Real chamomile

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Real chamomile
Real chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)

Real chamomile ( Matricaria chamomilla )

Systematics
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Asteroideae
Tribe : Anthemideae
Genre : Chamomiles ( Matricaria )
Type : Real chamomile
Scientific name
Matricaria chamomilla
L.

The real chamomile ( Matricaria chamomilla L. ) is a species of the sunflower family (Asteraceae). Originally widespread in southern and eastern Europe, it is now native to practically all of Europe. It is a medicinal plant that is mainly used for stomach and intestinal complaints as well as inflammation.

The real chamomile was named the first medicinal plant of the year by the Association of German Druggists (VDD) in 1987 . It was also voted Medicinal Plant of the Year 2002.

Description and ecology

illustration
The pinnately cut leaves are spiky.
Cut open basket: the basket base is narrowly conical and around twice as high as it is wide and hollow on the inside.
The crown of the tubular flowers is five-toothed.

Vegetative characteristics

The real chamomile is an annual herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 15 to 50 cm. All parts of the plant have a strong, characteristic odor. The stems are erect or ascending and bare, in the upper part they are usually very heavily branched.

The leaves are 4 to 7 cm long and two to three pinnate. The individual tips are narrow, linear, almost 0.5 mm wide, and have a spiked tip.

Generative characteristics

In a total inflorescence there are usually 7 to 120 (1 to 900) cup-shaped partial inflorescences. The cup handle is 3 to 10 cm long. The appearance is reminiscent of a daisy , although these are much smaller. The flower heads have a diameter of 18 to 25 mm. The 20 to 30  bracts are almost in a row. The bracts are elongated, blunt and have a light skin edge. The bottom of the cup is flat at the beginning of flowering, later it becomes conical and hollow. Usually white ray florets are present, which are turned back to the end of the anthesis , 6 to 9 mm long and 2 to 3 mm wide. The tubular flowers are golden yellow and five-toothed. The pollination is done by insects : mostly Fly , rarely by beetles and Hymenoptera . The flowering period extends from May to September.

The achenes are 0.8 to 1.5 mm long and light gray-brown in color. On the inside the achenes have four to five ribs covered with mucous glands, on the outside they are sparsely dotted with glands. The pappus is small to absent; It is seldom clearly present in fruits of the ray-florets and is as long as or longer than the fruit. It spreads in different ways: animals such as sheep, donkeys and horses eat the fruit clusters and spread the achenes, called endozoochoria ; the fruits slimy and stick to animals ( epizoochory ); and the real chamomile is spread through humans ( hemerochory ).

The flowering period is May to July.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18, less often 36.

ecology

The real chamomile is a light germ and a long-day plant .

Occurrence

The original homeland of real chamomile is the Middle East , Southern and Eastern Europe . Today it is naturalized all over Europe, including North and South America and Australia .

It grows in fields and on wasteland, preferably on fresh, nutrient-rich, rather humus-rich loam and clay soils. It occurs up to the montane altitude level , in Tyrol it rises up to 1300 m. In Central Europe it is a character species of the Alchemillo-Matricarietum from the association Aperion spicae-venti, but also occurs in societies of the class Chenopodietea or Plantaginetea majoris.

ingredients

(-) - α-bisabolol , the main component of chamomile oil .

The essential component of real chamomile for use is chamomile oil , an essential oil that makes up 0.3 to 1.5% of the plant mass. The main components of blue chamomile oil are (-) - α-bisabolol (5–70%), various bisabolol oxides (A: 5–60, B: 5–60 and C: 0–8%), trans -β-farneses (7 –45%), various enine dicycloethers (2–30%), as well as the guajan derivatives spathulenol (around 1%) and chamaviolin . The chamazulene, which is 1 to 35% in the oil and is responsible for the blue color, is made from the matricin contained in the plant during production.

In addition to matricin (0.03–0.2%), matricarin and desacetylmatricarin also occur in sesquiterpene lactones (guaianolide) . The content of flavonoids is up to 6%, over 30 compounds have been isolated, including apigenin , apigenin-7- O - glucoside , various derivatives thereof, as well as quercetin , chrysoeriol , lutein , luteolin , patuletin , rutin , hyperosid and cosmosiin . Further compounds are coumarins ( umbelliferone , herniarin , esculetin , coumarin, scopoletin , isoscopoletin ), around 2.5% 2-glucosyl-4-methoxy cinnamic acid , anisic acid , caffeic acid , vanillic acid and syringic acid . The mucilage content is 3 to 10%.

Herbivores and Diseases

There are no known diseases or pests that could endanger the population. Powdery mildew and downy mildew attack leaves and stems, Alternaria attacks leaves, Fusarium the roots.

The chamomile smooth beetle ( Olibrus aeneus ) eats in the flower heads. Aphids, bed bugs, weevils and gloss beetles are common. A specific pest is the chamomile- stem weevil ( Microplontus rugulosus ). In the case of severe aphid infestation and subsequent colonization of ladybirds, the drug can be significantly contaminated .

Cultivation

Real chamomile commodity mostly comes from cultures; the most important producing countries are Argentina, Egypt, Bulgaria, Hungary, and to a lesser extent Spain, the Czech Republic and Germany. In Germany, the demand for chamomile is around 5000 t, with the market value of this amount being almost 20 million euros.

The real chamomile is mainly grown on sandy loam soils of the black earth type and on aubo soils . It does not make any special demands on the previous crop within the crop rotation. Root crops and cereals are suitable . There are different varieties of chamomile , which differ in the main components of the essential oil and also have different geographical distributions. They were created through intensive breeding work since the late 20th century. The most important breeding goals are firm flower heads, an even flowering horizon, high stability and a high proportion of essential oils, and here a high proportion of bisabolol and chamazulene. Many of these new varieties are tetraploid , which has the advantage that wild forms cannot cross. Cultivation is carried out by autumn or spring sowing. Nitrogen fertilization is usually not carried out, as this mainly promotes the formation of weeds, and mechanical harvesting is also impaired. No herbicides are permitted for camomile cultivation in Germany ; weed control is purely mechanical.

The optimal harvest time is when two thirds of the flowers on the head have opened. A stand is usually picked three times by machine, after a harvest the plants form adventitious shoots with new flower heads. Drying takes place two hours after harvest at the latest, as otherwise the ingredients will change significantly. Excessively high drying temperatures reduce the content of ingredients, especially the chamazulene and flavonoid content drops sharply.

The yields are very different depending on the location and the weather or the variety, the data range from 1.5 to 18.5 quintals of dry flower drug per hectare, or from 1.5 to 4 liters of essential oil per hectare.

use

Chamomile flowers

"Chamomile flowers" (tea)
Chamomile flower heads

The pharmaceutical drug of the dried inflorescences is called Matricariae flos or chamomile flowers. The content of essential oil must be at least 4 ml per kg of dried drug. As a drug, it can only consist of flower heads.

The chamomile flowers have a pleasant scent. They are used as anti-inflammatories , as antispasmodic , carminative and as an antacid . They also have a deodorant and anti- bacterial effect. When used internally, the main areas of application are stomach and intestinal complaints such as gastritis , enteritis , colitis , flatulence , cramp-like complaints in the digestive tract and menstrual cramps . It is also reported that real chamomile has a calming and anti-anxiety effect. The real chamomile is used externally for skin and mucous membrane inflammations, for bacterial skin diseases, also of the oral cavity and the gums. In the case of inflammatory diseases of the airways, inhalations are carried out. Baths and rinses are used for diseases in the anal and genital areas. It is not recommended to use the infusion in the eye area.

Allergic skin reactions to real chamomile have been described very rarely. A discussed trigger, the sesquiterpene lactone anthecotulide as it occurs in Anthemis cotula , does not occur in the real chamomile. The coumarin herniarin is also being discussed as a candidate. These rare allergic reactions are the reason that the standard approval advises against use in the eye area.

The flowers, herbs and seeds are used for chamomile tea . Chamomile tea is used as a sleeping tea and as a sedative, especially in Romanic countries. An Italian tea specialty is “Camomilla setacciata” made from the yellow tubular flowers of chamomile, which is often drunk after a meal or before going to bed.

Chamomile oil

Chamomile oil from Matricaria recutita

The (essential) chamomile oil or Matricariae aetheroleum is obtained from fresh or dried flower heads by steam distillation . This creates the blue colored chamazulene in large quantities from colorless precursors, which gives the entire oil this color. The areas of application largely correspond to those of chamomile flowers.

Chamomile flower extracts obtained by soaking in vegetable oils are also known as (fatty) chamomile oil, the concentration of the chamomile active ingredients contained therein is significantly lower than in the case of essential chamomile oil.

In aromatherapy , chamomile oil is used for a better complexion.

nomenclature

The correct scientific name of real chamomile has been debated in the literature. Many non-taxonomic works list several names, these are mostly Matricaria chamomilla L. , Matricaria recutita L. and Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert . However, the latter is practically always listed as a synonym .

The two names Matricaria chamomilla and Matricaria recutita were published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in his Species Plantarum . Historically, Matricaria chamomilla was mostly considered the correct name, while from around 1975 most authors considered Matricaria recutita to be correct. The formation of a separate genus Chamomilla with the argument that the name Matricaria is actually the correct one for Tripleurospermum by Rauschert could not prevail.

Matricaria chamomilla was only assigned a lectotype in 1974 by Grierson . According to Applequist 2002, this type belongs to the species that Linné also described under the name Matricaria recutita , so both names are legitimate and have the same priority. According to ICBN , the priority of one name over the other is determined by the author, who first selects one of these names and explicitly declares the second to be a synonym. According to Applequist Visiani, this was 1844. Applequist therefore concludes that Matricaria chamomilla L. from 1753 is the correct name. It is also listed under this name by Werner Greuter in the Euro + Med database in Berlin-Dahlem , in the Austrian excursion flora from 2008 or at GRIN.

Further synonyms for Matricaria chamomilla L. are Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert , Courrantia chamomilloides Sch. Gdp. nom. illeg., Matricaria bayeri Kanitz , Matricaria courrantiana DC. , Matricaria exigua Tuntas , Matricaria kochiana Sch. Gdp. , Matricaria pusilla Willd. , Matricaria salina (Schur) Schur , Matricaria suaveolens L. nom. illeg., Chamomilla recutita var. bayeri (Kanitz) Dostál , Matricaria chamomilla var. salina Schur .

Common names

For the real chamomile (via Middle High German chamomile and Latin camomilla from Greek chamaímêlon , "apple growing on the ground") exist or existed also the other common German names : apple herb, white flower, camomile, camomile (chamomile blossom of the real chamomile, Middle High German gamillenbluome ), Carmelina ( Kochersberg ), Chamillen, Comilg ( Middle High German ), goose flowers, Gamillen, Ganilla ( St. Gallen bei Werdenberg ), Garnilla (St. Gallen bei Werdenberg), Gensblum (Middle High German), Gramilla ( Appenzell , St. Gallen), Gramille ( Appenzell, St. Gallen), Hälmergen ( Silesia ), Härmelgen, Haugenblum ( East Prussia ), Heermännle, Helmiegen, HelmIGE (Silesia), Hermandel, Hermel (Silesia), Hermelchen, Hermelen, Hermelin (Silesia), Hermigen (Silesia), Hermligen ( Saxony near Leipzig ), Hermüntzel (Silesia), Hörminchen (presumably Alsace), camel flowers, camels ( Mecklenburg , Pomerania ), chamomiles, chamomiles, chamomile flowers, chamber flowers, Kamöll'n ( Altmark ), Karmille (Appenzell), Corn chamomile, Krottenkraut, Kühmelle (Henneberg), Kummerblumen ( Ruhla ), Laugenblume (probably Alsace), Laugenkraut, Logenkraut, Maideblume (Silesia), Magdblum (East Prussia), Maidplum (Middle High German), Marimattalenachrud Appenzell), Mattronkraut, Meddeblum (Middle High German), Megdeblommen ( Middle Low German ), Megdeblomen (Middle Low German), Meteblume (Middle High German), Meydeblumen ( Old High German ), Meydblumen, Moderekrud ( Lower Weser ), Oepfelkraut (St. Gallen, Appenzell, Bernese Oberland ), Raneyenblume (East Prussia), Remey (East Prussia), Rirmerey (Silesia), Romerey (Silesia), Romey (East Prussia), Säkfi ( Transylvania ), Stomeienblume and Täüwih (Transylvania).

history

swell

Sources and literature

  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive (CD-ROM), Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2001/2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 (features)
  • Max Wichtl (Ed.): Tea drugs and phytopharmaceuticals . 4th edition, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2002, pp. 369–373. ISBN 3-8047-1854-X (ingredients)
  • Klaus-Ulrich Heyland, Herbert Hanus, Ernst Robert Keller: Oil fruits, fiber plants, medicinal plants and special crops. Handbook of Plant Cultivation Volume 4, Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2006, pp. 383-390. ISBN 978-3-8001-3203-4 (diseases and pests, cultivation)
  • Lucius Maiwald: Importance of chamomile in internal medicine. In: Mode of action and forms of application of chamomile. Interdisciplinary Chamomile Symposium Frankfurt am Main 1987. Edited by Franz Klaschka, Lucius Maiwald and Rosemarie Patzelt-Wenczler, Berlin 1988, pp. 111–116.
  • Theodor Habelt: On the history of the medicinal use of chamomile (Matricaria Chamomilla L.). Medical dissertation Leipzig 1935.

Web links

Commons : Chamomile  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Chamomile  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 936-937 .
  2. ↑ Matricaria chamomilla at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  3. ↑ Klaus-Ulrich Heyland, Herbert Hanus, Ernst Robert Keller: Oil fruits, fiber plants, medicinal plants and special crops. Handbook of Plant Cultivation Volume 4, Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2006, pp. 383-390. ISBN 978-3-8001-3203-4 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Max Wichtl (Ed.): Tea drugs and phytopharmaceuticals . 4th edition, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, 2002, pp. 369–373. ISBN 3-8047-1854-X .
  5. ^ Siegmund Seybold (ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive (CD-ROM), Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2001/2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
  6. ↑ Norbert Schmitz, Elmar Kroth, Barbara Steinhoff, Birgit Grohs: Phytopharmaka. In: Norbert Schmitz (Ed.): Market Analysis Renewable Raw Materials II. Published by the Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V., Gülzow 2007.
  7. ↑ a b c European Pharmacopoeia , Official Austrian Edition, Volume 2, 5th Edition, Verlag Österreich, Vienna 2005, pp. 2513 ff. ISBN 978-3-7046-4693-4 .
  8. ↑ http://www.phytodoc.de/heilpflanze/kamille
  9. ↑ European Herbal Infusions Association: Inventory List of Herbals Considered as Food Archivlink ( Memento from December 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  10. ↑ Real chamomile on Phytodoc.de.
  11. ↑ Michaela and Wolfgang Steflitsch: aromatherapy, Science - clinic - practice . Springer Verlag, 2007.
  12. ↑ a b c d Werner Greuter, 2006+: Compositae (pro parte majore). In: Werner Greuter & Eckhard von Raab-Straube (eds.): Compositae. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity . Matricaria chamomilla L. - data sheet at Euro + Med . Last accessed on December 10, 2013
  13. ↑ a b c Wendy L. Applequist: A reassessment of the nomenclature of Matricaria L. and Tripleurospermum Sch. Gdp. (Asteraceae). In: Taxon , Volume 51, 2002, pp. 757-761.
  14. ^ Manfred A. Fischer , Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
  15. ↑ Matricaria chamomilla in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  16. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 93 ( online ).
  17. ↑ Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century: De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Translation. Julius Berendes . Pedanius Dioscurides' medicine theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, S. (Book III, Chapter 144): Anthemis ; (Book III, Chapter 145): Parthenion (digitized version)
  18. ↑ Pliny the Elder , 1st century: Naturalis historia Book XXII, Chapter XXVI (§ 53–54): Anthemis (digitized version) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version )
  19. ↑ Galen , 2nd century De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , Book VI, Chapter I / 47 (based on the Kühn 1826 edition, Volume XI, p. 833): Anthemis (digitized version)
  20. ↑ Pseudo-Dioscorides de herbis femininis . 6th century edition: HF Kästner. Pseudo-Dioscorides de herbis femininis. In: Hermes , Vol. 31 (1896), Chapter XIX (pp. 602-603): Camaemelos (digitized version )
  21. ↑ Avicenna , 11th century: Canon of Medicine . Translation and adaptation by Gerhard von Cremona , Arnaldus de Villanova and Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Basel 1556, Volume II, Chapter 121: Chamemilla (digitized version )
  22. ↑ Constantine the African , 11th century: Liber de gradibus simplicium . Pressure. Opera . Basel 1536, p. 346: Chamomilla (digitized version )
  23. ^ Pseudo-Serapion 13th century, print. Venice 1497, sheet 102r (No XXII): Camomilla (digitized)
  24. ^ Pseudo-Macer . Edition: Ludwig Choulant. Macer floridus de virtutibus herbarum… Leipzig 1832, Chapter XIV (p. 31–32): Chamomilla (digitized version )
  25. ^ German Macer . Camomilla . After: Bernhard Schnell, William Crossgrove: The German Macer. Vulgate version. Niemeyer, Tübingen 2003, p. 355 (Chapter 39). Cpg 226 , Alsace, 1459–1469, sheet 194v (digitized version ) . Transcription: (.xxxviij. Camomilla knows flower is a wolf smelling krut and is dryer hande jr ubly one confesses wol bi jreen leaves / jn all flowers are in the middle of gold color (the one with knowledge / the other with black / the third pfeller color vnd sint all hot and print on the first grade (whoever uses them thick with win trincket he needs it helps you and breaks the stone in the bladder // (the white flowers boiled with water furs the wip to jr if she is looking for too long And whether you are with the bradem vnder reüche and the book with bewent or whether you are thick with win (The same calms the fouling in the book (The same helps the stomach to be pressed down) (Camomillen poked with honey or alone and with your eyes The stinking hat is well painted (Camomilla boiled is good for the giggling (She helps the sick livers by pressing it thickly (Welich wip with a dead child work the pressure she win she is single (Whoever is cold is boiling e the know blomen with oley and as it is in angee so one smears jne so that it verget jme (Dye same ointment also helps who it is from the ribs wee tud (Whom the nater stiched the nem drý penny weight of the pfeller color flowers and nucz them with win es vergeet jme (whoever has egiloppas egiloppe is looking in the eye angle change a meat that turns küwe the knowledge flowers and put them vff the eyes it helps vnd vergeet (the self subert eyternd swer vnd helps you /
  26. ↑ Gabriel von Lebenstein 14th - 15th century. Distilled waters . Manuscript M Clm 5905 , Bavarian, 2nd half of the 15th century, sheet 53v (digitized) Transcription: Gamillen waſſer. Whatever gamillen waſſer eats well whoever has forgiven the wietunt yn who drink the water. Who doesn’t like to pamper one's gamillen water and me vntter wine and drink it for it. If the harm ſtain tells you that he doesn’t like to hug the nem gamillen waſſer and erper waſſer vnd drink it ſo it drives the harm ſtain for. Whoever blotches his eyes, eats his gamillen water and honey and mixes it up with ſo gont ſy. Whoever wanted the stain ſind the drink gamillen waſſer ſo forget it ym.
  27. ^ Konrad von Megenberg , 14th century: Book of nature. Output. Franz Pfeiffer . Aue, Stuttgart 1861, p. 388: Gamillen (digitized version )
  28. ↑ Michael Puff : Booklet of the burnt-out waters . 15th century print Augsburg (Johannes Bämler) 1478 (digitized)
  29. ↑ Nikolaus Frauenlob 15th century Cpg 583 , Süd-West-Deutschland (Mattighofen), 1482–1486, sheets 28v – 29r: Gamillen (digitized version ) . Transcription ( rubricated places in bold): Gamillen is a good krawtt hat x virtue Who ain rains antlicz have wil Man sal Gamillen zestössen vnd with sambt the juice wol with honey and the antlicz smeared with it that drives away dÿ vnsawbrichait from the antlicz Ad captis dolorem Man sal gamillen so green with it, squeeze and boil and smear the top with it that makes the top fresh and healthy Mulieribus per venenda sanandi Man sal gamillen jn boil water and so the frawen haymlichait wash that wilt ad caput et ad crines de albandas Man sal Wash gamillen in good caustic vein in gueter kallikas wal boil and then with twahen the hawbt that does the har wal gevar vnd bells the hawpp var aller vnflätichait Zuo dem stomach Man sal gamillen jn wine whale boil and drink from it that helps the stomach and does the people stät jm body ad provocandum vrinam vt exeat Man sal gamillen with wine syeden vnd drinking from it helps the water of the exit vnd zepricht the gestain in the plateren and it strikes out vnd ​​raÿnigt dÿ frawen to jr haÿmlichait whether the human body is vnstät Man sal gamillen in water whale boiling and then drinking from it or eating that makes the human being in place and hert the body and helps the liver etc. Contra febres medicamen Man sal gamillen in oll whale syeden and so that one should coat the body so flee the cold searches and make in fresh Whoever wants to get the vnflat out of the gesweren wil man sal gamillen ze poke and put on the juice with sambt the juice onf dÿ geswer the raÿnigt sye Contra morsum animalis venenosi etc. So one should pound gamilles and put on the juice with the juice because he is tired Or one boil sal gamillem with oil whale and then pound and put on it . --- Cpg 666 , Kurpfalz, 1478–1480, sheet 114r – v: Gamillen (digitized version ) . Transcription: G amillen hat x tuget vnd ​​is good a Who have a purely antlicz want to make Man sal gamillen vnd mix with sambt the juice with honey wolnd daz antlicz do mit coated daz sells dy vnsaurikeyt des antlicz b Whom daz really knows One does sal gamillen with vinegar so green to poke the syden vnd do with daz haubt daz helps do for c A special Erczney of gamillen Man sal gamillen jn water syden vnd do with sal dy fraw jr heimlikeytt becausez heals wol and is very good d A special art from Gamillen Man sal gamillen wrcz washing jn good liquor ader jn good Kalikaß wal syden vnd do with daz main tzwahen daz makes daz hare dare and treats daz from all vnfletikeytt e a besunder Erczneÿ of gamillen Man sal galillen jn wein wol syden vnd do von trincken daz helps the stomach vnd makes people steady f A special Erczney vnd lere von Gamillen Man sal gamillen with wine whale syden vnd do von trincken daz helps the water of the exit and to pricht daz rock jn the platern and it drifts out vnd ​​reynigt dÿ frawen at jrer heimlikeytt g whether the human being is worried in the body Man sal gamillen jn water wol syden and dor drink or eating there makes people steady hert in the body and help the livers h Whoever wants to help against dy febres man sal gamillen with oil syden and do with sal man smear the leip there flee the cold seeks and make people fresh j who have the vnflat out of the geswern whale man sal Gamillen to push vnd with the Safft auff Dy geswer put daz reÿnigt the human k Whether a human geleydigt from a gyfftigen tyer one sey sal Gamillen to push vnd with the Safft uff Dy stat put l Or sal Gamillen in OIL wol syden vnd then to push and then to put it on it helps at all and is good
  30. ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus , Mainz 1484, Part I, Chapter 37: Camomilla. Camilles (digitized
  31. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, Chapter 84: Camomilla. Camillen blomen (digitized version )
  32. ↑ Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, Part I, Chapter 85: Camomilla (digitized version )
  33. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig : Small distilling book , Strasbourg 1500, sheet 35v – 36v: Camillen (digitized version )
  34. ↑ Paracelsus - Oporinus : Scholia & Observationes quaedam perutiles in Macri Poemata de Virtutibus Herbarum, & c. quas Ioh. Oporinus (dum per triennium aut ultra Theophrasti esset Amanuensis) ex ore dictantis studiose exceperat. (Useful comments and observations on the Macer poems about the powers of medicinal plants, which Johannes Oporinus - three years or more scribe of Paracelsus - has eagerly selected from the heard.) Huser edition of the works of Paracelsus, Basel 1590, part 7, page 260–262: Chamomilla (digitized version )
  35. ^ Otto Brunfels : Contrafayt Kreüterbůch . Johann Schott, Strasbourg 1532, p. 138: Chamilla flowers (digitized version )
  36. ↑ Hieronymus Bock : New Kreütter Bůch . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1539, Part I, Chapter 47: Chamilles (digitized version )
  37. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs : New Kreütterbuch… Michael Isingrin, Basel 1543, Chapter 8: Chamillen (digitized version )
  38. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli : Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, sheets 308v - 310r: Chamillen (digitized version )
  39. ↑ Nicolas Lémery  : Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. , Paris 1699, p. 184: Chamaemelum (digitized version ) ; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially designed in French, but now after the third edition, enlarged by a large one [...] translated into High German / by Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 291. Chamaemelum (digitized version )
  40. ↑ Albrecht von Haller (editor): Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which clearly and completely explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and the art of pharmacy [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 384: Chamaemelum (digitized version )
  41. ^ William Cullen : A treatise of the materia medica. Charles Elliot, Edinburgh 1789. Volume II, p. 78: Chamaemelum (digitized version ) . German. Samuel Hahnemann . Schwickert, Leipzig 1790. Volume II, p. 93: Camomiles (digitized version)
  42. ^ Jean-Louis Alibert : Nouveaux éléments de thérapeutique et de matière médicale. Crapart, Paris Volume I 1803, pp. 136-139: Camomille (digitized version )
  43. ↑ August Friedrich Hecker 's practical medicine theory. Revised and enriched with the latest discoveries by a practicing doctor . Camesius, Vienna, Volume I 1814, pp. 270–276: Flores Chamomillae (digitized version ) Volume II 1815, p. 100–101: Oleum et Aqua Chamomillae (digitized version )
  44. ↑ Jonathan Pereira’s Handbook of Medicines Doctrine. From the point of view of the German Medicin edited by Rudolf Buchheim . Leopold Voss, Leipzig 1846-48, Volume II 1848, pp. 409-410: Anthemis nobilis. Roman chamomile (digitized version) ; Pp. 411-413: Matricaria Chamomillae. Chamomile (digitized)
  45. ^ Robert Bentley , Henry Trimen : Medicinal plants. J. & A. Churchill, London 1880, Volume 3, No 154: Anthemis nobilis (digitized version) ; No 155: Matricaria chamomilla (digitized version )
  46. ^ Theodor Husemann : Handbook of the entire drug theory. Springer, Berlin 2nd ed. 1883, pp. 955–957: Flores Chamomillae (digitized version )