Women's football in Germany
Women's football is also one of the fastest growing sports in Germany . Not least thanks to the successes of the national team and the club teams, German women's football has developed from a marginal sport that is ridiculed into a socially accepted sport.
history
Beginnings
In Germany around the turn of the 20th century, women played a kind of football in which they stood in a circle and passed the ball to each other. However, the game was considered morally reprehensible.
When women's football reached its first peak in other European countries in the 1920s, the sport was banned in Germany. Gymnastics clubs did not accept women, which is why women who were enthusiastic about sports started to organize themselves in their own clubs. In the 1920s, German women also played soccer. The "sport girl" came into fashion; Gynecologists, however, warned of the threat of masculinization of women athletes and of delaying maternal duties through sport.
DFB bans its clubs women's football
When the German men's team won the World Cup in 1954 , the discussion about women's football came up again. On June 30, 1955, the DFB decided on its association day to forbid the clubs organized in the DFB from offering women's football. In detail, the unanimous decision was:
"[...] not to allow our clubs to set up women's soccer departments or to take on women's soccer departments, to forbid our clubs to make these available for women's soccer games to our referees and line judges if they have their own seats forbid leading women's football games. "
The reasoning at the time stated: "... that this martial art is essentially alien to the nature of women.", "... body and soul inevitably suffer damage and displaying the body hurts propriety and decency." In addition, the DFB gave one in its reasoning allegedly harmful effects of sport on women, as it would impair their childbearing ability.
On July 30, 1955, an incident occurred when the Lower Rhine Football Association had the sports field evacuated during a game between DFC Duisburg-Hamborn and Gruga Essen. After the World Cup in 1954, a large number of women's teams cavorted, especially in the Ruhr area, and repeatedly measured their strengths among themselves. The best team at that time was Fortuna Dortmund.
1956 there was an unofficial international match between a German and a Dutch selection in Essen , which ended 2-1 for Germany.
The hope of the DFB to have put an end to women's football by banning women's football in its Bundestag on July 30, 1955 and the subsequent confirmation on November 16, 1957, was not fulfilled. Despite this ban, there were 70 international matches by 1963. The businessman Willi Ruppert first founded the West German Women's Football Association in 1956, and in the following year he even acquired the title of the German Women's Football Association. The first international match of this association came on September 23, 1956 in the Essen Mathias Stinnes Stadium 18,000 spectators against a selection from Holland. On March 17, 1957, the next game against West Holland took place in Munich in the Dante Stadium.
In 1958 the German Women's Football Association was founded , which, under the direction of Josef Floritz, organized around 150 unofficial international matches by 1965. The organizers were accused of wanting to make quick money with the freely available term 'national team'. "If it had all been so ridiculous, we would certainly not have been able to play a second or even third time in some cities," says the "national player" Christa Kleinhans, insisting on the sporting value of these comparisons.
1968–1990: Women's football in the GDR
After the establishment of the first women's soccer team in 1968, the BSG Empor Dresden-Mitte , women's soccer was initially not funded by the state; the teams initially only held regional competitions (district level). From 1979 there was a GDR women's football championship under the name "Best Determination". The Oberliga Nordost , which was only founded in 1990, qualified the two best-placed teams for the 1991/92 Bundesliga season.
The GDR women's national team played only one game and lost it 3-0 to Czechoslovakia in 1990 .
1970s in the Federal Republic of Germany: new beginning and German championship
As early as the late sixties, women's teams were formed within the clubs affiliated to the DFB in the Federal Republic of Germany. On October 31, 1970, the DFB lifted the women's football ban on its association day in Travemünde . There were, however, some requirements: the women's teams had to take a six-month winter break because of their “weaker nature”, studded shoes were forbidden and the balls were smaller and lighter. The game itself lasted only 70 minutes. The playing time was later increased to 80 minutes.
In 1970, Wim Thoelke received the players of the unofficial German national soccer team in the current sports studio: Doris Reeder, Veronika Kutter, Sonja Spielberger and Marliese Emig. The program demonstrated the lack of understanding that prevailed towards women's football at the time. Moderator Thoelke quipped in a game comment: "Cover, cover - not set the table".
The first leagues quickly formed at the local level. The first association champion was determined in Berlin in 1971. The winner was Tennis Borussia Berlin . The other state associations quickly followed suit and in 1973 the first, albeit unofficial German championship was played (final TuS Wörrstadt - Bayern Munich 3: 1). Unofficial because not every national association has determined a master. One year later the time had come: On September 8, 1974, the teams from TuS Wörrstadt and DJK Eintracht Erle faced each other in Mainz . In front of 3,800 spectators, Wörrstadt won 4-0 and was the first German women's soccer champion to celebrate. Bärbel feasting lead to 3: 0 was by viewers of the ARD - sports show for goal of the month selected.
In 1977 the DFB appointed Hannelore Ratzeburg as a consultant for women's football. On her initiative, new competitions were introduced with the country cup and the DFB cup . At this time the great era of SSG 09 Bergisch Gladbach began , which between 1977 and 1989 was a total of nine times German women's champion.
The number of women in the DFB rose from 50,000 in 1970 to 215,000 in 1975.
1980s in the Federal Republic of Germany: international matches and the big breakthrough
In 1981 a German cup winner was determined for the first time. Until 2009, the final game took place immediately before the men's final. This gave the women's teams the opportunity to present themselves to a large audience. SSG 09 Bergisch Gladbach became the first cup winner with a 5-0 victory over TuS Wörrstadt .
On November 10, 1982, the women's national team's first official international match took place. The opponent was Switzerland . The German selection, which was trained by Gero Bisanz , won the game in Koblenz 5-1. Doris Kresimon scored the first goal. In the same game, the then 18-year-old Silvia Neid was substituted on and scored two goals. More than 20 years later she became national coach herself. At the first two European championships , the German selection did not get beyond qualification.
In club football, the Rhineland and Hesse emerged as strongholds. In addition to SSG 09 Bergisch Gladbach, KBC Duisburg and FSV Frankfurt appeared in the top group in the mid-1980s . In addition, a performance gap between the associations, but also within the associations, became noticeable. The above Top clubs were challenged little or not at all in their association leagues. Other clubs were too strong for their association leagues, but too weak at the federal level. In order to increase the sporting level, the West German Football Association introduced the first cross-association league in 1985 with the Regionalliga West . Northern Germany followed suit with the Oberliga Nord a year later. In 1986, at its association day in Bremen , the DFB decided to introduce a Bundesliga in women's football. It was a few more years before this league became a reality. At the end of the 1980s, the era of TSV Siegen began , which was to collect titles in series until the mid- 1990s .
In 1988 the German national team qualified for the European Championship for the first time. The DFB successfully applied to host the final tournament in 1989. In the semifinals, Italy was defeated on penalties. This game was the first women’s game to be broadcast live on German television . On July 2, 1989, the German team in Osnabrück faced the favored team from Norway . 23,000 spectators ensured a sold-out stadium. With a 4-1 victory, the German selection won the European Championship for the first time. This success meant the big breakthrough for German women's football, which was still widely ridiculed at the time. Curious: As a “bonus”, the players each received a coffee service from the DFB.
1990s: Through the Bundesliga to the top of the world
After the success at the European Championship in 1989, the DFB gave the green light to found the Bundesliga . In 1990, 20 teams, divided into two groups, started playing. While on the one hand there were relatively professional clubs such as TSV Siegen or FSV Frankfurt , there were also other clubs that sometimes only trained twice a week. The wheat was quickly separated from the chaff, which, however, also meant that the pioneer associations such as Bergisch Gladbach and Duisburg could no longer keep up and disappeared into oblivion. But upstarts like Grün-Weiß Brauweiler , FC Rumeln-Kaldenhausen or SG Praunheim (today: 1. FFC Frankfurt ) mixed up the league. Nevertheless, the differences in performance were still too great, so that the DFB reduced the Bundesliga in 1997 to a single-track season with twelve clubs. Due to the downsizing or its consequences, traditional clubs such as Fortuna Sachsenross Hannover or SC Klinge Seckach disappeared from the scene. Nevertheless, an increase in performance could not be overlooked and the (temporal) training effort for the players also increased.
The national team diligently collected titles in the 1990s. The European championship title was defended in 1991 and the team took a respectable fourth place in the women's soccer World Cup, which was played for the first time . 1993 was the last stop at the European Championships after the semi-finals. Two years later, after a thrilling 3-2 win over Sweden in Kaiserslautern , the team became European champions for the third time. At the World Cup in Sweden, the team reached the final, but had to admit defeat Norway 2-0. In 1996, women's football was an Olympic sport for the first time. The German selection was unhappy after the preliminary round. After the tournament, Gero Bisanz handed over the coaching position to his long-time assistant Tina Theune-Meyer .
Just one year later, Theune-Meyer and the team celebrated their fourth European title with a 2-0 win over Italy. In 1999 the third World Cup took place in the USA. In the quarter-finals, the German selection against the host and eventual world champion had to give up. A year later, the German team won their first Olympic medal. The team won bronze with a 2-0 win over Brazil . For the DFB it was the first Olympic medal since 1988.
At the end of the 1990s, women's football was still a marginal sport in Germany, but its acceptance and audience numbers grew slowly. The media also gave more space to women's football: ARD and ZDF, for example, have been broadcasting the DFB Cup final live since the mid-1990s .
21st century
In 2001 another European championship was held in Germany. The German team reached the final in Ulm . The opponent was Sweden. In the pouring rain, the Scandinavians forced an extension. Claudia Müller scored the winning goal for Germany with a golden goal. Her goal celebration (she pulled her jersey over her head) brought her to the front page of the Bild newspaper . “Football can be so beautiful!” Was the headline of the tabloid.
2001/02 was the first time a European Cup competition for club teams, the UEFA Women's Cup was played. The first title holder was 1. FFC Frankfurt in May 2002 with a 2-0 win over Swedish champions Umeå IK . In the Bundesliga, Frankfurt dominated the first years of the 21st century. With the 1st FFC Turbine Potsdam , however, a serious rival grew up. In addition to these two clubs, FCR 2001 Duisburg and most recently VfL Wolfsburg were among the strongest German club teams.
In 2003 the fourth World Cup took place in the USA. The German selection successfully took revenge on the USA in the semifinals and entered the final for the second time. The opponent was once again Sweden's selection. The Swedish team took the lead, but the German team equalized. The game went into overtime. After a free kick by Renate Lingor , Nia Künzer scored the decisive goal with a header. This goal was later voted Goal of the Year . Thus, Germany became the first country to win the world championship for both men and women. When they returned home, the team was celebrated in front of tens of thousands of enthusiastic fans at the Frankfurt Römer.
A year later, the German selection won the bronze medal at the Olympic Games for the second time. In 2005, the German team won the European Championship for the fourth time in a row and for the sixth time. At the tournament in England , the Norwegian selection was beaten 3-1 in the final. It was the last tournament for Tina Theune-Meyer, who handed over the coaching office to her previous assistant Silvia Neid . With envy, the German team won the Algarve Cup in 2006 and qualified for the 2007 World Cup , where they were the first women's football team to ever successfully defend the title. The team received a bonus of 200,000 euros for successful qualification, and each player received 50,000 euros for winning the title.
In 2005 the 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam was the second German team to win the UEFA Women's Cup. A year later the 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam and the 1. FFC Frankfurt faced each other in the final. For the first time, two teams from the same country were in the final. Frankfurt won the cup with two victories. The second leg in Frankfurt took place in front of around 13,000 spectators and meant a new European record for club games. The second leg was broadcast live on ZDF . Since 2006, the ARD has shown summaries of the top Bundesliga games at irregular intervals as part of the sports show .
On May 24, 2008 the “UEFA Women's Cup” final between 1. FFC Frankfurt and Umeå IK took place. Both clubs had the chance to take the lead in European women's football with a win. After the first leg had ended 1-1, 1. FFC Frankfurt won the second leg in Frankfurt 3-2. With this victory, 1. FFC Frankfurt is the most successful women's football club in Europe with three “UEFA Women's Cup” victories. On the same day, the record number of spectators in German women's football (22,000) and the European record in women's club football (24,560) increased to 27,460. Just one year later, this record was exceeded again when FCR 2001 Duisburg denied a 1-1 in the second leg (after a 6-0 win in the first leg) against Russian champions Zvezda 2005 Perm in front of 28,112 spectators in the Duisburg MSV-Arena UEFA Women's Cup won. And in 2010, 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam triumphed in the final of the Women's Champions League, which replaced the UEFA Women's Cup at the start of the 2009/10 season, in Getafe, Spain, 7-6 on penalties against the team from Olympique Lyon .
The national team was also successful: after winning the bronze medal for the third time in a row at the Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008, the title was won for the seventh time (and for the fifth time in a row) at the 2009 European Championships in Finland will. In Helsinki the DFB-Elf had the upper hand in the finals with the highest number of goals in European Championship history against England 6-2. The 2011 World Cup took place in Germany and in the opening match between Germany and Canada on June 26th, 73,680 spectators in the sold-out Berlin Olympic Stadium set a new European record. For Silvia Neid's team, the tournament ended with a sporting disappointment: in the quarter-finals, after a 0: 1 after extra time against eventual tournament winners Japan, it was already the end of the line. The 2013 European Championship in Sweden was more successful, when the German team secured their eighth European title (sixth in a row). At first it didn't look like it, in the last group match Germany even conceded a defeat against Norway (0: 1) for the first time in 20 years in a European Championship final match, but then the team recovered and won the final in Solna with a 1: 0 win against Norway successfully taking revenge. Nadine Angerer saved two penalties in this game.
Meanwhile, Turbine Potsdam dominated the Bundesliga at will. The team of coaching veteran Bernd Schröder won the championship title four times in a row from 2009 to 2012, something that no club had achieved since the introduction of the Bundesliga. However, the Champions League title could not be successfully defended in 2011: Olympique Lyon won the final in London against the "goal bees" 2-0 and thus reciprocated for the defeat of the previous year. In 2012 the women's Champions League final took place in Munich's Olympic Stadium. There, in front of 50,212 spectators (new European record for women’s club games), 1. FFC Frankfurt (qualified as German runner-up for the competition) and defending champion Olympique Lyon faced each other. The French triumphed 2-0. The 2012/13 season saw the great triumph of the women at VfL Wolfsburg: the "female wolves" trained by Ralf Kellermann won the 'triple' of the German championship, DFB Cup and Champions League (in the European premier class, London Stamford Bridge Olympique Lyon dethroned 1-0 with a converted hand penalty from Martina Müller). The following year the club was able to confirm this success: in the Champions League final, the top Swedish club Tyresö FF was defeated 4-3 in Lisbon.
The successes of German women's football were meanwhile also reflected in personal awards. In the "FIFA World Player of the Year" election, which has been held annually since 2001, German players have won several times: three times Birgit Prinz (2003–2005), Nadine Angerer (2013) and Nadine Keßler (2014). Angerer and Keßler were also named "European Footballer of the Year" by UEFA each year. In addition, national coach Silvia Neid (2010, 2013, 2016) and Wolfsburg coach Ralf Kellermann (2014) won the title of "World Coach of the Year Women's Football".
In 2014/15, FC Bayern Munich won the German championship for the first time in 39 years. The successful women were allowed to celebrate together with the men's team of the club, which had also become German champions, on the town hall balcony. Meanwhile, the 1. FFC Frankfurt won international laurels: the team of coach Colin Bell retained the upper hand in the final of the Champions League in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in Berlin against Paris St. Germain with 2-1 and secured their fourth place Times the title in the European "premier class"; Mandy Islacker only scored the winning goal in stoppage time.
The national team was less successful at the 2015 World Cup in Canada, where it ended up with a somewhat disappointing 4th place. After all, it qualified for the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. There the team became Olympic champions. At the end of March 2015 it was announced that national coach Silvia Neid will not extend her contract, which will expire in August 2016. Her successor has already been determined: Steffi Jones, former national player and currently DFB director for women's football, would take over the office of national coach. This decision by the DFB met with criticism because Jones has the required coaching license, but has not previously worked as a coach. At the 2017 European Championships, the German team failed in the quarter-finals to Denmark. After poor performances at the SheBelieves Cup 2018 , Jones was fired. The office was temporarily taken over by Horst Hrubesch , who had not previously trained women, but successfully led the team through qualifying for the 2019 World Cup. Then Martina Voss-Tecklenburg took over the coaching office, but could only reach the quarter-finals at the World Cup finals with the team, which meant that qualification for the 2021 Olympic Games was missed. The qualification for the EM 2022, however, succeeded early.
In the Bundesliga at the beginning of the 2010s, VfL Wolfsburg took over the supremacy and initially won the UEFA Women's Champions League twice, but in recent years it has repeatedly failed due to Olympique Lyon .
Social recognition
In Germany, women's football is less important than men's football. Its media representation is accordingly significantly lower. In 2003, television broadcasters reported a total of 171 hours of women's football during the women's soccer World Cup ; in 2007, 191 hours. The German Football Association had sold the TV rights for women's football in a package with those of the men. The number of spectators in the stadiums, with a total of 117,000 visitors for the women's Bundesliga in the 2007/08 season, was also significantly below that of the men's soccer league. In the 2012/13 season, the average attendance in the women's Bundesliga was 890 and for men around 45,000 per game.
Reward
The lower audience interest is reflected in a correspondingly lower remuneration for women's football. In 1974 the men received a bonus of the equivalent of 35,900 euros per person for winning the world championship title, while the women were given a coffee service in 1989 for winning the European championship.
| year | 1974 | 1990 | 1995 | 2002 | 2003 | 2006 | 2007 | 2010 | 2011 | 2014 | 2015 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | - | - | 6,000 | - | ~ 15,000 | - | 50,000 | - | 60,000 | - | 65,000 |
| Men | 35,900 | 64,000 | - | 92,000 | - | 300,000 | - | 250,000 | - | 300,000 | - |
As can be seen from the table, if the male football professionals win a World Cup, they will receive a multiple of the prize money from the female World Cup winners. The salaries of national players are also significantly lower than those of national players. As in men's soccer, the vast majority of revenue can come from advertising contracts. According to estimates by Spiegel Online , striker Birgit Prinz, for example, earned 130,000 euros in 2010 - Bastian Schweinsteiger more than 100 times as much. This gap results from lower advertising revenues, which means that TV rights are traded at lower prices, and from the lower popularity of female players, so that advertising contracts are less common and less lucrative.
The amounts of compensation for club changes stipulated in the game rules of the DFB also differ considerably depending on the gender of the person changing: Male A and B juniors in the Bundesliga cost, for example, 2,500 euros; A and B juniors on the other hand only 750 euros. Women soccer players earn too little to be able to provide themselves with the money after retirement. In addition, there are no structures, as in men's football, that can then help them into a coaching or functionary position. Almost all players study or work in parallel to their football career.
Finances
Women's football in Germany is no longer a purely amateur sport. The budgets of the Bundesliga clubs in the 2012/13 season ranged between 350,000 (promoted FSV Gütersloh 2009 ) and 1,800,000 euros (“business leader” 1. FFC Frankfurt ). In 2004 this range was between 35,000 and 450,000 euros. According to cautious statements by Frankfurt's manager Siegfried Dietrich, the monthly salaries of the players at the FFC in 2011 were in the lower to middle four-digit range; In addition, there can be lucrative advertising contracts and bonuses.
Competitions
German championship
The most important competition is the Bundesliga, founded in 1990 . Initially, the league consisted of two groups of ten clubs each. Since 1997, the league has consisted of a group of twelve teams. The German champions have qualified for the UEFA Women's Champions League since 2009 (previously since 2001: UEFA Women's Cup ), the European cup competition. The two last-placed teams must be relegated to the 2nd Bundesliga, which was founded in 2004 . The second division consists of two groups of twelve teams each. In contrast to the men's 2nd Bundesliga , the women's second teams are also allowed to play. There are five regional leagues under the 2. Bundesliga .
The German league pyramid looks like this:
| step | league | |||||||||
| 1 |
Bundesliga 12 clubs |
|||||||||
| ↑ ↓ 2 clubs | ||||||||||
| 2 |
2. Bundesliga 14 clubs |
|||||||||
| ↑ ↓ 3 clubs (relegation) | ||||||||||
| 3 |
Regionalliga Nord 12 clubs |
Regionalliga Nordost 12 clubs |
Regionalliga West 14 clubs |
Regionalliga Südwest 14 clubs |
Regionalliga Süd 14 clubs |
|||||
| ↑ ↓ 2 clubs | ↑ ↓ 2 clubs | ↑ ↓ 3 clubs | ↑ ↓ 2 clubs | ↑ ↓ 4 clubs | ||||||
| 4th | Lower Saxony League East Lower Saxony League West Association League Bremen Association League Hamburg Association League Schleswig-Holstein |
State League Saxony Association League Thuringia Association League Berlin Association League Brandenburg Association League Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Association League Saxony-Anhalt |
Association League Middle Rhine Association League Lower Rhine Association League Westphalia |
Association League Rhineland Association League Saarland Association League Southwest |
Bayernliga Oberliga Baden-Württemberg Oberliga Hessen |
|||||
Cup
The women's DFB Cup has been played since 1980 . Until the introduction of the Bundesliga , the cup winners of the 16 regional associations played the cup winners. After the introduction of the Bundesliga, the first division clubs were automatically qualified and no longer had to qualify via the state cup. The same applies to the clubs in the 2nd Bundesliga with the exception that second teams are not allowed to participate in the DFB Cup.
The final traditionally took place in the Berlin Olympic Stadium until 2009 , immediately before the men's final. Since the mid- nineties transmitted ARD and ZDF live the final. A women's final has been held in Cologne since 2010. The record winner with nine cup wins is 1. FFC Frankfurt .
DFB indoor cup
The women's DFB indoor cup was held a total of 21 times between 1994 and 2015. The first three competitions were held in Koblenz , followed by Frankfurt am Main in 1997 and 1998. In 1999 the tournament took place once in Dessau , and from 2000 to 2008 in Bonn . After that the hall there became too small and it was played in Magdeburg from 2009. In the world championship year 2011, the indoor championship was suspended once due to scheduling reasons. The requirements of FIFA and the DFB , competition from 2016 under the rules of futsal discharge, the other members Bundesliga Sports Teams clearly rejected.
The men's competition was suspended for 2002 and 2003 due to a dwindling number of spectators and time problems and was formally suspended in 2004, but de facto already in 2001. In contrast, the women's competition was very popular right up to the last tournament. The tickets for the event were usually sold completely in advance. The German Football Association broadcast the event live on its video portal DFB-TV. Record winners are the 1. FFC Frankfurt and the 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam with seven tournament victories each. The first indoor cup winner was Grün-Weiß Brauweiler (today 1. FC Köln (women's football) ) and the last winner was Bayer 04 Leverkusen (women's football) .
DFB Supercup
The women's DFB Supercup was held every year from 1992 to 1997, and took place in 1992, 1993 and 1995 immediately before the men's DFB Supercup . Here the German champions played against the cup winners. Should a club have won the double from the championship and the cup, the defeated cup finalist took part in the Supercup. This was the case in 1995 (TSV victories against FSV Frankfurt) and 1997 ( FFC Heike Rheine against Grün-Weiß Brauweiler).
Bundesliga season opening tournament
The Bundesliga season opening tournament took place annually between 1997 and 2001. The twelve clubs of the single-track Bundesliga took part in this tournament. The game was played at the beginning of a new season. The 1. FFC Frankfurt won this tournament four times. Only the FFC Heike Rheine was able to interrupt the Frankfurt dominance in this competition in 1998.
World Cup bridging tournament
The World Cup bridging tournament is not a regular competition. In 2003 and 2007, the tournament was held because the World Cup finals took place during the Bundesliga season, which was interrupted for it. In 2011, the so-called "Bundesliga Cup" was supposed to bridge the long break (caused by the German national team's preparations for the World Cup) between the end of the Bundesliga season in mid-March and the start of the Women's World Cup in Germany in June. As with the season opening tournaments, all twelve Bundesliga clubs took part. In 2003 and 2007, three groups of four teams were played. In 2003 there were also final games that FC Bayern Munich could win. In 2007 FCR 2001 Duisburg won the tournament as the best group winner. In 2011 the tournament was played in two groups of six teams each. The two group winners contested the final, the winner was FC Bayern Munich.
societies
The clubs that operate women's football can be roughly divided into three groups. On the one hand, there are multidisciplinary clubs where the women's football departments coexist alongside other sports. Until the 1990s, these associations came mainly from small towns or even villages. So coming TuS Niederkirchen (German Champion 1993) from a village with 2000 inhabitants. In recent years, many of these clubs have disappeared into the lower classes because they could no longer compete in terms of sport and finance. Today the multidisciplinary clubs tend to come from large and medium-sized cities. Examples of this are SG Essen-Schönebeck or VfL Sindelfingen .
The second large group includes clubs that are mainly known from men's football. In the current Bundesliga season there are six clubs with SC Freiburg , Bayern Munich , VfL Wolfsburg , Bayer 04 Leverkusen , Borussia Mönchengladbach and TSG 1899 Hoffenheim that also play in the men's first or second division. Most of these clubs subsidize the women's football departments with financial means. Sometimes the women are on their own and have to finance themselves. As a rule, the women's football departments of these clubs have their own website.
At the end of the 1990s, the third large group, the all-women football clubs, was added. It all started in 1998 with FFC Heike Rheine , which was founded out of the women's football department of FC Eintracht Rheine . In many cases, the place in the club name was changed. For example, the district club FC Rumeln-Kaldenhausen became FCR 2001 Duisburg or SG Praunheim became 1. FFC Frankfurt . By making the clubs independent and by changing the place name, the clubs want to get rid of the stink of the provincial and open up better marketing opportunities. An exception to this rule is the FFC Brauweiler Pulheim 2000 , which, despite its success as Grün-Weiß Brauweiler in the club, was only tolerated.
The most successful German club is the 1. FFC Frankfurt with 24 national and international titles. The women of VfL Wolfsburg won the triple in 2013 , i.e. the German championship, the national cup and the UEFA Women's Champions League in the same season.
| rank | society | total | UEFA Champions League | UEFA Women's Cup | master | DFB Cup |
DFB Supercup |
DFB indoor cup |
GDR master |
GDR Cup |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | SG Praunheim / 1. FFC Frankfurt | 27 | 1 | 3 | 7th | 9 | - | 7th | - | - |
| 2 | SSV Turbine Potsdam / 1st FFC Turbine Potsdam | 24 | 1 | 1 | 6th | 3 | - | 7th | 6th | - |
| 3 | VfL Wolfsburg | 15th | 2 | - | 6th | 7th | - | - | - | - |
| 4th | TSV Siegen / Sportfreunde Siegen | 13th | - | - | 6th | 5 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| 5 | SSG 09 Bergisch Gladbach / Bayer 04 Leverkusen | 12th | - | - | 9 | 3 | - | - | - | - |
| 6th | FSV Frankfurt | 11 | - | - | 3 | 5 | 2 | 1 | - | - |
| 7th | FC Rumeln-Kaldenhausen / FCR 2001 Duisburg | 7th | - | 1 | 1 | 3 | - | 2 | - | - |
| 8th | FFC Brauweiler Pulheim 2000 / 1. FC Cologne | 7th | - | - | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | - | - |
| 9 | BSG Rotation Schlema / FC Wismut Aue / FC Erzgebirge Aue | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 3 |
- In 1978, 1981, 1984 and 1987 there was the Women's World Invitation Tournament (from 1984 also called Chunghua Cup). SSG Bergisch Gladbach took part here three times from 1981 to 1987. In 1981 and 1984, the club won the tournament, which is considered the unofficial world cup. A and B national teams also took part in this tournament. An official FIFA Club World Cup for women has already been considered. A competition was supposed to take place in 2010, but these considerations were rejected.
National team
| year | host | Result | S. | U | N | Gates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 | China | 4th place | 4th | 0 | 2 | 13:10 |
| 1995 | Sweden | Vice world champion | 4th | 0 | 2 | 13: 6 |
| 1999 | United States | Quarter finals | 1 | 2 | 1 | 12: 7 |
| 2003 | United States | World Champion | 6th | 0 | 0 | 25: 4 |
| 2007 | China | World Champion | 5 | 1 | 0 | 21: 0 |
| 2011 | Germany | Quarter finals | 3 | 0 | 1 | 7: 4 |
| 2015 | Canada | 4th place | 3 | 2 | 2 | 20: 6 |
| 2019 | France | Quarter finals | 4th | 0 | 1 | 10: 2 |
| year | host | Result | S. | U | N | Gates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1984 | Sweden / England | qualification | - | - | - | |
| 1987 | Norway | qualification | - | - | - | |
| 1989 | Germany | European champion | 2 | 2 | 0 | 8: 3 |
| 1991 | Denmark | European champion | 4th | 0 | 0 | 12: 2 |
| 1993 | Italy | 4th place | 1 | 2 | 1 | 9: 4 |
| 1995 | Germany | European champion | 5 | 0 | 0 | 14: 4 |
| 1997 | Norway / Sweden | European champion | 3 | 2 | 0 | 6: 1 |
| 2001 | Germany | European champion | 5 | 0 | 0 | 13: 1 |
| 2005 | England | European champion | 5 | 0 | 0 | 15: 2 |
| 2009 | Finland | European champion | 6th | 0 | 0 | 21: 5 |
| 2013 | Sweden | European champion | 4th | 1 | 1 | 6: 1 |
| 2017 | Netherlands | Quarter finals | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5: 3 |
| 2022 | England | qualified | -: - |
| year | host | Result | S. | U | N | Gates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | Atlanta , USA | Preliminary round | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6: 6 |
| 2000 | Sydney , Australia | bronze | 4th | 0 | 1 | 8: 2 |
| 2004 | Athens , Greece | bronze | 5 | 0 | 1 | 14: 3 |
| 2008 | Beijing , China | bronze | 4th | 1 | 1 | 7: 4 |
| 2012 | London , UK | not qualified | ||||
| 2016 | Rio de Janeiro , Brazil | gold | 4th | 1 | 1 | 14: 6 |
| 2021 | Tokyo , Japan | not qualified |
Youth work
Winning the World Cup in 2003 triggered a real boom in women's and girls' football. In the 2005/06 season alone, 60% of the new DFB members were female.
Boys and girls are allowed to play in mixed teams up to the age of 12, sometimes up to 14. Then the players have to join girls' teams. This transition is often viewed critically. Maren Meinert (national coach of the U-19 national team ): “In the mixed teams, the girls are used to a certain level. If the players then join all-girl teams, many are shocked by the drop in level. Quite a few stop because of this. "
In the area of the B-Juniors, there has been the B-Juniorinnen-Bundesliga, divided into three seasons, since 2012/13. The season winners and a runner-up will play for the German B-Junior Championship at the end of the season. The first title winner under the new mode was FC Bayern Munich in 2013. In 2014 the final round was held as a "Final Four" tournament over a weekend due to scheduling reasons; the Munich women prevailed again.
Before that, large clubs such as 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam or 1. FFC Frankfurt had partly gone their own way. Turbine B-Juniors have played exclusively against boys' teams in the Havelland C-Junior District League since 2005. In the first season, the team took second place and were able to achieve double-digit victories. Also, some girls 'teams from 1. FFC Frankfurt played in the Hochtaunus district league against boys' teams.
The DFB maintains five national teams in the female junior division. The most successful is the U-19 national team or the U-20 national team , which has been three times world champion and six times European champion and is thus a record European champion. The team is coached by the former national players Maren Meinert and Bettina Wiegmann .
The U-17 national team , which has been coached by Anouschka Bernhard since 2011, has won the European Championship six times so far .
The U-23 and U-16 national teams are looked after by DFB trainer Ulrike Ballweg. The U-16s take part in the annual Nordic Cup , the unofficial European championship for this age group.
The U-15 national team only plays friendly matches. In autumn 2006, the U-15 juniors took part in the U-20 country cup. The team duped the competition, some four years older, and was the team with the best points.
Web links
- The biggest opponent is the cliché - 50 years of women's football . Documentation by Jürgen Schmidt. In: Sportschau , August 16, 2020 (48:20 min.)
- Markwart Herzog : Conference Report: The History of Women's Football in Germany: Beginnings - Bans - Resistance - Breakthrough. February 4, 2011– February 6, 2011, Irsee . In: H-Soz-u-Kult , April 12, 2011.
- The gray playtime. Women's football in the prohibition time . Edited by the Federal Agency for Civic Education . Bonn 2007 (dossier).
- Special: 50 years of women's football - the story of an emancipation on October 23, 2020 on ndr.de
Individual evidence
- ^ Eduard Hoffmann and Jürgen Nendza: DFB forbids its clubs women's football. Federal Agency for Civic Education, September 4, 2007, accessed on March 27, 2013 .
- ↑ Okka Gundel : You have to be eleven friends: Why women are so enthusiastic about football. Knaur eBook, 2011, ISBN 3-426-41032-X , p. 9. Restricted preview in Google book search
- ^ Hennies / Meuren: Women's football. The long road to recognition. P. 15.
- ↑ Eduard Hoffmann, Jürgen Nendza: DFB forbids its clubs women's football . In: The gray season. Women's football in the prohibition time . Edited by the Federal Agency for Civic Education . Bonn 2007 (dossier).
- ^ Hennies / Meuren: Women's football. The long road to recognition. P. 16.
- ↑ Eduard Hoffmann, Jürgen Nendza: The exceptional team: Fortuna Dortmund 1955-1965 . In: The gray season. Women's football in the prohibition time . Edited by the Federal Agency for Civic Education . Bonn 2007 (dossier).
- ^ Hennies / Meuren: Women's football. The long road to recognition. P. 18.
- ↑ a b Bayern 2 (Ed.): October 31, 1970: DFB lifts ban on women's football . October 31, 2019 ( br.de [accessed October 30, 2020]).
- ↑ DerWesten: Suffering Chauvi sayings for the women's soccer World Cup. In: derwesten.de. Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung , June 20, 2011, accessed on September 3, 2014 .
- ↑ sportschau.de: 1970 to 1989: Premiere without changing shirts (archive retrieval) ( Memento from May 26, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ wz-newsline.de: record number of viewers for Europe at the World Cup opening game
- ↑ a b Study: Football remains a men's business. In: Spiegel-online from March 16, 2009.
- ↑ weltfußball.de , accessed on May 16, 2013
- ↑ Bundesliga 2011/2012.:. Spectator. weltfussball.de, accessed on April 8, 2013 .
- ↑ a b c Nina Degele, Caroline Janz: Hetero, white and male? Football is much more! (PDF; 982 kB), A study by the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung on homophobia, racism and sexism in football, pp. 13-16.
- ↑ Earning opportunities in professional football. In: spiegel.de. Spiegel Online , June 23, 2011, accessed February 24, 2014 .
- ^ Steffen Daniel Meyer: Salary comparison in soccer: One job, two worlds. In: spiegel.de. Spiegel Online, June 23, 2011, accessed February 24, 2014 .
- ↑ Frank Hellmann: Grow only under supervision. In: berliner-zeitung.de. Berliner Zeitung , September 1, 2012, accessed on April 9, 2013 .
- ↑ Dominik Schmitz: Budget comparison of the women's soccer Bundesliga clubs. In: welt.de. Die Welt , November 28, 2004, accessed April 9, 2013 .
- ↑ Andreas Voigt: The big three and the big emptiness. In: spiegel.de. Spiegel Online, July 10, 2011, accessed April 9, 2013 .
- ↑ http://www.rsssf.com/tablesw/wom-wit87.html
- ↑ http://globoesporte.globo.com/Esportes/Noticias/Times/Santos/0,,MUL1359774-9874,00.html Santos sediará primeiro Mundial de Clubes Feminino em 2010
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from March 20, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Marcelo Teixeira vai a reunião da FIFA e pedirá Mundial de Clubes Feminino
