve]]&<br>[[Nils Langlet|N.Langlet]] |
|||
|Janssen and Lockyer observed independently a yellow spectral line in the solar spectrum that did not match any other element. |
|||
Years later, Ramsay, Cleve, and Langlet observed independently the element trapped in [[clevite]] about the same time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/he.html |title=02 Helium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
! |
|||
! |
|||
!'''''1869''''' |
|||
! |
|||
! |
|||
!|<center> [[Dmitri Mendeleev|D.I.Mendeleev]] |
|||
! |
|||
! |
|||
!Mendeleev arranges the 66 elements known at that time into the first modern periodic table and correctly predicts several others. |
|||
|- |
|||
|31 |
|||
|[[Gallium]] |
|||
|1875 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran|P.E.L.de<br>Boisbaudran]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''P.E.L.de Boisbaudran'' |
|||
|Boisbaudran observed on a Pyrenea [[blende]] sample some emission lines corresponding to the eka-aluminum that was [[Mendeleev's predicted elements|predicted]] by [[Mendeleev]] in 1871 and subsequently isolated the element by electrolysis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/ga.html |title=31 Gallium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|70 |
|||
|[[Ytterbium]] |
|||
|1878 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac|J.C.G. de<br>Marignac]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|In October 22, 1878, Marignac reported splitting [[terbia]] in two new earths, terbia proper and [[ytterbia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/yb.html |title=70 Ytterbium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|67 |
|||
|[[Holmium]] |
|||
|1878 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Marc Delafontaine|M.Delafontaine]] <!-- ??[[Jacques-Louis Soret|J.-L.Soret]] and [[Per Teodor Cleve|P.T.Cleve]]?? --> |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Delafontaine found it in [[samarskite]] and next year, Per Teodor Cleve split Marignac's [[erbia]] into erbia proper and two new elements, thulium and holmium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/ho.html |title=67 Holmium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|69 |
|||
|[[Thulium]] |
|||
|1879 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1879'' |
|||
|[[Per Teodor Cleve|P.T.Cleve]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''P.T.Cleve'' |
|||
|Cleve split Marignac's [[erbia]] into erbia proper and two new elements, thulium and holmium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/tm.html |title=69 Thulium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|21 |
|||
|[[Scandium]] |
|||
|1879 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1879'' |
|||
|[[Lars Fredrik Nilson|L.F.Nilson]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''L.F.Nilson'' |
|||
|Nilson split Marignac's [[ytterbia]] into pure one and a new element that matched [[Mendeleev's predicted elements|1871 Mendeleev's predicted]] eka-boron.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/sc.html |title=21 Scandium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|62 |
|||
|[[Samarium]] |
|||
|1879 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1879'' |
|||
|[[Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran|P.E.L. de<br>Boisbaudran]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''P.E.L. de<br>Boisbaudran'' |
|||
|Boisbaudran noted a new earth in [[samarskite]] and named it after the mineral.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/sm.html |title=62 Samarium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|64 |
|||
|[[Gadolinium]] |
|||
|1880 |
|||
| |
|||
|1886 |
|||
|[[Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac|J.C.G. de<br>Marignac]] |
|||
| |
|||
|[[François Lecoq de Boisbaudran|F.L. de<br>Boisbaudran]] |
|||
|Marignac initially observed the new earth in [[terbia]] and later, Boisbaudran obtained a pure sample from [[samarskite]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/gd.html |title=64 Gadolinium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|59 |
|||
|[[Praseodymium]] |
|||
|1885 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Carl Auer von Welsbach|C.A.von Welsbach]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Von Welsbach discovered two new distinct elements in [[ceria]]: praseodymium and neodymium.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/pr.html |title=59 Praseodymium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|60 |
|||
|[[Neodymium]] |
|||
|1885 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Carl Auer von Welsbach|C.A.von Welsbach]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Von Welsbach discovered two new distinct elements in [[ceria]]: praseodymium and neodymium.<ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/nd.html |title=60 Neodymium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|66 |
|||
|[[Dysprosium]] |
|||
|1886 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran|P.E.L. de<br>Boisbaudran]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|De Boisbaudran found a new earth in [[erbia]].<ref name="autogenerated5" /> |
|||
|- |
|||
|32 |
|||
|[[Germanium]] |
|||
|1886 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Clemens Winkler|C.A.Winkler]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|In February 1886 Winkler found in [[argyrodite]] the eka-silicon that [[Mendeleev's predicted elements|Mendeleev had predicted in 1871]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/ge.html |title=32 Germanium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|9 |
|||
|[[Fluorine]] |
|||
|1886 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1886'' |
|||
|[[Henri Moissan|H.Moissan]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''H.Moissan'' |
|||
|Lavoisier predicted an element obtained from [[hydrofluoric acid]] and between 1812 and 1886 many researchers tried to obtain this element. It was eventually isolated by Moissan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/f.html |title=09 Fluorine |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|18 |
|||
|[[Argon]] |
|||
|1894 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1894'' |
|||
|[[John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh|Lord Rayleigh]] &<br>[[William Ramsay|W.Ramsay]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''Lord Rayleigh &<br>W.Ramsay'' |
|||
|They discovered the gas by comparing the molecular weights of nitrogen prepared by [[liquefaction]] from air and nitrogen prepared by chemical means. It is the first noble gas to be isolated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/ar.html |title=18 Argon |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|36 |
|||
|[[Krypton]] |
|||
|1898 |
|||
| |
|||
|1898 |
|||
|[[William Ramsay|W.Ramsay]] &<br>[[Morris W. Travers|M.W.Travers]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''W.Ramsay &<br>M.W.Travers'' |
|||
|On May 30, 1898, Ramsay separated a third noble gas from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/ne.html |title=10 Neon |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|10 |
|||
|[[Neon]] |
|||
|1898 |
|||
| |
|||
|1898 |
|||
|[[William Ramsay|W.Ramsay]] &<br>[[Morris W. Travers|M.W.Travers]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''W.Ramsay &<br>M.W.Travers'' |
|||
|In June 1898 Ramsay separated a new noble gas from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.<ref name="autogenerated6" /> |
|||
|- |
|||
|54 |
|||
|[[Xenon]] |
|||
|1898 |
|||
| |
|||
|1898 |
|||
|[[William Ramsay|W.Ramsay]] &<br>[[Morris W. Travers|M.W.Travers]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''W.Ramsay &<br>M.W.Travers'' |
|||
|On July 12, 1898 Ramsay separated a third noble gas within three weeks, from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/xe.html |title=54 Xenon |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|84 |
|||
|[[Polonium]] |
|||
|1898 |
|||
| |
|||
|1902 |
|||
|[[Pierre Curie|P.Curie]] &<br>[[Marie Curie|M.Curie]] |
|||
| |
|||
|[[Willy Marckwald|W.Marckwald]] |
|||
|In an experiment done on July 13, 1898, the Curies noted an increased radioactivity in the uranium obtained from [[pitchblende]] which they assigned to an unknown element.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/po.html |title=84 Polonium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|88 |
|||
|[[Radium]] |
|||
|1898 |
|||
| |
|||
|1902 |
|||
|[[Pierre Curie|P.Curie]] &<br>[[Marie Curie|M.Curie]] |
|||
| |
|||
|M. Curie |
|||
|The Curies reported on December 26, 1898, a new element different from polonium, which Marie later isolated from [[uraninite]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/ra.html |title=88 Radium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|86 |
|||
|[[Radon]] |
|||
|1898 |
|||
| |
|||
|1910 |
|||
|[[Friedrich Ernst Dorn|F.E.Dorn]] |
|||
| |
|||
|[[William Ramsay|W.Ramsay]] &<br>[[Robert Whytlaw-Gray|R.Whytlaw-Gray]] |
|||
|Dorn discovered a radioactive gas resulting from the radioactive decay of radium, isolated later by Ramsay and Gray.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Discovery of Radon|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=179|issue=4566|page=912|date=May 1957|author=Partington, J. R.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = La densité de l’emanation du radium | author = Ramsay, W.; Gray, R. W. | journal = Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des sciences | volume = 151 | pages = 126–128 | year = 1910 | url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k31042/f126.table }}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|89 |
|||
|[[Actinium]] |
|||
|1899 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1899'' |
|||
|[[André-Louis Debierne|A.-L.Debierne]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''A.-L.Debierne'' |
|||
|Debierne obtained from pitchblende a substance that had similar properties to thorium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/ac.html |title=89 Actinium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|63 |
|||
|[[Europium]] |
|||
|1896 |
|||
| |
|||
|1901 |
|||
|[[Eugene Demarcay|E.Demarcay]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''E.Demarcay'' |
|||
|Demarçay found spectral lines of a new element in Lecoq's samarium, and separated this element several years later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/eu.html |title=63 Europium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|71 |
|||
|[[Lutetium]] |
|||
|1906 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1906'' |
|||
|[[Georges Urbain|G.Urbain]],<br>[[Carl Auer von Welsbach|C.A. von<br>Welsbach]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''G. Urbain &<br>C.A. von Welsbach'' |
|||
|Urbain and von Welsbach proved independently that the old [[ytterbium]] did also contain a new element.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/lu.html |title=71 Lutetium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|75 |
|||
|[[Rhenium]] |
|||
|1908 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1908'' |
|||
|[[Masataka Ogawa|M.Ogawa]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''M.Ogawa'' |
|||
|Ogawa found it in [[thorianite]] but assigned it is element 43 instead of 75 and named it ''nipponium''.<ref>http://www.maik.ru/abstract/radchem/0/radchem0535_abstract.pdf</ref> In 1922 [[Walter Noddack]], [[Ida Eva Tacke]] and [[Otto Berg]] announced its separation from [[gadolinite]] and gave it the present name.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> |
|||
|- |
|||
|72 |
|||
|[[Hafnium]] |
|||
|1911 |
|||
| |
|||
|1922 |
|||
|[[Georges Urbain|G.Urbain]],<br>[[Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadskij|V.I.Vernadskij]] |
|||
| |
|||
|[[Dirk Coster|D.Coster]] &<br>[[Georg von Hevesy|G. von<br>Hevesy]] |
|||
|Urbain claimed to have found the element in rare-earth residues, while [[Vernadskij]] independently found it in [[orthite]]. Neither clamis were confirmed due to the War. After it, Coster and Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/hf.html |title=72 Hafnium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> It is the last stable element to be discovered. |
|||
|- |
|||
|91 |
|||
|[[Protactinium]] |
|||
|1913 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Otto H. Göhring|O.H.Göhring]],<br>[[Kasimir Fajans|K.Fajans]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|The two obtained the first isotope of this element that had been [[Mendeleev's predicted elements|predicted by Mendeleev in 1871]] as a member of the natural decay of <sup>238</sup>U.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/pa.html |title=91 Protactinium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> Originally isolated in 1900 by [[William Crookes]].<ref> {{cite book | last = Emsley | first = John | title = Nature's Building Blocks | edition = (Hardcover, First Edition) | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | date = 2001 | pages = page 347 | id = ISBN 0198503407 }}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|43 |
|||
|[[Technetium]] |
|||
|1937 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1937'' |
|||
|[[Carlo Perrier|C.Perrier]],<br>[[Emilio Segrè|E.Segrè]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''C.Perrier & E.Segrè'' |
|||
|The two discovered a new element in a molybdenum that was used in a [[cyclotrone]], the first [[synthetic element]] to be discovered. It had been [[Mendeleev's predicted elements|predicted by Mendeleev in 1871]] as eka-manganese.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/tc.html |title=43 Technetium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref><ref>''History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers'', Individual Element Names and History, "Technetium"</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|87 |
|||
|[[Francium]] |
|||
|1939 |
|||
| |
|||
|''1939'' |
|||
|[[Marguerite Perey|M.Perey]] |
|||
| |
|||
|''M.Perey'' |
|||
|Perey discovered it as a decay product of <sup>227</sup>Ac.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/fr.html |title=87 Francium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> Francium is the last element to be discovered in nature, rather than synthesized in the lab, although some of the "synthetic" elements that were discovered later (plutonium, neptunium, astatine) were eventually found in trace amounts in nature as well. |
|||
|- |
|||
|85 |
|||
|[[Astatine]] |
|||
|1940 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Dale R. Corson|D.R.Corson]],<br>[[K.R.Mackenzie]],<br>[[Emilio Segrè|E.Segrè]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Obtained by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/at.html |title=85 Astatine |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> Later determined to occur naturally in minuscule quantitites (<25 grams in earth's crust). |
|||
|- |
|||
|93 |
|||
|[[Neptunium]] |
|||
|1940 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Edwin McMillan|E.M. McMillan]],<br>[[Philip H. Abelson|P.H.Abelson]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Obtained by irradiating uranium with neutrons, it is the first [[transuranium element]] discovered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/np.html |title=93 Neptunium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|94 |
|||
|[[Plutonium]] |
|||
|1940-1 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Glenn T. Seaborg|G.T.Seaborg]],<br>[[Arthur C. Wahl]],<br>[[Joseph W. Kennedy|J.K.Kennedy]],<br>[[Edwin M. McMillan|E.M.McMillan]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Prepared by bombardment of uranium with deuterons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/pu.html |title=94 Plutonium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|95 |
|||
|[[Americium]] |
|||
|1944 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Glenn T. Seaborg|G.T.Seaborg]],<br>[[Ralph A. James|R.A.James]],<br>[[Leon O. Morgan|L.O.Morgan]] &<br>[[Albert Ghiorso|A.Ghiorso]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Prepared by irradiating plutonium with neutrons during the [[Manhattan Project]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/am.html |title=95 Americium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|96 |
|||
|[[Curium]] |
|||
|1944 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Glenn T. Seaborg|G.T.Seaborg]],<br>[[Ralph A. James|R.A.James]],<br>[[Albert Ghiorso|A.Ghiorso]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Prepared by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles during the [[Manhattan Project]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/cm.html |title=96 Curium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|61 |
|||
|[[Promethium]] |
|||
|1942 |
|||
| |
|||
|1945 |
|||
|[[Chien Shiung Wu|C.S.Wu]],<br>[[Emilio G. Segrè|E.G.Segrè]],<br>[[Hans Albrecht Bethe|H.A.Bethe]] |
|||
| |
|||
|[[Charles D. Coryell]], [[Jacob A. Marinsky]], [[Lawrence E. Glendenin]], [[Harold G. Richter]] |
|||
|It was probably first prepared in 1942 by bombarding neodymium and praseodymium with neutrons, but separation of the element could not be carried out. Isolation was performed under the [[Manhattan Project]] in 1945.<ref name="autogenerated3" /> |
|||
|- |
|||
|97 |
|||
|[[Berkelium]] |
|||
|1949 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Stanley G. Thompson|S.G.Thompson]],<br>[[Albert Ghiorso|A.Ghiorso]],<br>[[Glenn T. Seaborg|G.T.Seaborg]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Created by bombardment of americium with alpha particles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/bk.html |title=97 Berkelium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|98 |
|||
|[[Californium]] |
|||
|1950 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Stanley G. Thompson|S.G.Thompson]],<br>[[Kenneth Street, Jr.|K.Street,Jr.]],<br>[[Albert Ghiorso|A.Ghiorso]],<br>[[Glenn T. Seaborg|G.T.Seaborg]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Bombardment of curium with alpha particles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/cf.html |title=98 Californium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|99 |
|||
|[[Einsteinium]] |
|||
|1952 |
|||
| |
|||
|1952 |
|||
|[[Albert Ghiorso|A.Ghiorso]]<br><small>et. al ([[Argonne Laboratory]], [[Los Alamos Laboratory]], and [[University of California]]) |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Formed in the first thermonuclear explosion in November 1952, by irradiation of uranium with neutronsand kept secret for several years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/es.html |title=99 Einsteinium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|100 |
|||
|[[Fermium]] |
|||
|1952 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Albert Ghiorso|A.Ghiorso]]<br><small>et. al ([[Argonne Laboratory]], [[Los Alamos Laboratory]], and [[University of California]]) |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|Formed in the first thermonuclear explosion in November 1952, by irradiation of uranium with neutrons and kept secret for several years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/fm.html |title=100 Fermium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|101 |
|||
|[[Mendelevium]] |
|||
|1955 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Albert Ghiorso|A.Ghiorso]],<br>[[Bernard G. Harvey|B.G.Harvey]],<br>[[Gregory R. Choppin|G.R.Choppin]],<br>[[Stanley G. Thompson|S.G.Thompson]],<br>[[Glenn T. Seaborg|G.T.Seaborg]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Prepared by bombardment of einsteinium with helium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/md.html |title=101 Mendelevium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|102 |
|||
|[[Nobelium]] |
|||
|1958 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Albert Ghiorso|A.Ghiorso]],<br>[[Torbjørn Sikkeland|T.Sikkeland]],<br>[[J.R. Walton|J.R.Walton]],<br>[[Glenn T. Seaborg|G.T.Seaborg]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|First prepared by bombardment of curium with carbon atoms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/no.html |title=102 Nobelium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|103 |
|||
|[[Lawrencium]] |
|||
|1961 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Albert Ghiorso|A.Ghiorso]],<br>[[Torbjørn Sikkeland|T.Sikkeland]],<br>[[Almon E. Larsh|A.E.Larsh]],<br>[[Robert M. Latimer|R.M.Latimer]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|First prepared by bombardment of californium with boron atoms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/lr.html |title=103 Lawrencium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|104 |
|||
|[[Rutherfordium]] |
|||
|1964 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Georgy Nikolaevich Flerov|G.N.Flerov]]<br><small>et. al at [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research|JINR in Dubna]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Prepared by bombardment of plutonium with neon atoms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/rf.html |title=104 Rutherfordium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|105 |
|||
|[[Dubnium]] |
|||
|1968 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Georgy Nikolaevich Flerov|G.N.Flerov]]<br><small>et. al at [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research|JINR in Dubna]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|By bombardment of americium with neon atoms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/db.html |title=105 Dubnium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|106 |
|||
|[[Seaborgium]] |
|||
|1974 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Albert Ghiorso|A.Ghiorso]]<br><small>et. al in [[University of California, Berkeley]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Collisions of californium-249 with oxygen atoms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/sg.html |title=106 Seaborgium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|107 |
|||
|[[Bohrium]] |
|||
|1981 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Gottfried Münzenberg|G.Münzenberg]]<br><small>et. al [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung|GSI in Darmstadt]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Obtained by bombarding bismuth with chromium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/bh.html |title=107 Bohrium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|109 |
|||
|[[Meitnerium]] |
|||
|1982 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Gottfried Münzenberg|G.Münzenberg]],<br>[[Peter Armbruster|P.Armbruster]]<br><small>et. al [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung|GSI in Darmstadt]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Bombardment of bismuth with iron atoms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/mt.html |title=109 Meitnerium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|108 |
|||
|[[Hassium]] |
|||
|1984 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Gottfried Münzenberg|G.Münzenberg]],<br>[[Peter Armbruster|P.Armbruster]]<br><small>et. al at [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung|GSI in Darmstadt]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Bombardment of lead with iron atoms<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/hs.html |title=108 Hassium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|110 |
|||
|[[Darmstadtium]] |
|||
|1994 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Sigurd Hofmann|S.Hofmann]]<br><small>et al at [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung|GSI in Darmstadt]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Bombardment of lead with nickel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/ds.html |title=110 Darmstadtium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|111 |
|||
|[[Roentgenium]] |
|||
|1994 |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|[[Sigurd Hofmann|S.Hofmann]]<br><small>et al at [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung|GSI in Darmstadt]] |
|||
| |
|||
|? |
|||
|Bombardment of bismuth with nickel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/rg.html |title=111 Roentgenium |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
|} |
|||
==Unconfirmed discoveries== |
|||
Newbottle has been featured in the media since 2005 [[North East News]], [[BBC Look North (North East and Cumbria)|BBC Look North]], [[Durham FM]], [[BBC Radio Newcastle]], ''[[Sunderland Echo]]'', ''[[The Journal (newspaper)|The Journal]]'', ''[[Evening Chronicle]]'' and ''[[The Guardian]]'' as 7,000 trees, which are part of the [[Great North Forest]] are being threatened to be chopped down to make way for 20 new football pitches, car parking and infrastructure. As a result of this threat many protestors have been campaigning "Save Our Trees!". On [[June 29]], [[2006]] a 'chain saw' gang acting on the instructions of developers moved into the wood and began felling trees. This action forced the local community to apply to the high court in London for an emergency injunction. Mr Justice Bennett granted the high court injunction. |
|||
{| class="sortable wikitable" |
|||
|- |
|||
! | Z<br> |
|||
! | Name<br> |
|||
! | Discovery<br>year<br> |
|||
! | Discoverer<br> |
|||
! class="unsortable"| Notes |
|||
|- |
|||
|112 |
|||
|[[Ununbium]] |
|||
|1996 |
|||
|[[S. Hofmann]], [[V. Ninov]] et al, [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung|GSI]] |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|114 |
|||
|[[Ununquadium]] |
|||
|1999 |
|||
|[[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] in [[Dubna]] |
|||
|<ref>{{cite journal | last = Oganessian | first = Yu. Ts. | coauthors = ''et al.'' | year = 1999 | month = October | title = Synthesis of Superheavy Nuclei in the <sup>48</sup>Ca + <sup>244</sup>Pu Reaction | journal = Physical Review Letters | volume = 83 | pages = 3154 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3154 | url = http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v83/p3154 }}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 116 |
|||
|[[Ununhexium]] |
|||
|2000 |
|||
|[[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] in [[Dubna]] |
|||
|<ref>{{cite journal | last = Oganessian | first = Yu. Ts. | coauthors = ''et al.'' | year = 2000 | title = Observation of the decay of <sup>292</sup>116 | journal = Physical Review C | volume = 63 | pages = 011301 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevC.63.011301 | url = http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRC/v63/e011301 }}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 118 |
|||
|[[Ununoctium]] |
|||
|2002 |
|||
| [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] in Dubna and [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] |
|||
|<ref>{{cite journal | last = Oganessian | first = Yu. Ts. | coauthors = ''et al.'' | year = 2006 | title = Synthesis of the isotopes of elements 118 and 116 in the <sup>249</sup>Cf and <sup>245</sup>Cm+<sup>48</sup>Ca fusion reactions | journal = Physical Review C | volume = 74 | pages = 044602 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevC.74.044602 | url = http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRC/v74/e044602 }}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 113 |
|||
|[[Ununtrium]] |
|||
|2003 |
|||
| [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] in Dubna and [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] |
|||
|<ref name="113+115">{{cite journal | last = Oganessian | first = Yu. Ts. | coauthors = ''et al.'' | year = 2005 | title = Synthesis of elements 115 and 113 in the reaction <sup>243</sup>Am + <sup>48</sup>Ca | journal = Physical Review C | volume = 72 | pages = 034611 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevC.72.034611 | url = http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRC/v72/e034611 }}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 115 |
|||
|[[Ununpentium]] |
|||
|2003 |
|||
| [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] in Dubna and [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] |
|||
|<ref name="113+115" /> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 122 |
|||
|''[[Unbibium]]'' |
|||
|''2008'' |
|||
| [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0804.3869 |title=[0804.3869] Evidence for a long-lived superheavy nucleus with atomic mass number A=292 and atomic number Z=~122 in natural Th |publisher=Arxiv.org |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> |
|||
| '''Disputed claim:''' A group led by [[Amnon Marinov]] at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem claims to have found single atoms of unbibium in naturally occurring thorium deposits at a concentration of between 10<sup>-11</sup> and 10<sup>-12</sup>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arxivblog.com/?p=385 |title=the physics arXiv blog » Blog Archive » First superheavy element found in nature |publisher=Arxivblog.com |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> If this is accurate, unbibium would be the first naturally occurring element to be discovered in nature since [[Francium]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
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==See also== |
|||
Newbottle has one school, Newbottle Primary School which has more than 450 students from around the catchment area. |
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* [[Periodic table]] |
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* [[Elements song]] |
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* [[Ytterby]] |
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* [[Classical element]] |
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==References== |
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Newbottle is served by good road links with the A690 (to Durham/Sunderland) and A19 (to Teeside/North Tyneside) junctions one and a half miles to the east and the A1M (to Newcastle/the South) two and a half miles to the West at Chester-le-street. |
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{{reflist|3}} |
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==External links== |
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[[Category:Villages in Tyne and Wear]] |
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*[http://www.ausetute.com.au/elemhist.html History of Elements of the Periodic Table] |
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[[Category:City of Sunderland suburbs]] |
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*[http://chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/aa030303a.htm Timeline of Element Discoveries] |
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{{PeriodicTablesFooter}} |
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[[ru:Хронология открытия химических chicken |
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[[Category:History of chemistry]] |
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[[Category:History of physics]] |
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[[Category:Lists of chemical elements|Discovery]] |
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[[Category:Discoverers of chemical elements|*]] |
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[[Category:Chemistry timelines|Elements, discoveries]] |
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[[af:Ontdekking van die chemiese elemente]] |
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[[ar:ترتيب زمني لاكتشاف العناصر الكيميائية]] |
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[[ca:Història dels elements químics]] |
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[[cy:Rhestr elfennau yn nhrefn eu darganfyddiad]] |
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[[fa:کشف عناصر شیمیایی]] |
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[[fr:Histoire de la découverte des éléments chimiques]] |
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[[id:Penemuan unsur kimia]] |
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[[it:Scoperta degli elementi chimici]] |
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[[ja:化学元素発見の年表]] |
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[[pl:Historia odkryć pierwiastków]] |
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[[pt:Descoberta dos elementos químicos]] |
Revision as of 23:19, 12 October 2008
The discovery of the elements known to exist today is presented here in chronological order. The elements are listed generally in the order in which each was first defined as the pure element, as the exact date of discovery of most elements cannot be accurately defined. There are no written records for the discoveries of the first few elements that were known in antiquity.
Given is each element's name, atomic number, year of first report, name of the discoverer, and some notes related to the discovery.
Unrecorded discoveries
Z |
Name |
Earliest use |
Oldest remaining sample |
Discoverers | Place of oldest sample |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
29 | Copper | 9000 BCE | 6000 BCE | Middle East | Anatolia | Copper was probably the first metal mined and crafted by man.[1] Earliest estimates of discovery of copper suggest around 9000 BCE in the Middle East. It is one of the most important materials to humans throughout the entire copper and bronze ages. Copper beads dating from 6000 BCE were found in Çatal Höyük, Anatolia.[2] |
79 | Gold | before 6000 BCE | 5500 BCE | Middle East | Egypt | Archaeologists suggest that first use of gold began with the first civilizations in the Middle East. It may have been the first metal used by humans. Oldest remaining gold jewelry is that in the tomb of Egyptian Queen Zer.[3][4] |
82 | Lead | 7000 BCE | 3800 BCE | Near East | Abydos | It is believed that lead smelting began at least 9000 years ago, and the oldest known artifact of lead is statuette found at the temple of Osiris on the site of Abydos dated circa 3800 BC.[5] Lead was first purified and clearly differentiated from tin by medieval Arabic chemists[6] |
47 | Silver | before 5000 BCE | ~4000 BCE | Asia Minor | ? | Estimated to have happened to shortly after that of copper and gold.[7][8] |
26 | Iron | before 5000 BCE | 4000BCE | ? | Egypt | There is evidence that iron is known from before 5000 BCE.[9] The oldest known iron objects used by humans are some beads made from meteorite iron, in Egypt, made about 4000BCE. Discovery of smelting around 3000 BCE lead to the prominence of use of iron for tools and weapons, which lead to the start of iron age around 1200 BCE.[10] |
6 | Carbon | 3750 BCE | ? | Egyptians and Sumerians | ? | Earliest known use of charcoal for the reduction of copper, zinc and tin ores in the manufacture of bronze, by the Egyptians and Sumerians.[11] Diamonds were probably known as early as 2500 BCE[12] First true chemical analyses were made in the 18th century CE,[13] and in 1789 was listed by Antoine Lavoisier as an element.[14] |
50 | Tin | 3500 BCE | 2000 BCE | ? | ? | First smelt in combination with copper around 3500 BCE to produce bronze and brass.[15] Oldest artifacts date around 200 BCE.[16] First purified and clearly differentiated from lead by medieval Arabic chemists (ca. 700–1400 CE).[6] |
16 | Sulfur | before 2000 BCE | ? | Chinese/Indians | ? | First used at least 4000 years ago.[17] First identified as an element by Geber (ca. 800 CE).[18] Also recognized as an element by Antoine Lavoisier in 1777. |
80 | Mercury | before 2000 BCE | 1500 BCE | Chinese/Indians | Egypt | Known to ancient Chinese and Hindus before 2000 BC, and found in Egyptian tombs dating from 1500 BCE.[19] First identified as an element by Geber (ca. 800 CE).[18] |
30 | Zinc | before 1000 BCE | 1000 BCE | Indian metallurgists | Indian subcontinent | Extracted as a metal since antiquity by Indian metallurgists before 1000 BCE, but the true nature of this metal was not understood in ancient times. Identified as a unique metal by the metallurgist Rasaratna Samuccaya in 800 CE[20] and by the alchemist Paracelsus in 1526.[21] Isolated by Andreas Sigismund Marggraf in 1746. |
Recorded discoveries
Z |
Element name |
Observed or predicted |
Report of characterization (widely recognized) [22][23] |
Isolation (widely known) |
Observer |
Person who widely reported first characterization (usually accepted discoverer) |
First isolator |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
33 | Arsenic | 800 CE (ca.) | ? | 800 CE (ca.) | Geber | Geber or A.Magnus | Geber | Discovered and isolated by Geber, who described its preparation in his Liber Fornacum, ca. 800 CE.[24][25][26] Albertus Magnus was the first European to isolate the element in 1250.[22][23] In 1649, Johann Schröder published two ways of preparing elemental arsenic. |
51 | Antimony | 800 (ca.) | 800 (ca.) | Geber | Geber | Discovered and isolated by Geber ca. 800 CE.[24][25] Basilius Valentinus was the first European to describe the element around 1450.[22][23] First description of a procedure for isolating elemental antimony in 1540 by Vannoccio Biringuccio. | ||
83 | Bismuth | 800 (ca.) | 1753 | Geber | C.F.Geoffroy | Discovered by Geber ca. 800.[25][27] Later described in writings attributed to Basilius Valentinus around 1450.[22] Definitively identified by Claude François Geoffroy in 1753.[23] | ||
15 | Phosphorus | 1669 | 1669 | H.Brand | H.Brand | Prepared from urine, it was the first element to be chemically discovered.[28] | ||
27 | Cobalt | 1732 | ? | G.Brandt | ? | Proved that the blue color of glass is due to a new kind of metal and not bismuth as thought previously.[29] | ||
78 | Platinum | 1735 | 1735 | A.de Ulloa | A. de Ulloa | First description of a metal found in South American gold was in 1557 by Julius Caesar Scaliger. Ulloa published his findings in 1748, but Sir Charles Wood also investigated the metal in 1741. First reference to it as a new metal was made by William Brownrigg in 1750.[30] | ||
28 | Nickel | 1751 | 1751 | A.F.Cronstedt | A.F.Cronstedt | By attempting to extract copper from the mineral known as "fake copper" (now known as niccolite).[31] | ||
12 | Magnesium | 1755 | 1808 | J.Black | H.Davy | Black observed that magnesia alba (MgO) was not quicklime (CaO). Davy isolated it electrochemically from magnesia.[32] | ||
1 | Hydrogen | 1766 | 1500(ca.) | H.Cavendish | Paracelsus | Cavendish was the first to distinguish H 2 from other gases, although Paracelsus around 1500, Robert Boyle, and Joseph Priestley had observed its production by reacting strong acids with metals. Lavoisier named it in 1793.[33][34] | ||
8 | Oxygen | 1771 | 1771 | C.W.Scheele | C.W.Scheele | Obtained from by heating mercuric oxide and nitrates in 1771, but published his findings in 1777. Joseph Priestley also prepared this new air by 1774, but only Lavoisier recognized it as a true element and named it in 1777.[35][36] | ||
7 | Nitrogen | 1772 | 1772 | D.Rutherford | D.Rutherford | He showed that the air in which animals had breathed, even after removal of the exhaled carbon dioxide, was no longer able to burn a candle. Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish, and Joseph Priestley also studied the element about the same time, and Lavoisier named it in 1775-6.[37] | ||
17 | Chlorine | 1774 | 1774 | C.W.Scheele | C.W.Scheele | Obtained it from hydrochloric acid, but thought it was an oxide. Only in 1808 Humphry Davy recognized it as an element.[38] | ||
25 | Manganese | 1770 | 1774 | T.O.Bergman | J.G.Gahn | Distinguished pyrolusite as the calx of a new metal. Ignatius Gottfred Kaim also discovered the new metal in 1770 and Scheele in 1774 too. It was isolated by reduction of manganese dioxide with carbon.[39] | ||
56 | Barium | 1772 | 1808 | C.W.Scheele | H.Davy | Scheele distinguished a new earth (BaO) in pyrolusite and Davy isolated the metal by elecrolysis.[40] | ||
42 | Molybdenum | 1778 | 1781 | C.W.Scheele | P.J.Hjelm | Scheele recognised as a constituent of molybdena.[41] | ||
52 | Tellurium | 1782 | 1795? | F.-J.M. von Reichenstein |
M.H.Klaproth | Muller observed it as an impurity in gold ores from Transylvania.[42] | ||
74 | Tungsten | 1781 | 1783 | T.Bergman | J.J.Elhuyar, J.José &F.Elhuyar | Bergman obtained from scheelite an oxide of a new element. The Elhuyars obtained tungstic acid from wolframite and reduced it with charcoal.[43] | ||
38 | Strontium | 1787 | 1808 | W.Cruikshank | H.Davy | Cruikshank and Adair Crawford in 1790 concluded that strontianite contained a new earth. It was eventually isolated electrochemically in 1808 by Humphry Davy.[44] | ||
1789 | A.Lavoisier | The first modern list of chemical elements, containing among others, 23 elements of those known then.[45] He also redefined the term "element". Until him, all metals except mercury were not considered elements. | ||||||
40 | Zirconium | 1789 | 1824 | M.H.Klaproth | J.J.Berzelius | Klaproth identified the a new element in zirconia.[46][47] | ||
92 | Uranium | 1789 | 1841 | M.H.Klaproth | E.-M.Péligot | Mistakenly identified an uranium oxide obtained from pitchblende as the element itself and named it after the recently discovered planet Uranus.[48][49] | ||
22 | Titanium | 1791 | 1825 | W.Gregor | J.J.Berzelius | Gregor found an oxide of a new metal in ilmenite and Martin Heinrich Klaproth independently discovered the element in rutile in 1795 and named it. Pure metallic form was obtained only in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter.[50][51] | ||
39 | Yttrium | 1794 | 1840 | J.Gadolin | C.G.Mosander | Discovered in gadolinite, but Mosander showed later that it contained more elements.[52][53] | ||
24 | Chromium | 1797 | 1798 | L.N.Vauquelin | L.N.Vauquelin | Discovered and isolated from crocoite.[54] | ||
4 | Beryllium | 1798 | 1828 | L.N.Vauquelin | F.Wöhler&A.Bussy | Vauquelin discovered the oxide in beryl and emerald, and Klaproth suggested the present name around 1808.[55] | ||
23 | Vanadium | 1801 | 1830 | A.M.del Río | N.G.Sefström | Río found the metal in vanadinite but retracted the claim after Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils disputed it. Sefström isolated and named it, and later it was shown that Río had been right in the first place.[56] | ||
41 | Niobium | 1801 | 1864 | C.Hatchett | C.W.Blomstrand | Hatchett found the element in columbite ore and named it columbium. Heinrich Rose proved in 1844 that the element is distinct from tantalum, and renamed it niobium which was officially accepted in 1949.[57] | ||
73 | Tantalum | 1802 | ? | A.G.Ekeberg | ? | Ekeberg found another element in minerals similar to columbite and in 1844, Heinrich Rose proved that it was distinct from niobium.[58] | ||
46 | Palladium | 1802 | 1802 | W.H.Wollaston | W.H.Wollaston | Wollaston discovered it in samples of platinum from South America, but did not publish his results immediately. He had intended to name it after the newly discovered asteroid, Ceres, but by the time he published his results in 1804, cerium had taken that name. Wollaston named it after the more recently discovered asteroid Pallas.[59] | ||
58 | Cerium | 1803 | 1839 | M.H.Klaproth, J.J.Berzelius & W.Hisinger |
C.G.Mosander | Berzelius and Hisinger discovered the element in ceria and named it after the newly discovered asteroid (then considered a planet), Ceres. Klaproth discovered it simultaneously and independently in some tantalum samples. Mosander proved later that the samples of all three researchers had at least another element in it, lanthanum.[60] | ||
76 | Osmium | 1803 | 1803 | S.Tennant | S.Tennant | Tennant had been working on samples of South American platinum in parallel with Wollaston and discovered two new elements, which he named osmium and iridium.[61] | ||
77 | Iridium | 1803 | 1803 | S.Tennant | S.Tennant | Tennant had been working on samples of South American platinum in parallel with Wollaston and discovered two new elements, which he named osmium and iridium, and published the iridium results in 1804.[62] | ||
45 | Rhodium | 1804 | 1804 | W.H.Wollaston | W.H.Wollaston | Wollaston discovered and isolated it from crude platinum samples from South America.[63] | ||
19 | Potassium | 1807 | 1807 | H.Davy | H.Davy | Davy discovered it by using electrolysis on potash.[64] | ||
11 | Sodium | 1807 | 1807 | H.Davy | H.Davy | Davy discovered it a few days after potassium, by using electrolysis on soda.[65] | ||
20 | Calcium | 1808 | 1808 | H.Davy | H.Davy | Davy discovered the metal by electrolysis of quicklime.[65] | ||
5 | Boron | 1808 | 1808 | J.L.Gay-Lussac & L.J.Thénard |
H.Davy | On June 30, 1808, Lussac and Thénard announced a new element in sedative salt, and nine days later Davy announced the isolation of metallic boron.[66] | ||
53 | Iodine | 1811 | 1811 | B.Courtois | B.Courtois | Courtois discovered it in the ashes of sea weed.[67] | ||
3 | Lithium | 1817 | 1817 | J.A.Arfwedson | J.A.Arfwedson | Arfwedson discovered the alkali in petalite.[68] | ||
48 | Cadmium | 1817 | 1817 | K.S.L Hermann, F.Stromeyer& J.C.H. Roloff |
K.S.L Hermann, F. Stromeyer, J.C.H. Roloff |
All three found an unknown metal in a sample of zinc oxide from Silesia, but the name that Stromeyer gave became the accepted one.[69] | ||
34 | Selenium | 1817 | 1817 | J.J.Berzelius & J.G.Gahn |
J.J.Berzelius & J.G.Gahn |
While working with lead they discovered a substance that they thought it is tellurium, and after realizing it is different.[70] | ||
14 | Silicon | 1824 | 1824 | J.J.Berzelius | J.J.Berzelius | Humphry Davy thought in 1800 that silica is an element, not a compound, and in 1808 suggested the present name. In 1811 Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thénard probably prepared impure silicon, but Berzelius is credited with the discovery for obtaining the pure element in 1824.[71] | ||
13 | Aluminium | 1825 | 1825 | H.C.Ørsted | H.C.Ørsted | Antoine Lavoisier predicted in 1787 that alumine is the oxide of an undiscovered element, and in 1808 Humphry Davy tried to decompose it, and although failed, suggested the present name. Hans Christian Ørsted was the first to isolate metallic aluminum in 1825.[72] | ||
35 | Bromine | 1825 | 1825 | A.J.Balard, L.Gmelin |
A.J.Balard & L.Gmelin |
They both discovered the element in the Autumn of 1825, and published the results next year.[73] | ||
90 | Thorium | 1829 | ? | J.J.Berzelius | ? | Berzelius obtained the oxide of a new earth in thorite.[74] | ||
57 | Lanthanum | 1838 | ? | C.G.Mosander | ? | Mosander found a new element in samples of ceria and published his results in 1842, but later, he showed that this lanthana contained four more elements.[75] | ||
68 | Erbium | 1842 | ? | C.G.Mosander | ? | Mosander managed to split the old yttria into yttria proper and erbia, and later terbia too.[76] | ||
65 | Terbium | 1842 | 1842 | C.G.Mosander | C.G.Mosander | In 1842 Mosander split yttria into two more earths, erbia and terbia[77] | ||
44 | Ruthenium | 1807 | 1807 | J.Sniadecki | J.Sniadecki | Sniadecki isolated the element in 1807 but his work was not ratified. Gottfried Wilhelm Osann thought thought he found three new metals in Russian platinum samples, and in 1844, Karl Karlovich Klaus confirmed that there was a new element. The latter is usually recognized as the discoverer of the element.[78] | ||
55 | Caesium | 1860 | 1882 | R.W.Bunsen & G.R.Kirchhoff |
C.Setterberg | Bunsen and Kirchhoff were the first to suggest finding new elements by spectrum analysis. They discovered caesium by its two blue emission lines in a sample of Dürkheim mineral water.[79] The pure metal was eventually isolated in 1962 by Setterberg.[80] | ||
37 | Rubidium | 1861 | ? | R.W.Bunsen & G.R.Kirchhoff |
Hevesy | Bunsen and Kirchhoff discovered it just a few months after caesium, by observing new spectral lines in the mineral lepidolite. Bunsen never obtained a pure sample of the metal, which was later obtained by Hervesy.[81] | ||
81 | Thallium | 1861 | 1862 | W.Crookes | C.-A.Lamy | Shortly after the discovery of rubidium, Crookes found a new green line in a selenium sample and later that year, Lamy found the element to be metallic.[82] | ||
49 | Indium | 1863 | 1867 | F.Reich & H.T.Richter |
T.Richter | Riach and Richter First identified it in sphalerite by its birght indigo-blue spectroscopic emission line. Richter isolated the metal several years later.[83] | ||
2 | Helium | 1868 | 1895 | P.Janssen & J.N.Lockyer |
W.Ramsay, P.T.Cleve& N.Langlet |
Janssen and Lockyer observed independently a yellow spectral line in the solar spectrum that did not match any other element.
Years later, Ramsay, Cleve, and Langlet observed independently the element trapped in clevite about the same time.[84] | ||
1869 | Mendeleev arranges the 66 elements known at that time into the first modern periodic table and correctly predicts several others. | |||||||
31 | Gallium | 1875 | ? | P.E.L.de Boisbaudran |
P.E.L.de Boisbaudran | Boisbaudran observed on a Pyrenea blende sample some emission lines corresponding to the eka-aluminum that was predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 and subsequently isolated the element by electrolysis.[85] | ||
70 | Ytterbium | 1878 | ? | J.C.G. de Marignac |
? | In October 22, 1878, Marignac reported splitting terbia in two new earths, terbia proper and ytterbia.[86] | ||
67 | Holmium | 1878 | ? | M.Delafontaine | ? | Delafontaine found it in samarskite and next year, Per Teodor Cleve split Marignac's erbia into erbia proper and two new elements, thulium and holmium.[87] | ||
69 | Thulium | 1879 | 1879 | P.T.Cleve | P.T.Cleve | Cleve split Marignac's erbia into erbia proper and two new elements, thulium and holmium.[88] | ||
21 | Scandium | 1879 | 1879 | L.F.Nilson | L.F.Nilson | Nilson split Marignac's ytterbia into pure one and a new element that matched 1871 Mendeleev's predicted eka-boron.[89] | ||
62 | Samarium | 1879 | 1879 | P.E.L. de Boisbaudran |
P.E.L. de Boisbaudran |
Boisbaudran noted a new earth in samarskite and named it after the mineral.[90] | ||
64 | Gadolinium | 1880 | 1886 | J.C.G. de Marignac |
F.L. de Boisbaudran |
Marignac initially observed the new earth in terbia and later, Boisbaudran obtained a pure sample from samarskite.[91] | ||
59 | Praseodymium | 1885 | ? | C.A.von Welsbach | ? | Von Welsbach discovered two new distinct elements in ceria: praseodymium and neodymium.[92] | ||
60 | Neodymium | 1885 | ? | C.A.von Welsbach | ? | Von Welsbach discovered two new distinct elements in ceria: praseodymium and neodymium.[93] | ||
66 | Dysprosium | 1886 | ? | P.E.L. de Boisbaudran |
? | De Boisbaudran found a new earth in erbia.[93] | ||
32 | Germanium | 1886 | ? | C.A.Winkler | ? | In February 1886 Winkler found in argyrodite the eka-silicon that Mendeleev had predicted in 1871.[94] | ||
9 | Fluorine | 1886 | 1886 | H.Moissan | H.Moissan | Lavoisier predicted an element obtained from hydrofluoric acid and between 1812 and 1886 many researchers tried to obtain this element. It was eventually isolated by Moissan.[95] | ||
18 | Argon | 1894 | 1894 | Lord Rayleigh & W.Ramsay |
Lord Rayleigh & W.Ramsay |
They discovered the gas by comparing the molecular weights of nitrogen prepared by liquefaction from air and nitrogen prepared by chemical means. It is the first noble gas to be isolated.[96] | ||
36 | Krypton | 1898 | 1898 | W.Ramsay & M.W.Travers |
W.Ramsay & M.W.Travers |
On May 30, 1898, Ramsay separated a third noble gas from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.[97] | ||
10 | Neon | 1898 | 1898 | W.Ramsay & M.W.Travers |
W.Ramsay & M.W.Travers |
In June 1898 Ramsay separated a new noble gas from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.[97] | ||
54 | Xenon | 1898 | 1898 | W.Ramsay & M.W.Travers |
W.Ramsay & M.W.Travers |
On July 12, 1898 Ramsay separated a third noble gas within three weeks, from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.[98] | ||
84 | Polonium | 1898 | 1902 | P.Curie & M.Curie |
W.Marckwald | In an experiment done on July 13, 1898, the Curies noted an increased radioactivity in the uranium obtained from pitchblende which they assigned to an unknown element.[99] | ||
88 | Radium | 1898 | 1902 | P.Curie & M.Curie |
M. Curie | The Curies reported on December 26, 1898, a new element different from polonium, which Marie later isolated from uraninite.[100] | ||
86 | Radon | 1898 | 1910 | F.E.Dorn | W.Ramsay & R.Whytlaw-Gray |
Dorn discovered a radioactive gas resulting from the radioactive decay of radium, isolated later by Ramsay and Gray.[101][102] | ||
89 | Actinium | 1899 | 1899 | A.-L.Debierne | A.-L.Debierne | Debierne obtained from pitchblende a substance that had similar properties to thorium.[103] | ||
63 | Europium | 1896 | 1901 | E.Demarcay | E.Demarcay | Demarçay found spectral lines of a new element in Lecoq's samarium, and separated this element several years later.[104] | ||
71 | Lutetium | 1906 | 1906 | G.Urbain, C.A. von Welsbach |
G. Urbain & C.A. von Welsbach |
Urbain and von Welsbach proved independently that the old ytterbium did also contain a new element.[105] | ||
75 | Rhenium | 1908 | 1908 | M.Ogawa | M.Ogawa | Ogawa found it in thorianite but assigned it is element 43 instead of 75 and named it nipponium.[106] In 1922 Walter Noddack, Ida Eva Tacke and Otto Berg announced its separation from gadolinite and gave it the present name.[63] | ||
72 | Hafnium | 1911 | 1922 | G.Urbain, V.I.Vernadskij |
D.Coster & G. von Hevesy |
Urbain claimed to have found the element in rare-earth residues, while Vernadskij independently found it in orthite. Neither clamis were confirmed due to the War. After it, Coster and Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon.[107] It is the last stable element to be discovered. | ||
91 | Protactinium | 1913 | ? | O.H.Göhring, K.Fajans |
? | The two obtained the first isotope of this element that had been predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as a member of the natural decay of 238U.[108] Originally isolated in 1900 by William Crookes.[109] | ||
43 | Technetium | 1937 | 1937 | C.Perrier, E.Segrè |
C.Perrier & E.Segrè | The two discovered a new element in a molybdenum that was used in a cyclotrone, the first synthetic element to be discovered. It had been predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as eka-manganese.[110][111] | ||
87 | Francium | 1939 | 1939 | M.Perey | M.Perey | Perey discovered it as a decay product of 227Ac.[112] Francium is the last element to be discovered in nature, rather than synthesized in the lab, although some of the "synthetic" elements that were discovered later (plutonium, neptunium, astatine) were eventually found in trace amounts in nature as well. | ||
85 | Astatine | 1940 | ? | D.R.Corson, K.R.Mackenzie, E.Segrè |
? | Obtained by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles.[113] Later determined to occur naturally in minuscule quantitites (<25 grams in earth's crust). | ||
93 | Neptunium | 1940 | ? | E.M. McMillan, P.H.Abelson |
? | Obtained by irradiating uranium with neutrons, it is the first transuranium element discovered.[114] | ||
94 | Plutonium | 1940-1 | ? | G.T.Seaborg, Arthur C. Wahl, J.K.Kennedy, E.M.McMillan |
? | Prepared by bombardment of uranium with deuterons.[115] | ||
95 | Americium | 1944 | ? | G.T.Seaborg, R.A.James, L.O.Morgan & A.Ghiorso |
? | Prepared by irradiating plutonium with neutrons during the Manhattan Project.[116] | ||
96 | Curium | 1944 | ? | G.T.Seaborg, R.A.James, A.Ghiorso |
? | Prepared by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles during the Manhattan Project[117] | ||
61 | Promethium | 1942 | 1945 | C.S.Wu, E.G.Segrè, H.A.Bethe |
Charles D. Coryell, Jacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin, Harold G. Richter | It was probably first prepared in 1942 by bombarding neodymium and praseodymium with neutrons, but separation of the element could not be carried out. Isolation was performed under the Manhattan Project in 1945.[92] | ||
97 | Berkelium | 1949 | ? | S.G.Thompson, A.Ghiorso, G.T.Seaborg |
? | Created by bombardment of americium with alpha particles.[118] | ||
98 | Californium | 1950 | ? | S.G.Thompson, K.Street,Jr., A.Ghiorso, G.T.Seaborg |
? | Bombardment of curium with alpha particles.[119] | ||
99 | Einsteinium | 1952 | 1952 | A.Ghiorso et. al (Argonne Laboratory, Los Alamos Laboratory, and University of California) |
Formed in the first thermonuclear explosion in November 1952, by irradiation of uranium with neutronsand kept secret for several years.[120] | |||
100 | Fermium | 1952 | ? | A.Ghiorso et. al (Argonne Laboratory, Los Alamos Laboratory, and University of California) |
Formed in the first thermonuclear explosion in November 1952, by irradiation of uranium with neutrons and kept secret for several years.[121] | |||
101 | Mendelevium | 1955 | ? | A.Ghiorso, B.G.Harvey, G.R.Choppin, S.G.Thompson, G.T.Seaborg |
? | Prepared by bombardment of einsteinium with helium.[122] | ||
102 | Nobelium | 1958 | ? | A.Ghiorso, T.Sikkeland, J.R.Walton, G.T.Seaborg |
? | First prepared by bombardment of curium with carbon atoms.[123] | ||
103 | Lawrencium | 1961 | ? | A.Ghiorso, T.Sikkeland, A.E.Larsh, R.M.Latimer |
? | First prepared by bombardment of californium with boron atoms.[124] | ||
104 | Rutherfordium | 1964 | ? | G.N.Flerov et. al at JINR in Dubna |
? | Prepared by bombardment of plutonium with neon atoms.[125] | ||
105 | Dubnium | 1968 | ? | G.N.Flerov et. al at JINR in Dubna |
? | By bombardment of americium with neon atoms.[126] | ||
106 | Seaborgium | 1974 | ? | A.Ghiorso et. al in University of California, Berkeley |
? | Collisions of californium-249 with oxygen atoms.[127] | ||
107 | Bohrium | 1981 | ? | G.Münzenberg et. al GSI in Darmstadt |
? | Obtained by bombarding bismuth with chromium.[128] | ||
109 | Meitnerium | 1982 | ? | G.Münzenberg, P.Armbruster et. al GSI in Darmstadt |
? | Bombardment of bismuth with iron atoms.[129] | ||
108 | Hassium | 1984 | ? | G.Münzenberg, P.Armbruster et. al at GSI in Darmstadt |
? | Bombardment of lead with iron atoms[130] | ||
110 | Darmstadtium | 1994 | ? | S.Hofmann et al at GSI in Darmstadt |
? | Bombardment of lead with nickel.[131] | ||
111 | Roentgenium | 1994 | ? | S.Hofmann et al at GSI in Darmstadt |
? | Bombardment of bismuth with nickel.[132] |
Unconfirmed discoveries
Z |
Name |
Discovery year |
Discoverer |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
112 | Ununbium | 1996 | S. Hofmann, V. Ninov et al, GSI | |
114 | Ununquadium | 1999 | Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna | [133] |
116 | Ununhexium | 2000 | Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna | [134] |
118 | Ununoctium | 2002 | Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory | [135] |
113 | Ununtrium | 2003 | Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory | [136] |
115 | Ununpentium | 2003 | Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory | [136] |
122 | Unbibium | 2008 | Hebrew University of Jerusalem[137] | Disputed claim: A group led by Amnon Marinov at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem claims to have found single atoms of unbibium in naturally occurring thorium deposits at a concentration of between 10-11 and 10-12.[138] If this is accurate, unbibium would be the first naturally occurring element to be discovered in nature since Francium. |
See also
References
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- ^ 47 Silver
- ^ "Silver Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements". Chemistry.about.com. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
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- ^ a b George Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science (cf. Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq (1997), Quotations From Famous Historians of Science, Cyberistan)
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- ^ "57 Lanthanum". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "68 Erbium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "65 Terbium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "44 Ruthenium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "55 Caesium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ Ceasium
- ^ "37 Rubidium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "81 Thallium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "49 Indium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "02 Helium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "31 Gallium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "70 Ytterbium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "67 Holmium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "69 Thulium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "21 Scandium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "62 Samarium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "64 Gadolinium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ a b "59 Praseodymium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ a b "60 Neodymium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "32 Germanium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "09 Fluorine". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "18 Argon". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ a b "10 Neon". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "54 Xenon". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "84 Polonium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "88 Radium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ Partington, J. R. (May 1957). "Discovery of Radon". Nature. 179 (4566): 912.
- ^ Ramsay, W.; Gray, R. W. (1910). "La densité de l'emanation du radium". Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des sciences. 151: 126–128.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "89 Actinium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "63 Europium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "71 Lutetium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ http://www.maik.ru/abstract/radchem/0/radchem0535_abstract.pdf
- ^ "72 Hafnium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "91 Protactinium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ Emsley, John (2001). Nature's Building Blocks ((Hardcover, First Edition) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. page 347. ISBN 0198503407.
{{cite book}}
:|pages=
has extra text (help) - ^ "43 Technetium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers, Individual Element Names and History, "Technetium"
- ^ "87 Francium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "85 Astatine". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "93 Neptunium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "94 Plutonium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "95 Americium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "96 Curium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "97 Berkelium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "98 Californium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "99 Einsteinium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "100 Fermium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "101 Mendelevium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "102 Nobelium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "103 Lawrencium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "104 Rutherfordium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "105 Dubnium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "106 Seaborgium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "107 Bohrium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "109 Meitnerium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "108 Hassium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "110 Darmstadtium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "111 Roentgenium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (1999). "Synthesis of Superheavy Nuclei in the 48Ca + 244Pu Reaction". Physical Review Letters. 83: 3154. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3154.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (2000). "Observation of the decay of 292116". Physical Review C. 63: 011301. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.63.011301.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (2006). "Synthesis of the isotopes of elements 118 and 116 in the 249Cf and 245Cm+48Ca fusion reactions". Physical Review C. 74: 044602. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.74.044602.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (2005). "Synthesis of elements 115 and 113 in the reaction 243Am + 48Ca". Physical Review C. 72: 034611. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.72.034611.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "[0804.3869] Evidence for a long-lived superheavy nucleus with atomic mass number A=292 and atomic number Z=~122 in natural Th". Arxiv.org. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "the physics arXiv blog » Blog Archive » First superheavy element found in nature". Arxivblog.com. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
External links
[[ru:Хронология открытия химических chicken