Aleramides

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Coat of arms of the Aleramides

The Aleramides were the family of the Margraves of Montferrat and Saluzzo from the 11th century to 1305 or 1543. They belong to the oldest documented Italian noble families .

history

Kingdom of Italy (781-1014) with the Marca Aleramica

The Aleramides had probably immigrated to Italy from the west of France at the beginning of the 10th century . In 961, Count Aledramus (Aleram) was one of the three nobles who were given one of the newly created margraves by King Berengar II (his father-in-law) when the feudal structures were reorganized, in this case the Marca Liguria Occidentale ( Margraviate of Western Liguria ) or Marca Aleramica with Vercelli , Montferrat , Ceva , Acqui Terme down to the Mediterranean coast between Oneglia and Albenga . The collapse of the kingdom and with it the margravial power limited the area of ​​dominion to the center of the margraviate: for the first time in 1040 a Marcio from the family is referred to as the margrave of Montferrat. From scattered property further west and the inheritance of a daughter of a margrave of Turin , a line of the family then formed the margraviate of Saluzzo, which is mentioned for the first time in 1142.

The Aleramides became best known in connection with the Crusades. The brothers Wilhelm Lungaspada and Konrad von Montferrat played a prominent role in the Kingdom of Jerusalem , their children Baldwin V and Maria von Montferrat were crowned kings. A third brother, Boniface I of Montferrat, was the leader of the Fourth Crusade , which led to the conquest of Constantinople and the establishment of the Latin Empire and the Kingdom of Thessaloniki , among others .

The line in Saluzzo died out in 1548 after losing the margraviate a few years earlier. The line in Montferrat had already expired in 1305 with the margrave Johann I. It was from the Palaiologoi heir, the former imperial family of Byzantium, who ruled the Margraviate further 230 years. The family still exists today in less significant branch lines, possibly including the Lanza .

Tribe list

The number of margraves with the name Wilhelm is not uniform in the literature. For example, Guglielmus († before 933) as Wilhelm I and Guglielmus (961/967) as Wilhelm II, at the time of which the Margraviate of Montferrat did not yet exist, as well as Wilhelm Lungaspada († 1177), who was recorded as Crusader lived and died before his father, so was not Margrave of Montferrat himself.

The count here follows that proposed by Schwennicke (see literature), which begins with Margrave Wilhelm († before 1042), whose (presumed) son Otto is first referred to in 1040 as "Marchio Montiferratensis".

First generations

  1. Guglielmus , † before 933, comes of West Franconian origin
    1. Aledramus, comes in Acqui 934/45
      1. ? Guglielmus, 961/967 attested
        1. Aledramus, “marchio” 961/67, † before 991; ⚭ I NN; ⚭ II before July 961 Gerberga von Ivrea, * 945, daughter of Berengar II , King of Italy ( House of Burgundy-Ivrea )
          1. (I) Wilhelm, † before 961
          2. (I) Anselm I., 961/1014 attested, 991 Margrave; ⚭ Gisla, attested in 991/1014, daughter of Adalbert I, margrave in eastern Liguria ( Obertenghi ) - for descendants see older line
          3. (I) Oddo, attested in 961, † before 991; ⚭ NN, daughter of Count Riprando von Piacenza - for descendants see younger line

Older line

  1. Anselm I., attested in 961/1014, 991 Margrave; ⚭ Gisla, attested in 991/1014, daughter of Adalbert I, margrave in eastern Liguria ( Obertenghi ) - ancestors see above
    1. Ugo, testified 1014/33, † January 26th…, spiritual
    2. Anselm II., 1014/17 attested, † before 1055, Margrave; ⚭ Adelagia, attested 1017/55, daughter of Margrave Azzone
      1. Anselm, 1055/65 attested
      2. Ugo, 1055/65 attested
      3. ?? Teto (Teuto, Tetes), † before 1064 - descendants and comments see below
    3. Oberto I, 1014/34 margrave (of Vado )
      1. Oberto II, † before 1065, 1030 count, 1061 margrave; ⚭ Beatrice, attested in 1065, daughter of Olrico (Margrave of Romagnano ), ( Arduine )
        1. Adalberto, Provost of the Cathedral of Tortona in 1065 , Bishop of Acqui in 1079
        2. Wido, † before 1106, Margrave 1065/1100
          1. Alberto Alemanno, † before 1106
          2. Adelaide; ⚭ before January 15, 1106 Brunio - Descendants: the Marquis of Sezze
      2. Wido, attested in 1030

Younger line to Margrave Rainer

  1. Oddo, attested in 961, † before 991; ⚭ NN, daughter of Count Riprando von Piacenza - ancestors see above
    1. Wilhelm I, 991/1017 attested, † before January 29, 1042, margrave; ⚭ Waza, † before January 29, 1042
      1. ? Otto, 1040 Marchio Montiferratensis
        1. Wilhelm III., † probably 1084/85, at least before 1100, 1083 Margrave of Ravenna ; ⚭ I NN; ⚭ II Otta di Agledo , daughter of Tebaldo in Ravenna, son of the Count of Ravenna
          1. (I) Enrico il Balbo, † before January 4, 1127, Marchese di Rocchetta
            1. Bernardo, Marchese di Rocchetta 1137/35
              1. Damicella, heiress to Rocchetta; ⚭ Alberto d' incisa
            2. ? Burcardo, attested in 1126
          2. (II) Wilhelm IV. Called Inforzato, attested in 1085/1100, † before January 4, 1127
          3. (II) Rainer , 1100/35 attested, † before 1137, 1111 Margrave of Montferrat; ⚭ Gisela of Burgundy, † after 1133, daughter of Wilhelm I Count Palatine of Burgundy ( House of Burgundy-Ivrea ), widow of Humbert II, Count of Maurienne , Margrave of Turin ( House of Savoy ) - for descendants see below
        2. Ardizzone I., † before 1127; ⚭ Richelda
          1. Ardizzone II., † probably before 1172, Margrave, 1127/60 to Felizzano
            1. Raineri, testified in 1193
            2. Bonifazio, attested in 1193 - descendants: the lords of Asti
            3. Enrico, 1193/97 attested
      2. Heinrich, Margrave 1042/44; ⚭ before January 19, 1042 Adelaide , Margravine von Susa , † December 27, 1091, daughter of Margrave Olderich called Manfred Graf von Turin ( Arduine ) and Berta degli Obertenghi , widow of Hermann IV. , Duke of Swabia ( Babenberger )
      3. ? Wilhelm II, attested in 1059
      4. Julitta; ⚭ before 1081 Count Ugo
      5. Burgundo, attested in 1081
        1. Guglielmo, 1070/1104 Bishop of Pavia
        2. Mathilde, testified in 1074/81
    2. Riprand, 991/1021 attested
      1. Ottone, attested in 1040
        1. Riprando
        2. Oberto I., 1061/1100 attested
          1. NN
            1. Enrico, Marchese di Occimiano 1147/49
            2. Aleramo, attested in 1147
          2. Daughter ; ⚭ NN di Manzano
          3. Oberto II., 1111/27 attested, † before 1147
            1. Guglielmo, 1137/47 attested
            2. Aleramo, attested in 1127
            3. Bernardo, 1127/49 Marchese di Occimiano
            4. Riprando, attested in 1127
            5. Oberto, attested in 1127
        3. Guglielmo di Montemagno , Marchese di Viarigi

The crusaders

  1. Rainer , 1100/35 attested, † before 1137, 1111 Margrave of Montferrat; ⚭ Gisela of Burgundy, † after 1133, daughter of Wilhelm I Count Palatine of Burgundy ( House of Burgundy-Ivrea ), widow of Humbert II, Count of Maurienne , Margrave of Turin ( House of Savoy ) - ancestors see above
    1. Johanna; ⚭ 1128 Wilhelm Clito , 1127 Count of Flanders , X July 27, 1128 near Aalst ( Rolloniden )
    2. Wilhelm V the Elder (senior, il vecchio), attested in 1133 † 1191; ⚭ before March 28, 1133 Judith of Austria, † after 1178, daughter of Margrave Leopold III. ( Babenberger )
      1. Wilhelm called Lungaspada, † 1177 after June, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon ; ⚭ Sibylle of Anjou , † July 1190, 1186 Queen of Jerusalem , daughter of King Amalrich I ( House of Château-Landon ), married in March / April 1180 Guy de Lusignan , 1186 King of Jerusalem, resigns in 1188, 1192 King of Cyprus , † April 1194
        1. Baldwin V , * after November 20, 1177, † May / 21. October 1186, 1183 King of Jerusalem
      2. Fantasy portrait of Konrad von Montferrat († 1192) (by François-Édouard Picot , 1843)
        Conrad , attested in 1160, † murdered April 28, 1192 in Tyros , 1187 Byzantine "emperor", 1191 Margrave of Montferrat; ⚭ I NN, 1179 attested; ⚭ II spring 1187, left May / June 1187, Theodora, † after 1195 probably as a nun in the monastery of Dalmatios , daughter of Andronikos Dukas Angelos ; ⚭ III November 24, 1190 Isabella of Anjou , * 1172, † before May 1206, 1192 Queen of Jerusalem , daughter of King Amalrich I ( house of Château-Landon ), divorced from Humfried IV. Of Toron , married in third marriage on May 5 May 1192 Henry II of Champagne , 1192 King of Jerusalem, † September 10, 1197 ( House Blois ), and in fourth marriage October 1198 Amaury de Lusignan , 1194 King of Cyprus , † April 1, 1205
        1. (III) Maria , * summer 1191 in Tyros , † 1212, 1206/12 Queen of Jerusalem, crowned on October 3, 1210; ⚭ September 14, 1210 Jean de Brienne , Count of Eu , 1210 King of Jerusalem, rain of Constantinople, † March 27, 1237 ( House of Brienne )
      3. Boniface I , X 4th September 1207, 1191 regent and 1192 Margrave of Montferrat, 1201 leader of the Fourth Crusade , 1204, probably in May, King of Thessaloniki and (probably in July) Lord of Crete ; ⚭ I probably before 1171 Elena di Busca, attested in 1179, probably daughter of Anselmo Marchese des Bosco; ⚭ II May 1204 Margaret (Greek: Maria) of Hungary, * 1175, † after 1223, 1207 regent of Thessaloniki, daughter of King Béla III. ( Arpaden ), widow of Emperor Isaac II ( Angelos )
        1. (I) William VI. , Attested in 1191, † September 17, 1225, 1202 Margrave of Montferrat; ⚭ I 1187 Sophie von Hohenstaufen, † probably 1187/88, daughter of Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa ( Staufer ); ⚭ II before August 9, 1202 Berta di Clavesana , heiress of Mombarcaro and Cortemilia , attested in 1224, daughter of Marchese Bonifacio
          1. Boniface II , † June 12, 1253/10. December 1255, 1225 Margrave of Montferrat, 1239/40 pretender of Thessaloniki ; ⚭ December 9, 1235 (marriage discussion on January 18, 1228) Margaret of Savoy , daughter of Count Amadeus IV. ( House of Savoy )
            1. Adalasia (Adelaide), † February 6, 1285; ⚭ I 1266 Albrecht I , Duke of Braunschweig , † August 15, 1279; ⚭ II 1282 Gerhard I , Count of Schauenburg and Holstein in Itzehoe, † December 12, 1290
            2. Wilhelm VII. , † in captivity February 6, 1292 in Alessandria , 1278 captain of Milan , Pavia , Novara , Vercelli , 1282 captain of Como ; ⚭ I (marriage contract of March 28, 1257) Isabelle de Clare, * 1240, † before 1271, daughter of Richard de Clare, 5th Earl of Hertford , 2nd Earl of Gloucester ( Clare ); ⚭ II 1271 Beatrix Infanta of Castile, * December 1254, † after 1280, daughter of King Alfonso X ( House of Burgundy-Ivrea )
              1. (I) Margareta, † after 1286; ⚭ 1281 Juan Infant of Castile, X June 25, 1319 near Vega de Granada , Señor de Valencia de Campos etc., son of King Alfonso X. ( House of Burgundy-Ivrea )
              2. (II) Johann I, * 1278 in Milan , † probably March 9, 1305, 1290 Margrave of Montferrat; ⚭ March 23, 1296 Margaret of Savoy, † 1339, heiress of Lanzo , Ciré and Caselle , daughter of Count Amadeus V ( House of Savoy )
              3. (II) Yolanda (Greek Eirene), † 1317, 1303 regent of Thessaloniki ; ⚭ around 1285 Andronikos II. Dukas Angelos Komnenos Palaiologos , 1282/1328 Emperor of Byzantium , † 12./13. February 1332 ( paleologists )
              4. (II) Alasina; ⚭ before 1305 Poncello Orsini
              5. (illegitimate, mother unknown) Bonifazio, attested in 1296/1311
            3. (illegitimate, mother unknown) Niccolino, attested 1270/1305, 1270/80 Podestà from Alessandria , 1303 vicar from Caselle
          2. Demetrius, attested in 1224
          3. Beatrix, † 1274, 1237/43 regent of the Dauphiné etc .; ⚭ I (marriage contract of November 15, 1219) André, called Guigues VI., † March 14, 1237, 1228 Dauphin of Viennois ( Elderly House of Burgundy ); ⚭ II Guy de Baugé et de Brosse ; ⚭ III Jean de Châtillon , Seigneur de Beuge; ⚭ IV Pierre de La Roue (Roche)
          4. Alasia (Alice) , * 1210, † probably 1232/33, buried in Santa Sophia in Nicosia ; ⚭ 1229 Henry I , King of Cyprus , † January 8, 1253
          5. ? Elena, niece of Demetrius of Montferrat, King of Thessaloniki, “domina totius regni Thessalonicencis”, enfeoffed on February 5, 1240 by Emperor Baldwin II with the claim to the Kingdom of Thessaloniki , confirmed by the Pope in 1244; ⚭ before 1240 Guglielmo da Verona, co-lord of Negroponte ( Euboea ), probably vassal of the Kingdom of Thessaloniki in 1205
        2. (I) Beatrice, 1202 attested; ⚭ Enrico II Marchese del Carretto
        3. (I) Agnes, † 1208; ⚭ February 4, 1207 Heinrich von Flanders , 1206 Latin Emperor of Constantinople , † murdered July 11, 1216 ( House of Flanders )
        4. (II) Demetrius , * probably 1205, † 1230/39, 1207/24 King of Thessaloniki , probably married to Beatrix von Vienne
      4. Friedrich, probably Bishop of Alba
      5. Rainer (Greek Johannes / Ioannes), * 1163, † poisoned August 1182, after the 18th, 1180 Byzantine "emperor"; ⚭ before February 1180 Maria Komnene , * probably March 1152, † poisoned July 1182, received Thessaloniki as a dowry from Emperor Manuel I Komnenus
      6. Adilasia, † probably 1233, ⚭ before June 1202 Manfred II , Margrave of Saluzzo , † end of February 1215
      7. "Daughter"; ⚭ before July 22nd, 1202 Alberto Marchese di Malaspina
    3. Matilde, attested in 1166; ⚭ Alberto called Zueta, Marchese die Parodi , testifies to 11338/48 ( Obertenghi )
    4. Adelasia, attested in 1167/69, nun at Vandieu ( Provence )
    5. Daughter (probably Isabella); ⚭ Guido IV., Conte di Biandrate , attested in 1134 ( House of Burgundy-Ivrea )
    6. Beatrice (* 1142, † 1228); ⚭ Guigues V. (Albon) , Count of Albon

Del Vasto, Savona and the beginnings in Saluzzo

This section follows the description of Harry Bresslaus (see literature), who sees the progenitor Teto as the son of Anselm († before 1055), but justified this - as an indication and not necessarily - that one of Teto's sons had the same name.

  1. Teto (Teuto, Tetes), † before 1064 (Aleramide); ⚭ Bertha of Turin, daughter of Odalrich Manfred II. Margrave of Turin ( Arduine ), 1065 countess
    1. Manfred, Margrave, 1064/65, † before 1079
      1. Heinrich II., 1097, † before 1141, Count of Paterno (southern Italy), Margrave del Vasto; ⚭ Flandina, daughter of Rogers I.
      2. Adelheid , † 1118, ⚭ 1089 Roger I , Count of Sicily , † 1101 ( House of Hauteville ); ⚭ 1113, repudiated 1117, Baldwin I , king of Jerusalem
      3. Daughter = Gaufredus, son of Rogers of Sicily
      4. Daughter = Jordanus, † 1092, illegitimate son of Rogers of Sicily, Lord of Syracuse
    2. Bonifacius, Marchese del Vasto, 1064/65, † 1125/30; ⚭ (I) NN; ⚭ (II) Agnes von Vermandois , † after 1125, daughter of Hugo von Vermandois ( House of France-Vermandois
      1. (I?) Boniface II of Incisa , disinherited, † 1160/61 - descendants: the Incisa line
      2. (II) Manfred II. , 1125/55, marchio del Vasto, 1148 marchio de Saluciis, † 1175/76
        1. Manfred III. , 1175, 1176 Margrave of Saluzzo - descendants see below
        2. Anselm, 1165
      3. (II) Wilhelm, 1125 - Descendants: Margraves of Busca
        1. Berengar, Margrave of Busca
        2. Manfred IV. Lanza (the lance) , Margrave of Busca, descendants : the still flourishing princes of Lancia
      4. (II) Hugo gt. Magnus, 1125/42, marchio de Wasto (Marchio del Vasto ), without descendants
      5. (II) Anselm II. 1125/42, † before 1172
        1. Boniface IV., 1170/72
          1. Boniface V, 1196 marchio Albingae (Margrave of Albenga ) - descendants
        2. Wilhelm II., 1170, 1188 Margrave of Ceva
      6. (II) Heinrich gt. Guercius, 1125/79, † after 1183, marchio de Wasto, 1162 marchio de Savone
        1. Otto, 1179, Margrave of Carretto
        2. Heinrich, 1179, Margrave of Carretto
      7. (II) Boniface III. gt. minor, 1125/88, † before 1192, 1188 marchio de Curtemiglia ( Cortemilia ), without descendants
      8. (II) Otto II. Gt. Boverius, 1125/1155
        1. (illegitimate?) Wilhelm, 1192
      9. (II) Sibila, 1125
      10. (II) Adalasia, 1125
    3. Anselm, Markgraf, 1064/65, † before 1079
    4. Heinrich (Alricus), 1065
    5. Otto (Oto), 1064/65, spiritual

Marquis of Saluzzo (11th-14th centuries)

  1. Manfred I , Margrave 1130–1175, 1st Margrave of Saluzzo from 1142 - ancestors see above
    1. Manfred II. , † end of February 1215, 2nd Margrave 1175–1215, ⚭ before June 1202 Adilasia von Montferrat , † probably 1233, daughter of Margrave Wilhelm V the Elder (Aleramiden) and Judith of Austria ( Babenberger )
      1. Boniface , † 1212; ⚭ Maria di Torres of Sassari , regent 1215–1218
        1. Manfred III. , † 1244, 3rd Margrave 1215–1244, ⚭ Beatrix of Savoy, † May 10th before 1258, daughter of Count Amadeus IV. ( House of Savoy ), she married Manfred in late 1248 / early 1249 , King of Sicily in 1258 ( Staufer )
          1. Thomas I. , Margrave 1244–1296,
            1. Manfred IV. , † 1340, Margrave 1296-1340; ⚭ I Beatrix of Sicily, 1283/1307, daughter of King Manfred ( Staufer ) and Helena Dukaina Angelina ( Angelos ); ⚭ II Isabella Doria
              1. (I) Friedrich I. , † 1336 - for descendants see below
              2. (II) Manfred - descendants: the Margraves of Cardè , † 1793
            2. Violante; ⚭ Luchino Visconti , † 1349, mayor of Milan
              1. (II) Theodore
              2. (II) Boniface
        2. Johann, Margrave of Dogliani
          1. Jakob, † 1363 - descendants † 1782
          2. Gottfried - descendants, † mid-16th century
          3. Manfred, Margrave of Manta - descendants † 1585

Marquis of Saluzzo (14th-16th centuries)

  1. Friedrich I , † 1336 - ancestors see above
    1. Thomas II , Margrave 1340–1357, ⚭ Ricarda Visconti , daughter of Galeazzo I. Visconti , lord of Milan
      1. Friedrich II., Margrave 1357-1391,
        1. Thomas III , Margrave 1391-1416,
          1. Ludwig I. Saluzzo, † 1475, Margrave 1416–1475, ⚭ 1436 Isabella von Montferrat , probably daughter of Margrave Johann Jakob ( palaeologist )
            1. Ludwig II , Margrave 1475–1504, ⚭ I 1481 Johanna von Montferrat , daughter of Margrave Wilhelm II ( paleologist ); ⚭ II 1492 Margarethe von Foix, † 1532, guardian 1504–1513, daughter of Johann von Foix, Count of Candale ( House of Grailly ), and Margaret de la Pole, daughter of John de la Pole from the family of the Dukes of Suffolk
              1. (II) Michael Anton , † September 18, 1528 , Margrave 1504–1528
              2. (II) Johann Ludwig, † 1563, Margrave 1528–1529, expelled, deposed in 1531, transfers his rights to France, which Saluzzo passes on to Savoy on January 17, 1601
                1. (illegitimate) August, † 1587
                  1. Carlota Katharina; ⚭ Johann von Lür - descendants: the Counts of Lür-Saluces
              3. (II) Franz, Margrave, † March 28, 1537, Margrave 1529–1537,
              4. (II) Gabriel, Margrave, † July 29, 1548 in captivity, Margrave 1537–1543, expelled
            2. Ricarda, † 1474; ⚭ 1431 Niccolò III. d'Este , † 1441, Margrave of Este ( Este (family) )
        2. Pietro, Bishop of Mende 1410–1412
        3. Amadeo di Saluzzo (Amédée de Saluces, † 1419), Cardinal (1383) and Camerlengo of the Avignon Papacy , 1383-1389 Bishop of Valence and Die
        4. Ugo (Hugues de Saluces), Seigneur de Montjay-Sanfront, ⚭ Marguerite des Baux, Dame de Suze
          1. Antonia (Antoinette de Saluces (* around 1392); ⚭ (1) August 10, 1411 Henri II. De Sassenage († 1424); ⚭ (2) 1426 Louis de La Baume de Suze

literature

  • Hermann Grote : Family Tables , Leipzig 1877, p. 347 (Margraves of Saluzzo)
  • Harry Bresslau : Yearbooks of the German Empire under Konrad II. P. 399–404
  • Detlev Schwennicke: European Family Tables Volume II (1984) Table 199–200, used therein:
  • Leopoldo Usseglio: I Marchesi di Monferrato in Italia ed in Oriente durante i secoli XII e XIII , 2 volumes, Milan 1926 (Biblioteca della Società storica Subalpina NS VI-VII)
  • Maria d'Incisa di Camerana: I Marchesi d'Incisa di Discendenza Aleramica del secolo XII ad oggi , Florence undated
  • Raymond-Joseph Loenertz : Les Seigneurs Tierciers de Négrepont , in: Byzantion 35, 1965
  • Charles Brand: Byzantium confronts the West 1180-1204 , 1968
  • Jean Lognon: Les compagnons des Villehardouin , 1978
  • Pompeo Litta: Famiglie celebri italiane , undated