Christopher Nolan

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Christopher Nolan at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2018

Christopher Edward Nolan CBE (born July 30, 1970 in London ) is a British - American film director , screenwriter and film producer . After making his feature film debut in 1998 with Following , he received an Oscar nomination for best screenwriter for the first time in 2002 for Memento . Nolan achieved international fame through his reinterpretation of the comic character Batman in the three films Batman Begins , The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises . These successes made it possible for him to work for films such as Inception , Interstellar or Dunkirk with high film budgets .

Christopher Nolan is one of the few auteur filmmakers active in Hollywood . He often writes the scripts with his brother Jonathan and produces his films with his wife Emma Thomas .

life and work

Childhood, education and family

Nolan with his wife Emma Thomas (2011)

Christopher Nolan is the son of British copywriter James Nolan and American stewardess Christina Nolan, née Jensen. He has two brothers: older brother Matthew Francis Nolan, who was sentenced to prison in 2010 for forging documents , and younger Jonathan Jensen Nolan , who also works in the film business. Nolan's first experience with the camera was at the age of seven. He filmed his action figures with his father's Super 8 camera. Due to the different hometowns of his parents and their professions, Nolan grew up both in London and temporarily in Chicago . According to his own statements, Christopher Nolan made the decision to become a filmmaker when he was around ten or eleven.

From 1984 Nolan attended the Haileybury and Imperial Service College in Hertfordshire . He then studied English literature at University College London . At the university in 1993 Nolan met his fellow student and later wife Emma Thomas . In the same year he successfully completed his studies with the academic degree Bachelor of Arts . He and Thomas married in 1997 and have four children, three sons and a daughter. The couple live in Los Angeles . Together they founded the London-based film production company Syncopy Films in 2001 .

Professional beginnings and breakthrough

As part of his studies, Christopher Nolan got involved in the local film club and made his first short films. Tarantella is his first short film production and was broadcast on US television in 1989. Larceny was performed at the 1996 Cambridge Festival . This short film is about a pickpocket who is being chased by his victims. A year later he directed the three-minute intimate play Doodlebug , in which a man is frantically chasing something in his apartment and tries to kill it with his shoe. Doodlebug is Nolan's only commercially available short film. It was released in 2003 in the DVD Cinema16: British Short Films with other British short films and includes audio commentary by Nolan.

Nolan brought his first full-length feature film to the screen in 1998. In addition to directing the 70-minute low-budget film Following , he also wrote and produced the script. The cast with family members and friends, as well as home-based locations for one year of shooting, allowed Nolan to make the film on a budget of £ 6,000 . Following earned him initial recognition and enabled Nolan to bring his next project to theaters: Memento . Christopher Nolan wrote the script based on his brother Jonathan's short story Memento mori . For this crime film, Nolan and his brother received nominations for the Oscar and the Golden Globe , each for the best screenplay . Memento is considered Nolan's breakthrough in the film industry.

Establishment as an independent filmmaker

Even before Memento , Christopher Nolan wanted to write the screenplay for the remake of the Norwegian thriller Death Sleep from 1997, but Warner Bros. had already commissioned the American remake to the screenwriter Hillary Seitz . After his fellow director Steven Soderbergh had campaigned for him at Warner Bros., however, he was allowed to take over the film direction on the project. Nolan realized that Seitz's ideas were similar to his vision for the film, and the two of them worked together on several script drafts. During production, Nolan had a large film budget and actors like Al Pacino , Robin Williams and Hilary Swank for the first time. Insomnia was released in 2002 and the Briton was able to establish himself increasingly in Hollywood with the crime thriller .

Christopher Nolan (2005)

That paved the way for the first major project called Batman Begins , which was released in 2005. With Christian Bale in the lead role, Christopher Nolan retold the story of Batman , which was last seen in cinemas in 1997 under the direction of Joel Schumacher . Nolan worked with comic book expert David S. Goyer on the script for Batman Begins . Just one year later, the 2006 in the 19th century is settled magician drama Prestige - The Master of Magic , whose script for Christopher Nolan five years had invested with his brother Jonathan. It is based on the novel The Cabinet of the Magician by British author Christopher Priest . As a director, Nolan himself staged the film in its narrative structure as a magic trick.

In 2008, Nolan released the Batman sequel, The Dark Knight . The reviews for this thriller were consistently very good, especially the performance of the late Joker actor Heath Ledger , whose cast Nolan had absolutely requested during the casting. With box office receipts of over one billion US dollars was The Dark Knight after its release the fourth most successful film in the world .

After the tragic death of Heath Ledger, Nolan initially did not want to make another Batman film. The Brit emphasized that the Joker was not planned for a sequel and that there were generally no plans for a third film in advance. After The Dark Knight, Nolan was missing a coherent idea for a trilogy conclusion. Therefore, he dedicated himself to the dream theft thriller Inception , which he released in theaters in 2010. Nolan had the idea for this film ten years earlier. Inception earned him Academy Award nominations for Best Picture and Best Screenplay. He was also nominated for best film, best director and best screenplay at the Golden Globes . In addition, his script won the Writers Guild of America Award .

Together with his brother and David S. Goyer, Christopher Nolan was ultimately able to develop what he saw as a suitable script for a final Batman film. So in 2012, the last part appeared his Batman - trilogy entitled The Dark Knight Rises . With grossing US $ 1.084 billion, this Nolans was the most financially successful film to date. However, there were no nominations for prestigious awards. After completing the trilogy , Nolan initially didn't want to make any further superhero films. Even so, he supported Zack Snyder's Superman remake, Man of Steel, as a producer and story writer. The film opened in theaters in June 2013.

Christopher Nolan (2013)

His next project was Interstellar , a science fiction film based on a script written by his brother Jonathan, who started writing in 2007. Steven Spielberg was originally intended to be the director. Christopher Nolan took over the direction in early 2013 and also expanded the script with his own ideas. He published the three-hour space epic in November 2014. For Interstellar , Nolan took scientific advice from the theoretical physicist Kip Thorne , who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2017 for his observations of gravitational waves . A year later, Nolan directed a short documentary film about the Quay brothers , two stop-motion artists who gained notoriety especially in the 1980s. He also acted as executive producer on Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice . He already took on this role in 2014 at Transcendence , the directorial debut of his longtime cameraman Wally Pfister .

In 2017, Nolan's tenth feature film was released in cinemas. The drama set during World War II is called Dunkirk and tells the story of the Battle of Dunkirk . As early as 1992, when Nolan was sailing along the coast of Dunkirk , he developed the idea of ​​making a film about the British evacuation operation. At that time, however, he did not see himself capable of realizing this project. With a running time of 107 minutes, Dunkirk is the British’s second-shortest feature film after Following (70 minutes). Christopher Nolan received international recognition for the film, especially for directing. In this category, as well as that of the best film, Nolan received nominations for the Oscar, Golden Globe and the BAFTA Film Award. It was Nolan's first Oscar nomination for Best Director.

On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of 2001: A Space Odyssey , Christopher Nolan was commissioned to rescan the 70 mm original film rolls . The rescanned version of Stanley Kubrick's science fiction film was screened in 2018 at the Cannes International Film Festival as part of the Canne Classics by Nolan in the presence of Kubrick's family.

The international spy film Tenet was originally due to appear in cinemas worldwide in July 2020, but the release was postponed to the end of August 2020 due to the global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic . Once again, Christopher Nolan takes on the direction, the script and, together with his wife, the production. His main editor Lee Smith, on the other hand, was unable to attend due to 1917 , so Jennifer Lame is responsible for editing . Ludwig Göransson replaces Hans Zimmer in the musical composition , who was also prevented from working on Dune .

Unrealized film projects

After working on Insomnia , Christopher Nolan planned to direct a biography of Howard Hughes . For a long time he wrote a script that he himself considered to be the best script he had ever written. In addition, Jim Carrey was already planned as the main actor. However, when Martin Scorsese's aviator went into production, he decided to let the project rest. Warner Bros. had offered Nolan to direct Troy , but he declined and Wolfgang Petersen took over the task. Instead, Christopher Nolan dedicated himself to the remake Batman Begins .

For a long time now, Christopher Nolan has been brought into play as the future director of a James Bond film. In 2017 he confirmed that he had talked to producer Barbara Broccoli several times over the years and that he considered this task exciting. However, he sees no need and would, should he ever be given the opportunity, seek a realignment with his James Bond.

Working method

Authors and techniques

Christopher Nolan sees his work as a filmmaker not as his job, but as part of his life. Apart from Insomnia , for which he was not allowed to write the script, Nolan wrote the script for all of his directorial work, often in collaboration with his brother Jonathan. He was also involved as a producer on every film except for Memento , Insomnia and Batman Begins . He is also actively involved in the creation of the production design . Having full control over his films makes Christopher Nolan one of the few auteur filmmakers in Hollywood. Nolan does without the post- shoots that are often used in the film industry . Instead, he already provides several narrative options in his scripts and solves possible problems in post-production with his editor at the editing table. Nolan avoids unnecessary or redundant settings .

Nolan works with Warner Bros. to make his films . Since The Dark Knight , he has the contractually stipulated right to determine the final cut of his films. He himself says that he through the successful work on the Batman franchise has gained the opportunity for his own ideas such as Inception , Interstellar and Dunkirk high production budgets raise.

Born in Britain, he is an advocate of the analog camera and does not rely on digital recording technology . He also refrains from using 3D cameras or 3D conversions in his films . According to his own statements, Nolan doesn't know anyone who likes the 3D format and has no interest in using 3D just so that people at the box office would have to pay more money. He doesn't want to make a movie in 3D if it doesn't support the story. Nolan also criticized the low resolution of 3D cameras. Instead, he prefers the targeted use of IMAX cameras. Nolan sees both artistic and ideological advantages in IMAX technology.

Christopher Nolan avoids computer-generated visual effects as much as possible . He prefers to work with real sets and backdrops. For example, Nolan had a 30-meter-long corridor built for Inception , which could be rotated with two motors. This made it possible for the filmmaker to depict changes in gravity in the film. At the same time, this recording was also a homage for Inception to Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey , who had used a similar technique to represent artificial gravity in a spaceship.

Another example of the preference for real sets can be found in the production of The Dark Knight . A disused candy factory was blown up in order to portray the explosion of a hospital in the film.

Nolan uses computer-generated effects as a supplement to physical elements, for example to subsequently remove wires or cameras from film settings.

For Nolan, the cinema is the perfect place to present films. According to him, there is a unique mixture of concentration and empathy there. He has had this attitude since he was a child in 1977 in Star Wars and a short time later saw a rerun of 2001: A Space Odyssey . Because of these views and experiences, Nolan is critical of video-on-demand or streaming services such as Netflix .

Influences and narrative style

Filmmakers like George Lucas and Stanley Kubrick inspired Christopher Nolan when he was a child. The parallels to Stanley Kubrick in particular are still often drawn today: Both live rather isolated from the public and have a penchant for complex narrative styles. Christopher Nolan himself is embarrassed by these comparisons and he replies that there is only one Stanley Kubrick.

Ridley Scott's Blade Runner continued to have a great influence on Nolan's work . This work served, for example, as a style guide for the reinterpretation of Batman Begins .

It is also a big influence of Terrence Malick , in particular by The Thin Red Line , on Nolan's films since Memento rumored. Michael Mann also influenced Nolan. His thriller Heat , for example, shaped the stylistic orientation of The Dark Knight .

Christopher Nolan's films are perceived as intellectual and entertaining at the same time. Some critics accuse Nolan that his works are staged too cool. The films are often shaped by plot twists , unexpected twists in the narrative and an intricate plot that is not linear. Memento, for example, runs mostly backwards in the sequence of scenes. Nolan wanted to clarify the emotional state of the protagonist, who has lost the ability to create new memories. As with Inception , nesting can also take place on different dream levels or, in the case of Interstellar, on different dimensions. The Briton already made use of several dimensions in his short film Doodlebug .

Christopher Nolan describes it as his goal to intellectually stimulate the audience and tease the stories like a gamer who still has a card up his sleeve. The Briton is said to succeed in addressing the mass audience and at the same time demanding the audience's concentration.

Contents and topics

The works of Christopher Nolan can often be assigned to Neo-Noir . The war story Dunkirk is an exception . In terms of content, his films mostly deal with the protagonists' struggle against the madness and the turmoil that goes on inside them. These properties are shaped by different topics in the various films; examples are described below.

Nolan's interpretation of Bruce Wayne in his The Dark Knight trilogy deals intensively with the subject of fear. Through traumatic events in childhood, the young Bruce develops strong fears against bats. His later intention is to face his fears, to become them himself and to let them feel his adversaries.

In Insomnia - Schlaflos , Will Dormer and Leonard Shelby in Memento are confronted with a different path to inner madness . Dormer suffering in Alaska during midnight sun from insomnia and Shelby missing by amnesia , the short-term memory . Both characters try to solve a murder with these impairments in their films.

Christopher Nolan's films never lead to a classic happy ending ; instead, the protagonists embark on a journey, at the end of which they can mostly make peace with their turmoil and madness, regardless of what deeds they did along the way. Truth becomes a flexible term and runs through almost all of the British's films. The main characters in Nolan's films are usually early middle-aged men . Women appear only as secondary characters and are reasons for a division or an inner conflict. Your characters themselves do not have the complexity of the main actors. Furthermore, a classic antagonist is rarely found in the plot. Opponents represent similar or differently understandable ambitions as the main characters. What is noticeable about most of Nolan's films is that the setting is predominantly urban and the characters, for example, wear suits and appear well-groomed. Exceptions are Interstellar , which is rural and shaped by space, and Dunkirk , who tells a war scenario and, in contrast to Nolan's previous works, almost does not rely on personal fates.

In addition to madness, fears and conflict, the stories behind Christopher Nolan's films are often shaped by fictionalities. Despite all fictions, these elements are presented in the stories as possible and realistic. Because of the thin line between reality and fiction, critics accuse Nolan of escapism , but proponents see this trait as Nolan's strength.

Recurring contributors

Christopher Nolan prefers to work with a recurring staff . His wife Emma Thomas co-produced all of Nolan's films except for Memento and Insomnia - Schlaflos . Wally Pfister was the cameraman for all films from Memento to Inception , but has been replaced by Hoyte van Hoytema since Interstellar , as Pfister worked as a director from then on. As a screenwriter, Christopher Nolan often works with his brother Jonathan . He also worked with David S. Goyer on the story for The Dark Knight trilogy.

The following table gives an overview of the repeated collaboration between actors and crew members.

Following
(1998) 		Memento
(2000) 		Insomnia
(2002) 		The Dark Knight
Trilogy
(2005–2012) 		Prestige
(2006) 		Inception
(2010) 		Interstellar
(2014) 		Dunkirk
(2017) 		Tenet
(2020)
actor
Michael Caine Alfred Pennyworth c d e John Cutter Prof. Stephen Miles Prof. Brand Fortis Leader a Michael Crosby
Cillian Murphy Scarecrow c d e Robert M. Fischer Trembling soldier
Christian Bale Batman c d e Alfred Borden
John Nolan The policeman Douglas Fredericks c e Blind man
Tom Hardy Bane e Eames Farrier
Larry Holden Jimmy Grantz Farrell Carl Finch c
Jeremy Theobald b Bill Technician c
Joseph Gordon-Levitt John Blake e Arthur
Ken Watanabe Ra's al Ghul c Mr. Saito
Mark Boone Junior Burt Arnold John Flass c
Marion Cotillard Talia al Ghul e Times Cobb
Anne Hathaway Selina Kyle e Amelia Brand
Thomas Lennon doctor Doctor e
David Gyasi Prisoner e Romilly
Nicky Katt Fred Duggar SWAT team member d
Staff members
camera Christopher Nolan Wally Pfister Hoyte van Hoytema
music David Julyan Hans Zimmer ,
James Newton Howard c d 		David Julyan Hans Zimmer Ludwig Göransson
cut Gareth Heal,
Christopher Nolan 		Dody thorn Lee Smith Jennifer Lame
a Cameo -Auftritt
bAlso starred in Nolan's short films Larceny (1996) and Doodlebug (1997)
c Batman Begins (2005)
d The Dark Knight (2008)
e The Dark Knight Rises (2012)

Filmography

Short films

  • 1989: Tarantella
  • 1996: Larceny
  • 1997: Doodlebug
  • 2015: Quay (documentary short film)

Feature films

Director

production

script

Awards (selection)

Awards ceremonies

Christopher Nolan has received various nominations and awards for his work as a director, screenwriter and producer. He was nominated several times for the renowned film awards, the Oscar , Golden Globe and the British Academy Film Award , but could not win them. Nolan has received multiple nominations and an award from America's Directing, Screenwriting, and Producing Guilds. He has also received several awards from American critics with the Critics 'Choice Movie Award and British critics with the London Critics' Circle Film Award . In addition, Christopher Nolan received the Saturn Award several times , which he received four times for the best screenplay, making it a record winner. In total, over 100 awards and 150 nominations can be traced back to Nolan. The following list represents a selection.

Academy Awards

  • 2002 : Nomination in the category Best Original Screenplay for Memento (together with Jonathan Nolan)
  • 2011 : Nomination in the category Best Film for Inception (together with Emma Thomas)
  • 2011: Nomination in the category Best Original Screenplay for Inception
  • 2018 : Nomination for Best Director for Dunkirk
  • 2018: Nomination in the category Best Film for Dunkirk (together with Emma Thomas)

Golden Globe Award

  • 2002 : Nomination in the category Best Screenplay for Memento
  • 2011 : Nomination in the category Best Director for Inception
  • 2011: nomination for Best Screenplay for Inception
  • 2018 : Nomination for Best Director for Dunkirk

British Academy Film Award

  • 2011 : Nomination in the category Best Film for Inception (together with Emma Thomas)
  • 2011: Nomination in the category Best Director for Inception
  • 2011: Nomination in the category Best Original Screenplay for Inception
  • 2018 : Nomination in the category Best Film for Dunkirk (together with Emma Thomas)
  • 2018: Nomination for Best Director for Dunkirk

Directors Guild of America Award

  • 2002: Nomination in the category Best Fiction Film Director for Memento
  • 2009: Nomination in the category Best Fiction Film Director for The Dark Knight
  • 2011: Nomination in the category of best feature film director for Inception
  • 2018: Nomination in the category Best Feature Film Director for Dunkirk

Writers Guild of America Award

  • 2009: Nomination in the category Best Adapted Screenplay for The Dark Knight (together with Jonathan Nolan and David S. Goyer)
  • 2011: Award in the category Best Original Screenplay for Inception

Producers Guild of America Awards

  • 2009: Nomination in the category of best feature film for The Dark Knight (together with Charles Roven and Emma Thomas)
  • 2011: Nomination in the category of best feature film for Inception (together with Emma Thomas)
  • 2018: Nomination in the category Best Movie for Dunkirk (together with Emma Thomas)

Critics' Choice Movie Award

  • 2002: Award for Best Screenplay for Memento
  • 2009: Award for Best Action Film for The Dark Knight
  • 2009: Nomination for Best Director for The Dark Knight
  • 2011: Award in the Best Action Film category for Inception
  • 2011: Nomination in the category Best Director for Inception
  • 2011: Nomination in the category Best Screenplay for Inception
  • 2018 : Nomination for Best Director for Dunkirk

London Critics' Circle Film Award

  • 2001: Nomination for Best British Director for Memento
  • 2001: Award for Best British Screenplay for Memento
  • 2003: Award for Best British Director for Insomnia
  • 2003: Nomination for Best British Director for Batman Begins
  • 2006: Nomination for Best British Director for Prestige - Masters of Magic
  • 2007: Nomination for Best British Director for Prestige - Masters of Magic
  • 2009: Nomination for Best British Director for The Dark Knight
  • 2011: Nomination in the category Best Director for Inception
  • 2011: Nomination for Best British Director for Inception
  • 2018: Nomination for Best Director for Dunkirk

Saturn Award

  • 2006 : Nomination for Best Director for Batman Begins
  • 2006: Award for Best Screenplay for Batman Begins (together with David S. Goyer)
  • 2009 : Nomination for Best Director for The Dark Knight
  • 2009: Award for Best Screenplay for The Dark Knight (together with Jonathan Nolan)
  • 2011 : Award in the category Best Director for Inception
  • 2011: Award for Best Screenplay for Inception
  • 2013 : Nomination for Best Director for The Dark Knight Rises
  • 2015 : Nomination in the category Best Director for Interstellar
  • 2015: Award for Best Screenplay for Interstellar (together with Jonathan Nolan)

Nebula Award

  • 2011: Award for Best Screenplay for Inception

British Fantasy Award

  • 2009: Award in the category of best film for The Dark Knight
  • 2011: Award in the category best film for Inception

Lists of critics

Films in the top 250 of the IMDb
space Movie
4th The Dark Knight
13 Inception
30th Interstellar
46 Prestige - the masters of magic
55 Memento
71 The Dark Knight Rises
127 Batman Begins

In 2015, the BBC surveyed film critics around the world and published a list of the 100 most popular American films under the title The 100 greatest American films. Among them were only six films from the 21st century . The Dark Knight was in 96th place .

A year later the BBC asked film critics around the world again about the best films of the 21st century. In the BBC Culture's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century , Inception was in 51st place, The Dark Knight in 33rd and Memento in 25th .

The film Memento was included in the US National Film Registry in 2017 .

Critics and filmmakers voted on the best films of the 2000s in May 2020 and released a list of 50 works. The Dark Knight came in at number 11 and Memento at number 33.

With the exception of Following , Insomnia and Dunkirk , all films directed by Nolan are listed in the Top 250 of the Internet Movie Database . The list thus includes seven of his films, six of them in the top 100. The best film of 2008, 2010 and 2014 according to the Top 250 is by Nolan.

At Rotten Tomatoes , all of his directorial work achieved a Certified Fresh rating, which corresponds to more than 70% or 75% positive ratings.

Honors

On July 7th, 2012, Christopher Nolan was honored with his shoe and handprints in the cement floor of the forecourt of the TCL Chinese Theater .

In September 2017 Nolan was from his former university, the University College London , the British honorary doctorate in literature (Honorary Doctorate of Literature) awarded.

Christopher Nolan was named Commander of the Order of the British Empire in December 2018 for his achievements in the field of film . The award ceremony took place on New Year's Day 2019 by the British royal family .

literature

  • Jacqueline Furby, Stuart Joy (Eds.): The Cinema of Christopher Nolan - Imagining the Impossible (Directors' Cuts) . Wallflower Press, New York 2015, ISBN 0-231-17397-0 .

Web links

Commons : Christopher Nolan  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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  50. ↑ Stuart Joy: Dreaming a Little Bigger, Darling . In: Jacqueline Furby, Stuart Joy (Eds.): The Cinema of Christopher Nolan - imagining the impossible . Wallflower Press, New York 2015, ISBN 0-231-17397-0 , pp. 2-3 .
  51. ↑ Jeff Jensen: To 'Room 237' and Beyond: Exploring Stanley Kubrick's 'Shining' influence. In: Entertainment Weekly. April 6, 2013, accessed May 3, 2016 .
  52. ↑ Mark Hughes: Exclusive: Christopher Nolan Talks 'Batman Begins' 10th Anniversary. In: Forbes. July 30, 2015, accessed October 3, 2017 .
  53. ↑ Jonathan Olson: Nolan's Immersive Allegories of Filmmaking in Inception and The Prestige . In: Jacqueline Furby, Stuart Joy (Eds.): The Cinema of Christopher Nolan - imagining the impossible . Wallflower Press, New York 2015, ISBN 0-231-17397-0 , pp. 52 .
  54. ↑ Aaron Couch: All the Ways 'The Dark Knight' Borrowed from 'Heat' Revealed. In: The Hollywood Reporter. February 6, 2017, accessed October 3, 2017 .
  55. ↑ Will Brooker: Foreword: Are You Watching Closely? In: Jacqueline Furby, Stuart Joy (Eds.): The Cinema of Christopher Nolan - imagining the impossible . Wallflower Press, New York 2015, ISBN 0-231-17397-0 , pp. XI .
  56. ↑ Roland Huschke: What a genius says. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. August 13, 2010, accessed April 28, 2016 .
  57. ↑ Christopher Nolan Awards. In: IMDb. Retrieved January 26, 2019 .
  58. ↑ The Top 250 of the IMDb (as of April 26, 2020)
  59. ^ The 100 greatest American films. In: BBC. July 20, 2015, accessed November 7, 2017 .
  60. ^ The 21st Century's 100 greatest films. In: BBC. August 23, 2016. Retrieved November 7, 2017 .
  61. ↑ Complete National Film Registry Listing. In: Library of Congress. 2017, accessed April 26, 2020 .
  62. ↑ Jordan Ruimy: Critics' Poll: 'Mulholland Drive' Named Best Film of the 2000s. In: World of Reel. May 22, 2020, accessed May 30, 2020 .
  63. ↑ Christopher Nolan. In: Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 29, 2017 .
  64. ↑ Christopher Nolan. In: TCL Chinese Theater. Retrieved January 2, 2018 .
  65. ↑ Christopher Nolan Returns To UCL To Receive Honorary Degree And Visit The Film & TV Society. In: UCL Film & TV Society. September 12, 2017, accessed January 2, 2018 .
  66. ↑ Christopher Nolan, 'Monty Python' Star Michael Palin Make UK New Year's Honors List. In: The Hollywood Reporter. December 28, 2018, accessed January 27, 2019 .
personal data
SURNAME Nolan, Christopher
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Nolan, Christopher Edward (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION British-American film director, screenwriter and film producer
DATE OF BIRTH July 30, 1970
PLACE OF BIRTH London
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on January 23, 2018 .