Friedrich Grimm (lawyer)

Friedrich Grimm

Friedrich Wilhelm Johannes Grimm (born June 17, 1888 in Düsseldorf , † May 16, 1959 in Freiburg im Breisgau ) was a German anti-Semitic and National Socialist politician , lawyer , publicist and propaganda speaker . He fought the Peace Treaty of Versailles , defended Fememörsters , supported the rise and crimes of National Socialism and fought resistance fighters and Nazi opponents such as David Frankfurter , Herschel Grynszpan or Berthold Jacob . He was also an important exponent of the National Socialist French policy .

After 1945 he made a name for himself with the trivialization of Nazi crimes , the defense or participation in the defense of Nazi criminals and various proposals for a general amnesty for the Nazi perpetrators. In the Naumann district (the attempt by former Nazi functionaries to infiltrate the FDP North Rhine-Westphalia ) he acted as a catalyst. Connections from the time of National Socialism existed to later actors in the Naumann circle such as Ernst Achenbach , Werner Best , Wolfgang Diewerge , Herbert Lucht and Hans Fritzsche .

In the empire

Grimm, the son of a railroad surveyor , completed in 1907 at Burggymnasium in Essen , the High School and studied law at the French-speaking University in Geneva , one semester at the Friedrich-Wilhelms University in Berlin and one semester at the Philipps University in Marburg . He finished his studies at the Westphalian Wilhelms University in Munster , where he in 1910 with a thesis on the Schuldausschließung at minors doctorate .

In 1912 Grimm was assigned to a special department for strike matters at the Essen public prosecutor's office as a court trainee . In 1914 he became a partner in the law firm of Adolf Kempkes in Essen, who became General Secretary of the German People's Party after 1918 . Because of an eye condition Grimm served in the First World War as a soldier in the leg . At first he was used as an interpreter and letter censor for prisoners of war , later he was entrusted with the defense of French and Belgians before German military courts in occupied Belgium .

In the Weimar Republic

In 1921 he completed his habilitation with Rudolf His and Paul Krückmann in Münster with a work on international law on the Versailles Peace Treaty, which came into force in early 1920 . Both professors were known for their enthusiasm for the war and their anti-French attitude. Just like Grimm, they rejected the Treaty of Versailles and pursued its revision.

After his habilitation, Grimm worked as a private lecturer at the University of Münster from 1922 and became an associate professor for international law there in 1927 . And from 1923 to 1933 Grimm was co-editor of the Deutsche Juristen-Zeitung (DJZ). Grimm stated that he was a self-employed lawyer .

During the Weimar Republic , Grimm distinguished himself above all as a successful lawyer in numerous political trials in which perpetrators from nationalist or anti-republic circles were accused. His work as a lawyer was accompanied by a large number of propaganda publications.

Against the Versailles Treaty and its consequences

Immediately after the defeat of Germany, Grimm defended the Saarland industrialist Robert Röchling ( Völklinger Hütte ), who had been arrested in 1918 and brought before a French military tribunal for war crimes . Röchling was accused of having confiscated raw materials and machines and used them for his works as a representative of the War Ministry in occupied France . Grimm was successful because Röchling's ten-year prison sentence was suspended and Röchling was acquitted after 22 months of pre- trial detention .

Later Grimm appeared in numerous lawsuits before the mixed arbitration tribunals of the Versailles Treaty in Paris, Brussels, Rome and Bucharest. He also represented large industrial companies. Before the German-Romanian court of arbitration, Grimm represented the industrialist and politician of the German People's Party, Hugo Stinnes, in patent disputes. Since the beginning of the 1920s, Stinnes was generally regarded as the mouthpiece of the German economy and represented this u. a. in reparation negotiations. That is why Grimm was constantly traveling to the capitals of Europe.

Further legal proceedings were the result of the Ruhr occupation by France in 1923 due to the inadequate fulfillment of reparation obligations by Germany . Grimm defended celebrities such as Fritz Thyssen , Gustav Krupp and Duisburg's Lord Mayor Karl Jarres in French court martial proceedings .

Grimm became known for his defense work in lawsuits against nationalist groups. He defended free corps fighters like Paul Goerges and Albert Leo Schlageter, famous in Germany as a “martyr” . Both had independently tried in a similar way to blow up railway lines in order to disrupt the actions of the French occupiers. Despite Grimm's efforts, they were sentenced to death . He defended the 18-year-old Count Keller and his friends more successfully before a Belgian court martial in Aachen, who were arrested in the Neuss area, loaded with explosives from a Reichswehr barracks. Their death sentence was commuted to prison terms. Especially from the trials with and in France, Grimm later made very useful contacts with high-ranking French politicians and officials.

The revision of the Versailles Treaty formed a first journalistic focus of his work, which he pursued throughout his life. He received the title of Honorary Senator of the University of Marburg in 1927 because he "bravely and steadfastly stood up for the interests of his fatherland in dire straits," which should mean his fight against the results of Versailles.

Help for murderers and right-wing extremist assassins

Edmund Heines in SA uniform (1922)

Grimm was also involved in the fight against separatism on the left bank of the Rhine. He approved of murders against separatists, some of whom were supported by France, such as the murder of members of the separatist Palatinate government in Speyer on January 9, 1924 on behalf of the Bavarian state government . The Palatinate was then part of Bavaria. Grimm subsequently provided the assassins with a justification that legitimized their act as state emergency aid . He built his reputation in anti-republic and National Socialist circles with the defense of " Fememicide " such as the National Socialist politician, SA leader and murderer Edmund Heines or the National Socialist politician, leader of the Black Reichswehr and murderer Paul Schulz , known as "Feme-Schulz" he was friends with. Grimm also defended the murderer Richard Eckermann , whose acquittal was justified by the fact that Eckermann's murder on behalf of a unit of the Black Reichswehr was an act of self-defense for the state and therefore remained unpunished. Grimm also gave public lectures about his defense against opponents of the Republic and the National Socialists, which were very well received and which appeared in book form. Publisher of the book “Oberleutnant Schulz. Femeprozesse und Schwarze Reichswehr ”from 1929 was the völkisch-national-socialist publisher Julius Friedrich Lehmann . The lectures, brochures and memoranda were part of a campaign to amnesty the murderers, which in October 1930 led to the crackdown on the ongoing proceedings and the release of the perpetrators who were still in custody. An amnesty was only possible after the NSDAP's election success in 1930. The 107 members of the Reichstag from the NSDAP secured the two-thirds majority required for this. After the seizure of power , Grimm turned to the then State Secretary Roland Freisler on May 16, 1933 and suggested compensation for the murderers. Freisler had previously declared them “heroes of the nation”.

Even before 1933, the defense of feminist murderers brought Grimm into contact with high-ranking NSDAP functionaries such as Walter Buch , Wilhelm Frick , Franz Xaver Ritter von Epp . After 1945, he called these three men with "moderate, reasonable views". During the French occupation of the Palatinate, Grimm had already made agreements with the NSDAP about their propaganda in order to have a better position in a trial.

In the time of National Socialism

Adolf Hitler and Nazi leadership at the Hitler salute, Reichstag meeting on July 19, 1940 at the end of the French campaign (Nazi press photo)

Grimm's anti-Semitism

The anti-Semitism was practiced an outstanding element in Grimm's political attitude he not only propaganda manifested due to its policy advisory function, but also through participation in repression and persecution. His anti-Semitism did not start in 1933.

At the beginning of 1929 he signed an appeal by the anti-Semitic Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur , founded by Alfred Rosenberg , which had the aim of "educating the German people about the connections between race, art and science, moral and willful values." for example Eva Chamberlain , Franz von Epp, Gustaf Kossinna , Julius Friedrich Lehmann , Alfred Rosenberg, Paul Schultze-Naumburg or Winifred Wagner .

In April 1933, Grimm was involved in the Ministry of Justice with Reich Justice Minister Franz Gürtner and his then State Secretary Franz Schlegelberger in the drafting of the law on the restoration of the professional civil service and the law on admission to the legal profession . These regulations, issued on April 1 and 7, 1933, resulted in a professional ban for large parts of the “Jewish” and democratic officials and lawyers. Grimm welcomed this professional ban in an essay published in the DJZ in the early summer of 1933 as “Confession of Legality”. This first professional ban provided an exception for lawyers who fought as soldiers in World War I. However, the authorities could override this at will by means of an extra clause. The exception “ front fighter privilege ” was suspended in 1935 with the Reich Citizenship Act, so that all Jewish attorneys and lawyers were banned from practicing their profession.

Grimm's National Socialist and anti-Semitic stance was considered exemplary and corresponding publications were funded by the Reich Propaganda Ministry, in instruction no. 62 of January 12, 1938, the publication of an article by Grimm in the journal Deutsche Justiz on the “Jewish question in Romania” is protected: “The German press is informed of the importance of this article. ”In general, many of his books and brochures were published with funds from the Propaganda Ministry, the Foreign Office or the NSDAP.

Grimm's profound anti-Semitism was also evident in seemingly minor matters: In 1938, in a treatise on the murder of Wilhelm Gustloff , which prompted the emigrated writer Emil Ludwig to write a book that was reprinted in many languages, Grimm named the writer Emil Ludwig Cohn in 1938 . In a book published by Grimm in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1953, the author was again called Emil Ludwig, this time with the addition "the well-known Jewish writer". Ludwig was a German just like Grimm. At a meeting of the Foreign Policy Office of the NSDAP, for which he was often active as a speaker, in 1938 he dubbed the republican-minded former Berlin deputy police president Bernhard Weiß as "Isidor" Weiß, as Goebbels had often done earlier .

In 1941, Grimm argued about the bad reputation of defense lawyers in a lecture to the criminal justice working group of the National Socialist Lawyers' Association . The Jews are to blame for this: "The Jewish defense attorney, who was the master of rabidism and the art of twisting, who tried to turn black into white, did a lot of damage to the legal profession."

Grimm blamed the "Jewish World Conspiracy" - sometimes called "Alljuda" or " World Jewry " - responsible for all reactions from abroad to the persecution of the Jews . For him, proof of the existence of “Alljuda” was the activity of the Ligue Internationale Contre l'Antisémitisme (LICA) based in Paris. LICA countered the Nazis wherever possible in journalism. Since Grimm was internationally anti-Semitic, he consequently had to do with the LICA frequently and felt that his prejudice against world Jewry was repeatedly confirmed.

Even after 1945, in a posthumously published autobiographical work in typical anti-Semitic diction, he described the Second World War as a “German-Jewish foreign policy war”.

Further career in National Socialism

Until 1933 Grimm belonged to the DVP . Then he joined the NSDAP between the seizure of power and March 29, 1936. As early as May 1932, Grimm had his first personal encounter with Adolf Hitler , who visited him together with NSDAP officials Paul Schulz and Walter Funk in his private apartment in Essen. On this occasion, legal questions related to a revision of the Versailles Treaty were discussed. Shortly afterwards, Hitler and his wife invited him to the Berghof, which was still rented at the time . There he met the Goebbels couple on August 11, 1932. Grimm and Hitler agreed that there were many revision options for the Versailles Treaty. Later, in his autobiography after the war, Grimm proudly emphasized that despite the presence of the other guests, Hitler invited him to his private living room alone, where the two of them continued the conversation. After 1933, Grimm was an effective supporter of the National Socialists and, above all, a propagandist of aggressive foreign policy.

In November 1933 , Grimm became a member of the National Socialist Reichstag, which was to be viewed as a pseudo-people's representation . First as an intern and then as a full member of the NSDAP parliamentary group. He retained his mandate until the fall of the Third Reich.

Hitler and Grimm met on numerous occasions. Usually Grimm visited Hitler in the Reich Chancellery. For his part, Grimm not only valued Hitler, he almost idolized him:

“Anyone who has watched Adolf Hitler up close, who has been under the spell of his adorable speech, cannot ignore the knowledge that this man has a mission, a mission that fulfills him, in which he believes, in all of his followers believe with the force that moves mountains. But that is the essence of this realization that the mission that Adolf Hitler was given, the historical mission that sets him apart from all other nationalities, is a German mission, a mission that concerns us all, from which we cannot escape Regardless of how we stand in relation to the movement and its goals, a mission that is dominated by a very big, ultimate idea, before which everything small and insignificant must take a back seat. This idea is called: one people, one empire, one leader; Overcoming German particularism in every form; a German people, the empire of the Germans; the realization of the centuries-old longing; that is Hitler's German broadcast. "

Grimm also held a high office in the NSDAP. He was in the Reich Law Office - Office for legal support of the German people (at the same time Department III of the legal department of the Reich leadership of the NSDAP) deputy to the head of the office Walter Raeke .

Grimm's agreement with the policies of the NSDAP also referred to the murder of political opponents. Grimm developed a theory according to which the commission of political murder is excusable as "killing in an extraordinary time". The leader as the highest authority of the state will make the decision. On the other hand, “the individual must never be allowed to judge whether another person is a political pest that must be eliminated. Eradicating political pests is a matter for the state ”.

There was also a broad political agreement between Grimm and Hitler on the connection between foreign policy and the policy of anti-Semitism:

• Germany was enslaved by the Versailles Treaty. International Jewry, which is very influential in France, England and the USA and has set itself the goal of destroying Germany, is to blame for this. France was the hereditary enemy who helped Poland to annex the corridor to the disgrace of Germany in league with England. Almost all of the results of the Versailles Treaty would have to be revised.
• International Jewry has set itself the goal of dominating Germany in its own country and destroying it with the help of international Jewry. Therefore, it is an act of self-defense to crack down on the Jews at home and abroad.
• The democratic system was an institution of the Jews and brought bad luck to Germany.
• The Soviet state is also a formation of the Jews. For this reason alone, it is important to destroy it.
• Germany was forced to wage war in the east. First against Poland and Czechoslovakia because of the German territories and then against the Soviet Union. There it is important to expand the German living space.
• The war in the east would meet the resistance of France and Great Britain. Therefore, France, which was a dangerous factor due to the rule of the Jews, and the then presumably allied Great Britain, must first be defeated.
• Germany is entitled to the leading role in Europe and in the world, because it is the culturally and materially superior nation.

Grimm was the prominent lawyer of the Third Reich in matters of foreign policy, which also meant propaganda activity. For Hitler's speech to the Reichstag on May 21, 1935 - Grimm called the 1935 peace speech - in which Hitler announced the rearmament of the German Reich against all previously valid treaties, Grimm contributed thoughts.

Grimm also specialized in holding lectures as a propaganda speaker for the NSDAP. For 1935 alone, 127 lectures in Germany and 12 abroad are documented, with an audience of 1,000 or 10,000 people. In 1938/1939 he was a lecturer at the training house of the Foreign Policy Office of the NSDAP, led by Kurt Wagner . Its main theme was the Treaty of Versailles and the policy of its revision - that is, the foreign policy that the Nazis were planning.

Grimm did not give lectures for his students, but lectures before National Socialist youth and student associations. In the planning of the NSDAP foreign organization for the speeches on May 1, 1935 abroad, Grimm was planned as one of 52 speakers of the NSDAP foreign organization - his place of work was Cairo. In 1935 he participated as a lecturer at the second meeting of the International Working Group of Nationalists in London and gave a lecture on "Hitler and Europe". Grimm was a sustaining member of Alfred Rosenberg's Combat League for German Culture .

In 1937 Grimm was admitted to the bar at the Berlin Higher Regional Court , the then Berlin Higher Regional Court.

Grimm as a lawyer for the Nazi government

Reichsgesetzblatt of March 31, 1933: "Law on the imposition and execution of the death penalty" - the so-called "Lex van der Lubbe"

Enter Hermann Göring (standing with his back to the viewer, his fists pressed to his waist) at the Reichstag fire trial

Reichstag fire trial in 1933

The Reichstag fire trial, which began on September 21, 1933, was the first trial in which Grimm acted on behalf of the Nazi government. The Reichstag was set on fire on February 27, 1933. Most political observers at home and abroad suspected that the National Socialists had started the fire themselves. Because on the one hand they rejected parliamentarism, on the other hand the fire had given them good excuses to persecute the left parties and to take over dictatorial power in the country. The ruling National Socialists wanted to defend themselves on the one hand and demonstrate how correctly and just the German state functions. On the other hand, the government wanted to turn the Reichstag fire trial into a show trial against the KPD . As a representative of the Reich Ministry of Propaganda, Grimm was responsible for influencing foreign journalists and took part in the process. He was sitting at the government table next to Prime Minister Goering's representative. The course of the process did not quite correspond to the wishes of the National Socialists; there was no evidence of a KPD conspiracy. The KP functionaries were acquitted. Marinus van der Lubbe was only convicted as a lone perpetrator - he received the death penalty. No death penalty was actually provided for arson. This imposition of the death penalty was based on a law passed after the Reichstag fire, the so-called Lex Lubbe , which violated the principle of Nulla poena sine lege , which is one of the fundamental components of every constitutional state . Among other things, Grimm's job was to convince the foreign correspondents that the law on the death penalty for arson and the whole process were in conformity with the rule of law. Grimm was convinced that Lubbe could not have acted alone and suspected the presence of other unknown people who were neither Communists nor National Socialists. He spoke of backers and held on to this conspiracy theory until his death . Behind this was the conviction that behind every criticism and action against Germany lies international Jewry . Shortly after the trial, a book about the trial was published by the defense attorney Alfons Sack , who defended the German KPD functionary and Ernst Torgler , who was a Gestapo agent a few years later . Grimm wrote the preface to this book.

The Jabès trial against van Meeteren and Safarowsky (Cairo 1933/1934)

Grimm, together with the anti-Semitic public relations worker of the Propaganda Ministry, Wolfgang Diewerge, was sent to Cairo by the Foreign Office and the Propaganda Ministry as a representative of Nazi interests for the procedure dubbed the “ Cairo Jewish Trial ” by the Nazi propaganda . Wilhelm van Meeteren, the Egyptian representative of Siemens and President of the German Association in Cairo, had produced and distributed a brochure entitled “The Jewish Question in Germany” in 1933 based on the NSDAP. This brochure was an anti-Semitic pamphlet that was intended to justify the persecution of Jews in Germany with savage insults and to incite hatred of Jews around the world. As a result, the Egyptian businessman of Jewish faith Umberto Jabès, with the support of the French LICA, filed a complaint against van Meeteren before an international “mixed court” in Cairo for insulting and inciting racial hatred . In the subsequent hearing, Grimm was careful to prevent an objective examination of the content of this pamphlet: “In the main hearing, I only raised the objection that there was no right to bring an action. Here three individuals sued for insulting all of Judaism. That was inadmissible ”. Grimm was successful with this “advocate's trick”, so that the lawsuit was dismissed without discussing the facts. As recently as 1953, Grimm was of the opinion that the brochure was a factual representation of the striving for supremacy of the “Jewish race” in Germany, backed up by objective statistics, which made the Nazis' fight against Judaism necessary.

This process attracted worldwide attention and improved international awareness of the persecution of Jews in Germany. After Jabès was defeated, the process served as an ex post justification for the " Jewish boycott " on April 1, 1933.

Both Diewerge and Grimm wrote anti-Semitic propaganda about this process as early as 1934.

"Heim ins Reich" - Grimm's role in the vote on the Saar area

After the First World War, the Saar area was separated from the German Reich on the basis of the Versailles Treaty (referred to there as the "Saar basin area"). In 1920 it was placed under French administration for 15 years with a mandate from the League of Nations. After that, a referendum was supposed to decide the fate of the Saar area. As a speaker for the NSDAP, Grimm supported the return of the Saar region to the Reich with propaganda. In 1934 his 135-page book: France on the Saar: The battle for the Saar in the light of the historical French policy on the Rhine was published in the Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt, a publishing house of the NSDAP.

The NSDAP gave 6,000 copies of this book free of charge to the Catholic Church for distribution, as they could not distribute them themselves. Grimm had persuaded the Archbishop of Trier Franz Rudolf Bornewasser , to whose diocese the Saarland communities belonged. Grimm himself was banned from entering the Saar area because his agitation there was not tolerated. After the vote was won, the Saar area again belonged to the German Reich without restrictions on March 1, 1935.

Abduction of Berthold Jacob from Switzerland by the Gestapo (1935)

Title page with prohibition 1933

The journalist Berthold Jacob , who fled into French exile in Strasbourg in 1932, was particularly hated by the German right and especially by the National Socialists. Jacob had fought against the rise of the enemies of the republic since the early 1920s. His newspaper articles, including those in the Weltbühne or the Other Germany , were particularly directed against the activities of the Freikorps , Fememörps , the illegal arming of the Reichswehr and Black Reichswehr before and after 1933, as well as the NSDAP issues to which he remained loyal even in exile. For his reporting in the Weltbühne about the trial against Grimm's client Paul Schulz, Jacob was sentenced to imprisonment together with his editor Carl von Ossietzky in 1927 .

In a Gestapo secret service operation in 1935, Jacob was lured from France to Basel by Gestapo agent Hans Wesemann, who posed as a writer in exile and Nazi opponent, and from there he was kidnapped to Germany on March 9, 1935 . The case attracted great international attention. As the crime was cleared up very quickly by the Swiss police, the Swiss authorities demanded that Jacobs be returned to Switzerland and compensation. An international arbitration tribunal has been seized. As a representative of the Reich government, Grimm was to represent the case before the arbitral tribunal on behalf of Hitler. Since Switzerland was able to prove after intensive investigations that the German authorities were behind the kidnapping case and had violated international law, Grimm had to confirm to Heinrich Himmler , to whom the Gestapo was subordinate, and Hitler that this case could not be won due to the clear evidence and legal situation was. Therefore Jacob was released in a German / Swiss agreement on September 17, 1935 in Switzerland. Wesemann was sentenced to three years in prison in a trial in Switzerland. The German authorities did not support him in the process and distanced themselves from his allegedly unauthorized action. Wesemann emigrated to Caracas in Venezuela after his imprisonment .

In 1941 Jacob was kidnapped a second time by the Gestapo. The Gestapo was able to kidnap him from Lisbon just before he could embark on a rescue ship for the United States. Jacob was brought to Germany and put in a concentration camp. There he was so badly mistreated that he died shortly after his discharge in February 1944 in the Berlin Jewish Hospital .

The Trial of David Frankfurter for the Murder of Wilhelm Gustloff (1936)

The national group leader of the NSDAP in Switzerland was Wilhelm Gustloff . Through systematic propaganda work such as the distribution of anti-Semitic inflammatory pamphlets, he recruited more than 5,000 Germans abroad as NSDAP members by 1936. Resistance to these activities arose in Switzerland. But the government hesitated to take action against the National Socialists.

Therefore, a victim resorted to self-help. The young Yugoslav Jew David Frankfurter had experienced the humiliation and persecution of the defenseless Jews in Germany while visiting his uncle in Frankfurt and wanted to set a sign of resistance. On February 4, 1936, he shot Gustloff in his house in Davos . Then he turned himself in to the police.

In Switzerland, the attack gave rise to fears that it would be drawn into a conflict with Germany. In the propaganda of the NSDAP, the act was interpreted as part of a Jewish world conspiracy and war against Germany. Wolfgang Diewerge from the Propaganda Ministry was brought in with Grimm to oversee this propaganda assignment, which was supposed to legitimize further steps in the persecution of the Jews. Diewerge was responsible for the reporting, Grimm for the legal support in the process brought against Frankfurt by Switzerland. Grimm appeared formally as a joint plaintiff representative of Mrs. Gustloff at the trial in Chur. In reality, he was a representative of the Nazi government who had discussed his plea at a personal meeting with Hitler. The Nazi propaganda, which sounded loud at the same time, accused the Swiss authorities of having contributed to the attack through a liberal press policy and thus intimidated them. Grimm had had a dedicated telephone line placed in a room in the courthouse in order to discuss the progress of the trial with Hitler.

The judges did not recognize Frankfurter's motives as self-defense against the German injustice system and sentenced him to a maximum sentence of 18 years in prison. According to the judges, David Frankfurter acted as a single perpetrator with no backers. Grimm came to different conclusions and lamented long after the war: “Frankfurter must have had people behind it. That was clear from the circumstances of the act, as proved by the main hearing. But Frankfurter remained silent about this question. All efforts by the Swiss authorities were in vain. The question behind the man could not be resolved. That was always the case with these major political trials: in the Reichstag fire trial, at Frankfurter, and in the verdigris trial (sic) no different. "

Proceedings on Nazi law in the Free City of Danzig in The Hague (1935/1936)

After the First World War, the city of Danzig was separated from the Reich in the Treaty of Versailles. Unlike other parts of West Prussia, it was not assigned to the newly formed Republic of Poland , but a separate area was created under the sovereignty of the League of Nations - the Free City of Danzig . Danzig was mostly German-speaking and had a democratic constitution that was similar to the Weimar constitution. The League of Nations guaranteed the existence of Danzig and the constitution. In 1933, the National Socialists also gained a majority in parliament, the People's Day, in Danzig . When the government under NSDAP politician and Senate President Arthur Karl Greiser, with the help of NSDAP Gauleiter Albert Forster , wanted to abolish the rule of law by abolishing fundamental rights on August 29, 1935 , the Danzig SPD and the Center called the League of Nations. Specifically, it was about the amendment of § 2 StGB. Until the rule of National Socialism, this had included the principle of No punishment without law - a central provision of every constitutional state. According to this, criminal prosecution of a wrongdoer was not possible if there had not been a special law before the act that made the alleged criminal offense a criminal offense. On the other hand, the National Socialists had introduced the principle that if the act was, according to the general public, a criminal offense, but there was no law appropriate to the offense, a similar law from the Criminal Code could be invoked. The new principle was no crime without punishment . The League of Nations turned to the Permanent International Court of Justice to assess the conflict with a request for a legal assessment of the matter. Danzig's defense attorney in this case was the Austrian criminal law professor Wenzeslaus Graf Gleispach , who worked in Berlin, and Grimm was Danzig's legal advisor. The court did not accept the arguments of the National Socialist lawyers and declared that the new laws were not compatible with the Danzig Constitution and forwarded its expert opinion to the League of Nations.

Grimm persecutes Herschel Grynszpan (from 1938)

Grynszpan after his arrest (press picture)

On November 7, 1938, Herschel Grynszpan fired several revolver shots on the German embassy attaché Ernst Eduard vom Rath in Paris . Outrage over vom Rath's death provided the immediate pretext for the November pogroms that began on the evening of November 9th. For Nazi propaganda vom Rath was “a new martyr of National Socialism”, a “hero of freedom” and a “new Wilhelm Gustloff case”. It was alleged that a Jewish world conspiracy caused the act. The Jewish world conspiracy steered Germany into the defeat of Versailles, enslaved Germany under the suzerainty of the Jews through the democratic system during the Weimar Republic, and with the murder started a war against Germany.

Goebbels planned to transform the trial in Paris into a show trial to confirm this anti-Semitic propaganda. Grimm was supposed to help him with that.
In the pending proceedings, Grimm took the form of a joint plaintiff for the vom Raths family, and actually represented the Nazi government with a propaganda mandate. He intended to use documents to prove the influence of a Jewish conspiracy that, in addition to a war against Germany, wanted to turn Germany and France into enemies. When it turned out during the examination of the evidence by the examining magistrate that Grynszpan was most likely a sole perpetrator who, in a situation of desperation, wanted to set an example against the massive persecution of his family and himself by the German authorities, Grimm tried to get the process started delay the process. Because even he had found nothing during his research in Poland and Germany, which supported the thesis of the accomplices in the background. The trial did not continue after the beginning of the war against France in 1940. Thanks to hidden interventions by Grimm from Switzerland, Grynszpan was not released from prison even after the beginning of the Second World War. In the autumn of 1939, Grimm was assigned to the German embassy in Bern as consul general in order to exert influence through contacts in France. There were conservative fascist currents in the French state system, particularly in the security apparatus, who sympathized with Germany and occasionally cooperated.

Grimm then came to Paris with the German troops as soon as Paris was taken in the wake of Otto Abetz . Together with a Gestapo unit that was part of the Secret Field Police, he immediately began investigations with the aim of getting Grynszpan into the power of German authorities and also getting hold of Grynszpan's alleged backers. Grynszpan, meanwhile deported to the south of France, was extradited from the unoccupied part of France to the German occupiers under pressure from Germany and secretly brought to a Gestapo prison in Berlin. “In Vichy,” said the historian Heiber, “in any case, a gentle wink from Professor Grimms, who had moved into Paris with the Abetz staff, was enough to give Grünspan just 'at the request' of the GFP [Secret Field Police] and without a demarche on a political level seems to have been necessary to 'transfer' to the demarcation line in mid-July. "

The case files had meanwhile been confiscated by the German Secret Field Police in Orleans, as Grimm noted in a "memorandum" in 1940. The seizure and search operations affected not only French official files, but all Jewish organizations and all law firms involved in Grynszpan. Grimm even appropriated the files of Grynszpan's defense attorney Vincent de Moro-Giafferi . In 1941 and 1942, with the leading participation of Grimm and Wolfgang Diewerge, the Propaganda Ministry then secretly planned a show trial before the People's Court . This should last 7 court days. All testimonies and details of the process had already been laid down in detail by Grimm and the trial preparation group, which also included the President of the People's Court Otto Thierack . The sentence should be on the death penalty. The aim was to prove in the process that a Jewish world conspiracy group was behind the act on vom Rath and that this Jewish world conspiracy group caused the beginning of the division between Germany and France and its neighbors and was thus to blame for the beginning of the Second World War. Despite the already set deadline, the process did not take place. This was partly because Herschel Grynszpan claimed shortly before the start of the trial that he had a homoerotic relationship with vom Rath and that his murder was an act of relationship. In addition, he threatened to question his extradition to Germany in front of the world public forum in the planned show trial. An extradition was still viewed by Grimm in 1939 as hopeless because it was illegal. After all, Grynszpan was Pole, only 17 years old at the time of the crime, and had committed his crime on French soil. This move by Grynszpan led the Propaganda Ministry and Hitler to fear that the planned Grynszpan trial, like the Reichstag fire trial, might have propaganda effects to the disadvantage of Germany. As a result, the trial was called off shortly before its start in July 1942. A French brochure about the Grynszpan affair published by Grimm under a pseudonym and in consultation with Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop was intended to explain the "beginning of the Jewish war" (Grimm) to the French people parallel to the trial and was published in Paris in 1942 without the trial taking place. Grimm's name and the fact that it was published on behalf of the occupying power were hidden in order to give the book the appearance of greater neutrality.

Grynszpan was transferred to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp and later murdered in German custody. It is not known exactly where and when he died.

When Friedrich Grimm was arrested by the occupying powers for his Nazi activities in 1947 in preparation for the Wilhelmstrasse Trial in Nuremberg over the Grynszpan affair by the former senior councilor in the Prussian Ministry of Justice and then prosecutor in the Nuremberg trials, Robert Kempner questioned, the following dialogue took place: Kempner asked u. a. what happened to Grynszpan after July 1940. Grimm replied that he did not know. Kempner reacted very excitedly, accused Grimm of cowardice and said that all Germans had known what happened to such assassins who fell into the hands of the Gestapo - including Grimm. Kempner accused him of lying and of having prepared a show trial with Grynszpan. Later, after the war, an inaccurate rumor had spread that Grynszpan was still alive. Grimm and his friends also participated in this rumor. In the biography of Friedrich Grimm published in 1961 : With an open visor: Aus d. Memories e. German lawyer pointed out that Grynszpan was released in 1945 and is still alive, but is hiding. In his treatise Political Justice: The Disease of Our Time , Grimm was not interested in the further fate of Grynszpan. He only boasted how his handling of the Grynszpans case had contributed to a factual trial. Political justice, however, are attempts to try Germans for proven war crimes or crimes against humanity.

Grimm's role in French politics until the war against France

France under German occupation on June 14, 1940. German soldiers dominate the streetscape in Paris

Otto Abetz , Grimm's boss in France

German soldiers hang up propaganda posters. The right poster informs about prisoners of war. Propaganda about the good treatment of prisoners of war was one of Grimm's interests

Grimm was ideologically and through his organizational tasks an important representative of the National Socialist French policy , the aim of which was the diplomatic, ideological, political and international legal revision of the Versailles Treaty. It was clear to the National Socialists - and Grimm as well - that this goal could only be achieved through a war against France. In order for Germany to be able to do this, Germany had to regain its political and military strength. Therefore, on the one hand, the National Socialist French policy had the goal of bringing about German rearmament without this being perceived as threatening in France. On the other hand, it was a matter of dividing French society, which at that time was already in a conflict between democratic and fascist movements.

This journalistic advertising France policy and simultaneous infiltration of France was mainly carried out by the Ribbentrop office, a rival organization to the Foreign Office (AA) approved by Hitler. Head of their France department was Otto Abetz . Grimm worked on this subsidiary foreign ministry as early as 1934, because at Ribbentrop's request he had begun to regularly write secret situation reports on French politics, insofar as they concerned German efforts to influence French politics - the so-called France reports.

For the new propaganda and infiltration tasks, Hitler had a " Franco-German Society " (DFG) founded in 1935 ; the forerunner company of the same name founded by Otto Grautoff during the Weimar period had already been banned in 1933. Grimm acted under Achim von Arnim as its executive vice-president until 1945, while Abetz was the managing director. The DFG was founded in the presence of the French ambassador André François-Poncet , Ribbentrops and the Foreign Minister Konstantin Freiherr von Neurath and Grimms at a ceremony in Mon Bijou Castle in Ludwigsburg . The DFG was intended to be an instrument of National Socialist foreign policy and was secretly financed by the German state.

Under the aegis of Abetz, the DFG published the "German-French monthly" (DFM). The bilingual magazine was mainly distributed in France. Grimm was one of its main authors. In the 1936 DFM March issue, Grimm justified the French invading the Rhineland and thus violating the Treaties of Versailles and Locarno as a logical consequence of the pact with the Soviet Union that France had ratified shortly before , which would have contradicted the spirit of Locarno.

At the same time as the DFG, the National Socialists in Paris in November 1935, at the instigation of Abetz and intermediaries, had the Comité-France-Allemagne (CFA) founded by mainly French citizens a month later. The French Foreign Ministry was obviously not aware of this background, as it supported the CFA with financial donations in the first few years. The first supporters of the CFA were war veterans who were particularly receptive to German protestations of peace. The first president was Commandant René Michel L'Hopital, an orderly officer of Marshal Foch , then after the Rhineland occupation in 1936, Georges Scapini . The general secretaries were the veteran representatives and frontline soldiers of the First World War Jean Goy and Henri Pichot, chairman of the largest front-line combatants and war victims association UF. Vice-presidents were Ernest Fourneau from the Pasteur Institute, Gustave Bonvoisin and Fernand de Brinon .

At the first public meeting on November 29, 1935, the Reich Sports Leader Hans von Tschammer und Osten , who had traveled by plane with Grimm, Abetz and others, handed over the German invitation to the Olympic Games to France. In 1937 the CFA held a bilateral debate The German-French Study Conference , at which Grimm also spoke. He portrayed National Socialism as an international peace factor that avoids any aggressive thinking and is committed to the principle of non-interference in the affairs of other countries.

Maintaining contact with the French right was an important part of Grimme's mandate, but he also met with other politicians, such as Prime Minister Camille Chautemps and many journalists in 1938 . Grimm was so much regarded as a specialist in France that he reported personally to Hitler about the situation in France during the “ Sitzkrieg ” in December 1939, whereby the French lack of enthusiasm for the war was of interest.

Grimm's role in occupied France

On June 14, 1940, before France surrendered, Grimm and the staff of the future ambassador Otto Abetz were set off from Berlin by plane to the field headquarters of the Foreign Minister in Belgium. In addition to Abetz and Grimm, the deputy ambassador-general Rudolf Schleier , previously NSDAP country leader France of the NSDAP foreign organization and also on the board of the DFG, Friedrich Sieburg , journalist, Karl Epting (head of the DAAD branch in Paris until 1939) and Ernst Achenbach belonged to the team which reached Paris in Wehrmacht vehicles on June 15, 1940. Achenbach held the rank of legation secretary and was the only trained diplomat in the group.

The ceasefire agreement was signed on June 22nd in the Compiegne Forest. On the French side, General Charles Huntziger attended, accompanied by several officers; on the German side, almost the entire leadership took place. Hitler, Goering, Ribbentrop, Hess, Keitel, Brauchitsch and Raeder as well as the new ambassador Otto Abetz , Grimm and others were present. Grimm, who by his own admission was still a private lawyer and only freelance at the Paris embassy, ​​had the rank of consul general in France.

Grimm was needed in French politics because he had good contacts with politicians willing to collaborate. However, he did not stay in France all the time, but came to France for special missions such as talks with politicians or for speeches. In relation to the Riom trial in particular , he played an important role in telling the Vichyists how to behave.

Grimm had the book of the co-founder of Action Francaise , the extremely anti-German historian and journalist Jacques Bainville , Conséquences politiques de la paix , Paris 1920, translated, provided it with a foreword and published it under the title France's War Aim of 1939. These positions were supported by the German propaganda in Germany and abroad used as a pretext for the revision of the Versailles Treaty. From this - and from the support of Poland - France's guilt for World War II was constructed. This book had a circulation of 120,000 copies. The propaganda intention of Grimm is also evident in his work France and the Corridor .

After the victorious war against France, Grimm was of the opinion that French politics until the war in 1939 were determined by Cardinal Richelieu's anti-German and bellicose ideas. Germany therefore had no choice but to defend itself against France. With this in mind, he wrote a booklet "The Testament of Richelieu", which was also published in French. It reached 150,000 printed copies by 1943. On the occasion of the opening of the German Institute in Dijon in 1941, Grimm called on the French, among other things, not to see Richelieu or Raymond Poincaré as great French, because they had always pursued anti-German policies, they should rather look to Otto von Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm II. take as a role model. On July 28, 1944, Grimm gave his last lecture in France in Nice.

After the German defeat in World War II, Grimm stylized himself, like many other Nazi politicians in France, to represent a policy of understanding with France in the 1930s and 1940s.

After the "collapse" in 1945

In May 1945 Grimm was captured by the French in the Black Forest and passed through several camps and prisons. For health reasons he was released and again on August 8, 1947 for 16 months. a. imprisoned in the witness prison of the Nuremberg trials . He was questioned in preparation for the Wilhelmstrasse trial .

The only denazification of Grimm was the indexing of two books as fascist or militaristic by the administration for popular education in the Soviet zone of occupation. From 1947, Grimm also denazified 'his' University of Münster. His denazification proceedings were negotiated in Freiburg, where his Münster service file was sent for assessment. He was legally represented by Wackernagel. The French minister Louis-Germain Martin , Heinrich Brüning and Konrad Adenauer issued Persil certificates for Grimm . During interrogations, Grimm withdrew from the point of view that he had never served the Third Reich, but also only acted as the legal representative of private individuals during the “Jewish trial” in Cairo, the trial for the murder of Gustloff and against Grynszpan.

Both in his writing and in his legal work the end of the war meant a significant decline. Instead of international trials, only smaller ones followed, the politically most important of which consisted of the defense or representation of former Nazi functionaries. Grimm's writings were now published by smaller right-wing extremist publishers and no longer, as was the case with Testament Richelieu (1943), by the largest German publishing house, Verlag F. Eher Nachf. , The central publishing house of the NSDAP. For the journalist Elke Mayer, Grimm is one of the most important authors of the Holocaust denial in the early Federal Republic, alongside Hans Grimm and Peter Kleist . In his book " Politische Justiz " (1953) he doubts the amount and accuracy of the information given by victims in concentration camps.

Grimm supported the establishment of the right-wing extremist magazine Nation und Europa .

Grimm changed the party book again and joined the German Reich Party , which was founded in 1950 and which became part of the NPD in 1964 . He received the title "Honorary President of the Federal Association of Former Internees and Denazification Victims ", a right-wing extremist organization banned in 1959.

During his lifetime, von Grimm published an autobiographical work about his work as a lawyer Political Justice, the Disease of Our Time: 40 Years of Service to Law - Experience and Knowledge (published 1953). After his death appeared with an open visor: Aus d. Memories e. German lawyer : edit as biography. by Hermann Schild (1961). Hermann Schild is the pseudonym of the well-known Nazi propagandist and Holocaust denier Helmut Sündermann . Grimm also published under the pseudonym Accursius or Pierre Dumoulin.

General amnesty and legal representation of Nazi functionaries

In 1949 he worked again as a lawyer. Together with the lawyer Ernst Achenbach - whom he knew from the German Embassy in Paris - he was an influential advocate of a general amnesty for Nazi criminals. In 1952, Achenbach founded a “preparatory committee for bringing about the general amnesty” in Essen, which Grimm also belonged to. Grimm worked out a memorandum in which he demanded, among other things, that a general amnesty for Nazi perpetrators "must be as total and radical as the war was total". Excerpts from this memorandum including critical comments were published in Mannheimer Morgen on December 16, 1950 . One of Grimm's arguments was that, since the Peace of Westphalia, " it has been the principle of international law that after a war a line must be drawn under all things connected with it". "The inner pacification of the peoples is namely a higher legal value than the atonement". In the opinion of the historian Andreas Eichmüller, this comparison stands on feet of clay . On the one hand, this principle would no longer apply after the First World War. Second, the idea of ​​amnesty was always about acts of war, but never about genocide, like the extermination of the Jews.

In July 1952, however, the American High Commissioner John McCloy strongly opposed a general amnesty. The German Bundestag rejected the amnesty in September 1952, but spoke out in favor of benevolent judgment practice in the joint review committees for war criminals' judgments run with the Americans, so that these passed over to extensive pardons. Best and Achenbach could rate this as a partial success of their work.

On June 2, 1954, Grimm joined a plea for clemency for Lieutenant Alfred Schniering , who was jointly responsible for the murder of six politically unpopular people on March 21, 1945 . Schniering, born in Essen in 1911, had been a member of the NSDAP since 1929 and had made a career in the Third Reich. Under his orders, on March 21, 1945, Nazi opponents who were forced to do entrenchment work and a suspected deserter from Oppenheim and Nierstein were shot at the last moment of the war. These murders are as a grain of sand crimes to Endphaseverbrechen expected. On the same day Nierstein surrendered and American soldiers reached Oppenheim.

Fritz Kiehn

He defended the former military commander in Belgium and northern France Alexander von Falkenhausen in Belgium, who u. a. was charged with the deportation of Jews and the work of the civilian population. In 1954, Grimm defended the former Nazi functionary, parliamentary group colleague and entrepreneur Fritz Kiehn in a trial because of a false statement by the court. Grimm tried to stylize Kiehn as a victim of political justice.

The former Goebbels State Secretary and FDP politician Werner Naumann was also represented by him in 1953 after an attempt to found a Gauleiter FDP and the subsequent arrest.

The organizers and perpetrators of the murders of SA leaders in the context of the so-called " Röhm Putsch " were investigated in the early Federal Republic. Grimm helped Werner Best , Josef Dietrich and Carl Oberg , who were accused in Munich in 1957 , with legal opinions. Best maintained an unofficial "subsidiary office" in the law firm of his defense lawyer, Achenbach, from which he operated past political lobbying. Best's official employer was Hugo Stinnes, a Grimms client from the 1920s. Another of Grimm's clients from this time, the murderer Paul Schulz , was almost murdered in the Röhm Putsch, and Grimm had successfully intervened with Hitler against the murder. So Grimm protected the perpetrators and a victim of the same murder complex with a few years' distance.

Grimm's influence on the FDP in NRW (Naumann district)

The general amnesty movement supported by Grimm had a considerable personal and ideological overlap with the "National Collection" of the North Rhine-Westphalian FDP "and the" Naumann Circle ", an attempt from 1951 to redesign the FDP. Grimm was one of the initiators here: In 1951 he introduced Diewerge to Achenbach, now the FDP's foreign policy spokesman. On Achenbach's recommendation, Diewerge obtained the position of personal secretary to the North Rhine-Westphalian FDP state chairman Friedrich Middelhauve . This personnel decision was not an isolated case, but part of Middelhauve's attempt to establish a “national collection” to the right of the CDU and the SPD, which in particular should also include Nazi officials. According to Middelhauve's later statements, she was made in full knowledge of Diewerges' activities during the National Socialist period; The decisive factor was his “professional qualification”. Two personal "nodes" of the National Socialist network in the NRW-FDP and its environment can be identified: on the one hand the Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda with Diewerge, Carl Albert Drewitz , Hans Fritzsche , Grimm, Herbert Lucht , Naumann, on the other hand the former German embassy and their environment with Achenbach, Best, Grimm, Diewerge.

Middelhauve relied on a past politics inspired by Grimm and propagated by Achenbach, which called for a general amnesty with the “pseudo-juristic statements” ( Marie-Luise Recker ) Grimms as “particularly liberal” . The FDP in turn was able to advertise Grimm's fame and reputation in national-conservative circles. Middelhauve's “German Program” of the FDP culminated in the demand for general amnesty for Nazi perpetrators as a “noblest concern”.

Grimm provided support for the arrested by belatedly stylizing Naumann as a “martyr” in 1957 and describing the trial in a book. This book is also considered a "milestone in the Holocaust denial in Germany"

death

Grimm died on May 16, 1959 in Freiburg im Breisgau.

Grimm's work: Holocaust denial, anti-Semitism, falsification of history and right-wing extremist reception

The many mostly openly propagandistic or apologetic articles, brochures and books created by Grimm are above all well suited to examine his ideological point of view Secondary literature can be used. A comprehensive, serious biography of Grimm is missing up to now, apart from smaller entries in lexicons and anthologies (see literature). Today, Grimm is only received with approval by right-wing extremists and Holocaust deniers. His anti-Semitism only reflects the expected topoi represented in NS .

Twists and omissions

Grimm's presentation is not only selective in its presentation and distorted in its evaluation, as is to be expected for propaganda works, shaped by phantasms of Nazi ideology such as the “Jewish world conspiracy” or the “Jewish war against Germany”, but often with facts themselves unreliable where it is not about National Socialist commissioned work.

For example, he devoted himself to political justice. The Illness of Our Time (1953) “In memory of my esteemed teacher, Prof. Dr. Franz von Liszt, Berlin ”. Franz von Liszt , who lived between 1851 and 1919, was one of the most famous professors for criminal law and international law in Germany. During his wandering years, Grimm only studied one semester in Berlin, where Liszt taught. Von Liszt was a liberal democrat and supporter of the rule of law. Grimm, on the other hand, was an opponent of the rule of law and a proponent of violence. For example, Grimm justified political murder - such as the murders on June 30, 1934  - on the part of the National Socialists with the sentence: "It is the responsibility of the state to eradicate political pests." In terms of foreign policy, Grimm called for a war against France and the recapture of the parts of the country ceded to Poland. This included the fact that Grimm welcomed Germany's withdrawal from the League of Nations on October 14, 1933. By contrast, von Liszt advocated a peaceful settlement of disputes between peoples. He had called for the founding of this League of Nations, which came into being after his death, in order to have a means at hand to settle differences between peoples peacefully.

Reception with right-wing extremists and Holocaust deniers

The former Oradour Post Office , 2004

American Senator Alben W. Barkley Visits Buchenwald Concentration Camp (April 24, 1945)

A quote from Grimm plays a special role in right-wing extremist publications and on the Internet, as it portrays Nazi crimes as atrocity propaganda by the occupying powers. The quote is from Political Justice. The Disease of Our Time (1953). There is an alleged conversation that Grimm claims to have had in captivity:

“'I see, I came across an expert. Now I also want to say who I am. I am not a university professor. I'm from the headquarters you mentioned. For months I have been doing what you have correctly described: atrocity propaganda - and with that we have won the total victory. ' I replied, 'I know, and now you have to stop!' He replied: 'No, now we're just getting started! We will continue this atrocity propaganda, we will increase it, until no one will accept a good word from the Germans anymore, until everything that you have had sympathy in other countries will be destroyed, and until the Germans themselves are so confused, that they no longer know what they are doing! '"

There is no objective source for the conversation, so that Grimm's account remains without a verifiable basis and thus historically worthless. In right-wing extremist texts, Denis Sefton Delmer is often mentioned as an interlocutor with Grimms. Even in his posthumously published autobiography With an Open Visor (1961), Grimm himself does not identify his interlocutor. His interlocutor there is not a representative of the British authorities like Delmer was, but a Frenchman: “I'm not a professor from Montpellier at all. I'm from the Contre-espionnage-Bureau. ”This means that this quote, which is popular with right-wing extremists, is not only historically worthless, but is often used in a distorting or falsified context.

Today's use of quotations and incorrect contextualization probably has its origin in a text montage that the Holocaust denier Udo Walendy made in 1976 in: Methods of Re-education . With the source "Udo Walendy's: The Methods of Reeducation" the quotation can be found in translation on several relevant English-language websites.

Examples of the use of the quotation with Delmer as Grimm's interlocutor are Hellmut Diwald's book Deutschland einig Vaterland . (1990) or Emil Schlees A War Guilt Question Documentation on World War II from 2004. Without the addition Delmer, Steffen Werner used it in 1995 in right-wing extremist state letters . The Junge Freiheit devoted Grimm on 20 October 2006 a lengthy article that breaks the quote. The right-wing extremist Wolfgang Juchem also paraphrases Grimm's allegation of atrocity propaganda in his brochure: “Truth and law against lies and agitation. Germany's fate from a German perspective ”(5th edition 2001). The quote with Delmer or references to it was also found in numerous materials of the party The Republicans .

In another in the Federal Republic as inciting banned literature there is Grimm, for example in Thies Christopherson's book "The Auschwitz Lie " (1974), which contains, among other things, a two-page text Grimm titled "horror propaganda against Germany," which includes the quote. Even Joachim Nolywaikas relates in his book "The winners in the shadow of her guilt - right to truth and justice for Germany" (1994) on Grimm. In Ingrid Weckert's book “Fire Signs - Die 'Reichskristallnacht', which is also forbidden to hate the people . Instigator and Arsonist - Victims and Beneficiaries ”(1981) lets Grimm appear as serious contemporary witnesses for the prehistory of the November pogroms of 1938. In 2015, the quote with the wrong name Delmer was used several times in the Islam hater blog Politically Incorrect and it was combined with the term “ lying press” on right-wing extremist and holocaust-denying websites. In the context of the quote, Grimm resorted to the strategy developed by German propaganda during the First World War to dismiss German war crimes as inventions of the foreign “lying press”.

“After the First World War I read all of your experts' publications on this matter, the writings of the Northcliff office , the book by French Finance Minister Klotz , From War to Peace, in which he describes how the fairy tale of the severed hands of children was invented and which One took advantage of it, the educational pamphlets of the magazine Crapouillot, which compares the atrocity propaganda of 1870 with that of 1914/1918, and finally the classic book by Ponsonby : 'The lie in the war'. It reveals that in the previous war they already had magazines in which artificial heaps of corpses were assembled by photomontage with dolls. "

This use of the first quote for atrocity propaganda cuts Grimm's text bite-sized for revisionists , regardless of the source problem and the manipulation of the context . Shortly before the text passage, which mainly described pictures of mountains of corpses as a propaganda technique, Grimm confirmed that he considered the Oradour massacre and the crimes in Buchenwald concentration camp to be genuine and punishable, although he had general doubts.

Grimms “Political Justice. According to information on right-wing extremist websites in 1998, the disease of our time ”itself was indexed as seditious and is available there as full text. In contrast, the work cannot be found in the directory of the Federal Testing Office for Writings Harmful to Young People , which lists indexed literature.

Selected Works

• The Mainz court martial against the Rhenish-Westphalian mine representatives Fritz Thyssen, Gen. Dir. Kesten, Gen. Dir. Wüstenhöfer, Gen. Dir. Tengelmann, Bergassessor Olfe, Gen. Dir. Spindler . Berlin 1923.
• A. Finger, Friedrich Grimm, Johannes Nagler, F. Oetker: The Krupp process. from Stuttgart 1923.
• The Rouzier Trial - An indictment against the injustice of the occupation , processed on the basis of the trial files, with an introduction by Friedrich Grimm. K. & A. Kaußler, Landau , and Otto Stollberg, Berlin 1927.
  • Le procès Rouzier devant le conseil de guerre de Landau: éxposé de la défense allemande . K. & A. Kaußler, Landau 1927 (French-language edition)
• Lieutenant Schulz. Femeprocesses and the Black Reichswehr . JF Lehmanns, Munich 1929.
• From the Ruhr War to the Evacuation of the Rhineland: Memories of a German Defense Counsel before French and Belgian Courts of War. Hanseatic Publishing House, 1930.
• France on the Rhine: Occupation of the Rhineland and separatism in the light of historical French policy on the Rhine . Hanseatic Publishing House, 1931.
• The German no: No more reparations! One last appeal . Hanseatic. Verlag Anst., 1932.
• Imperial Reform and Foreign Policy . Hamburg 1933.
• The Franco-German relationship from Versailles to the present day. Lohse, Wilhelmshaven 1933.
• Foreword to The Reichstag Fire Trial . Ullstein, Berlin 1934. The book is a quasi-state publication.
• Hitler's German broadcast . ES Mittler & Sohn, 1934. Second edition. With changed subtitle: Hitler's German program: Austria returns home . Mittler, Berlin 1938.
  • La Mission allemande d'Hitler . Mittler, Berlin 1934.
• France on the Saar: The struggle for the Saar in the light of the historical French policy on the Rhine . Hanseatic Publishing House, Hamburg 1934.
• Alfons Sack : The Reichstag Fire Trial, Vorw. Friedrich Grimm. Ullstein, Berlin 1934
• We are in the right !: Germany's struggle for freedom of defense and equality . Junker and Dünnhaupt, 1935.
• The Gustloff case before the cantonal court in Chur . Closing remarks by the German legal representation, spoken on December 12, 1936 on behalf of the plaintiff, Ms. Wilhelm Gustloff. Essen 1936.
• The historical foundations of our relations with France . Junker and Dünnhaupt , Berlin 1938.
• Versailles in liquidation. Terramare Office Berlin, 1938.
• Political murder and hero worship . German legal publisher, Berlin 1938.
• (as Frédéric Grimm) Hitler et la France. Préface Joachim von Ribbentrop . Plon, Paris 1938.
• France and the corridor. Hanseatic Publishing House, 1939.
• Jacques Bainville: History of two peoples: France's struggle against German unity. Edited and introduction by Friedrich Grimm. Hanseatic. Verlag Anst., Hamburg 1939.
• Poincaré on the Rhine. Junker & Dünnhaupt, Berlin 1940.
• The new war guilt lie . Junker & Dünnhaupt, Berlin 1940.
• The French Yellow Book: A Self-Accusation . German Verlag, Berlin 1940. - About France's guilt in the Second World War.
  • Le Livre jaune français accuse ses auteurs . German Information point, Berlin 1940.
• Le Testament politique de Richelieu ; Frederic Grimm, foreword by Fernand de Brinon . Flammario, Paris 1941.
  • You Testament de Richelieu à Jacques Bainville . Montreux 1941.
• Otto Rippel: The Becoming of the British Empire: An Indictment Against England . Vorw. Friedrich Grimm. West German Verlagsges., Leipzig 1941.
• Richelieu's will . Rather publisher, Berlin 1942.
• The verdigris process . F. Willmy, Nuremberg 1942.
• Pseudonym Pierre Dumoulin: L'affaire Grynspan, un attentat contre France . Éditions Jean-Renard, Paris 1942. The public should not notice the authorship of Grimm and the Nazi occupation authorities.
• General amnesty as a postulate of international law: Lecture [on February 12, 1951 in Düsseldorf] Westdeutscher Verlag (publisher: Friedrich Middelhauve ), 1951.
• Political justice the disease of our time. Bonn 1953 (new edition Waldemar Schütz , Preussisch Oldendorf 1974).
• The Kiehn case. A political process . hdgbw.de.
• But now, no more vengeance and retribution! Goettingen 1957.
• Injustice in the rule of law: facts and documents on political justice, presented in the Naumann case . Publisher of the Deutsche Hochschullehrer-Zeitung , 1957.
• Two books that appeared under his name after Grimm's death: With an Open Visor and the Reports on France are not listed here, but under literature, as they were processed by third parties without further evidence or evidence.

literature

• Richard Bracht: Essen heads. Who was what Essen 1985, ISBN 3-87034-037-1 .
• Sebastian Felz: In the spirit of truth? Between science and politics: The Münster jurists from the Weimar Republic to the early Federal Republic. In: Hans-Ulrich Thamer , Daniel Droste, Sabine Happ (eds.): The University of Münster in National Socialism: Continuities and breaks between 1920 and 1960. (= publications of the Münster University Archives . Volume 5). Aschendorff, Münster 2012, Volume 1, pp. 347-412.
• Norbert Frei : Politics of the past. The beginnings of the Federal Republic and the Nazi past . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag , Munich 1999 (2nd edition 2002), ISBN 3-423-30720-X .
• Armin Fuhrer: Death in Davos. David Frankfurter and the assassination attempt on Wilhelm Gustloff . Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-86331-069-1 .
• Friedrich Karl Kaul : The Fall of Herschel Grynszpan . Academy, Berlin (GDR) 1965.
• Ernst Klee : The dictionary of persons on the Third Reich . 2nd, revised edition. Frankfurt 2003, ISBN 3-10-039309-0 , p. 200 f.
• Angelika Königseder: Law and National Socialist Rule: Berlin Lawyers 1933–1945 . Bonn 2001, ISBN 3-8240-0528-X .
• Wolfgang Kowalsky: Cultural Revolution? The new right in the new France and its predecessors . Opladen 1991, ISBN 3-8100-0914-8 .
• Elke Mayer: A falsified past. On the emergence of Holocaust denial in the Federal Republic of Germany with special consideration of right-wing extremist journalism from 1945 to 1970. Peter Lang, Frankfurt 2003, ISBN 3-631-39732-1 .
• Armin Mohler , Karlheinz Weissmann : The Conservative Revolution in Germany 1918–1932. A manual. 6., completely redesigned. and exp. Edition. Graz 2005.
• Roland Ray: Approaching France in the Service of Hitler? Otto Abetz and the German policy on France 1930–1942. Munich 2000, ISBN 3-486-56495-1 .
• Heinrich Senfft: Judges and other citizens. 150 years of political justice and new German rule politics . Greno, Nördlingen 1988, ISBN 3-89190-957-8 .
• Lieselotte Steveling: Lawyers in Münster . A contribution to the history of the law and political science faculty of the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster / Westf. LIT Verlag, Münster 1999.
• Hermann Weiß (Ed.): Biographical Lexicon for the Third Reich . Frankfurt 2002, ISBN 3-596-13086-7 .

Under the name "Grimm" post mortem by sympathizers ed. and edit Texts whose authorship is unclear

• "Friedrich Grimm": With an open visor: From the memoirs of a German lawyer . Edit as biography. by Hermann Schild, Druffel , Leoni 1961.
• "Friedrich Grimm": France reports 1934 to 1944. ed. from the circle of his friends, Hohenstaufen Verlag , Bodman 1972.

estate

• In the Federal Archives Koblenz, NL 120 Friedrich Grimm. nachlassdatenbank.de

Web links

• Literature by and about Friedrich Grimm in the catalog of the German National Library
• Works by and about Friedrich Grimm  in the German Digital Library
• Friedrich Grimm in the database of members of the Reichstag
• anwaltsgeschichte.de
• Newspaper article about Friedrich Grimm in the press kit of the 20th century of the ZBW - Leibniz Information Center for Economics .

References and comments

1. ↑ Grimm: With an open visor . 1961, p. 10.
2. ↑ Completely uncritical article: Fine is enough . In: Der Spiegel . No. 3 , 1954, pp. 11 ( online ). Grimm: With an open visor . 1961, pp. 10 and 37.
   
3. ↑ Grimm: With an open visor . 1961, p. 14.
4. ↑ Grimm: Political Justice . 1953, p. 24.
5. ^ Lieselotte Steveling: Juristen in Münster - a contribution to the history of the law and political science faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelms University Münster / Westf. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster 1999, p. 182, books.google.de
6. ^ Lieselotte Steveling: Juristen in Münster - a contribution to the history of the law and political science faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelms University Münster / Westf. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster 1999 books.google.de
7. ↑ anwaltsgeschichte.de
8. ^ Otto Kirchheimer: Political Justice . Frankfurt am Main 1985, p. 162.
9. ↑ (see section works in this article)
10. ↑ Grimm: With an open visor . 1961, pp. 31-36.
11. ↑ Grimm: With an open visor . 1961, p. 42.
12. ↑ bundesarchiv.de
13. ↑ Anwalts Kriminalmagazin 1931, issue 3 printed in Verein Anwaltsgeschichte EV in www.anwaltsgeschichte.de anwaltsgeschichte.de
14. ^ German Reichstag, electoral period after d. Jan. 30, 1933, vol .: 1938, Berlin 1938 / negotiations of the Reichstag, stenographic reports (1919–1939), digital library of the Bavarian State Library
15. ↑ Archival document Uni Marburg Best. 305a No. 48 and uni-marburg.de
16. ↑ graeberspindler.de
17. ↑ Senfft 1988, p. 139f.
18. ↑ Senfft 1988, p. 140, on Eckermann and the act, see also the Social Democratic Press Service of September 28, 1929 (PDF; 3.2 MB)
19. ^ Bernhard Sauer: Black Reichswehr and Fememorde. A milieu study on right-wing radicalism in the Weimar Republic. Metropol-Verlag, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-936411-06-9 , pp. 281-287.
20. ↑ Senfft 1988, p. 141.
21. ↑ Grimm: With an open visor . 1961, p. 116f.
22. ↑ Grimm: With an open visor . 1961, p. 103.
23. ↑ Thomas Neumann (ed.): Sources for the history of Thuringia. Culture in Thuringia 1919–1949. State Center for Political Education Thuringia 1998, ISBN 3-931426-23-8 , p. 132 thueringen.de (PDF; 1.1 MB)
24. ↑ s. Tillman Krach in Forum Anwaltgeschichte - in more detail also Tillmann Krach: Jewish Lawyers in Prussia . 1991, pp. 282f. and also Grimm: With an open visor . 1961, p. 127f.
25. ^ After: Josef Wulf: Culture in the Third Reich Press and Funk . Frankfurt am Main / Berlin 1989, p. 102.
26. ^ Emil Ludwig: The murder in Davos . Amsterdam 1936, Querido Verlag
27. ↑ Grimm: Political murder and hero worship . 1938, p. 41.
28. ^ Political Justice the Disease of Our Time . Bonn 1953, p. 107.
29. ↑ Grimm: Political murder and hero worship . 1938, p. 18f.
30. ^ According to Angelika Königseder: Law and National Socialist Rule: Berlin Lawyers 1933–1945 . Bonn 2001, ISBN 3-8240-0528-X , pp. 153f.
31. ↑ Example: Grimm: With the visor open . 1961, p. 273.
32. ^ Peter Hubert: Uniformed Reichstag. The history of the pseudo-popular representation 1933–1945 . Droste Verlag, Düsseldorf 1992, ISBN 3-7700-5167-X . P. 73.
33. ↑ "He reports from Paris" noted Goebbels in his diary. Reuth (Ed.): Goebbels Diaries. Volume 2, pp. 681f. Piper 1992.
34. ^ Peter Hubert: Uniformed Reichstag. The history of the pseudo-popular representation 1933–1945. Droste, Düsseldorf 1992, ISBN 3-7700-5167-X , p. 73.
35. ^ Grimm: Hitler's German broadcast . 1934, pp. 5-6, cit. after: Léon Poliakov, Josef Wulf: The Third Reich and its thinkers . Berlin 1959, p. 53.
36. ^ Tilman Krach: Jewish lawyers in Prussia . Munich 1991, p. 156.
37. ↑ Grimm: Political murder and hero worship . 1938, p. 32.
38. ↑ ^{a b} Grimm: Political murder and hero worship . 1938, p. 37.
39. ↑ Grimm: With an open visor . 1961, p. 170.
40. ^ Lieselotte Steveling: Juristen in Münster - a contribution to the history of the law and political science faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelms University Münster / Westf. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster 1999, p. 462 books.google.de
41. ↑ Article: Kurt Wagner
42. ^ Hans-Adolf Jacobsen: National Socialist Foreign Policy: 1933–1938. Frankfurt am Main 1968, p. 668 f.
43. ^ Helmut Heiber: files of the party chancellery of the NSDAP. books.google.de p. 16260.
44. ↑ Grimm: With an open visor . 1961, p. 146. Lothar Gruchmann: Justice in the Third Reich 1933–1940: Adaptation and submission in the Gürtner era . Munich 2001, p. 829f.
45. ↑ s. Grimm: With an open visor, p. 151.
46. ↑ ^{a b c} Friedrich Karl Kaul: The case of Herschel Grynszpan . Akademieverlag, Berlin (GDR) 1965, p. 47.
47. ^ Gudrun Krämer: The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914–1952 . IB Tauris, 1989, pp. 131f.
48. ↑ ^{a b} Grimm: Political Justice . 1953, pp. 103f.
49. ↑ Mahmoud Kassim: The diplomatic relations of Germany to Egypt, 1919-1936 . LIT Verlag, Berlin / Hamburg / Münster 2000, ISBN 3-8258-5168-0 , books.google.de
50. ↑ Malte Gebert: Cairo Jewish Trial (1933/34). In: Handbook of Antisemitism. de Gruyter Saur, Berlin / New York 2011, pp. 214f.
51. ↑ Wolfgang Diewerge: As a special reporter on the Cairo Jewish Trial , Munich 1934. Grimm: “The Kairoprocess” in the Deutsche Juristen-Zeitung (1934) 4, pp. 238–243; see also Grimm: With an open visor, p. 151. geschichte-transnational.clio-online.net . Furthermore, Grimm, The Jewish Trial of Cairo, in the collective work: Hans Krebs (Hrsg.): Die Weltfront. Voices on the Jewish question, episode 1. Nibelungen, Berlin / Leipzig 1935.
52. ↑ Grimm: With an open visor . 1961, p. 165f.
53. ↑ Senfft 1988, p. 140.
54. ^ Carl von Ossietzky: The Femeprocess. In: The world stage. December 27, 1927, based on Carl von Ossietzky: Accountability. Journalism from the years 1913–1933. Fischertaschenbuch 1972, pp. 87-92.
55. ^ Jost Nikolaus Willi: The Jacob - Wesemann case (1935/1936). A contribution to the history of Switzerland in the interwar period . Frankfurt 1972, p. 243.
56. ↑ Werner Rings: Switzerland at War: 1933-1945: a report . Zurich 1974, p. 72. Grimm: Political Justice. P. 105 ff.
57. ↑ Grimm: With an open visor . 1961, p. 160f.
58. ↑ Grimm: Political Justice . 1953, p. 110.
59. ↑ Decision of the Permanent International Court of Justice in the Danzig case 1935/1936 on the website of the International Court of Justice at icj-cij.org ( Memento of December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 1.5 MB)
60. ^ In the rulings of the International Permanent Court of Justice A / B 65 Danzig legislative decrees p. 57. ( Memento of December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 1.5 MB)
61. ↑ Karol Jonca: The radicalization of anti-Semitism: The Herschel Grynszpan case and the "Reichskristallnacht". In: Germany between war and peace, contributions to politics and culture in the 20th century. Federal Agency for Political Education , Bonn 1990, p. 51.
62. ^ Goebbels diary entry from November 15, 1938. Reuth (Ed.): Goebbels diaries . Volume 3, p. 1285. Piper 1992.
63. ↑ Gerald Schwab: The Day The Holocaust began: The Odyssey of Herschel Grynszpan . New York 1990, pp. 124f.
64. ↑ Heiber, p. 146.
65. ↑ Grimm: Memorandum on the files confiscated in Paris in June-July 1940 by the German Secret Field Police in the Grünspan case. Microfilm is located in the Hoover Institution Library, Stanford University, Stanford, California. roizen.com Information on this also in Helmut Heiber: The Grünspan case. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. Issue 2 1957, pp. 134–172 ifz-muenchen.de (PDF; 4.6 MB)
66. ↑ s. Friedrich Karl Kaul: The Fall of Herschel Grynszpan. Akademieverlag Berlin (East) 1965, p. 59.
67. ↑ Helmut Heiber: The Grünspan case . (PDF; 4.6 MB). In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. Volume 2, 1957, pp. 134-172. Ron Roizen: Herschel Grynszpan: the fate of a forgotten assassin in Holocaust_and_Genocide_Studies, Vol 1 No 2, 1986, ed. from The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, roizen.com . In his diary, Goebbels describes the problems involved in preparing the process. Entries from April 3, 1942 and April 5, 1942. Reuth (Hrsg.): Goebbels Tagebücher . Volume 5, Piper 1992, pp. 1777-1779.
68. ^ Contemporary publications by Grimm on the process: The Grünspan process . F. Willmy, Nuremberg 1942 and under the pseudonym "Pierre Dumoulin": L'affaire Grynspan, un attentat contre France . Editions Jean-Renard, Paris 1942. Same information from Helmut Heiber: The Grünspan case. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. Issue 2 1957, pp. 154–172 ifz-muenchen.de (PDF; 4.6 MB) Heiber also describes the delays in printing.
69. ↑ Among other things: Hans-Jürgen Döscher: “Reichskristallnacht”: the November pogroms 1938. 3rd edition. Munich 2000, ISBN 3-612-26753-1 ; arl Jonca: The radicalization of anti-Semitism: The Herschel Grynszpan case and the “Reichskristallnacht”. In: Karl-Dietrich Bracher , Manfred Funke, Hans-Peter Schwarz (eds.): Germany between war and peace . Contributions to politics and culture in the 20th century. Federal Agency for Civic Education 1990, p. 43. Ron Roizen: Herschel Grynszpan: the fate of a forgotten assassin in Holocaust_and_Genocide_Studies, Vol 1 No 2, 1986, ed. from The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, roizen.com .
70. ↑ ^{a b} Friedrich Grimm: With an open visor: From d. Memories e. German lawyer . Edit as biography. by Hermann Schild (d. i. Helmut Sündermann), Druffel Verlag, Leoni am Starnberger See 1961, p. 264.
71. ↑ Friedrich Grimm: With an open visor: From d. Memories e. German lawyer . Edit as biography. by Hermann Schild (d. i. Helmut Sündermann), Druffel Verlag, Leoni am Starnberger See 1961, p. 195.
72. ↑ s. the literature section
73. ↑ Daniel, Krumeich, Anklam, Lindner-Wirschingt, Mehrkens, Schröder: France and Germany at War (18th – 20th Century): On the cultural history of European “hereditary enmity” . ( Memento from January 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF) Institute for Historical Seminar, 2004, Digital Library, Braunschweig 2006, p. 60. See also: Comité France – Allemagne in the French-language Wikipedia
74. ^ Roland Ray: Approaching France in the service of Hitler? - Otto Abetz and the German French Policy, 1930–1942 . Munich 2000, p. 177ff.
75. ^ Roland Ray: Approaching France in the service of Hitler? - Otto Abetz and the German French Policy, 1930–1942 . Munich 2000, p. 183f.
76. ^ Roland Ray: Approaching France in the Service of Hitler? - Otto Abetz and the German French Policy. 1930–1942, Munich, pp. 284ff.
77. ^ S. Eberhard Jäckel : France in Hitler's Europe: the German French policy in World War II , Stuttgart 1966, p. 38.
78. ↑ Grimm: With an open visor. P. 205.
79. ^ Reports on France. 1934 to 1944 , ed. from the circle of his friends. Bodman 1972, p. 141.
80. ^ Friedrich Grimm: France and the corridor . Hanseatic. Verlag Anst., Hamburg 1939.
81. ↑ Eckard Michels : The German Institute in Paris 1940–1944 - a contribution to Franco-German cultural relations and to the foreign cultural policy of the Third Reich . Franz Steiner Verlag, 1993, p. 204.
82. ↑ Grimm: With an open visor. P. 238.
83. ↑ Eckard Michels: The German Institute in Paris 1940-1944. A contribution to the German-French cultural relations and the foreign cultural policy of the Third Reich. Franz Steiner, 1993, p. 9.
84. ↑ Grimm: With an open visor. 1961, pp. 238, 261, 264.
85. ^ Serious source: polunbi.de , on revisionist websites and corresponding publications there are tendentious representations.
86. ^ Lieselotte Steveling: Jurists in Münster: A contribution to the history of the law and political science faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelms University of Münster / Westphalia . LIT Verlag Münster 1999, p. 574.
87. ↑ ^{a b} Grimm: With an open visor . 1961, p. 260.
88. ↑ Elke Mayer: Falsified past . Frankfurt 2003, pp. 183-189.
89. ↑ Dirk van Laak : Conversations in the security of silence: Carl Schmitt in the political intellectual history of the early Federal Republic . Akademie Verlag 2002, p. 102.
90. ↑ Brandenburg Constitutional Protection : Forbidden right-wing extremist organizations (From 1951 to July 2014)
91. ↑ Compare the information in the catalog of the German National Library
92. ^ ^{A b} General amnesty: Grandmother's principles . In: Der Spiegel . No. 52 , 1959, pp. 24 ( online ).
93. ↑ Quotation and dates from Norbert Frei : Past Policy. P. 209.
94. ^ Andreas Eichmüller: No general amnesty - the criminal prosecution of Nazi crimes in the early Federal Republic . Oldenbourg, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-486-70412-9 , pp. 106ff.
95. ↑ Ulrich Herbert: Best. Biographical studies on radicalism, worldview and reason. 1903-1989. 3. Edition. Dietz, Bonn 1996, p. 460. See also Norbert Frei : Past policy in the fifties. In: Wilfried Loth , Bernd-A. Rusinek (Hrsg.): Transformation policy, Nazi elites in West German post-war society . Campus Verlag, Frankfurt / New York 1998, ISBN 3-593-35994-4 , p. 87.
96. ↑ Winfried Seibert: The grain sand crime and the justice. In: Festschrift for Sigmar-Jürgen Samwer. CH Beck, 2008. hans-dieter-arntz.de
97. ↑ Subpage die Tat kornsandverbrechen.de
98. ↑ Inventory overview of the federal archive on Belgian processes: Falkenhausen process All Proz 4 bundesarchiv.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
99. ^ Announcements of several lectures by the House of the History of Baden-Württemberg on the Kiehn case hdgbw.de ( Memento from August 19, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
100. ↑ Completely uncritical article: Fine is enough . In: Der Spiegel . No. 3 , 1954, pp. 11 ( online ). Somewhat better about the Naumann Affaire Spiegel Online ( memento from October 21, 2003 in the Internet Archive ) 2003, as well as Norbert Frei: Past Politics. Pp. 379-383.
101. ^ Bernhard Brunner: The France Complex: The National Socialist Crimes in France and the Justice of the Federal Republic of Germany . Wallstein, Göttingen 2004, books.google.de p. 198.
102. ^ Bernhard Brunner: The France Complex: The National Socialist Crimes in France and the Justice of the Federal Republic of Germany . Wallstein Verlag, 2004, books.google.de p. 198.
103. ↑ Grimm describes this in Political Justice. P. 96ff.
104. ↑ See Buchna 2010, especially the chapters The North Rhine-Westphalian FDP on the Way to the National Collection and National Collection in Practice. Pp. 35-126. See also Jörg Friedrich : The cold amnesty. Nazi perpetrators in the Federal Republic . Piper, Munich 1994, pp. 317-333.
105. ↑ Buchna 2010, pp. 82 and 85.
106. ^ ^{A b} Marie-Luise Recker: The foreign policy of the Third Reich . 2nd edition expanded to include a supplement. 2010 R. Oldenbourg Verlag… Chapter: Back Matter. Approaching France in the service of Hitler? oldenbourg-link.com ( Memento from September 8, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
107. ^ Rainer Blasius: Nazi Liberals. Ragman from Opladen. Friedrich Middelhauve lured old Nazis into the North Rhine-Westphalian FDP . In: FAZ , February 23, 2011.
108. ↑ Grimm, Friedrich, Injustice in the Rule of Law. Facts and documents on political justice presented in the Naumann case, Tübingen 1957.
109. ↑ Mayer, Elke, Falsified Past. On the emergence of Holocaust denial in the Federal Republic of Germany with special consideration of right-wing extremist journalism from 1945 to 1970, Frankfurt am Main 2003, p. 188. after Beate Baldow: Episode or Danger? The Naumann affair. Diss. Berlin 2012, p. 15.
110. ↑ Norbert Frei: Politics of the Past . CH Beck, 1996, p. 165.
111. ↑ Grimm: Political Justice . 1953, p. 146f.
112. ↑ Grimm: With an open visor . 1961, p. 249, on p. 248 Grimm introduced him as the French commander. Grimm was certainly able to recognize a native French speaker. Delmer, on the other hand, spoke German and English.
113. ↑ Udo Walendy: Methods of Re-education 1976, p. 8, Volume 2 of the historical facts . The right-wing extremist websites with the full text are filtered out by Wikipedia.
114. ↑ The right-wing extremist websites are filtered out by Wikipedia, translations into other languages ​​are verifiable.
115. ↑ Internet version from 2006 books.google.de p. 97f.
116. ↑ Emil Schlee: Whose war was it actually? A war guilt question documentation on World War II . verband-deutscher-soldaten.de Schlee indicates, however, with an open visor as the source and first publication of the conversation.
117. ^ Steffen Werner: GERMANIA ESSE DELENDAM Hundred Years of War against Germany . Staatsbriefe 6, 1995, pp. 8–9, dikigoros.150m.com ( Memento of September 14, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
118. ^ Doris Neujahr (pseudonym of Thorsten Hinz ): In the name of class justice. In: Young Freedom . October 20, 2006 jf-archiv.de
119. ↑ Constitutional Protection Report Free State of Thuringia 2003
120. ^ Siegfried Jäger: right pressure. 1988, p. 246.
121. ^ Hartmut Eggert , Janusz Golec: Lies and their opponents: Literary aesthetics of lies since the 18th century: A German-Polish symposium. Königshausen & Neumann, 2004, ISBN 3-8260-2889-9 , p. 257 books.google.com
122. ↑ The link to the online version of this work from Wikipedia is blocked.
123. ↑ The link to the hateful full text of this book is hidden by Wikipedia in order not to encourage right-wing extremist propaganda.
124. ↑ Grimm: Political Justice . 1953, p. 146f.
125. ↑ Grimm: Political Justice . 1953, p. 148 I replied: “Oradour and Buchenwald? With me you run into open doors. I am a lawyer and I condemn injustice wherever I encounter it, but mostly when it happens on our side. "
126. ↑ The right-wing extremist websites are filtered out by Wikipedia. For example, Germar Rudolf campaigns for the internet publication of indexed literature. Grimm's “Political Justice” is one of the books mentioned on the pages of his project.
127. ^ L'affaire Grynspan at WorldCat
128. ↑ like Helmut Sündermann
129. ↑ Presumably: a version of his original reports to the Ribbentrop office, cleared of the roughest National Socialist ideas.
130. ↑ the inventory also contains the diaries of Fr. Gr., According to information from Elisabeth Bokelmann: Vichy contra Third Republic. The Riom Trial in 1942 . Paderborn 2006, p. 164.