Lying press

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Lying press is a political catchphrase that is polemical and disparagingly directed at media products and has been in evidence in the German-speaking area since the middle of the 19th century . At first it was occasionally used by conservative Catholics, mostly with an anti-Semitic background, against the liberal press that arose in the course of the bourgeois revolutions . In the propaganda in World War I "lying press" was much more common use; here it denotes from the perspective of Germany and Austria-Hungarythe press of enemy states. Both before and during National Socialism , Nazi agitators used the catchphrase as part of their anti-Semitic conspiracy theory to disparage opponents as communists and Jews and to claim that the press was controlled by “ world Jewry ”. After the " seizure of power " and the synchronization of the domestic press, the media of the later war opponents were reviled with "lying press" .

In addition, the “lying press” was also used in organizations of the labor movement to devalue parts of the press that were perceived as bourgeois or capitalist , as well as in the exile press as a term for the Nazi media that had been brought into line. After the end of the Second World War , the word was initially only used sporadically. The Frankfurter Rundschau , which appeared from August 1945, was explicitly seen as an alternative to “Hugenberg's Lügenpresse” . In the GDR media , the word was occasionally used during the Cold War to disparage the West German press.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the term lying press - especially in Germany - has been used primarily by right-wing extremist and right-wing populist , ethnic or xenophobic and Islamophobic circles, initially by parts of the hooligan scene, better known since 2014 as a slogan for the Pegida , which originated in Dresden - Demonstrations as well as demonstrations by the AfD . Here it is closely linked to threats of violence and violence against journalists.

In January 2015, “Lügenpresse” was voted “ Unwort of the year 2014” by the language critical campaign Unwort des Jahres .

Word formation, lexicalization, related coinage

It is a compound from the group of determinative compounds , that is, a basic word or head (press) is modified in its meaning by a preceding defining word (lies). Semantically , it can be classified as an effective noun or noun resultativum: The determinant indicates the result. The meaning is something like this: the press that writes lies. The basic word press usually means the leading daily media, in the sense of press (media) . Since this meaning only became general in the 19th century, it is not surprising that the compound can only be proven from the middle of the 19th century. The defining word lies traditionally contains a strong moral reproach, as the linguist Gabriel Falkenberg explains in a socio-historical excursus : both according to the principle of knightly honor and the principle of civil business ethics.

The compound was not found in German dictionaries until 2014, so despite its occasional use, it has never been lexicalized. In 2016, however, it appeared in the online Duden with the definition: “A catchphrase (created in the 19th century) for media, especially newspapers and magazines, which are assumed to be under political, ideological or economic influence, to withhold or falsify information and so manipulate public opinion ”. A related education is the "Lügenblatt", lemmatized in Grimm's dictionary with a document from a newspaper from 1871 and the meaning "newspaper that deliberately spreads untruths". In contrast to the “lying press”, the basic word here is not the collective press, but an individual press product (newspaper, “sheet”). In the ten-volume Duden from 1999 and in the dictionary of contemporary German there is, among other things, the lemma "campaign of lies", which appeared in close connection with the "lie press" during the First World War. Here the basic word does not designate an institution like the press, but an action ( campaign ). A composition with the same basic word, which is very closely related to the “Lügenpresse” in terms of both content and form, appears in the dictionary, namely the “Hetzpresse”.

Under National Socialism, "Lügenpresse" was often used synonymously with " Journaille ". The word formation “Journaille” is formally generated according to completely different mechanisms of composition than “Lügenpresse”, and its entry into the German vocabulary is directly linked to a person, namely Karl Kraus . With reference to the media of the Weimar Republic, the National Socialists often spoke of the “system press”. In German-speaking right - wing extremism , the term “system press” or “media mafia” or (aligned / anti-German / anti-German) “opinion industry” is often used in order to express the assumption of centralized media control in terms of conspiracy theory.

In 2016 Ulrich Teusch used the neologism "Lückenpresse" as the title of a book , which alludes to "Lügenpresse" in terms of word formation, sound and meaning, but avoids the morally charged defining word "lie".

Usage history

Early uses before 1848

In the early days of the religious movements of the late Middle Ages and early modern times , the accusation of lies was used to portray the Catholic Church as untrustworthy: it did not keep the commandments it proclaimed . The printed Protestant journalism took up this charge. Conversely, the Catholic authors themselves used the charge of lying against journalism, which was initially predominantly Protestant. This word history is documented by the entries Lügenblatt, Lügenbrief, Lügenrede and Lügenreich or Lügenenschrift with Kaspar von Stieler , which are recorded in the German dictionary of the Brothers Grimm .

The accusation of lying to the printing works had become so general in the 17th century that Kaspar von Stieler in the newspaper book Zeitungs Lust und Nutz in 1695 devoted a separate chapter to protecting journalists against it. Under the heading Von den Schütze again the newspaper strikers , the main accusation against the newspapers is that “they are uncertain and lying”. Stieler quotes a “noble cleric” who wants to combat the “trade of lies” of the “newspaper makers and word washers” with the eighth commandment. Stieler not only points out "that a newspaper writer is also a person / who is not perfect / and can be wrong", but recommends that journalists should name their sources because they cannot check everything themselves.

The compound Lügenpresse is also occasionally found before 1848, but not continuously, but rather formed ad hoc . In 1835, for example, the Wiener Zeitung reproduced the speech of a member of the French Chamber of Deputies who had advocated a restriction of the freedom of the press because "the real press can only be helped by suppressing the lying press [...]". Another early use is documented in the Allgemeine Zeitung of March 9, 1840. The word formation here is directed against “the defamation system of some bad journals”, which enabled “creditless and disrespectful individuals” to attack public officials under the protection of anonymity and to induce them to resign. A word used synonymously in this reference is “press nonsense”. The corresponding article is in the context of a report on dueling legislation in Belgium .

Use in the context of the Catholic campaign against the "bad press"

From 1848 onwards, the new expression gained a certain continuity in polemics on the part of the Catholic-conservative side against the liberal and democratically oriented newspaper system that had gained strength in the course of the German March Revolution after the press censorship was lifted . In an article written for the historical-political papers for Catholic Germany , the priest and member of the conservative “right-wing liberal” casino faction in the Frankfurt National Assembly, Beda Weber, referred to the funeral service for the republican member who was executed after the defeat of the October uprising in Vienna Robert Blum talked about the “Jewish lie press”: This had stoked the uproar, excited the “raw passions” and thus confused the minds.

The entry "newspapers" in a lexicon "for Catholic Germany" from 1849, which is kept in a much more moderate tone, also uses the word "lying press" and uses the synonym "Schandpresse".

Such uses can be found again and again in ultramontane Catholic publications of the 19th and early 20th centuries. A particularly conspicuous and effective use of the compound by Viktor Kolb is documented in his speech in 1905 at the first meeting of the newly founded Pius Association for the Promotion of the Catholic Press in Austria . As the journalist Michael Schmolke reports, for Kolb "the lying press was ... primarily the 'Viennese Jewish press'". With the double formula "Lodge and Lies Press" used by Kolb, the expression received anti- Masonic connotations in addition to the old anti-Judaistic and anti-Semitic connotations . More frequently than the expression “lying press” was the coincidence “bad press”, which had already become a common catchphrase of the Catholic attempts from 1840 onwards, the new reality of an independent, neither tied to state nor to church authority, in conservative Catholic circles Catholic Church to a large extent not to denote and process the sympathetic press.

Further use before the First World War

In 1869 Woldemar von Bock used it to present reports in the Russian press about the repression of the Latvians and Estonians by the Baltic Germans as propaganda .

After the Franco-German War won in 1870/71, “French lying press” became a phrase that was used in popular German accounts of the war. For example, an illustrated chronicle of the German National War, designed by Hugo Schramm and Franz Otto in 1871, also offers a “flower picking from the French lying press”, and G. Schneider noted in the Parisian letters published in 1872 that the “French lying press” had the Germans were not only considered pagans who ate raw meat, but were even ascribed to them to eat children.

On December 27, 1887, eight years after the start of the Berlin anti-Semitism dispute and during the crisis over the state of health of Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia , the historian Heinrich von Treitschke wrote to his friend Wilhelm Noll that he had listened to the reports of the "Coburg-Jewish [n] Lying Press “do not trust. In 1893, the Bayreuth papers described that the anti-Semitic Protestant court preacher Adolf Stoecker had been maliciously portrayed as agitator in the lying press .

"Lies press" in the First World War

During the First World War , the word Lügenpresse first became a widely used term in the German-speaking world. This was due to the fact that the German Reich had become propagandistically on the defensive due to the violation of Belgian neutrality and above all the subsequent atrocities of war against the Belgian civilian population (such as the Dinant massacre and the Löwen fire ). Under the catchphrase Rape of Belgium , these events were widely discussed in the press of the neutral countries, and in some cases were also used for atrocity propaganda . The reaction of German intellectuals and the German press was to defame the foreign press as the press of lies . Public use of this expression occurred particularly in open letters from German intellectuals who mostly responded to accusations by French or English colleagues about war crimes in Belgium and who, often to the incredulous amazement of their colleagues, fully embraced the war propaganda of the German Reich. Gerhart Hauptmann wrote on September 10, 1914 in an open letter to Romain Rolland that appeared in the Vossische Zeitung (in response to a similar letter from Rolland): “But the German soldier has nothing in common with the disgusting and ridiculous werewolf stories, yours The French lie press spread so zealously that the French and Belgian people owe their misfortune. " On the same day, Adolf von Harnack answered a letter from eleven English theologians and wrote in a postscript :" As the fourth great power, the international lie press has risen against Germany, showered the world with lies against our glorious and morally strict army and slandered everything that is German. ”In 1914, the Swiss theologian Leonhard Ragaz criticized the already common term for the entire press of the opposing states in a public correspondence with the German theologian Gottfried Traub :“ You assure the world that yours People alone are right and there is no doubt about it. The press of the opposing peoples, which presents things differently than your own, is a 'press of lies'. "The Evangelical Press Service had already since August 1914 put its activities in the service of the fight against the" lie press ", which is the" heaviest weapon of the War opponent "was. The call to the world of culture! of October 4, 1914, the most effective and momentous declaration by German intellectuals in World War I, signed by Harnack and Hauptmann, among others, got by without the word lie press , but also focused on the "poisoned weapons of lies" allegedly carried by the enemy ", Which was opposed to a sixfold" It is not true "- admittedly, as some of the signatories later admitted, without the intellectuals even being able to judge it.

In 1915 the Austrian Gustav Pacher von Theinburg attributed the war guilt to the British “hate speech and lies press, which had been“ paid with heavy money ”even before the war began. This expression was also found in book titles during the course of the war: The language teacher and translator Reinhold Anton published a series of five books The Lies Campaign of Our Enemies in 1915 and 1916 . According to the subtitle, they contained a comparison of German and “hostile” agency reports about the war. Volume 3, published in 1915, had the English title All lies ("Alles Lügen"), Volume 4 (1916) was called Die Lügenpresse . The Rittmeister a. D. Oskar Michel from the War Press Office published a volume in the series Trench Books for the German People in 1918 with the title The Lying Press of Our Enemies .

Communist and socialist usage after WWI

After the end of the First World War, the term lying press was used in the communist and socialist spectrum to describe publications by the political opponent. According to Alexander Michel, "the Communists" vehemently opposed the " Werkzeitung " as an element of the 'bourgeois lying press' ". Karl Radek spoke at the founding congress of the Communist Party of Germany about the fight against the “lying press of the bourgeoisie” in Russia. The expression can also be found in speeches by USPD members at workers 'and soldiers' councils in 1918/1919. Alexander Parvus wrote in the socialist weekly Die Glocke , “with what shamelessness the black-white-red newspapers lie”, and wondered how the readers of this “lying press” could still be reached.

Use in the context of National Socialism

In 1921 Alfred Rosenberg used the battle term in the Völkischer Beobachter in the context of the rejection of the Republic Protection Act and the exploitation of the "Badebild" affair as well as anti-Semitic allegations of treason against Walther Rathenau by the NSDAP. According to his allegation, the government acted by means of secrecy and extradition to the "enemy lies propaganda", this is supported by the "organized lie press of the governing parties". Rosenberg names the Frankfurter Zeitung , the Vorwärts and the Berliner Tageblatt . In 1923 Rosenberg propagated "the old German conception of the nature and value of work". As a contrast to the “people” and its “will”, he constructed the “lying press” in his interpretation of the NSDAP party program: “The people will no longer perceive their great artists, generals and statesmen to be opposed to them - as what a lying press they us wants to represent - but, conversely, as the highest expression of his often dark, as yet indefinite will. "

In 1922, Adolf Hitler used the accusation of the "lying press" for the Marxist press. In his book Mein Kampf , he did not use the word lie press. Rather, in the chapter on war propaganda, he described what he saw as the extraordinary effect of enemy propaganda in the First World War. He criticized the German propaganda as ineffective and called for its own propaganda, which, like that of the English, French or Americans, was oriented towards psychological effectiveness. In contrast, accusations of “lying” against domestic journalism can be found in some places, for example against the “social democratic press”, Jewish liberals, etc.

Hermann Göring used the expression on March 23, 1933 in his speech during the debate on the Enabling Act in the Reichstag. In the same speech he denied attacks on Jewish shops and desecrations of synagogues and Jewish cemeteries.

In December 1937, Manfred Pechau summarized parts of his dissertation National Socialism and German Language ( Greifswald 1935) in the National Socialist monthly issue by compiling synonyms for “Jewish-Marxist lying press”, including “Jewish journals ”. The only party official educational and speaker information material , published in 1938 by the Reich Propaganda Management of the NSDAP, counts the comments on the anti-Semitic November pogroms in 1938 by foreign media as reactions of the "propaganda and lying press" which represent a new field of defamation against the Reich. In several speeches by Joseph Goebbels from the first half of 1939, this lying press used to characterize the media abroad, especially the later war opponents USA, France and Great Britain. At this point in time the German domestic press was “ synchronized ”, a domestic press that the National Socialists referred to as the lying press no longer existed. The Nazi propaganda responded to the false news of Max Schmeling's death with an attack on the “foreign press of lies”. Other combinations were also possible, the Völkischer Beobachter used the emigrant and international lying press to deny reports about the poor condition of the imprisoned Carl von Ossietzky . In 1932, the Völkischer Beobachter rejected criticism of Rosenberg with the formula Marxist Lies Press .

In 1942, Baldur von Schirach described the French journalist Geneviève Tabouis , who published on the expansion plans of National Socialism, as "the embodiment of this nifty lying press that was available to anyone who knew how to pay"; in the same context he claimed that "90 percent of all Paris newspapers" were under "Jewish influence" and that the newspaper editorial offices were composed of "over 70 percent" Jews.

The word was even used in hand-made speeches at carnival events.

After the National Socialist Condor Legion bombed the city of Guernica in the Spanish Civil War and this led to appalling reactions in the world, General Franco's propaganda accused the “Jewish lying press”: it was a press maneuver by the Bolsheviks , who burned the city down. This happened in line with the Nazi propaganda.

In the German-language exile press , for example in the Neues Vorwärts 1936, the press that was brought into line or the Nazi press was given terms such as "brown lying press". In September 1938 Maximilian Scheer wrote a reaction to an article in the magazine Kolonie und Heimat under the title Die Lügenpresse in the Neue Weltbühne .

In 1948, Walter Hagemann analyzed how the Nazi press used the accusation of the “lying press” against the foreign press. The readers should be told how vigilant and reliable German journalism and politics are on this point. The rejection of the Allied "horror reports" as products of the "Jewish journaille" was part of this Nazi strategy.

Individual Holocaust deniers fall back on this model of negating German war crimes through the accusation of the lying press . For example, the Remer dispatch in the 1990s suspects criminal proceedings against the Holocaust denier Jürgen Graf to be the "pressure of the lying press" and Jewish actors.

After 1945 until the turn of the millennium

After 1945 the catchphrase was used by GDR representatives as part of the Cold War to condemn the Western media. Otto Grotewohl used it in connection with the split in post-war Germany . In the Black Channel , the topos of the “capitalist lying press” was part of the GDR propaganda against the West. Until the beginning of the 1970s, Das Neues Deutschland referred to West German or American publications as lying press, as Jürgen Amendt himself mentioned in an article in Neues Deutschland .

Kurt Ziesel defended Theodor Oberländer in 1961 in his Der Rote Rufmord: a documentary on the Cold War published by the right-wing Schlichtenmayer publishing house against allegations of being a Nazi perpetrator. He explained that the allegations of the "West German [n] lying press" or the "Communist [n] lying press beyond and this side of the Iron Curtain" or an "East and West German lying press" come from.

The expression appears in some left-wing autonomous leaflets from the 1970s on certain events. According to some political scientists today, the term was used "as a matter of course".

At the beginning of the turning point in the GDR , the New Germany was again dubbed the lying press. The heretic letters published by Fritz Erik Hoevels in the Ahriman publishing house complained in 1994 of an alleged lying press against Republicans and also used the term in other editions.

In early right-wing extremist journalism there is also the synonym "license press" . The allusion is aimed at the initial licensing of democratic newspapers after 1945 by the Western occupying powers.

Current usage (chronological)

Since the early 2000s, the word “lying press” has been popular, especially in neo-Nazi and right-wing radical groups. For example, neo-Nazis shouted “lying press” at a demonstration in Leipzig in 2001. In 2007, Christoph Seils wrote in Die Zeit that the cadres of the right-wing extremist scene were “in agreement on the common enemy: the state, the system parties, the lying press and foreigners”.

In 2010, the NPD politician Andreas Storr demanded at a neo-Nazi music festival: “Paralyze and occupy the editorial offices of the lying press - that will be our first task.” In 2009 and 2010 the NPD excluded the “lying press” from its party congresses. In April 2012 the slogan “Liar press shut up!” Was smeared by neo-Nazis on the Sonneberg editorial building of the Free Word , in May 2012 on the windows of the local editorial office of the Lausitzer Rundschau in Spremberg , in both cases the occasions were reports from the newspapers about right-wing extremist activities . In the context of the death of Daniel S. , who was instrumentalized by right-wing extremists as an example of “hostility towards Germans ”, journalists who quoted the investigating public prosecutor as saying that the nationalities of perpetrators and victims did not play a role were used in social networks Liar press insulted and threatened personally. In 2013 the band Frei.Wild distributed a “Gold Edition” of their album Feinde einer Feinde on DVD, on which fans chanted the slogan “Lügenpresse - auf den Fresse!”. The media targeted by the catchphrase are also referred to in right-wing extremist parlance as “ system media” (analogous to the defamation of parts of the press by the National Socialists from the 1920s onwards).

Also in the fan scene of the football club Dynamo Dresden the slogan "Lies press shut up" was regularly shouted. The Dresdner Neuesten Nachrichten reported on this in an article in 2012. Among other things, the fans blamed the media for a ghost game that the DFB sports court had ordered after riots by Dynamo fans in Dortmund. According to a report from Die Zeit , 200 to 300 Dynamo supporters have also joined PEGIDA demonstrations. They are said to have been “several times among the first” to “intone the völkisch call against the so-called lying press”. The spread of such slogans in the right-wing hooligan scene is not limited to Dresden. For example, “lying press on the face” was chanted during a violent demonstration by hooligans against Salafists in Cologne on October 26, 2014.

Pegida Banner, Lying Press Banner

At the Pegida demonstrations since October 2014, the catchphrase “lying press” was repeatedly shouted into chants. The cry of “lying press” was often a response to one of the speakers criticizing the press coverage. For example, Udo Ulfkotte asked as a speaker on January 5, 2015: “Do we want to go this way together and show it to the politicians and the lying press?” And received “Lying press” calls from the demonstrators in response. Such chants were also used to address media representatives trying to obtain statements of opinion or interviews from demonstrators; The speakers were repeatedly asked not to speak to the journalists. Due to the great attention it received in reporting, the catchphrase found its way back into current linguistic usage, according to the political television magazine Panorama , initially in the original sense of the compound: “... the battle cry 'Lies press' can be heard again and again in Dresden. In any case, the media would only manipulate, twist or not even send the statements of the participants. "

During demonstrations by Pegida and Legida, shouts of “lying press” and the use of “lying press” stickers went hand in hand with attacks on journalists and threats to their families. This is seen as an attack on the freedom of the press . During a Legida demonstration in 2016, dominated by groups of neo-Nazis and hooligans, slogans such as “lying press”, “traitors” were shouted and a journalist was attacked. In order to underpin the accusation of the lying press, for example, for example, on Pegida's Facebook page, fake headlines of the Spiegel are presented, and leaflets with counterfactual, conspiracy-theoretical arguments against the local press counted as part of the lying press were also distributed in Dresden . At the same time, false reports (such as positive reports about refugees) are produced in social media in order to subsequently "expose" them in the hope that they will end up in the print media in order to expose the "lies" of the "lying press". As with Pegida demonstrations, “lying press” is shouted in chants at rallies by the AfD when media representatives are present. Sometimes there are also violent attacks on journalists.

Frequency of mentioning "Lügenpresse" in the readers' forum of the Austrian daily newspaper Der Standard since 2014.

Noura Maan and Fabian Schmid examined, among other things, the temporal occurrence of the word "Lügenpresse" in online reader contributions of the Austrian daily newspaper Der Standard . Before December 2014 there were only a few sporadic uses. Since then, the accusation of lying press can be found mainly in the reader's comments when it comes to Pegida events, but on May 23, 2016, “lying press” also appeared in comments on reporting on the 2016 federal presidential election in Austria . Some of the uses are not affirmative, however, but point to the “paranoia” lying press.

The media scientist Bernhard Pörksen classified the catchphrase on January 5, 2015 in the Spiegel essay The hatred of the know-it- alls in a conspiracy-theoretical radicalization of media disenchantment , which he is currently observing. The “lying press ” is assumed to be a systematic manipulation of the public in the service of “diffuse powers”, especially in many Internet publications, but also in the non-fiction market . Pörksen names Eva Herman , Ken Jebsen , Jürgen Elsässer , Udo Ulfkotte and Thor Kunkel as representatives of such a conspiracy theory. Their products show an “idiosyncratic mixture of total doubt and an emphasis on truth”, since the conspiracy theorists generally doubted the reporting of the media, but never the results of their own research. One evades the debate in the matter by exposing the opponent: "Everything is just a cipher and symbol, is an indication of propaganda and manipulation." The communication scientist Armin Scholl also points to the "clearly conspiracy-theoretical character" of the lying press accusation in its use by Pegida, the word part “lies” does not refer to misrepresented “facts”, but rather to opinions that would differ from Pegida. Federal President Joachim Gauck dubbed the current accusations of lying press as “joy in stupidity” and added reasonably that he had “experienced 50 years as a person what the lying press is” in the GDR. The historian Magnus Brechtken from the Institute for Contemporary History classified the term as an anti-enlightenment catchphrase, which also implies that there is a “kind of truth source” on the other side. He sees the term as the first step towards "a dogmatic claim to self-truth". This claim is the basis of all authoritarian systems.

The media scientist Uwe Krüger wrote in 2016 that, since around 2014, many users have been expressing their alienation from the established media with catchphrases such as “lying press”. The Ukraine crisis with the annexation of Crimea by Russia had a catalytic function. Journalists felt that they were misunderstood and responded with counter-accusations such as "conspiracy theorists" . If one wants to mediate in this relationship crisis and tackle its causes, one must refrain from such terms. “Lying press” is not only historically discredited and aggressive towards journalists, but also does not hit the point. The actual accusation of the audience is not lies in the sense of deliberately false statements of facts, but rather one-sidedness in the selection and presentation of topics, information and opinions. The social scientist Samuel Salzborn sees the reason for right-wing circles calling democratic media “lying press” in the fact that these media “ also name the racist particular interests as such”. On the other hand, these people “glorify propaganda media such as dubious Internet blogs or Russian television - because they declare their own delusions to be the truth”.

In September 2015, a dpa photographer in Dresden was insulted, attacked and injured with “lying press” and “slanderer”. He reported on a refugee shelter. At the Pro Erdogan demonstration by Turks living in Germany in Cologne on July 31, 2016, in addition to the shouts of “Türkiye, Türkiye” and “ Allahu Akbar !”, “Lying press, lying press!” Was also chanted. In defense of US presidential candidate Donald Trump, the American neo-Nazi Richard B. Spencer , along with other fragments of Nazi propaganda, took up the Germanism "lugenpresse" and criticized an overly friendly treatment of minorities and Jews. The ZEIT journalist Karoline Kuhla made a connection between the terms lying press and fake news , because both were used as "an insulting expression for unpleasant reporting or media".

The expression also plays a central role at the demonstrations against the Corona measures (e.g. on August 1, 2020 in Berlin).

Demoscopic studies

In a survey of 1,457 people at the end of 2015, the Allensbach Institute for Demoscopy asked: “Lately the swear word 'lying press' has been heard from time to time. This means that the media allegedly do not report objectively, but twist facts or completely conceal certain facts. Do you think there is something to the accusation of the 'lying press', or don't you think so? ”39 percent answered yes, 36 percent no. In East Germany, 44 percent found that there was something to the accusation of the “lying press”, while only 30 percent answered the question in the negative. Nonetheless, more than two thirds of the population found the coverage of public television and the daily press generally reliable.

At the end of October 2015, Infratest dimap asked 750 people in a survey on behalf of Westdeutscher Rundfunk : “In connection with the protests of the Pegida movement, the term lying press is used more often. When you think of newspapers, radio and television in Germany, would you personally speak of the lying press or not? ”20 percent of those questioned answered this question in the affirmative, 72 percent answered it in the negative. 42 percent of those questioned were nevertheless convinced that the politicians give the media content-related requirements for reporting. 39 percent believed that the German media always or often intentionally told the untruth. A repetition of the survey a year later showed a similar result.

Further expertise

At the beginning of 2016, media scientists Carsten Reinemann and Nayla Fawzi noted that trust in the media remained unchanged. Long-term data would paint a completely different picture than the current crisis narrative suggests: “Firstly, a large number of Germans have been rather skeptical of the press and television for decades. Second, since the Internet was first established, newspapers and radio have been able to gain trust. Thirdly, the proportion of skeptics and those who trust is roughly equal, albeit with a slight overweight for the skeptics. "

The University of Hamburg led under the direction of Volker Lilienthal and Irene Neverla in the winter semester 2016/17 a lecture series entitled " Lies Press - media criticism as a political grassroots " through. In this context, journalists such as Giovanni di Lorenzo , Jakob Augstein and Heribert Prantl as well as various scholars from German-speaking universities dealt with the political and social developments on which the term is based. A review of the findings was published in August 2017 as an anthology, to which both scientists and journalists contributed.

“Unword of the year 2014” in Germany

Reason

The term was chosen as the “Unword of the Year 2014” by the Sprachkritischen Aktion because it was “a particularly perfidious means of those who use it specifically”. The jury assumes that the majority of those who chanted it are unlikely to be aware that this term was already used as a fighting term and for defamation during the First and Second World Wars.

According to the jury, the criticism of the term is not based on the fact that the media would never go wrong: “The fact that media language requires a critical look and that not everything that is in the press is also true is beyond doubt”, but rather it that the media are being defamed across the board, the majority of which would try to objectively counter a "... targeted fear of an alleged 'Islamization of the West'" by presenting socio-political issues in a differentiated manner.

The press release of the "Sprachkritischen Aktion" closes with the warning: "Such a blanket condemnation prevents well-founded media criticism and thus makes a contribution to the endangerment of the freedom of the press , which is so important for democracy , the acute threat of which has become obvious in these days from extremism ."

Reactions

The media response to the jury's decision was predominantly positive, although it was often said that “it must be the self-commitment of journalists to report comprehensively, objectively and truthfully”.

The sociologist and political scientist Arno Klönne criticized in Telepolis that the language- critical action did not mention that “lying press” was also used by resistance groups in the “Third Reich” and that “there was talk of it on the left of the historical political spectrum”. Even today, a “lying” press “on the left” would be attacked; the daily newspaper Junge Welt uses as a slogan: You lie as printed - we print as you lie . A “judgment” of the word “ lying press” could distract from realities: “If, in everyday language, lies mean targeted and systematic methods of deception of the information company: They exist. On a large scale. ” On the NachDenkSeiten, Albrecht Müller saw the vote for Unword of the Year against the background of what he considered to be a“ campaign against the critics of the media that has started ”.

The historian Egon Flaig described all points of the justification for the “Unword of the Year” by the “Language Critical Action” as incorrect. In his book The Defeat of Political Reason from 2017, he wrote that “Lügenpresse” was “a long-established word in the German political language”, originally used more by the left and still in “continuous use” there today. He turned against the suggestion he had perceived that the Islamist " murderers of Paris , together with the Pegida, were waging a joint struggle against freedom of the press".

Hostile media effect

The perception of the media as “lying press” is attributed to the hostile media effect in social psychological literature. The construct describes the tendency of people with a strong pre-existing attitude to a topic to perceive the media coverage as biased against their side and in favor of the point of view of their antagonists. It should be emphasized here that the reporting is perceived by the persons concerned as unfair, although the majority of the recipients perceive it as balanced and fair. Thus, the Hostile Media Effect ensures that supporters of different positions feel disadvantaged in the same way by the same media report.

The hostile media effect is based on psychological mechanisms of action that can be relevant to the perception of a “lying press”. The concept of confirmation error describes the fact that recipients tend to prefer to deal with information that they confirm in their original opinion. As a result, recipients select contradicting information less often, pay attention to it less often and remember it to a lesser extent. It was shown that the hostile media effect represents a kind of special case of the confirmation error, since the effect can only be proven in the context of mass media, from which it can be concluded that it only occurs when recipients assume that the received Information is directed not only to yourself, but to a great many people. To further explain the Hostile Media Effect, three central mechanisms can also be considered:

  • Selective memory In mass media reporting, people particularly notice information that contradicts their own opinion, as it leads to cognitive dissonance . As a result, they may be more likely to remember this information.
  • Selective categorization Representatives of opposing opinions tend to perceive as contradicting arguments that are actually impartial statements.
  • Different standards for evaluations Followers of extreme positions tend to apply different standards when evaluating arguments. Accordingly, these people would find it inappropriate to even consider positions of the other side, as they consider them to be inadmissible and / or insignificant.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

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  3. ↑ Lies press . duden.de
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  119. ^ Infratest dimap: Credibility of the media, online. The question about the accusation of the “lying press” and the distribution of the answers can be found in this graphic from Infratest dimap.
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