Camorra

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

As Camorra , also known as Bella Società Riformata , Società dell'Umirtà , Onorata Società or Il Sistema , are organized criminal Italian family clans in Naples and the region Campania referred. The Camorra is one of the oldest and largest criminal organizations in Italy and has existed since the 16th century. In contrast to the Sicilian Cosa Nostra and the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta with their predominantly rural operational field, the Camorra mainly operates from Naples and the surrounding area. The Camorra consists of autonomous clans and is therefore not organized vertically like the Cosa Nostra, but horizontally. The Camorra is particularly popular because of the high unemployment rate, especially among young people. It offers them work (not recorded statistically); In general, the shadow economy is a major economic force in the city.

organization

Origins

A typical guappo from the end of the 19th century

The origins of the Camorra are still not entirely clear. It was previously assumed that they date back to the 16th century as a direct descendant of a Spanish secret society called " Garduña ", which was founded in 1417. However, recent historical research in Spain suggests that the garduña never really existed and would only be based on a fictional book from the 19th century.

The origin of the word "Camorra" is unclear, but there are numerous theories. The word was first officially used in 1735 when a royal decree allowed eight gambling dens to be set up in Naples. The official document in question mentions Camorra avanti palazzo , which means a gambling den near a palace. Therefore the word is almost undoubtedly a mixture of “ Capo ” (boss) and a Neapolitan street game called “ Morra ”. Say: capo-morra , abbreviated ca 'morra .

It may also be derived from a Spanish criminal named Gamur who fled to Naples and was imprisoned there. The gamurri were Castilian bandits. The Spanish word kamora means protest and brawl. In old Neapolitan the term camurra (also: gamurra or gammurra ) referred to a medieval woman's robe (similar to the gamurra in the Tuscan dialect). Camorristi would then be wearing blouses (another term for the proletariat ). The later chamarra (also gomurra ) was a wide, long garment of the Spaniards.

Synonyms for Camorra were La Società dell'Umirtà , Onorata Società and Bella Società Riformata . According to the writer and Camorra expert Roberto Saviano , people in Naples no longer speak of the Camorra, but of il sistema (the system).

"Dissi di una simil setta. La camorra infatti, nel significato generale del vocabolo, designa ben altro che l'associazione […] Il vocabolo si applica a tutti gli abusi di forza o di influenza.
Far la camorra , nel linguaggio ordinario, significa prelevar un diritto arbitrario e fraudolento. "

- Marc Monnier : La camorra: notizie storiche raccolte e documentate. 1862

Fields of employment

The Camorra operates in the entire European Union with drug trafficking , arms trafficking , product piracy of luxury goods, illegal waste disposal and extortion . With the help of corruption and blackmail , she won major contracts in the construction industry. Camorra also invests heavily in the manufacture of designer fashion and cement . Protection money is laundered in camorra-controlled companies and legally reinvested in major European cities.

Like the Cosa Nostra, 'Ndrangheta and other organized crime groups , the Camorra has long since left its regional domination and spread its crimes to other EU countries and beyond. Roberto Saviano even considers criminal organizations to be the epitome of internationalism, since these syndicates operate with the most modern means and, moreover, marry one another like the European nobility once did. He gives as examples:

  • "In Aberdeen , Scotland , the La Torre clan invests in tourism ."
  • " Francesco Schiavone , known as 'Cicciariello', was arrested in Poland and also invested in Romania."
  • " Vincenzo Mazzarella was arrested in Paris where he was trading diamonds with the African cartels."
  • " There is investment in real estate in Nice ."
  • The small Campanian town of Castel Volturno in the province of Caserta near Naples is said to have been "completely [...] left" to foreign clans, namely "clans from Lagos and Benin City ", for the purpose of cocaine trafficking and for the transit of prostitutes to all of Europe.
  • In 2008, the German port city of Rostock played a key role in the international cocaine trade. The Camorra is building specially constructed ships with double walls for cocaine smuggling. The cocaine is only accessible via a complete dismantling of the ship, but the enormous profit margin in the cocaine trade allows the loss of an entire merchant ship.
  • In many major German cities ( Stuttgart , Leipzig , Munich , Frankfurt am Main ) all the Camorra clans have their representatives; Particularly in the former GDR, certain economic sectors such as tourism, construction, transport and the textile industry were infiltrated.
  • The German secret service (presumably: BfV ) is also said to have been infiltrated by Camorra informants.
  • Saviano sees the companies on the Costa del Sol now largely under the control of the Camorristi of the Casalesi clan . In addition to drug trafficking (cocaine), money laundering is primarily carried out there via the construction industry. The Camorristi already call the Costa del Sol "costa nostra" (= our coast). Saviano attributes the ignorance of Spanish politicians towards the Camorra to "a tacit agreement according to which the criminals from Naples are allowed to do their business as long as they do not provoke military action." See also: Costa del Sol crime

Saviano concludes from this hitherto undisturbed expansion: "For the Camorra, the world is a kind of board game where individual families simply take possession of certain areas." Organized white-collar crime could only be put to a halt through cooperation on a European level . A first necessary step in this direction is the introduction of the “Mafia as a criminal offense ” in the EU, which in 2007 only applied in Italy.

  • According to a study by Confesercenti , the second largest Italian trade and business association, on October 22, 2007 in the Corriere della Sera , the Camorra controls almost all of the fisheries, milk production, coffee trade and 2,500 bakeries in Naples.

According to a study by Eurispes , the Camorra's semi-annual profits are roughly as follows:

illegal activities value
Drug trafficking € 7,230 million
Public procurement € 2,582 million
Arms trade € 2,066 million
prostitution € 258 million
Extortion and usury € 362 million

The total turnover of the Neapolitan families is therefore estimated at around € 12 billion every six months.

Structure and rules

In every previous attempt to reorganize the Camorra with a vertical hierarchical structure, the structure of the Cosa Nostra was used as a model. However, such attempts have always failed due to the attitude of the heads of different families. For this reason, it is inappropriate to speak of the Camorra as a uniform and organic criminal phenomenon. Exceptions are some specific signs of alliances such as that of the Casalesi clan, with a top-down structure of a dozen gangs of three families (Schiavone, Bidognetti, Zagaria-Iovine), also known as Alleanza di Secondigliano (Alliance of Secondigliano ).

Since 1820 the Camorra has repeatedly given itself its own statutes, the so-called frieni . Some examples:

  • Article 1: The Honorable Society of Silence, otherwise known as the “Beautiful Reformed Society of the Camorra”, brings together all courageous men so that they can help each other morally and materially under special circumstances.
  • Article 10: Its members recognize no worldly or spiritual authority other than God, the saints, and the leaders of society.
  • Article 24: The collected funds are to be transferred to the heads of society. A quarter of this goes to the Grand Master, the rest goes to the common treasury of the society and is distributed most conscientiously among the active, the disabled and those members who the whim of the government has brought to prison.

Camorra clans

Italy

The whole region in and around Naples was divided into twelve zones by the Camorra as early as the middle of the 19th century, which are mostly ruled by several clans : One of the dominant clans is the so-called Alleanza di Secondigliano , which is mainly made up of the Licciardi, Di Lauro and Contini-Bosti is represented.

Despite its origins, the Camorra also has branches in other Italian regions such as Lombardy , Piedmont and Emilia-Romagna .

Camorra alliances
  • Nuova Famiglia
    • The Nuova Famiglia was a criminal organization linked to the Sicilian Mafia in the 1980s, also founded by Raffaele Cutolo.

United States

The Camorra existed in the USA between the mid-19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. She competed in a war against the Sicilian mafia or the later American Cosa Nostra , which she lost, however, and so finally merged with the early American Cosa Nostra under the new leadership of the Sicilian Salvatore D'Aquila , which is now the forerunner of the later as the " Gambino family " classified clans.

Many Camorra members and associates fled Italy due to gang wars and the Italian judiciary and emigrated to the United States in the 1980s. In 1993 the FBI estimated that there were approximately 200 Camorristi in the United States. Although the United States does not appear to have a clan structure, Camorra members have branches in Los Angeles , New York City and Springfield, Massachusetts . The Camorra is the least active of all organized crime groups in the United States. Despite this fact, U.S. law enforcement agencies believe the Camorra is a rising criminal enterprise and especially dangerous because of its ability to create new trends and adapt through new alliances with other criminal organizations.

United Kingdom

Antonio La Torre from Aberdeen (Scotland) was the local “Don” of the Camorra. He is the brother of Camorra boss Augusto La Torre of the La Torre clan, which was based in Mondragone (Campania) . The La Torre Clan was worth hundreds of millions of euros. Antonio ran several legitimate businesses in Aberdeen while his brother Augusto ran illegal businesses there. He was later convicted in Scotland and is awaiting extradition to Italy. Augusto finally became a Pentito in January 2003 and confessed to more than 40 murders. Many of his men later followed his example.

Giuseppe Baldini, the Italian government's vice-consul in Aberdeen, denies that the Camorra still has a strong presence in Aberdeen.

Germany

The Camorra has been increasingly active in Germany since the 1980s. Regional hot spots are in North Rhine-Westphalia , Baden-Württemberg , Hesse and Bavaria . According to the Federal Criminal Police Office, 88 alleged members of the organization from the Naples area were recently in Germany. The most common were members of the Licciardi, Moccia, Cava and Ascione clans.

For example, the Corleonesi from the Cosa Nostra, especially under the notorious boss Salvatore "Totò" Riina , traditionally had close ties to the Camorra branch in Baden-Baden . This, from Giugliano in Campania , is said to have organized the cocaine trade in Germany under its leader Sabatino Ciccarelli .

In 2009, after large-scale raids in Germany and Italy, nine Camorra mafiosi from Naples were arrested in Karlsruhe . In Offenbach, an entire warehouse full of Mafia goods was seized. The arrested accused were accused of cheating in a gang and professionally.

In 2010, 5 members of the Camorra clan Rinaldi were arrested in Hamburg . Here too, large-scale commercial and gang fraud was accused.

The story of the Camorra

The first sensation

Camorristi in Naples, 1906

The Camorra first emerged significantly during the chaotic power vacuum between 1799 and 1815, when the Parthenopean Republic was hit by the wave of the French Revolution and the so-called Bourbon Restoration . The first official mention of the Camorra as an organization dates back to 1820 when police documented a disciplinary meeting of the Camorra - a tribunal known as the Gran Mamma . In this year a written statute called Il frieno was discovered for the first time , which shows a stable organizational structure in the underworld. Another statute, including initiation rites and funds provided for the families of the detainees, was discovered in 1842. The organization now also became known as Bella Società Riformata , Società dell'Umirtà or Onorata Società . The development in organized formations showed a qualitative change: the Camorristi no longer lived from local gang theft and extortion; they now had a fixed structure and some sort of hierarchy. Another qualitative leap was the unity between the liberal opposition and the Camorra after the defeat in the revolution of 1848. The liberals realized that they needed popular support in order to overthrow the king. They turned to the Camorra and paid them as the Camorristi were the leaders of the city. The Camorra had effectively developed into rulers in a few decades.

To gain more social prestige, one of the Camorra's strategies was political patronage. Because of their grip in the community, the family clans became the preferred contacts for local politicians and officials. In return, the family bosses used their political influence to protect themselves and their businesses against the local authorities. Through a mixture of brute force, political status and social leadership, the Camorra clans became national intermediaries between the local population, bureaucrats and politicians. They granted privileges and protection and intervened in favor of their customers in exchange of their silence and knowledge of the local authorities and the police. Through the political connections, the heads of the great Neapolitan Camorra clans developed into rulers in the local and national political context by offering Neapolitan politicians extensive electoral support in return for advantages for themselves and their followers.

Mafia Camorra War in New York

Between 1914 and 1918, the so-called Mafia Camorra War took place in New York City . This essentially refers to battles between the Neapolitan Camorra and the Sicilian Mafia. Within the Italian community of New York City, East Harlem was largely Sicilian in character, while Brooklyn was largely Neapolitan. In Brooklyn, the Navy Street Gang formed with Alessandro Vollero and the Coney Island Gang with Pellegrino Morano as head. The important Morello family , which is considered to be the forerunner of the clan that was later classified as the " Genovese family ", was located in East Harlem . Around 1919, after several years of mutual murders with constantly changing coalitions, the Camorra finally lost the war due to criminal trials. Morano and Vollero were also convicted and expelled to Italy. The Sicilian mafia took control and the "Neapolitans" submitted to the new bosses.

Reorganization after the Second World War

When Benito Mussolini rose to dictator in 1925, the Camorra saw their local supremacy in danger and their rule was fought under the fascists with their radical methods, which was exploited by other Mafia organizations from Sicily and Corsica. The Camorra was broken by the end of World War II ; only after the fall of Mussolini did it recover and its power grew again, not least thanks to the decision of the US Navy to set up its main base for the 6th Fleet in Naples after the Allied invasion of southern Italy . The contrabande , the black market , flourished and everything from cigarettes to military supply vehicles was traded illegally. The Camorra drove the Corsican gangs with extreme aggression from what they considered to be their territory. Agreement was usually reached with the Cosa Nostra from Sicily, and closer ties were also established with the American Cosa Nostra.

Nuova Camorra Organizzata

Management structure of the NCO
year Number of
dead
1979 100
1980 140
1981 110
1982 264
1983 204
1984 155
1986 107
1987 127
1988 168
1989 228
1990 222
1991 223
1992 160
1993 120
1994 115
1995 148
1996 147
1997 130
1998 132
1999 91
2000 118
2001 80
2002 63
2003 83
2004 142
2005 90
2014 19th
2015 70
total 3756

In the 1970s, under the leadership of Raffaele Cutolo , some Camorristi founded the Nuova Camorra Organizzata (NCO) to unite the Camorra clans in the manner of the Sicilian Mafia. The NCO was able to successfully assert itself against the old families in the following years. The financial strength of the NCO increased to such an extent that Cutolo could now also buy politicians in order to be able to secure control over the construction business and the associated municipal contracts. The great earthquake ( Terremoto dell'Irpinia ) of November 1980 did the rest: Around three billion euros flowed to Campania from Rome and abroad for the reconstruction. The gang war that broke out within the Camorra over the distribution of this money claimed around 795 lives up to May 1983 alone, which in no way weakened the position of the Camorra.

Declared dead since the mid-1980s, the organization has come back together and is now operating outside of its traditional territory. Despite the bloody clashes between the various clans, the Camorra has infiltrated large parts of the politics and economy of southern Italy to this day.

Most big bosses were in custody in the mid-1990s. Recently, however, the organization has been increasingly active in Naples again and has the city largely under its control. More than 100 murders are currently committed in Naples each year, usually among rival clans. Tourists are usually only threatened by petty crimes such as theft, especially in the historic old town around the cathedral. On the instructions of the Camorra, motorcycle helmets are not worn there, as members of hostile clans with assassination intentions tend to hide underneath. It currently has around 111 families and more than 6700 members, all figures given are estimates.

The Scampia feud

A feud of Scampia (Italian: La faida di Scampia ) is a war between the Di Lauro clan from Secondigliano and a rogue splinter group, the so-called “ Scissionisti di Secondigliano ”, which was fought near Scampia between 2004 and 2005. The fighting revolved around drug control and prostitution in the northern suburbs of Naples.

Paolo Di Lauro , head of the clan, retired underground from the authorities in 2002 and transferred the business to Vincenzo Di Lauro - one of his ten sons. After Vincenzo's arrest in 2004, Cosimo Di Lauro took over the management. One of the local drug dealers, Raffaele Amato , defied the rules and the new division of labor from Cosimo, fled to Spain and organized an uprising against his former bosses. The two gangs fought each other with a brutality that upset even the Carabinieri, who are used to mafia brutality.

Interior Minister Giuseppe Pisanu then dispatched 325 additional police officers to the city, which already had a higher number of officers than any other city in Italy. On December 7, 2004, 52 suspected gangsters, including Ciro Di Lauro, were arrested in an operation involving around 1,500 police officers. On February 27, 2005, the leader of the Scissionisti, Raffaele Amato, was arrested in Spain. The police and civil investigators took another blow on September 16, 2005, when Paolo Di Lauro, one of the most important leaders, was arrested.

At the end of October 2006, another series of murders between 20 competing clans began in Naples, claiming 12 lives in 10 days. Italy's Interior Minister Giuliano Amato announced the dispatch of 1,000 additional police officers and carabinieri to now over 10,000 police officers for investigations and for the safety of tourists. Mayor Rosa Russo Iervolino called on citizens to mass mobilize against the Camorra. She sees growing poverty as their breeding ground and demanded economic initiatives from the government, pointing out that the unemployment rate in Naples is 25 percent and among young people even 50 percent. In this way, "organized crime becomes a breadwinner for thousands of desperate people."

A major problem in the fight is the lack of financial resources on the part of the state. In 2006, over 700 murders had been committed by October. When an open gang war escalated with twelve murders in ten days at the end of October 2006, Italy's Prime Minister Romano Prodi publicly considered deploying military troops in Naples. However, short-term police measures to combat the Camorra cannot be managed because of the lack of personnel in the Neapolitan judiciary. In contrast to the feud between two parts of the Di Lauro clan in 2004/2005, the series of murders at the end of 2006 was carried out by young petty criminals addicted to drugs, according to public prosecutor Corona. In his opinion, Naples has become a no-go area in the north and northeast . The only hope for improvement lies in the improvement of the social situation , all other measures are in vain.

On December 14, 2007, the clan chief Edoardo Contini was arrested by Carabinieri during a large-scale anti-Mafia operation in Naples .

Saviano and "Gomorrah"

Following the publication of Gomorrah and his work against organized white-collar crime, Roberto Saviano received several death threats. Saviano was placed under personal protection by the Ministry of the Interior on October 13, 2006 and has since lived in hiding in various places that he has to change about every two days. He only keeps in touch with his family. In October 2008 a key witness informed the Italian police that the Casalesi Camorra clan was planning to use a remote detonator to blow up Saviano in his car on the motorway between Rome and Naples by Christmas 2008. Saviano now doubts whether he would write his novel again: "Every morning I ask myself why I did it and I can't find an answer, I don't know whether it was worth it." Also in October 2008, he said in an interview the assumption that the Camorra will now wait with a stop until its popularity diminishes. A normal life in public is no longer possible for him, airlines refuse to transport him, and hotels and restaurants have their rooms searched for bombs before he visits.

Spartacus Trial

The Processo Spartacus ( Spartacus Trial ) was a series of criminal trials specifically directed against the activities of the powerful Casalesi clan of the Camorra. After the end of the ten-year trial, on June 19, 2008, 36 members of the Casalesi clan from Casal di Principe were sentenced to imprisonment for murder and other offenses. The two fugitive leaders of the clan, Antonio Iovine and Michele Zagaria , received life sentences. The judgment was upheld on January 15, 2010 by the Supreme Court of Cassation in Rome. On October 31, 2009, the Italian police succeeded in arresting Salvatore Russo , who had fled in 1995 and who, together with his brother, was considered one of the leading clan leaders who are credited with rebuilding the organization after the setbacks of the early 1990s. On November 17, 2010, Antonio Iovine was caught in a house in Casal di Principe.

Castel Volturno massacre

The Castel Volturno massacre , Strage di San Gennaro or Strage di Castelvolturno , is the name given by the Italian press to the massacre by the Casalesi clan, in which seven people were killed in front of a shop in Campania on September 18, 2008. The massacre was part of a growing conflict between the Camorra and an immigrant African drug gang. However, none of the six African victims were reportedly involved in criminal activities - they were apparently randomly murdered. Six men who are said to have acted on behalf of Giuseppe Setola - a member of the Casalesi clan - are suspected to be perpetrators.

In 2011, a court in Santa Maria Capua Vetere sentenced Giuseppe Setola and three perpetrators to life imprisonment and another accomplice to 23 years imprisonment.

Films and documentaries

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Behan: The Camorra. P. 12
  2. ↑ a b Sales, La camorra, le camorre , pp. 72-73
  3. ↑ Death is part of the job . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin , August 10, 2007, Interview with Roberto Saviano :
    “What is the difference between the Cosa Nostra and the Camorra?
    Your structures: The mafia has the strict hierarchy of a pyramid, which goes hand in hand with globalization with great difficulty. The horizontal hierarchy of the Camorra allows her to constantly create new units: take five guys and put something on their feet, the Camorra allows you. The Cosa Nostra doesn't do that: no new families. Blood ties don't count so much in the Camorra. ”
    Petra Reski : Naples - the city of the Camorra . In: GEO magazine. 2008, No. 6:
    “Unlike the Sicilian Mafia, the Camorra is organized horizontally; there is no hierarchy and hardly any rules, many want to be boss, that cannot be done without murder. Every third day a person is killed in Naples. "
  4. ↑ Interview with historian Hipólito Sánchiz ( Memento of the original from July 14, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Minuto digital, December 11, 2006 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.minutodigital.com
  5. ↑ This section follows: Gianfranca Ranisio: Camorra. Beginnings and establishment between the 19th and 20th centuries . In: Salvatore Pisani, Katharina Siebenmorgen (Ed.): Naples. Six centuries of cultural history . Reimer, Berlin 2009, pp. 495-500, here p. 495.
  6. ^ Camorra - the criminal organization from Naples | Mafia Lexicon . In: MafiaLexikon . March 11, 2017 ( mafialexikon.de [accessed March 13, 2017]). Camorra - the criminal organization from Naples | MafiaLexikon ( Memento of the original from March 14, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / mafialexikon.de
  7. ↑ Behan: The Camorra. Pp. 9-10
  8. ↑ Il gioco della morra , Biblioteca Digitale sulla Camorra (accessed on May 25, 2011).
  9. ^ Rachel Donadio: Gomorrah - Roberto Saviano - Book Review . In: The New York Times , November 25, 2007. Retrieved March 9, 2016. 
  10. ↑ a b c d The Camorra is the largest employer . In: stern , No. 46/2006
  11. ↑ On the way to Secondigliano . In: Berliner Zeitung , June 26, 2006
    Italian fashion crimes. Angelina Jolie's dress, Uma Thurman's jumpsuit, and the mobsters of Naples . In: The Times , February 20, 2008
  12. ↑ Mafia wants to benefit from earthquakes in Italy . ( Memento from April 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) netzeitung , April 20, 2009
  13. ↑ a b c Roberto Saviano: The Camorra? A European problem . ( Memento of the original from November 8, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. cafebabel.com, October 16, 2007. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cafebabel.de
  14. ↑ "For the Camorra I'm just scum" , stern , September 18, 2008, interview with Saviano
  15. ^ "Roberto Saviano's book Gomorrah" ( Memento from June 7, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), ZDF , August 18, 2007, interview, quoted in: Gomorrah (PDF; 39 kB), September 16, 2008.
  16. ↑ a b "Roberto Saviano: 'For the Camorra, Spain is already cosa nostra'" ( Memento of the original from December 9, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , cafebabel.com , October 16, 2007. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cafebabel.de
  17. ↑ "España está invadida por el dinero de la Camorra" , El País , November 12, 2006, ( "Spain is with the money the Camorra hijacked"), interview with Saviano
    "El clan de los Casalesi, en concreto invirtió mucho en la Costa del Sol y en Andalucía, donde varios hoteles y complejos turísticos se construyeron con dinero y cemento de la Camorra. ”
    (Translation: In concrete terms , the clan of the Casalesi has invested a lot on the Costa del Sol and in Andalusia , where various hotels and resorts were built with Camorra money and cement.)
  18. ↑ Roberto Saviano: "Para la Mafia, la Costa del Sol es la 'Costa Nostra'" ( Memento of the original from February 15, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , El Mundo , May 9, 2007 (Spanish) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.robertosaviano.it
  19. ↑ Roberto Saviano: Spain is already cosa nostra for the Camorra . ( Memento of the original from December 9, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. cafebabel.com, October 16, 2007. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cafebabel.de
  20. ↑ The Mafia is Italy's leading company . In: Welt Online , October 23, 2007
  21. ↑ L'onorata società ( Memento of the original from December 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.torreomnia.com
  22. ↑ Camorra table ( memento of October 9, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) on mafia-crime.de , November 2006, archived at Internet Archive
  23. ↑ Camorra: 60 arresti tra Campania e Lombardia, also 16 Giudici Tributari , Note Radiocor, March 19, 2012
  24. ↑ Camorra: sequestrato a Milano il Gran Caffe 'Sforza , Ansa, July 4, 2012
  25. ↑ Camorra, sequestrati beni per 20 milioni; Also un bar in centro a Milano , Il Fatto Quotidiano, July 4, 2012
  26. ↑ MAFIE AL NORD / 'Ndrangheta, camorra e mafia: ecco come le piovre conquistano il Paese . Infiltrato.it. January 19, 2011. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
  27. ↑ Camorra, sotto sequestro un ristorante di Torino: tra i proprietari Cannavaro (accessed July 14, 2012) . Torinotoday.it. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
  28. ↑ L'ombra della Camorra in Emilia Truffa e riciclaggio: 11 indagati , Il Resto del Carlino, March 8, 2012
  29. ^ "Renato" è il nuovo boss della camorra in Emilia . Liberaradio.rcdc.it. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
  30. ^ Italian Organized Crime - Overview , Federal Bureau of Investigation
  31. ↑ Liddick, The Global Underworld , p. 34
  32. ↑ Capeci, The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Mafia , pp. 5
  33. ^ Richards, Transnational Criminal Organizations , p. 7th
  34. ↑ Wayback Machine ( Memento of the original from March 15, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sundayherald.com
  35. ↑ Dons on the Don: Aberdeen revealed as the British power base for Italy's most deadly crime family ( Memento of the original dated August 2, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.highbeam.com
  36. ↑ Organized crime in Germany
  37. ^ Francesco Forgione: Mafia Export. Riemann Verlag, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-570-50127-6 .
  38. ^ Strike against the Mafia in Offenbach
  39. ↑ Investigators smash the Camorra network in Hamburg
  40. ↑ Jacquemet, Credibility in Court , p. 24
  41. ↑ Giosue Gallucci , GangRule.com
  42. ↑ Camorra Secrets Revealed at Trial , The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, May 15, 1918
  43. ↑ Gunman Gets 20 Years; Pellegrino Morano Sentenced for Killing 2 Brooklyn Men , New York Tribune, May 21, 1918
  44. ^ Dash, The First Family , p. 262
  45. ^ Critchley, The Origin of Organized Crime in America , p. 128
  46. ^ The Struggle for Control , GangRule.com
  47. ^ Roberto Saviano: Gomorrah. Journey to the realm of the Camorra. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-446-20949-7 , p. 147
  48. ↑ Young Murderers without Padrone ( Memento of the original from December 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.torreomnia.com
  49. ^ The warriors of the Camorra - Mafia murders shake Naples . ( Memento from December 8, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) ZDF , June 1, 2005
  50. ↑ Behan: The Camorra. P. 191
  51. ^ A b Naples police in huge mafia swoop , BBC News, December 7, 2004
  52. ↑ Gang's Deadly Feud Plagues Naples ( Memento of the original from January 4, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Los Angeles Times, February 17, 2005 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.streetgangs.com
  53. ^ In Naples, a Mob Family Feud , The Washington Post, February 8, 2005
  54. ^ A b Italian Police Arrest Fugitive Crime Leader in Naples Gang War , The New York Times, September 17, 2005
  55. ↑ 'The blood is running': Mafia wars erupt again , The Independent, December 8, 2004
  56. ↑ 'Naples crime boss' held in Spain , BBC News, February 28, 2005
  57. ^ "Mighty Camorra godfather caught in Naples. His predilection for expensive fish was his undoing ” ( Memento from March 12, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) on www.tagesschau.de
  58. ^ Criminal boss is captured in Italy , International Herald Tribune, September 17, 2005
  59. ^ Arrestato boss Di Lauro "o milionario" , La Repubblica, September 16, 2005
  60. ^ Napoli: arrestato il boss Paolo Di Lauro , Corriere della Sera, September 18, 2005
  61. ↑ dolomiten.it
  62. ↑ Paul Kreiner: With more police against the Camorra . In: Der Tagesspiegel , November 6, 2006: "Italy's interior minister intensifies the fight against Naples' local mafia - but the judiciary is completely overburdened."
  63. ↑ Camorra boss arrested near Naples: Edoardo Contini .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Kronenzeitung , December 15, 2007@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.krone.at  
  64. ↑ "The Mafia is a German Problem" , Süddeutsche Zeitung , August 20, 2007, interview
  65. ↑ stern.de from July 14th: A life in hiding
  66. ↑ Stefan Ulrich : "The wage is fear" , Süddeutsche Zeitung, October 14, 2008.
  67. ↑ Il maxiprocesso Spartacus e il silenzio della stampa , Cuntrastamu, September 30, 2005
  68. ^ "Processo Spartacus", 16 ergastoli ai Casalesi , Corriere del Mezzogiorno, June 20, 2008
  69. ↑ Mafia godfathers jailed for life in landmark murder trial . In: The Daily Telegraph , June 20, 2008
  70. ↑ La Cassazione conferma la sentenza Sedici ergastoli contro i Casalesi . In: La Repubblica , January 15, 2010
  71. ↑ Mafia boss caught after 14 years of escape . In: Tages-Anzeiger , November 17, 2010
  72. ↑ Casalesi, è mattanza: 7 morti. I nomi delle vittime. Minniti e Picierno: servono azioni urgenti contro i clan - casertace, September 18, 2008
  73. ^ Immigrants Riot in Italy After Six Killed . Javno. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 15, 2009. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.javno.com
  74. ↑ Camorra: strage Castelvolturno, 4 ergastoli ( Memento of the original of July 21, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Ansa, April 14, 2011 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.antimafiaduemila.com
  75. ^ "Italian mafia members sentenced to life in prison"  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , France 24 , April 15, 2011@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.france24.com