C. Lorenz

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C. Lorenz AG

logo
legal form Stock company (from 1906)
founding July 1, 1880
resolution March 31, 1958
Reason for dissolution Company merger to form Standard Elektrik Lorenz AG
Seat Berlin-Kreuzberg (1880 to 1917)
Tempelhof (1917 to 1920)
Berlin-Tempelhof (1920 to 1948)
Stuttgart - Zuffenhausen
(1948 to 1958)
management
  • Alfred Lorenz (1889–1890)
  • Georg Wolf (1925–1931)
  • Jens Bache-Wiig (1931–1933)
  • Carl Schmid (1944–1949)
  • Martin Kluge (1950-1958)
Branch Electrical engineering - radio, telecommunications

The C. Lorenz AG was a German manufacturer of electrical engineering . In the early days of the company , the focus was initially on telegraphy and signaling systems for railways , soon followed by telex and telephones . With numerous developments for " wireless telegraphy ", C. Lorenz became a pioneer of radio technology . In addition to building the first radio transmitters for radio in Germany, C. Lorenz was the world's leading supplier in the field of radio-based flight navigation and landing systems for airports and aircraft manufacturers until the outbreak of World War II . After the end of the war, the company was best known for its entertainment electronics brand “ Schaub- Lorenz” with radio and television sets - the so-called “ brown goods ”.

The company founded by Carl Lorenz in Berlin-Kreuzberg in 1880 as a telegraph construction company and mechanical workshop C. Lorenz was converted into a stock corporation in 1906 and in 1917 relocated its headquarters to the independent rural community of Tempelhof , which belonged to Greater Berlin from 1920 . In the 1920s, the Dutch Philips group took over the majority of the shares and involved C. Lorenz in a legal dispute with the German market leader Telefunken , which only came about in 1930 after the sale of all shares to the US conglomerate International Telephone and Telegraph Co. (ITT). ended. After the Second World War , ITT moved the headquarters of its German daughters to Stuttgart- Zuffenhausen and gradually merged them. In the last step, C. Lorenz AG and Standard Elektrik AG merged to form Standard Elektrik Lorenz  AG (SEL) in April 1958, which was one of the ten largest companies in Germany in the 1960s and 1970s. At the end of the 1980s, there was an economic decline with the separation and sale of most areas. The remaining successor company, which focuses primarily on research and development, has been part of the Finnish Nokia group since 2016 .

C. Lorenz AG was particularly successful with its own developments in the field of radio technology. However, it was much stronger at manufacturing existing prototypes and models either under license or by purchasing them. These were often further developed and made affordable for broad groups of buyers through progressively organized mass production. In the interest of large numbers of items, the company always tried to secure government contracts and quickly became an armaments factory in both world wars, which after the end of the war in 1918 and 1945 caused great difficulties in converting back to civilian products.

history

Telegraph Construction Company

On July 1, 1880, the engineer Carl Lorenz and his assistant Fritz Schlachte founded a mechanical workshop in Berlin-Kreuzberg that produced Morse and electromechanical devices. In the Berlin address book 1881 he is listed as the owner of a telegraph construction company and mechanical workshop at Oranienstrasse  50. He received his first orders from the private Berlin-Görlitzer Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft , which had opened its line to Görlitz to traffic in 1867. Carl's younger brother Alfred joined the newly founded company and became a workshop master when the number of employees and the size of the company grew accordingly.

C. Lorenz Telegraphenbau-Anstalt, Prinzessinnenstr. 21 (today Berlin-Kreuzberg ), around 1883

In October 1883 the company moved to Prinzessinnenstrasse 21, but on the night of December 3rd to 4th, 1883, it lost both the building and the machines in a fire that the Berlin fire brigade could not get under control due to frozen hoses. Three weeks later, operations were resumed with partially renovated and new machines at Prinzenstrasse 35. In October 1885 the company moved back to Prinzessinnenstrasse 21. In the meantime, a four-storey transverse building had been erected there, the 3rd and 4th floors of which Carl Lorenz took full advantage of and, on this occasion, had steam-powered machines assembled for future production for the first time .

Carl Lorenz died on December 20, 1889 and his brother Alfred temporarily ran the company on behalf of the widow and children. In the same year, the businessman Robert Held and the widow agreed to take over the company, which last had around 20 workers, for 50,000 marks . The telegraph inspector Hermann Hattemer, who was employed in the railway telegraph workshop at Görlitzer Bahnhof , contributed numerous ideas for the further development of the route bells built by C. Lorenz , which were soon recognized as progressive in specialist journals and specialist books. At the International Electrotechnical Exhibition in Frankfurt am Main in 1891 , the company exhibited its products in public and after three years the company had expanded to three floors and the number of its workers had increased fivefold.

In 1893 Held took over the Telegraphen-Bauanstalt C. F. Lewert at Luisenufer 11 from Carl Friedrich Lewert (* 1808) or his heirs . Its predecessor was founded in 1800 by the mechanic David Friedrich Lewert (1779–1863) and had the first German from 1851 Morse telegraph used in Prussia . The company with around 30 workers was the contractor of the Reichspost for the construction of telephone sets.

When Robert Held heard that Russian Finance Minister Sergei Yulievich Witte had advised his authorities to place their orders with companies in his own country, he set up a branch in St. Petersburg . In the previous year, C. Lorenz had already delivered several hundred Morse code machines to the Russian Empire, and the expansion of the local railway network suggested that business would grow rapidly. The operator Trepplin took over the management of the workshop, which opened with 30 workers. In order to keep up with the successful business development, the workshop moved into its own factory building in 1904.

C. Lorenz AG until 1920

Poulsen arc transmitter by C. Lorenz , 2 kW ship station from 1915 (in the Deutsches Museum , Munich )

After the main plant in Berlin had changed locations several times and finally rented rooms on Elisabethufer (today: Leuschnerdamm / Erkelenzdamm ), larger funds were required to finance the further expansion of production. The company was therefore converted from private ownership into C. Lorenz AG in 1906 with a capital of 1.4 million marks .

In the same year the company acquired a license to use the patents of the Danish engineer Valdemar Poulsen , which he had received in 1903 and 1904 for the "Poulsen lamp". In experiments with a test set-up such as that used by William Duddell for the “Singing Arc Lamp”, Poulsen succeeded in constructing a transmitter for undamped high-frequency vibrations with high energy and range. With the help of his arc transmitter in 1904 he was able to successfully demonstrate "wireless telephony" between Lyngby and Copenhagen over a distance of 15 km and two years later from Lyngby to Esbjerg over 270 km. Numerous companies had already turned him down before he turned to C. Lorenz . His own company in London, Amalgamated Radio Telegraph Company Ltd. , had completely exhausted her working capital in the test run and was bankrupt before she could win the first customer. C. Lorenz demonstrated a further developed arc transmitter, also known as "Poulsen-Lorenz" from this point in time, in 1908 on the SMS Berlin and in 1909 between Lyngby and Berlin over 370 km away. This was soon followed by construction contracts from the Imperial Navy and the German Army .

In 1909, C. Lorenz set up the Eberswalde experimental radio station northeast of Berlin, which experimented with voice and music transmission via arc transmitters and soon also with high-frequency machine transmitters . The high-frequency machines used go back to the invention of the university professor Rudolf Goldschmidt . Originally they wanted to offer them to the Gesellschaft für wireless Telegraphie mbH, System Telefunken , which was jointly founded by Siemens & Halske and AEG in 1903 , but they showed no interest. The Reichsmarineamt finally put him to Lorenz. In 1908 he personally presented the results of his experiments to General Director Robert Held in Darmstadt. Held then acquired the patents and took a share in the high-frequency machine stock corporation for wireless telegraphy (HOMAG). The jointly set up test stations, Überseeender Eilvese near Hanover and Tuckerton (New Jersey, USA), were able to prove the feasibility of voice transmissions over a distance of 6500 kilometers in in-house experiments and on June 20, 1914, enabled a direct exchange of Greetings between Kaiser Wilhelm II and US President Woodrow Wilson .

Numerous employees of the new wireless technology department established in 1906 under the direction of Walter Hahnemann , such as Hans Rein , Leo Pungs , Otto Scheller and Eugen Nesper , are today considered pioneers of radio and, above all, high frequency technology .

Pungs throttle

An important technical breakthrough came with the Pungs throttle . To modulate the transmission signal with voice vibrations, it was customary until then to simply connect a plurality of microphones directly to the antenna circuit. However, with the increasing current intensities with increasing transmission power, the grains of the carbon microphones stuck together , so that one was forced to install knocking or rotating devices and to shake the devices continuously. The speaker was also at risk of burning his or her mouth on the devices through which the antenna current flows. Leo Pungs switched an iron choke into the antenna, the loss resistance of which changed depending on the premagnetization. The magnetization could be controlled by the voice signal and thus the voice could be modulated onto the transmitter via the throttle. The use of the Poulsen transmitters was initially restricted to military areas. With the steadily increasing number of deliveries from radio stations for the German Army and the ships of the Imperial Navy , C. Lorenz grew to a workforce of around 3,000 by the beginning of the First World War .

Headquarters in Berlin-Tempelhof from 1917, Lorenzweg on the Teltow Canal , today an industrial monument (photo 2012)

In 1915, Lorenz took over W. Gurlt Telephon- und Telegraphenwerke GmbH in Berlin in order to expand the range of cable-supported devices, which had increasingly appeared since 1910 with its own constructions for telephones and private branch exchange technology . As with the takeover of CF Lewert , through which Robert Held obtained supply contracts with the Reichspost, he also secured access to government contracts for his company with this purchase. As early as 1853, the year it was founded by the mechanic Wilhelm Gurlt, the W. Gurlt Telegraphen-Bauanstalt was approved for delivery to the Royal Prussian Telegraph Directorate. From 1879 she became a contractor for the Army Administration for military telegraphy and was also involved in the development of special types of apparatus for fortresses and troops. On the eve of the First World War, correspondingly large deliveries had to be made for mobilization.

In 1917, C. Lorenz AG moved to its new headquarters in the then independent rural community of Tempelhof near Berlin, where a new factory building had been built by the construction company Held and Francke Aktiengesellschaft according to plans by the architect Karl Stodieck on the east side of the harbor basin. The production there included telegraph and telephone sets for post offices, railways, ships, factories and pits, signaling devices of all kinds, stations for wireless telegraphy and telephony, pneumatic tube systems, fire alarm systems, lighting and ignition devices for motor vehicles.

After the end of the war, production had to be converted to civilian products. The complete elimination of army supplies, which had made up a very high proportion of total production, was difficult for the company to cope with. The corporate management was also under strict control of the supervisory bodies of the victorious states. In search of a new area of ​​application for the "Lorenz-Poulsen-Sender", the company's own radio station in Eberswalde began broadcasting the first radio programs on an experimental basis from 1919 .

C. Lorenz AG and Lorenz-Radio-Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH

Teletype

"Springschreiber T32 Lo" (Computer Museum Bletchley Park )

Although telegraphy has been a fixed core area since the beginning of the company and the “step alphabet telex” was recently introduced, the development was technically behind due to unfavorable legal framework conditions. While the United States waived restrictions and a strong demand from private customers drove the development of the teletype , in Europe and especially in the area of ​​application of the strict German postal monopoly, operation outside the office was prohibited. In 1924 Robert Held acquired a license to use the patents and production rights for what was probably the most advanced type printing telegraph at the time, "Model 14" from Morkrum-Kleinschmidt , the later Teletype Corporation in Chicago . In order to get into business with the Reichspost for his “Springschreiber” replicas, C. Lorenz installed the first devices imported from the USA in post offices in several German cities. But as long as the technology could not be installed directly at the company, but always had to go to the post office for every message, the use of the new technology hardly brought any advantages. The vast majority of shipments continued to be transmitted by high-speed telegraphy. When the laws were loosened, Siemens & Halske felt compelled to negotiate with C. Lorenz about the Morkrum-Kleinschmidt patents. When no agreement could be reached, the competitor ultimately had no choice but to forego the patented mechanics. Siemens & Halske then developed a relay-controlled teleprinter and presented the "Ttyp 25" in 1927 as the first model with this technology.

Start of radio

In the 1920s, C. Lorenz AG participated intensively in the further development of the invention of the radio and, alongside the dominant Telefunken company, was the most important supplier of technology for the development of broadcasting in the German Empire. After the first successful test transmissions from the radio station in Eberswalde, the first radio sets were constructed in the trial operation there, but also in the main plant in Berlin-Tempelhof. The experimental programs soon developed into a program-like radio broadcasting system made up of speech and music, which was broadcast regularly as a concert called “To all”. The experimental character remained in the foreground. The Christmas concert broadcast by Reichspostbeamten on December 22, 1920 from the Königs Wusterhausen transmitter on the Funkerberg is therefore usually regarded as the “hour of birth of German broadcasting” . It was a “Christmas concert for black listeners”. As with the broadcasts from Eberswalde, the state monopoly only allowed the Reichspost to operate suitable radio receivers. On June 8, 1921, C. Lorenz also broadcast a performance of Madama Butterfly from the Berlin State Opera on the transmitter in Königs Wusterhausen .

From April 1920 a "Rundspruchdienst" with business radio, sports, weather and time signal service was set up in several German cities. C. Lorenz provided the “press receiver” for this, an audio with feedback. The device was roughly tuned to the correct wavelength by post officials and then sealed. The message recipient was only able to fine-tune the reception to a very limited extent or switch between the operating modes telegraphy and telephony. While in the United States the first private radio station began operating in Pittsburgh as early as November 1920, Funk-Hour Berlin was the first German radio station to start broadcasting on October 29, 1923 with a broadcast from the Vox house in Berlin. Hans Bredow , who later became chairman of the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft (RRG), had announced the release of entertainment broadcasting as State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of Post in September 1923. On October 24, 1923, just a few days before the start of broadcasting, the first permits for broadcasting and receiving “entertainment broadcasting” were available for a fee through “Order 815”. The fees for the approval certificate as a listener were relatively expensive, so that at the end of 1923 only 467 radio listeners were officially registered. It is estimated that the number of radio hobbyists and black listeners was around 10,000 at the same time.

Audion RE123, part of a "lover receiver" (from 1923)

C. Lorenz built large transmitters for the broadcasting stations that were quickly emerging in other cities. As his first receiver available to private listeners, Lorenz presented the “lover receiver”, also known colloquially as the “Sprottenkiste”, at a price of 250 Rentenmarks . It was an audion that was tuned using a movable short-circuit cylinder, the inner coil space being provided with finely divided iron powder to increase the inductance. As an accessory for the delivered in a wooden cabinet receiver Zweiröhren- was shortly after its successful introduction in the same type NF - amplifier and an input circuit available. Together, the devices formed a "express train". Two detector receivers followed in 1924 . In addition to the employees, radio amateurs soon officially took part in the transmission and reception tests in Eberswalde , after the so-called audion test permit from May 24, 1924 allowed the construction of simple receivers for private individuals or associations as an exception to the state telecommunications monopoly.

In December 1924, long-time company director Robert Held died at the age of 62 and his stepson Georg Wolf became general manager. Two years later, under his leadership, C. Lorenz founded Lorenz-Radio-Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH

Patent dispute with Telefunken

Hans Bredow, as Technical Director of the Gesellschaft für wireless Telegraphie mbH, System Telefunken , founded in 1903, succeeded in breaking the previously worldwide monopoly for maritime radio traffic of the British Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company with the introduction of the extinguishing spark transmitter from 1908 . His argument that he had acted for the freedom of world radio traffic in the common good was not tenable. Telefunken made every effort to transform the Marconi monopoly into a Telefunken / Marconi duopoly and to largely exclude the competition from the market. It was not limited to marine radio. International treaties, which were renewed shortly after the end of the First World War, divided the use of Marconi patent rights between four "global companies": Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Co. in the United Kingdom , Compagnie générale de la télégraphie sans fil in France , Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in the United States and Telefunken in the German Reich . Almost all other patents important for radio accumulated on this basis, so that the construction of radio receivers without access to Telefunken patents was practically not possible in Germany.

C. Lorenz AG share dated December 7, 1922

In October 1922, Telefunken offered C. Lorenz AG and Dr. Erich F. Huth, Gesellschaft für Funkentelegrafie mbH, to include them in the patent contracts. The Huth company in Berlin-Schöneberg was a competitor in the market for radios ( tube receivers ) and transmission systems . The three companies jointly founded Rundfunk GmbH and wanted to divide the production and sale of radio sets in Germany in the " Golden 1920s " according to fixed quotas under mutual licensing . However, negotiations with the Reich Ministry of Post dragged on. See also: History of Radio

Numerous electrical manufacturers joined the Association of Radio Industry on April 11, 1923 . V. together to take action against the monopoly. Numerous companies simply manufactured without patent rights. A battle of extermination in the broadcasting industry before the courts became inevitable. From 1921, Hans Bredow was State Secretary for the Telegraph, Telephone and Radio System in the Reich Ministry of Post and, with his threat to force licenses to be issued by legal action if necessary, made his former company, Telefunken, willing to offer a "normal building permit contract". This came into force on January 28, 1924. The signatories were given license rights to build radios in return for the obligation to use only Telefunken tubes and to pay a fee based on the number of tube sockets used. However, the amount of this fee broke the neck of many manufacturers, some more could no longer join the radio association, which imposed a recording ban. Anyone who continued to produce without a building permit was sued for infringement of patent protection, forced to stop production with temporary injunctions and thus forced out of the market. No danger was seen in the rising prices. A side effect of the international agreements concluded by Telefunken was the complete isolation of the German market from competition from abroad. In 1924, Huth succeeded in developing the "Plation" tubes, with which the patents of the Telefunken Company, which dominates the German tube market (part of the " Lieben Consortium"), could be partially circumvented.

Lorenz and Telefunken had their own arrangements. The patents from the agreement of the four world companies were shared with Lorenz and Telefunken undertook to supply Lorenz with the required tubes at cost price plus a profit of 5 to 10%. In return, with the exception of research, Lorenz immediately had to stop its own tube production. At the radio production of Signalbau AG, founded in 1923 , Dr. Erich F. Huth , C. Lorenz and Telefunken participated together. Finally, in 1927 , C. Lorenz acquired the Huth patents.

By 1929, however, the Dutch N.V. Philips ' Gloeilampenfabrieken from Eindhoven had increasingly acquired Lorenz shares and finally held a stake of 98 percent. The Tempelhofer Lorenz factory imported some Philips models such as "Paladin 5" and "Paladin 20" without tubes from the Netherlands, inserted the Telefunken tubes into them and delivered the devices in Germany. Philips presumably assumed that it would bypass international treaties and patent law issues through the Lorenz stake in order to be present on the German market. Telefunken responded quickly and opened a lawsuit. Lorenz had to stop the production of the Philips devices in early 1930 and was left with large unsalable stocks. The dispute ended with an agreement between Philips and Telefunken, which only came about after Philips parted with its majority stake in C. Lorenz AG .

Under ITT Corp. from 1930

The American International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation (ITT) pushed aggressively into the European market from the mid-1920s. After taking over the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) 's subsidiary International Western Electric in 1925 and thus the entire equipment production of the AT&T group outside the United States, ITT was the leading manufacturer of telecommunications equipment in eleven countries. It renamed International Western Electric to ITT Standard Electric Corporation and expanded its position in Germany by taking over several well-known manufacturers. Via the German holding company Standard Elektrizitätsgesellschaft AG (SEG) in Berlin, ITT quickly bought Mix & Genest AG in Berlin-Schöneberg with the brand "Emgefunk", Telephon-Fabrik Aktiengesellschaft vorm. J. Berliner in Berlin-Steglitz , Siemensstraße  27, with the brand “Tefag” and Ferdinand Schuchhardt, Berliner Fernsprech- und Telegraphenwerk AG in Berlin-Mitte , Köpenicker Straße  55, with the brand “Allradio”. It participated in addition to Felten & Guilleaume at the Süddeutsche apparatus factory GmbH (SAF) in Nuremberg and took over the majority shareholding in C. Lorenz AG of Philips that tried with the sale of their units to come in bitter legal dispute with Telefunken to a solution.

The holding company SEG or ITT as the common parent company promoted the exchange of patents and cooperation in production, but as far as their subsidiaries were able to assert themselves in the competition with their own brands, ITT continued to allow the individual companies a high degree of independence. But not all were able to do so. The telephone factory Berlin AG was one of the first German company that specializes in the manufacture of high-quality superheterodyne receiver concentrated ( "superhet"). But when she launched the first mains-operated superimposition receiver “Supertefag” in a particularly unusual design created by Bruno Paul in 1927, there was no success. The cause was probably an extremely high price of 1084 Reichsmarks. The content of the 1930 prospectus offered nothing new compared to the previous year and after the takeover by SEG , identical models appeared under the Tefag brand for the radios also offered by Lorenz at the same time. Tefag radios are said to have been manufactured for export to Sweden even during the war years of 1943/1944.

When Ferdinand Schuch Hard AG focused on the production of telephone systems. Radio production under the Allradio brand ended by 1930. A newly established department for the contract manufacturing of an innovative dictation machine and answering machine had to be assigned to C. Lorenz after it came into possession of the patent and production rights of the original client.

Sosthenes Behn, founder and president of ITT , promoted the development of the European subsidiaries into arms factories. A branch of industry that turned into huge business with the rise of Adolf Hitler . Behn's company was represented in all European countries and thus involved on all sides at the same time. Behn was later considered an American patriot who had received the highest honors in service for his country during two wars. It was said that his contacts with the Nazi government were businesslike and sensible as an effort to protect the property and interests of its shareholders. What is certain, however, is that he was the first American industrialist to be received by Hitler in Berchtesgaden in 1933 . Various historians speak of financial support from the SS under Heinrich Himmler and intimate relationships with the Third Reich even during the World War. Sosthenes Behn was particularly interested in the Focke-Wulf aircraft factory . In the course of 1938 there were several personal meetings between him, his German deputy Henry Mann and Reich Aviation Minister Hermann Göring , who was supposed to mediate the deal. Although he came into competition with the Kaffee-Handels-Aktien-Gesellschaft (Kaffee HAG) of the entrepreneur Ludwig Roselius , he was finally able to secure a 28% stake. ITT subsidiary C. Lorenz held the shares until the end of the war . Also Kaffee HAG was in contractual relations with C. Lorenz and ITT and both companies were closely related to Focke-Wulf connected.

In 1940 took over C. Lorenz AG , the G. Schaub apparatus -Gesellschaft mbH based in Pforzheim Dillweißenstein . A merger of the two companies was very convenient for the Nazi rulers to accelerate arms production. After the city of Pforzheim had already participated in Schaub Apparatebau in 1936 , the company was in any case partly state-owned. The board followed the political instructions and accepted the offer from C. Lorenz . From 1941 onwards, Schaub no longer manufactured devices for civilian use.

In the building of the Huth-Apparatefabrik , which was completed at the beginning of 1941 , Telefunken manufactured radios from 1946 . Currently (2018) the LSN is using the building

From 1944 onwards, practically all of C. Lorenz's twelve production sites were busy with orders for the Wehrmacht , and their capacities were massively expanded. The main plant in Berlin-Tempelhof alone employed around 23,000 workers in 1944. To manufacture radio technology for the Air Force , Lorenz and Telefunken founded Huth-Apparatefabrik GmbH in Hanover at the end of 1939 . The factory building on Göttinger Chaussee 76 in Hanover-Ricklingen according to plans by Ernst Zinsser , together with Edgar Schlubach and Emil Lorenz , in 1940/41 became the main location for Telefunken radio production (from 1951 also television ). From 1972 the Hanover plant was also the headquarters of TELEFUNKEN TV and Radio GmbH .

Like almost all large companies in the German Reich and the occupied territories, C. Lorenz AG also used forced labor or " Eastern workers ". According to current estimates, a total of 500,000 forced laborers worked for German companies during the war in the urban area of Greater Berlin alone . Detailed records from this period for the Berlin plant of C. Lorenz were discovered in August 2000 by amateur researchers in a former bunker of the company at Colditzstrasse 34-36 in Berlin-Tempelhof. The names of more than 3,100 former forced laborers, including children aged 14 and under, were found in four steel cupboards. They were punched on business card-sized ADREMA metal cards that were handed over to the Berlin State Archives in September 2000 .

Teletype

Paper writer Lorenz "Lo15" from 1932 (in the Telecommunications Museum Aachen )

In 1930, a year after the postal monopoly in Germany had fallen, C. Lorenz added another license package to the Teletype Corporation . In addition to the rights for the construction of the “Teletype Model 14” based strip chart recorders, which have existed since 1924, but are still rarely used, rights have now been acquired for the “Teletype Model 15” chart recorder, which has meanwhile been developed in Chicago. The replica of the Model 15 produced in Germany was sold as the "Springschreiber Lo15" and taken over as a standard device by the Reichswehr in 1932 . As replicas based on the Teletype 14 strip chart recorder, the Lorenz T32 and the improved Lorenz T36 models later went into production.

Key addition

Starting in 1940, Lo15 devices for encryption with the "key addition SZ40" (later also "SZ42" and "SZ42a") were added to the Lorenz key machine . It made sense to upgrade the mechanical devices that were already in widespread use and had proven themselves in the army, in order to save the high costs that would have been incurred, for example, for the widespread introduction of the T52 "secret teletype" from Siemens & Halske or for a new development. The development team made up of Lorenz telecommunications engineers, led by the physicist Gerhard Grimsen, designed the “SZ40”, a technically exemplary machine. However, it does not seem to have occurred to either the Army Weapons Office or the completely inexperienced company to seek advice from an experienced cryptology expert. Only about 40 of the first model were produced and use was limited to controlled cable routes when it became apparent that the first letters could be deciphered after about 1000 characters . The improvements introduced in the successor model at the end of 1941 were only able to provide relatively weak encryption . A model "SZ42c", in which the only pseudo-randomly interrupted, but otherwise joint movement of the two key wheel groups would have been replaced by individual movement of the second group and deciphering was made more difficult, was tested in 1944, but was no longer used.

After a usage error in 1941 on the Vienna-Athens radio link, in which a message was sent twice in a row, but with a slight difference shortly after the start of the text and using the same key ( plain-plain text compromise ), the allies were able to use the cryptanalysis the Lorenz machine so much that intercepted messages were completely decrypted in just a few days. With the use of the Colossus in Bletchley Park , the key machine, designated by the Allies with the code name "Tunny" (English for tuna ), ultimately no longer posed a challenge and continued use in the German Wehrmacht allowed the British from 1943 to carry out top-secret strategic communications War opponents with only a few hours delay.

Magnetic recorders

Via acquisitions of his parent company ITT , which presumably had threaded the Reichspost , C. Lorenz became one of the leading producers of early magnetic recording devices for speech and sound from 1932 onwards. The engineer Curt Stille had some time with the telegraphone by Valdemar Poulsen busy, an early wire recording by magnetic recording on steel wire. In 1903 he had acquired a device that had been manufactured under license by Mix & Genest , and in the following years designed a much more advanced model with an integrated amplifier. In addition to technical improvements, it also made handling easier with a special housing for each roll of wire, so that the rolls were easier to change and the device can be regarded as the first cassette recorder . After he was able to secure several patents and the term of protection of the original invention had expired, he founded the Telegraphie Patent Syndicate to market license rights. One of the interested parties was the entrepreneur Karl Bauer, who founded Echophon-Maschinen-GmbH in 1928 and wanted to bring Stille's invention to the market as a dictation machine under the name “Dailygraph” after acquiring a license . When there was promising demand, Stille and Bauer jointly negotiated a contract with the Berliner Fernsprech- und Telegraphenwerk Ferdinand Schuchhardt AG as a manufacturer for a series production. The talented young engineer Semi Joseph Begun took over the technical responsibility at Schuchhardt . After the prototype was able to meet the expectations of the partners in 1930, Begun changed his job and worked for Echophon-Maschinen as a development engineer and sales traveler for the next two years in order to speak directly to customers about possible improvements.

In 1932, the ITT subsidiary Standard Elektrizitätsgesellschaft took over both Echophon-Maschinen-GmbH and Ferdinand Schuchhardt AG in order to leave the production of these devices to their daughter C. Lorenz . Semi Joseph Begun was given responsibility for a program for the technical development of electromagnetic recording at his new employer, and his first assignment was to improve and redesign the Dailygraph in order to eliminate weaknesses that he had already noticed while repairing customer devices. Within only one year he designed a significantly improved model at C. Lorenz , which was produced from 1933 and successfully marketed under the name "Textophon". The device could also be connected to the telecommunications network for recording and playing back telephone messages. A possibility for which the Dailygraph has already been used. The Textophon was the first mass-produced device intended for this purpose from the factory and is therefore mainly regarded as the first answering machine .

Silence withdrew into private life. However, he had already licensed his invention to Ludwig Blattner in 1929 , who developed it further in England for use in sound films. The “Blattnerophon” used a 3 mm wide steel tape instead of a wire for recording. After a rather moderate success in the film business, Blattner left all rights to Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company in London , whose equipment was eventually used by the British broadcaster BBC . C. Lorenz followed the same technical approach with his "steel tone machines", but developed cheaper devices than Marconi in London and was able to achieve decisive improvements, especially in terms of weight and handling. Mounted on radio vehicles for mobile use, the steel sound machines enabled about 30 minutes of recording time and from 1935 onwards they were used for reports by all German broadcasters belonging to the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft .

The great technical breakthrough came with the AEG , which used a tape coated with magnetizable steel powder, as Fritz Pfleumer had proposed as early as 1928. The Magnetophon K1, which the AEG presented with paper tape at the 12th  Great German Radio Exhibition in Berlin in 1935, was followed by IG Farben in Ludwigshafen am Rhein about three years later, with the development of a plastic magnetic tape , after which the wire and steel tape machines were soon introduced was only used as a niche product. The extremely high prices of the early tape recorders only allowed for a brief resurgence of wire-tone technology in devices for private use at home after the end of the war, especially in the United States.

Radio and television

German small receiver, DKE38

In August 1933, the first people's receiver "VE301" was presented at the 10th German Radio Exhibition in Berlin . The prescribed price of the version for operation on the power grid was 76  Reichsmarks ; the battery-operated version cost 65 Reichsmarks. The one at Dr. Georg Seibt AG materially from chief designer Otto Griessing developed audio receiver met with skepticism by other manufacturers, who feared that the sale of its more expensive Superhetgeräte would therefore decline. In order to reach as many listeners as possible with the Nazi propaganda broadcast , the state-set price limits were very low and the profit margin depended heavily on the electron tubes used . Lorenz had to stop their production due to the agreements with Telefunken, but the great need for special "Wehrmacht tubes" brought them back to work in 1937. In addition to the development laboratory in the main Berlin-Tempelhof factory, a production facility was set up in Mühlhausen / Thuringia , Eisenacher Str. 40, in the former Franz Riebel cigar factory . In Mühlhausen, Mackensenstrasse 75 (today Friedrich-Naumann-Strasse), C. Lorenz had already started manufacturing radio technology for the Wehrmacht the year before .

In 1938 the "German Small Receiver" (DKE38 - popularly known as the "Goebbelsschnauze" after the Propaganda Minister Goebbels ) was launched as an inexpensive supplement to the Volksempfänger for 35  Reichsmarks . From among 17 samples submitted by the radio industry, the political leadership opted for the device developed by C. Lorenz under the direction of engineer Arnold Stapelfeldt .

In 1935, C. Lorenz patented a rotatable ferrite rod antenna that was later used in radio equipment. At the 16th  Great German Radio and Television Exhibition in Berlin in the summer of 1939, the company presented the together with the Fernseh AG (from October 1939: Fernseh GmbH , a subsidiary of Bosch / Blaupunkt ), Radio AGDS Loewe , TeKaDe and Telefunken GmbH developed the German standard television receiver E 1 . After the outbreak of the Second World War, the planned large-scale production no longer took place due to the restrictions on the civil economy.

Radios

On-board radio system FuG 10 for short and long wave from a Dornier Do 17Z
VHF intercom FuG 16Z from a Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6

The portable shortwave radio devices developed from 1928 onwards went into series production in 1932, followed by devices for the ultra- shortwave range in 1936 . A particular focus of application for radio technology was aviation. For installation in aircraft, radios with low weight and high transmission power were required. In 1935, the engineer Walter Kloepfer, two years after joining the department for small radios at C. Lorenz , was entrusted with setting up a laboratory specifically for VHF on-board radios, and from 1940 he was entrusted with the management of the laboratory and the design office for aircraft communications equipment. In a whole series of successful Lorenz radio transceivers, the "FuG 10" and "FuG 17" designs are considered to be trend-setting for later on-board radios.

C. Lorenz developed the FuG-10 series of on-board radio devices based on a specification drawn up by the Reich Aviation Ministry in 1936 , which stipulated, among other things, the use of only two types of electron tubes. It consisted of a transmitter and receiver module each for long and short wave with plug connections on the back, which were hung on board the aircraft in a spring-loaded mounting frame with special connection strips. The frame also provided space for the power supply module with a single armature converter , which generated the anode voltages , as well as separate operating and switching devices , for example for selecting the operating mode or for switching between the antennas. This made it possible to quickly replace the affected module in the event of a malfunction without major cabling work. The standardization of the connections was also beneficial for maintenance. The transmitter and receiver modules for the long wave range "SL" and "EL" covered frequencies from 300 to 600 kHz; the modules for shortwave "SK" and "EK" initially from 3 to 6 MHz, in later module variants "SK-2" and "EK-2" from 6 to 12 MHz. The maximum transmission power was 70 watts. After testing the first prototypes in February 1937, the systems were installed in series in Junkers Ju 88 aircraft from January 1938 . From 1939 FuG-10 radio devices were part of the standard equipment in multi-engine airplanes of the Luftwaffe , in addition to the Ju 88, this included the Heinkel He 111 , Dornier Do 217 and Messerschmidt Bf 110 . By the end of the war, C. Lorenz and numerous licensees had produced almost 100,000 systems.

To relieve the shortwave range, the compact VHF intercom FuG 17 was developed for board-to-board communication, which operated in the range 42.15–47.75 MHz. It combined a 10 watt transmitter with receiver and control unit in one housing and was released in 1939. The FuG 16 for 38.5–42.3 MHz relied on the same principle and was retrofitted in all aircraft types equipped with the FuG 10 from 1941 onwards.

Radio navigation and landing systems

Radio landing system FuBl 1 with beacon receiver EBl 1 at the top left, below the entry signal receiver EBl 2 and at the bottom left a converter type U8 for generating the anode voltage . The EZ 2 DF receiver at the top right is not part of the system. In the top center the display device for radio navigation of the type AFN 1 to be installed in the pilot's field of vision .

C. Lorenz developed the first instrument landing systems on the ground . After Otto Scheller had already received important basic patents for navigation systems as an engineer at C. Lorenz in 1907 and 1916 , Ernst Ludwig Kramar made decisive progress in technical development at the end of the 1920s. First of all, the ZZ process was tested at Deutsche Luft Hansa from 1931 on and approved soon after. From 1932 onwards, Kramar initiated its replacement at Berlin-Tempelhof Airport by the “ultra-short-wave radio landing beacon” (LFF), which was soon also known as the Lorenzbake and was installed at airports around the world. The Air Force used the system on all larger airfields and equipped the majority of their aircraft with the on-board system "FuBl 1" (radio blind landing system, later called realistic radio landing system). There was "1 EBl" for the control beacon (AFF, today: from the Leitstrahlempfänger localizer or "localizer" / LZZ; combined with glide path : LOC) and the receiver "EBl 2" for the pre- or main middle marker (now "Marker beacon") each with an antenna, the converter type U8 for generating the anode voltage and a "display device for radio navigation" type AFN 1 or AFN 2. When Kramar took over the management of the radio navigation department in 1934, C. Lorenz was already one of them leading suppliers of technical equipment for both civil and military aviation.

In order to achieve the highest possible accuracy in bombing attacks at great distances, the Luftwaffe introduced the beacon method developed by Telefunken under the code name " Knickebein " from the end of 1939 . This was a simplification of the X procedure , which had been developed in 1936 by the German Aviation Research Institute (DVL) based on the Lorenz Landing System. With both methods, the machines did not fly on the beacon towards the transmitter as usual, but in the opposite direction. Knickebein was less precise than the X method, but had the decisive advantage that the radio landing systems already available on board could be used and no additional training was required for operation. However, the "EBl 1" beacon receiver used in the FuBl-1 system was too insensitive as a dual-circuit , straight-ahead receiver at greater distances, which is why reception of the beacon was no longer ensured at an altitude of 6500 meters after a flight distance of around 200 kilometers. In addition, only two frequencies could be set, which were easy to disturb.

Then C. Lorenz developed the "EBl 3" as a superimposition receiver ("Superhet") with 33 or 34 channels on frequencies between 30 and 33.33 MHz, using mechanical components of the VHF intercom FuG 17 and seven electron tubes of the type RV12P2000 Reception at 6500 m altitude up to about 500, ideally 600 kilometers away. In order to modify the FuBl-1 on-board systems for "Knickebein", the EBl 3 H with manual control (34 channels) was installed in the mounting frame instead of the EBl 1 for the "FuBl 2 H" system and the EBl 3 F with electrical step-by-step switch used for remote selection of 33 channels. The entry signal receiver "EBl 2" for 38 MHz remained unchanged. C. Lorenz also developed a "FuBl 3" in the standardized FuG-10 housing. But the Luftwaffe, fearing that it would disrupt the ongoing production of the FuBl 2 and other important types, could no longer decide to introduce it.

The EBl-3 beacon receivers were also used for the " Bernhard " radio navigation system. The rotary radio beacons developed by Telefunken allowed the pilots or navigators / radio operators to determine their own location without sending radio signals or time-consuming and cumbersome cross bearings .

In 1939 the German Aviation Research Institute commissioned the development of a radio navigation method with a long range. Kramar relied on a simple hyperbola method, as he had already used for his "Elektra" landing system. However, he now used transmitters in the long-wave range in order to achieve the desired range. The new system was introduced in 1940 under the name "Sun". After the German submarine U 505 was hijacked at the beginning of June 1944, the Allies recognized the purpose of the signals emitted by these transmitters and thus the functioning of the system. It was then used by the RAF Coastal Command under the English name " Consol " for the navigation of its own armed forces. After the German surrender in May 1945, the patents for this technology lapsed, which has now been adopted by other countries and in some cases continued to be used until the 1980s.

radar

At C. Lorenz , a team under Gottfried Müller experimented with " radio measurement technology ", the German term for radar equipment . Their purpose was the early warning of enemy aircraft and the fire control of anti-aircraft cannons . In 1938, the staff responsible for the Army High Command at C. Lorenz to develop a prototype codenamed "elector". The requirement to build these devices came later in the course of the war and was produced as the “Tiefentwiel” mobile system. In the middle of 1941 a British radar system was recovered from a downed Royal Air Force bomber and C. Lorenz was commissioned to determine its capabilities. When it turned out that the device with a relatively long range was suitable for the discovery of large ships, surfaced submarines but also airplanes and that the German manufacturers could not offer anything comparable, C. Lorenz received the order to develop a system with similar properties. From 1942 it was available as FuG 200 "Hohentwiel" . The company had already presented a radar device under this name in 1938, but at the time it was lost in the tender against the Telefunken “ Würzburg device ”. In 1943 Lorenz received the follow-up order to adapt the Hohentwiel for use on submarines. Subsequently, it was also used as "Hohentwiel U" by the Kriegsmarine on numerous submarines, especially submarine classes VII and IX , but also on guard ships and outpost boats .

After the Second World War

At the end of the war in 1945, essential facilities were destroyed. Eight of the total of twelve production sites were in the Soviet zone of occupation and some of them were dismantled after being captured by the Red Army and brought to the Soviet Union. The C. Lorenz AG, Leipzig (in administration) nor radios produced until 1947. The VEB electric precision engineering Mittweida (ELFEMA), as the successor operation of the local Lawrence site, announced the production of radio receivers, amplifiers and transformers in 1948/49 on. Instead, the same location started specializing in the manufacture of watches from 1950. The Mühlhausen pipe works at Eisenacher Straße 40 was an exception: the machines had been dismantled during the short period of the US occupation of Thuringia and transported to the west, where they formed the basis for the new pipe works founded in Esslingen am Neckar in February 1946 . After being used as a grain store in the meantime, tube production was resumed in 1952 in the former Lorenz tube factory in Mühlhausen with equipment from VEB Stern-Radio Berlin (formerly Opta-Radio in Berlin-Weißensee , from 1948 Phonetika Radio). In the VEB Röhrenwerk Mühlhausen , predominantly former Lorenz employees produced 200,000 tubes again in the first year. From 1971 onwards, the plant belonged to the microelectronics combine in Erfurt as VEB Mikroelektronik Wilhelm Pieck Mühlhausen .

Parts of the former development department for decimeter devices from C. Lorenz formed the basis for further development of radio relay technology in Radeberg. The Soviet company Pribor (German: device ) moved into an empty building of the Sachsenwerk in Radeberg and had the 12-channel radio relay "RVG 902" developed there. In the period that followed, Radeberg supported the establishment of television in the German Democratic Republic with the production of television sets and radio relay technology for the transmission of video and audio signals from the studio to the broadcasters. As part of VEB RAFENA-Werke Radeberg , which was founded in 1956 , the radio relay technology division was part of the Robotron combine from 1969 .

For the rest of the company in the three western zones of occupation, the headquarters in Berlin turned out to be a disadvantage. The dismantling of the capacities that were not destroyed by fighting was particularly intensive here and is estimated at around 67% as the average for the companies in the western part. On the other hand, the Berlin blockade in June 1948 was a decisive hindrance to the West Berlin economy, as freight traffic with the western occupation zones had been interrupted. In addition, the company was burdened with very high debt. Claims against the German Reich in the amount of 75 million Reichsmarks were lost. On the other hand, bank loans of over 70 million Reichsmarks, which had been taken out to finance the Reich contracts, were converted to Deutsche Mark at a ratio of 10: 1 , on which interest had already accrued. The parent company ITT made a quick new start possible by relocating all of its German subsidiaries to Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen and taking over the necessary capital increases by paying in US dollars .

As with the Reichspost, the company also succeeded in being considered for public contracts by the Deutsche Bundespost as an “official construction company”. Among other things, C. Lorenz was the Bundespost's supplier for radio relay technology and, from 1950, together with Telefunken, was responsible for setting up the television transmission systems in the 2 GHz range.

The subsidiary G. Schaub was merged with the C. Lorenz AG in 1954 , although during this time the subsidiary G. Schaub had actually taken over the radio distribution for its parent company and the radio production, which was largely carried out at the Schaub location in Pforzheim, with Had made by far the largest contribution to sales in the first post-war years. In 1946 the share was 35%, in 1948 even 70% of total sales. From 1951 onwards, all home receivers were developed, manufactured and sold by G. Schaub . After the companies merged in 1955, radio and television sets were given the brand name "Schaub-Lorenz". Only ten portable radios were marketed under the Lorenz name until 1957. The company owed an increasing part of its sales growth during this period to exports. By 1955, on the anniversary of the company's 75th anniversary, the export share of radio sets climbed to around 18%, and for television sets it was even 35%. At that time, the company had plants in Berlin, Stuttgart, Esslingen am Neckar , Landshut and Pforzheim with a total of around 8,000 employees.

In 1958, ITT merged their daughters C. Lorenz AG and Standard Elektrik AG into the newly founded Standard Elektrik Lorenz AG (SEL). The Standard Elektrik AG had received her name only 1956th It emerged from Standard Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft (SEG), ITT's previous financial and management holding company in Germany, to which the Mix & Co., which has continued to run parallel to C. Lorenz since the 1930s, after each move from Berlin to Stuttgart . Genest and Süddeutsche Apparatefabrik (SAF) had merged.

Successor company

In December 1986, the French Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (CGE) and ITT agreed to transfer their respective telecommunications areas to a new company. CGE then took over numerous investments previously held by ITT, including SEL, and founded Alcatel NV, based in the Netherlands. Accordingly, in 1993 the German subsidiary was named Alcatel SEL . With the formation of the Alcatel-Lucent group listed in France in 2006, Alcatel SEL AG renamed Alcatel-Lucent Deutschland AG. The names SEL and Lorenz have not been used since then.

With the successful takeover of Alcatel-Lucent by Nokia and the merger of the two telecommunications suppliers on January 14, 2016, the German subsidiary also became part of the Finnish group. Their name was left with Alcatel-Lucent Germany , but the newly formed parent company announced that it would appear on the world market under its Finnish company and brand name in the future. In August 2017, the remnants of the company were merged with Nokia Solutions and Networks GmbH & Co. KG .

Products

The "work program" (from 1955):

  • Broadcast , radio and television transmitters
  • Receivers for communications, radio and television
  • Antennas and antenna systems for all frequency ranges
  • Two-way radios for stationary, mobile and portable use
  • Directional radio links for communications with multiple use in VHF and DMW operation
  • Navigation systems for local and long-distance navigation
  • Telegraph , paper tape and sheet writer, hand punch, printing receiving punch
  • Telex exchanges , manual and telex voting exchanges, paging and signaling machines, clocking devices
  • AC telegraphic systems for multiple use of wire and radio connections
  • Carrier frequency systems for multiple use of radio systems
  • Pay phone , local pay phone , network group pay phone
  • Amplifiers , sound film amplifiers , sound lamp rectifiers
  • Railway safety systems, track diagram interlockings for full and industrial railways
  • Loudspeakers and loudspeaker combinations
  • Receiver and amplifier tubes
  • Picture tubes for television receivers
  • Control crystals for control levels of high constancy
  • High-frequency welding generators , high-frequency and heat pulse systems for plastic welding
  • Photo cell controllers , amplifiers, photo cells and light heads
  • Electromedical devices , high frequency therapy and electrical stimulation devices
  • Electric machines , small motors, converters, fans
  • Components for radio, television and phono technology


  • Product photos

  • Radio receiver Lorenz "Weltspiegel" from 1928 (from the collection of the Traiskirchen City Museum )

  • Radio communication device FuG 1 or Lorenz "Kl 4" for BOS radio from 1952

  • Lorenz T32, strip telegraph

  • Lorenz key machine SZ42, telex with encryption

  • Standing television set Illustraphon 743 with 43 cm picture tube, 1957/58

Transmitting systems with Lorenz participation

Web links

References and comments

  1. ↑ Carl Lorenz. . In: Bayern-Online.com , accessed on June 28, 2018.
  2. ↑ C. Lorenz . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1881, part 1, p. 584.
  3. ↑ CF Lewert . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1892, part 1, p. 772.
  4. ↑ Anton A. Huurdeman: The Worldwide History of Telecommunications. John Wiley & Sons, 2003, ISBN 978-0-471-20505-0 , p. 82.
    ( limited preview in Google book search)
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Ernst Erb: Radio catalog. Volume 1, C. Lorenz. Excerpt. From: Radiomuseum.org, accessed October 6, 2015.
  6. ↑ Anton A. Huurdeman: The Worldwide History of Telecommunications , John Wiley & Sons, 2003, ISBN 978-0-471-20505-0 , p. 275.
    ( limited preview in Google book search)
  7. ↑ Gerd Klawitter: 100 Years of Radio Technology in Germany , Volume 2 of 100 Years of Radio Technology in Germany , Verlag Wissenschaft + Technik, 2002, ISBN 978-3-89685-511-4 . P. 50.
  8. ↑ Anton A. Huurdeman: The Worldwide History of Telecommunications , John Wiley & Sons, 2003, ISBN 978-0-471-20505-0 , page 278.
    ( limited preview in Google Book Search)
  9. ^ Gregor Ulsamer: Fascination Morse Keys. Self-published 2002. Gurlt, W., Telephon- und Telegraphenwerke GmbH. Excerpt. From: radiomuseum.org , accessed October 26, 2015.
  10. ↑ Monument, C. Lorenz AG . Object document no. 09055108 of the Landesdenkmalamt Berlin at: berlin.de , accessed on July 27, 2018
  11. ↑ a b Michael Pröse: Encryption machines and deciphering devices in World War II: history of technology and aspects of the history of IT. Volume 2 of the Forum on the History of Science. Martin Meidenbauer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 978-3-89975-548-0 . P. 96 f.
    ( limited preview in Google Book search)
  12. ↑ Hans-Jürgen Krug: Every country becomes a lecture hall. In: Badische Zeitung , October 25, 2013, accessed on October 29, 2015.
  13. ↑ a b c Herbert Börner: The TELEFUNKEN building permit contract. (PDF; 67 kB) In: Funkgeschichte. Volume 21 (1998), No. 122, p. 285 ff.
  14. ^ Radiomuseum.org: Plation. Retrieved January 28, 2016 .
  15. ↑ Herbert Börner, Ilmenau: Das Plation (FUNKGESCHICHTE Jg. 24 (2001) No. 137, pp. 138-142). (PDF) Retrieved October 30, 2017 .
  16. ^ Radiomuseum.org: Robert von Lieben - not inventor triode! Retrieved January 28, 2016 .
  17. ^ G-2 Division SHAEF , Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-Commitee: Report on C. Lorenz AG - Survey 20th - 31st May 1945. (PDF; 338 kB) From: cdvandt.org (Foundation for German communication and related technologies), accessed on October 28, 2015.
  18. ^ Ernst Erb: Radio catalog. Volume 1, Signalbau AG, Dr. Erich F. Huth. Excerpt. From: Radiomuseum.org, accessed October 16, 2015.
  19. ↑ radiomuseum.org: Paladin P5 220V. Retrieved January 28, 2016 .
  20. ^ Radiomuseum.org: Paladin P20W. Retrieved January 28, 2016 .
  21. ↑ Hans Stellmacher: Philps Auf: Radiomuseum Bocket , accessed on October 28, 2015.
  22. ^ ITT Corporation. In: Encyclopædia Britannica , accessed October 25, 2015.
  23. ↑ radiomuseum.org: Supertefag 1248W2. Retrieved January 28, 2016 .
  24. ^ A b Ernst Erb: Radio catalog. Volume 1, Telephon Aktiengesellschaft vorm. J. Berliner . From: Radiomuseum.org, accessed November 20, 2015.
  25. ↑ The price, adjusted for purchasing power, corresponds to EUR 3,980 in today's currency. The figure was based on the template: Inflation determined, rounded to 10 EUR and applies to the previous January.
  26. ↑ a b Anthony Sampson: Armaments aid for the Germans . In: Der Spiegel , June 25, 1973 (No. 26/1973), accessed April 30, 2016
  27. ↑ Behn only met Hitler on business . In: Der Spiegel , July 2, 1973 (No. 27/1973), accessed on May 14, 2016
  28. ^ Robert Lucas: The political business of a large multinational corporation: Beyond good and evil . In Die Zeit , October 12, 1973, accessed on May 2, 2016
  29. ↑ Anthony Sampson: ITT: global company between politics and profit (1st continuation). In: Der Spiegel , July 2, 1973 (No. 27/1973), accessed April 30, 2016
  30. ^ Charles Higham: Trading with the Enemy: An Expose of the Nazi-American Money Plot 1933-1949 . Delacorte Press, New York 1983. ISBN 978-0-440-19055-4
  31. ↑ Ludwig Leidig: Bombshell . Strategic Book Publishing & Rights Agency (sbpra) 2013. ISBN 978-1-62516-346-2
  32. ↑ a b 75 years of C. Lorenz AG. In: Die Zeit , No. 40/1955.
  33. ↑ Bettina Dittmann: Discovered in the underworld: a card index of horror . In: Berliner Kurier , August 31, 2000, accessed on March 10, 2016
  34. ^ Project Berlin Underworlds Museum: The forced labor index . In: Berliner Unterwelten eV , accessed on June 28, 2018
  35. ↑ Lorenz / SEL. From: www.Teleprinter.net, accessed October 10, 2015.
  36. ↑ Michael Pröse: Encryption machines and deciphering devices in World War II: History of technology and aspects of IT history. Volume 2 of the Forum on the History of Science. Martin Meidenbauer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 978-3-89975-548-0 . P. 108 f.
  37. ↑ Michael Pröse: Encryption machines and deciphering devices in World War II: History of technology and aspects of IT history. Volume 2 of the Forum on the History of Science. Martin Meidenbauer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 978-3-89975-548-0 . P. 113
    ( limited preview in Google Book search)
  38. ↑ Donald Michie : Colossus and the Breaking of the Wartime "Fish" Codes. Cryptologia , 26: 1, pp. 17-58, 2002. doi: 10.1080 / 0161-110291890740 . DOC; 220 kB.
  39. ↑ Gerd Redlich: Magnetic tape technology - knowledge and history. The magnetic tape story from 1900. At: tonbandmuseum.info, accessed on October 23, 2015.
  40. ↑ a b c d Eric D. Daniel, C. Denis Mee, Mark H. Clark: Magnetic Recording: The First 100 Years. John Wiley & Sons, 1999, ISBN 978-0-7803-4709-0 . P. 30 ff.
    ( Limited preview in Google Book search)
  41. ^ Marvin Camras: Magnetic Recording Handbook , Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York 1988, ISBN 978-94-010-9470-2 . P. 8 f.
    ( limited preview in Google Book search)
  42. ↑ a b F. Krones: The magnetic sound recording. In: radio technology / radio amateur. Special edition. Technischer Zeitschriftenverlag B. Erb 1952. p. 6 ff.
    ( Scanned version. (PDF; 23.3 MB). On: Revoxsammler.ch)
  43. ↑ Answering machine. On: Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunications, accessed on October 10, 2015.
  44. ↑ corresponds to EUR 349 ​​adjusted for inflation in today's currency. This figure was determined with the template: Inflation and relates to last January.
  45. ↑ z. B. Decimeter wave triode DS310 , decimeter wave transmitter triode RD12Tf or end pentode RL2,4P2 Radiomuseum.org, accessed on October 29, 2015.
  46. ↑ corresponds to 151 euros adjusted for inflation in today's currency. This figure was determined with the template: Inflation and relates to last January.
  47. ↑ Martin Bösch: Overview of the FuG 10 radio device. On: Radiomuseum.org, accessed on October 23, 2015.
  48. ^ Museum for Historical Defense Technology e. V .: Aircraft radio system FuG 10 . On the website of the association, accessed on November 7, 2015.
  49. ↑ Martin Bösch: FM intercom device FuG 17. On: Radiomuseum.org, accessed on October 23, 2015.
  50. ↑ Martin Bösch: FM intercom device FuG 16. On: Radiomuseum.org, accessed on October 23, 2015.
  51. ^ Gudrun Wolfschmidt: Navigare necesse est - history of navigation , Volume 14 of the contributions to the history of natural sciences , 2008. ISBN 978-3-8370-3260-4 . P. 519 f.
    ( limited preview in Google Book search)
  52. ↑ a b c Fritz Trenkle : On- board radios: from the spark transmitter to the on-board radar . Volume 7 of Die deutsche Luftfahrt . Bernard & Graefe, 1986, ISBN 978-3-7637-5289-8 , p. 102.
    ( limited preview (PDF; 9.8 MB) nonstopsystems.com)
  53. ↑ Funk-Blindflug-Geräte on: noding.com, accessed on November 7, 2015.
  54. ↑ D. (Luft) T. 4058 (PDF; 12.4 MB) Funk-Landgerät Fu Bl 2, device manual, on: cdvandt.org, accessed on November 8, 2015.
  55. ↑ VEB ELFEMA Mittweida . From: robotrontechnik.de , accessed on April 29, 2016
  56. ↑ Ludwig Pölitz, Reiner Schmalzl: Mühlhausen company history: Mühlhausen tube works . Thüringer Allgemeine , April 3, 2012, accessed October 29, 2015.
  57. ↑ a b Werner Thote: Development and production of radio relay technology products in the VEB Robotron-Elektronik Radeberg (PDF; 145k B), from the elaboration of the working groups operating history Robotron Radeberg and urban history Radeberg , July 31, 2007. In: Technical Collections Dresden
  58. ^ Frank Zschaler: Public finances and financial policy in Berlin. 1945–1961, Volume 88, publications by the Historical Commission in Berlin at the Friedrich Meinecke Institute of the Free University of Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 1995, ISBN 978-3-11-014409-3 , p. 16.
  59. ↑ Norbert Gilson, Werner Kaiser: From communications technology to information technology ( Memento of the original from January 21, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 17.7 MB), commemorative publication on the 50th anniversary of NTG / ITG, Information Technology Society in VDE, Frankfurt 2004 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.vde.com
  60. ↑ 75 years of C. Lorenz AG . In: Die Zeit , October 6, 1955, accessed on February 8, 2016
  61. ↑ Jürgen Berke : Fusion with Alcatel-Lucent. This is the new Nokia group . In: Wirtschaftswoche , January 13, 2016, accessed on June 28, 2018
  62. ↑ Nokia celebrates first day of combined operations with Alcatel-Lucent , merger press release on nokia.com , accessed on June 28, 2018
  63. ↑ 75 years of Lorenz 1880–1955 . Commemorative publication of the C. Lorenz Aktiengesellschaft, Stuttgart 1955, p. 34 f.
  64. ↑ Illustraphon 743 at radiomuseum.org, accessed on October 23, 2015.
ITT group
(Participations, subsidiaries and successor companies, with time information on group affiliation)


Germany

Alcatel NV , 1987-1988 | C. Lorenz AG , 1930-1958 | G. Schaub Apparatebau-Gesellschaft mbH , 1940–1958 | Focke-Wulf-Flugzeugbau AG , about 28%, 1939-1945 | Graetz KG , 1961-1987 | Intermetall - semiconductor plant of the German ITT Industries GmbH , 1965-1997 | Mix & Genest AG  | Standard Elektrik Lorenz AG (SEL), 1958-1987

United States

ITT Destinations , split off in 1995, now part of Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide  | ITT Hartford Group , split off in 1995, now The Hartford Financial Services Group  | ITT Exelis , split in 2011, now part of Harris Corporation  | ITT Fluid , split in 2011, now Xylem Inc.

rest of the world

United Kingdom : Standard Telephones and Cables (STC), 1925-1982

people

Sosthenes Behn  | William Henry Harrison  | Harold Geneen  | John William Mackay  | Rand Araskog  | Hermann Abtmeyer  | Dieter Möhring  | Helmut Lohr  | Gerhard Zeidler

Products

System 12