Care Coburg
.svg){kind=small} Territory in the Holy Roman Empire |
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| Care Coburg | |
| coat of arms | |
 
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| Under Thuringian-Franconian rule (left); as part of the Electorate of Saxony from 1425 (right)
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| Consist | 1291-1527 |
| Arose from | Imperial domain under the administration of the Duchy of Meranien and the Benedictine Abbey of Saalfeld |
| Form of rule | Imperial fiefdom to margraviate Brandenburg , 1312 prince county Henneberg , 1356 margraviate Meissen , 1425 electorate Saxony |
| Ruler / government | Kaiser HRR , Margrave of Brandenburg , Prince Count of Henneberg, Margrave of Meissen , Elector of Saxony |
| Today's region / s |
DE-BY , DE-TH
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| Reichskreis | Upper Saxon Imperial Circle |
| Capitals / residences | Coburg |
| Dynasties | Henneberg , Askanier , Wettiner |
| Denomination / Religions | Lutheran since the Reformation |
| Language / n |
German ( Itzgründisch )
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| Incorporated into |
Franconian Circle in the Electorate of Saxony
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The care Coburg , also care Koburg, Coburg care or Coburg country , is the historical name of an East Franconian territory, which later essentially corresponded to the principalities of Saxony-Coburg and Saxony-Hildburghausen . It extended over today's districts of Coburg in the Free State of Bavaria and Hildburghausen and Sonneberg in the Free State of Thuringia . Today, the term Coburg Land is only used colloquially for the district with the city of Coburg, even if it historically stands for the entire larger region. In the subregions of today's southern Thuringia that are not included in this, their own small-scale names have become naturalized, which roughly correspond to the historical administrative and judicial districts or manors ( Schaumberger Land ).
history
This area was passed on several times in female succession, so that the dynastic affiliation of the sovereigns repeatedly changed in a peaceful way.
prehistory
After the end of the Thuringian Empire in 531, the former border region between the early Thuringians and the Franks to the east of the Grabfeld and north of the Volkfeld and the Radenzgau remained barely inhabited and densely forested. A section of an old, possibly prehistoric, military and trade route, the most important north-south connection from the Saale over the otherwise more or less insurmountable ridge line of the Thuringian-Franconian low mountain range to the Main , ran through it . As an imperial estate, the country was not subject to any Gugrafschaft after Charlemagne's imperial reform .
Although there was Slavic immigration to this area from around 560 onwards, the Mainwendic and Sorbian tribes were by no means able to gain a foothold here as north of the Rennsteig and east of the Saale. Some villages go back to Slavic foundations. However, in the cities of this region, the Wenden suburbs typical of the medieval city foundations of Thuringia, which was repopulated as a result of the Slavic campaigns of Henry I , between the Saale and Unstrut, are completely absent, and the Slavic influence on the language is minimal.
In the Heldburg / Ummerstadt area , by the 12th century at the latest, the Lords of Wildberg , regional tribal aristocrats , ruled as one of the 16 Untergaue in the eastern Grabfeld. The Eisfelder Land around a small royal palace was an imperial domain .
An East Franconian conquest of land began both here and in the imperial land bordering to the east between the upper Main Valley and the foreland of the Thuringian Slate Mountains . The beginnings of the Main Franconian colonization of the region are largely in the dark. However, all later sources, such as a treatise on the foundation of the Banz Monastery in 1071, which was written after 1295 , indicate that this land was systematically settled from around 980 under the leadership of the Margraves of Schweinfurt .
As a result of the marriage of Gisela von Schweinfurt, daughter of the margrave in northern district Otto III. and heiress of Kulmbach and Plassenburg , with Count Arnold von Dießen († 1091), the Counts of Andechs and later Dukes of Meranien and the neighboring counties on the Upper Main also took over the Reichsland and incorporated it as a north-western outpost into their dominion in Franconia . The administration of the land in the service of the Duchy of Meranien was the responsibility of the Lords of Sonneberg , who also held the protective bailiwick over the goods of the Church of Coburg .
The clergy in the region, whose noble freemen were inclined to the Fulda Abbey before this wave of settlement , claimed the Benedictine Abbey of Saalfeld from 1074 . Monks from the Archbishopric of Cologne , from the abbeys of St. Michael on the Siegberg and St. Pantaleon in Cologne , whose archbishop Anno II. 1056 was the former imperial domain around Saalfeld , in southern Orlagau and around the Coburg mountain, the villages of Vullebach , Berkerisdorf , Grilizi , Chezzendorf , Trufelistadt , which had acquired the former imperial courts of Sithmarsdorff , Lutaraha and Mirsdorf as well as the forest near Ahorny Castle from the legacy of Richeza , the daughter of Count Palatine Ezzo of Lorraine , began with the extensive Christianization of the autochthonous Urthuringian or Elbe Germanic and Slavic population and the integration of the Main Franconian settlers into the emerging communities. To protect their interests and to secure their important property in the Coburg area, the Abbey of St. Peter and Paul set up a provost's office in 1075 on today's Coburg Fortress Mountain . The monastic farmyard was relocated from around 1150 to the town that was gradually emerging in the valley towards the later Morizkirche, while the Meranian Coburg Castle is occupied on the mountain from 1225.
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The new rule of Hermann I von Henneberg-Coburg
The noble county of Henneberg, under the noble family of the same name , gained considerable estates in the 13th century through inheritance, purchase and marriage. Count Hermann I von Henneberg (1224–1290), highly respected in imperial politics, used these gains to establish his own lineage. Like his father Poppo VII., Who also called himself Count von Strauf, and his mother Jutta von Thuringia, he resided at Struphe Castle , which had been owned by the Henneberg family since 1180. When his father died in 1245, Hermann I already owned the lands around Heldburg, the Callenberg estate , the "Talburg" Steinach and some Lower Franconian estates around Höchheim , Kissingen , Münnerstadt and in 1206 as a dowry from his first wife Elisabeth von Wildberg Schweinfurt from the inheritance of his uncle Otto von Botenlauben .
In 1248 the former Botenlaubener Hildburghausen , which had acquired the Hochstift Würzburg in 1234 , the royal court Rodach and the Meranian possessions around Coburg from the inheritance of the extinct house Andechs zu Henneberg were added. There had been family ties between the two houses. The grandfather Hermann I., Poppo VI. († 1190), was with Sophie, the daughter of Margrave Berthold III . married from Istria and Carniola. In order to be able to collect the fiefs awarded to the Duchy of Merania for the bishopric of Bamberg , the Bishop of Bamberg , Heinrich I von Bilversheim , won Count Hermann I as commander in the dispute with Burgrave Friedrich III. von Nürnberg and Friedrich von Truhendingen , whose wives Elisabeth and Margareta as sisters of the late Duke Otto II , as well as the heir daughter Otto I , Beatrix, the widow of Count Hermann II von Orlamünde , also made claims to the inheritance. For this, Hermann I was awarded after the Langenstadt legal ruling in 1260, in addition to Coburg, the extensive former allod of the Burgraves of Meißen from the Sterker von Wohlsbach family around Fechheim- Neustadt, together with the Sterker fiefdom Einberg and the Schaumberg castle , and he also received the Bamberg Cent and place of jurisdiction Gestungshausen , which had been under the Bailiwick of the Sterker.
In 1249 Hermann I bought Königsberg . In the same year he received the legacy of the Ludowingers from his half-brother on his mother's side, the Margrave Heinrich III. von Meißen , an area around Schmalkalden with the Burg Brotterode and the rule Hallenberg as compensation for his renunciation of his own claims to the imperial principality. Heinrich III confirmed this severance payment. 1260 towards the end of the Thuringian War of Succession , although Hermann I had supported the opposing party. His brother-in-law Wilhelm von Holland , in whose election as the Roman-German rival king Hermann I had opposed the Hohenstaufen Konrad IV, as he had previously in the election of Heinrich Raspe , granted him the imperial rights of Ullrich II von Munzenberg, who died in 1255 . Count Hermann I called his possessions New Rule to distinguish them from the traditional Henneberg lands.
Otto V. von Brandenburg and the care of Coburg
The Henneberg-Coburg line was already extinguished in 1291, when the son of Hermann I, Poppo VIII, died. The land remained as heir to his half-sister Jutta (also: Judith) and, together with the formal entitlement to Holland and Zeeland, fell to her husband, the Ascan co-regent Margrave Otto the Tall One of Brandenburg zu Salzwedel . During his absence, he appointed Count Wolfgang von Barby as the administrator (administrator) of the estate, whereupon the name Coburg care was created for this territory. The keeper sat at Mainberg Castle , his son Walter from 1305 as a Burgmann at Wildberg Castle, which was acquired in exchange for Mainberg Castle, which had been ceded to Henneberg . Otto and Jutta's only son Hermann followed his father from 1298 to 1308 in both Brandenburg and Coburg, which is why, as Hermann II, he also held the title of Count of Henneberg or Count of Franconia. Hermann bought Hildburghausen back from Count Konrad von Wildberg in 1304. The Schloss Hohenstein with dime maple was the latest in 1306 in the possession of his mother Jutta, the widow of Margrave Otto V
Henneberg-Schleusingen reacquires the new rule
Hermann III Daughter Jutta von Brandenburg married at the instigation of the prince Count Berthold VII. Von Henneberg- Schleusingen in 1312 his son Heinrich VIII., With which the New Rulership was back at the parent company Henneberg. When Heinrich VIII von Henneberg-Schleusingen died in 1347 after only seven years of reign, the property of the House of Henneberg-Schleusingen was divided between his widow and Heinrich's younger brother Johann I , with Jutta again being awarded the new rule. The Ascanian Jutta proved to be a regent with a joy of design, who repeatedly renewed and confirmed rights and firmly incorporated the local imperial knights Heldritt , Heßberg , Kemmaten , Rossau and Veilsdorf into her feudal system of sons and daughters. In return, all of the cities of Coburg that were confirmed in their rights bore the coat of arms of the Henneberg family as a city seal .
By 1315 the Hennebergers displaced the lords of Schaumberg from the Schalkau region to the Niederfüllbach manor . In 1317, Prince Count Berthold VII von Henneberg-Schleusingen acquired the castle and the property of the extinct dynasty of the castle and servants of Sonneberg and enfeoffed the Schaumbergs with this and with their formerly own property around Neuhaus Castle . Prince Count Heinrich VIII set up a winter residence on the Sonneberg manor. His widow, regent Jutta, pledged Sonneberg Castle in 1350 to her son-in-law, Burgrave Albrecht the Beautiful of Nuremberg from the Hohenzollern family . Before that, in 1349 she had notarized the city rights of Sonneberg and granted the Schaumbergers permission to fortify Rauenstein Castle . Also in 1317, Prince Count Berthold VII enfeoffed the lords of Gauerstadt with the fief of the same name and the ministerial officials von Sternberg with the rule of Callenberg. In 1323 Hildburghausen and Eisfeld received the right to wall their urban settlement from him. In 1346 Dietrich von Coburg near Coburg (in Oeslau and in Waldsachsen ) was acquired by Henry VIII.
In 1353 the New Rulership was divided among three daughters of the late regent. When she died, Jutta's second oldest daughter, Katharina , became the heir of Coburg. Sophie, who died in 1372, inherited Hildburghausen, Königsberg and the Schmalkalden rule and the eldest daughter Elisabeth Castle and district Irmelshausen and the Lower Franconian lands. Jutta's fourth daughter Anna , as abbess, led the Cistercian convent of Sonnefeld to an unexpected prosperity.
Care Coburg and House Wettin
Katharina brought the southeastern part of the New Rulership with Coburg and the surrounding area to the House of Wettin through her marriage to Margrave Friedrich the Strict of Meissen . This gave Schalkau town charter in 1362 . In 1363 the Siemau taverns recognized him as a liege lord. Through the marriage of his brother Balthasar to Margaretha, the daughter of Sophie von Henneberg and the burgrave Albrecht the Beautiful of Nuremberg, Hildburghausen with the Heldburger Unterland and the Eisfelder Land also came to the Wettins in 1374. The Wettinian Coburg care was in the following years with the Saxon Landwehr from the much smaller county of Henneberg. The cities now had the Meissnian lion in their seal. In 1410 the Knights of Rosenau appeared as Coburg mint masters.
With the great Saxon division in 1485 into an Albertine and an Ernestine line, the land, again referred to as Pflege Coburg or also as the Ortslande in Franconia , fell to Ernst von Sachsen and was assigned to the Ernestine line . In 1527 it formed the Franconian Circle in the Electorate of Saxony with the exclave of Königsberg, the Lichtenberg or Ostheim , Nassach and the Cent Kaltensundheim and Kaltennordheim offices , which, because of the loss of the electoral dignity of the Ernestine line and a fundamental reorganization in the House of Wettin as a result of the However, the Schmalkaldic League's defeat in the Battle of Mühlberg in 1547 quickly lost its importance. In 1555 Duke Johann the Middle acquired the Henneberg- Aschach court of Römhild from the Counts of Mansfeld .
The principality of Saxe-Coburg emerged from the care of Coburg until 1572 , which fell to Saxe-Eisenach in 1633 as a result of the Ernestine partition , in 1640 to Saxe-Altenburg and with this in 1672 to Saxe-Gotha , but remained a largely uniform territory. The inheritance agreement of February 24, 1680 split off the duchies of Saxony-Hildburghausen and Saxony-Römhild . After the death of Duke Albrecht von Sachsen-Coburg in 1699, after decades of inheritance disputes, the remaining area was divided between Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld and Sachsen-Meiningen in 1735 , whereby the Meininger Oberland remained a part of Sachsen-Coburg until 1826 from Sachsen-Meiningen. As an indirect consequence of these divisions, the state border between Bavaria and Thuringia, which was the state border from 1949 to 1990, runs right through this historical landscape.
Fate of the other parts of the New Rulership and the princes of Henneberg
The Lower Franconian part of the New Rule gradually came under the influence of the bishops of Würzburg. Elisabeth von Henneberg's husband, Count Eberhard II of Württemberg, sold Irmelshausen , Steinach, Sternberg , Rottenstein , Königshofen , Münnerstadt, Wildberg Castle in the Haßbergen and half of Schweinfurt in 1354 for 90,000 guilders to the Würzburg monastery. Gradually, most of the remaining possessions, such as 1394 Nüdlingen from the inheritance of Anna von Henneberg, went to Würzburg.
On the rule Schmalkalden closed Landgrave Henry II. Of Hesse and Elisabeth of Leuchtenberg , widow of Prince Count Johann I von Henneberg-Schleusingen, 1360 a mutual agreement as to succession, after both shared the territory of Viscount Albert of Nuremberg, the husband of Sophie von Henneberg , had acquired. The Hesse-Henneberg dual rule ended with the death of the last Henneberg Count Georg Ernst in 1583. With the end of the County of Henneberg, the rule of Schmalkalden finally fell to the House of Hesse . These territories do not belong to the area that is commonly understood today as Coburg Care.
The remaining princely county of Henneberg came to Wettin in 1583 due to an Ernestine-Henneberg hereditary brotherhood ( Kahla Treaty ). The Duchy of Saxony-Meiningen was established on its territory in 1680. The Henneberg residence in Schleusingen was administered jointly by Albertines and Ernestines, fell with the city of Suhl to the Duchy of Saxony-Zeitz in 1660 , with the extinction of the Sachsen-Zeitz secondary school in 1718 to the Electorate of Saxony and finally to the Henneberg district as a result of the Congress of Vienna in 1815 Kingdom of Prussia .
Itzgründisch
The borders of the Coburg care also include a language area. Here and in the Lichtenfels area to the south , a characteristic, original Main Franconian dialect, Itzgründisch , is spoken. In the west, north and east of the area, the language border coincides very precisely with the historical territorial borders. South of the Main , the Itzgründische merges into the Main Franconian Bambergische . Within the dialect area, each village has its own specific form, which can be used to precisely determine the origin of the speaker.
literature
- Georg Hassel: General European State and Address Handbook, 1816 , Vol. 1-2. P. 330 f. ( Digitized version ).
- Gerhard Köbler : Historical Lexicon of the German Lands: the German territories from the Middle Ages to the present , CH Beck, 2007, p. 592 f.
- Hermann Grote: Stammtafeln , Leipzig, 1877, p. 84.
- Ernst Julius Walch: historical, statistical, geographical and topographical description of the royal and ducal Saxon houses and lands in general and of the Saxe-Coburg-Meiningisches house and its lands in particular , Schneider u. Weigel, 1811, p. 350 f.
- Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung , Volume 4, 1821, pp. 1009 ff. ( Digitized version ).
- Wilderich Weick: The ducal house of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha: Its history and current position in Europe , C. Macklot, 1842, p. 73.
- General German library in: German journals of the 18th and 19th centuries , Volume 88, F. Nicolai, 1789, p. 14 f. ( Digitized version ).
Web links
- http://www.gestungshausen.de/chronik_ges_07.html
- http://www1.landkreis-coburg.de/landkreis-coburg/geschichte/
Individual evidence
- ↑ At least the section of the pass over the Thuringian Slate Mountains was called Biel / Biehl, probably from the Celtic deity Belenus . The term is preserved as a street name in places. The name “Bühl” of several mountains probably also has this reference. In the immediately adjacent eastern grave field was the Celtic oppidum Steinsburg , a ring wall on the Herrnberg near Siegmundsburg was assigned to the same epoch ( Hallstatt / Latène period ).
- ↑ http://www.maproom.org/00/08/present.php?m=0026
- ^ G. Brückner: Landeskunde des Herzogthums Meinigen , Volume 2: The topography of the country , Verlag Brückner and Renner, Meinigen 1853, p. 442 f.
- ↑ Jochen Haberstroh : The rice mountain at Scheßlitz-Burgellern in the time of the migration. Thoughts on the 5th Century AD. in Northern Bavaria. With a contribution by Jörg Faßbinder . GERMANIA 81-1, 2003 Summary ( Memento from February 5, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 109 kB)
- ↑ http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/artikel/artikel_45112
- ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: History and poems of the minnesinger Otto von Botenlauben , G. Wigand, 1845, p. 75.
- ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from May 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
