Copper group
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Position in the periodic table
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| group | 11 |
| period | |
| 4th |
29 Cu |
| 5 |
47 Ag |
| 6th |
79 Au |
| 7th |
111 Rg |
The 11th group of the periodic table contains the elements copper , the two precious metals silver and gold and the element 111 roentgenium , which was first produced in 1994 . The group is also referred to as the copper group or 1st subgroup (according to CAS as IB). Because of their traditional uses, copper, silver and gold are named as coinage metals .
Occurrence
With the exception of Roentgenium, the elements of the copper group have been known since ancient times and they all occur in solid form .
The raw metals are cleaned by electrolytic refining ( copper refining ).
- The metals
Macro-etched copper, 99.95%
Silver, crystal dendrite,> 99.95%
Gold crystals, ≈99.99%
properties
The electronic configuration of the elements is (n − 1) d 10 n s 1 . They are only partially related to the alkali metals ; the halides of the group 11 elements are more covalent and less soluble than the alkali halides ; in addition, Cu, Ag, Au have significantly higher ionization energies and sublimation energies , which results in their noble character.
The oxidation states +1 to +3 are common, +4 and +5 are less common. Complexes are formed at all levels, with a somewhat unusual linear coordination occurring for +1.
Group 11 metals crystallize in a face-centered cubic manner .
literature
- Erwin Riedel, Christoph Janiak: Inorganic Chemistry. 8th edition. de Gruyter, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-11-022566-2 .