District of Goldap

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The Goldap district was a Prussian-German district in East Prussia and existed from 1818 to 1945.

On January 1, 1945, the Goldap district comprised:

  • the city of Goldap , the only place with more than 2000 inhabitants
  • and 156 other municipalities
  • and two manor districts (forests).
Area of ​​the district of Goldap in East Prussia in 1910 (the district border around the district town of Goldap marked in red)
Seal mark of the district administrator with the coat of arms eagle of the Free State of Prussia

Population development

  • 1871: 43.203
  • 1885: 45.442
  • 1933: 43.491
  • 1939: 45.887

Administrative history

Kingdom of Prussia

With the Prussian administrative reforms after the Congress of Vienna , the Goldap district was established in the Gumbinnen administrative district of the Prussian province of Prussia ( not : East Prussia) on September 1, 1818 .

This included the parishes:

The district office was in Goldap.

North German Confederation and German Empire

Since July 1, 1867, the district belonged to the North German Confederation and from January 1, 1871 to the German Empire . After the province of Prussia was divided into the new provinces of East Prussia and West Prussia, the Goldap district became part of East Prussia on April 1, 1878.

On September 30, 1929, a regional reform took place in the district of Goldap in line with developments in the rest of Prussia, in which all previously independent manor districts were dissolved except for two and assigned to neighboring rural communities.

In the spring of 1945 the district was occupied by the Red Army . After the end of the war, the district was placed under Soviet administration. In the summer of 1945, the southern part of the district including the district town of Goldap was placed under Polish administration by the Soviet occupying power in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement . As far as the German population had not fled, most of them were expelled from the southern district by the local Polish administrative authorities . Today the northern part of the former district area lies in the Russian Oblast Kaliningrad .

District administrators

Local constitution

The Goldap district was initially divided into the town of Goldap, into rural communities and - until they were almost completely eliminated - into independent manor districts.

With the introduction of the Prussian Municipal Constitution Act of December 15, 1933, there was a uniform municipal constitution for all municipalities from January 1, 1934. The previous municipalities now used the name city .

With the introduction of the German Municipal Code of January 30, 1935, the municipal constitution valid in the German Reich came into force on April 1, 1935, according to which the previous rural municipalities were now referred to as municipalities . These were grouped together in administrative districts .

A new district constitution was no longer created; The district regulations for the provinces of East and West Prussia, Brandenburg, Pomerania, Silesia and Saxony from March 19, 1881 continued to apply .

Districts 1874–1945

The rural communities and manor districts of the Goldap district were united in 26 administrative districts between 1874 and 1945, which today belong to Poland ( Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship ) and Russia ( Kaliningrad Oblast ):

Name (until 1939) Name (1939–1945) Current name / state
Adlersfelde (until 1938) Unterfelde (from 1938) Golubie / Poland
Altenbude Altenbude Siedlisko / Poland
Ballupönen (Ksp. Goldap) ,
renamed: Grilskehmen		 Grilling Grygieliszki / Poland
Bodschwingken Herandstal Boćwinka / Poland
Dobawen Dobauen Mayak / Russia
Dubeningken Dubeningen Dubeninki / Poland
Gawaiten Herzogsrode Gavrilowo / Russia
Gehlweiden Gehlweiden Galwiecie / Poland
Goldap, forest district,
from 1925: Rominten hunting lodge		 Rominten hunting lodge Raduschnoje / Russia
Grabowen Arnswald Grabowo / Poland
Gurnen Gurnen Górne / Poland
Iszlaudszen,
from 1934: Schönheide		 Schönheide Dmitrijewka / Russia
Kallweitschen Kornberg Priosjornoje / Russia
Loyalty Loien Łoje / Poland
Mill Goldap Bodenhausen Botkuny / Poland
Babble Schardingen Gawrilowka / Russia
Rogainen Rogainen Rogajny / Poland
Rominten,
also: Groß Rominten		 Hardteck Krasnolessje / Russia
Rominten
, forest district , from 1936: Schittkehmen, forest		 Fortified churches, forest Saslonowo / Russia, and
Żytkiejmy / Poland
Rothebude, forest district,
from 1935: Rothebude		 Rothebude Czerwony Dwór / Poland
To beat To beat Torfjanoje / Russia
Skötschen Grönfleet Skocze / Poland
Szittkehmen,
from 1936: Schittkehmen		 Fortified churches Saslonowo / Russia, and:
Żytkiejmy / Poland
Tollmingkehmen Tollmingen Tschistyje Prudy / Russia
Waldaukadel Pimples Tichwino / Russia
Warning, Forest District,
from 1935: Warning		 To warn Oserki / Russia

Sutzken / Hitlershöhe community

On October 27, 1933, the rural community of Sutzken (now in Polish: Suczki) was renamed Hitlershöhe . This was based on the following application by the municipality of March 9, 1933:

“The village of Sutzken in the Goldap district is a farming village with 167 inhabitants. It is located on the heights south of the town of Goldap. 95% of the residents are national socialists, while the remaining 5% are German national . There hasn't been a Marxist here for years. [...]. "

Hitler's approval was given on April 12, 1933, provided that the competent administrative authority gave its approval. This decided on October 27, 1933.

Place names

In 1936/1938 the National Socialists implemented extensive renaming in the Goldap district, as in all of East Prussia , because many place names did not seem German enough for them. This was done through phonetic adjustments, translations or free inventions. Of 174 municipalities (as of May 17, 1939) 132 were given a different name:

.

architecture

In East Prussia, including the Goldap district, numerous places were occupied by the Russian army at the beginning of the First World War in 1914 and most of them were destroyed. After the end of the war, a "East Prussia development program" was carried out, in which the architect Hans J. Philipp, Goldap, played a major role. The external design of the new houses was based on the well-known architecture of East Prussia: a pan roof on inverted formwork , in the countryside mostly rough trowel plaster , in the city scratch plaster. The windows were painted dark in the fixed frame and white in the sash wood. A typical building from East Prussia's reconstruction program is / was the Groehn residential building in Plawischken (on July 16, 1938 in Plauendorf, renamed Plawni in 1946). The second illustration shows the Karl Urmoneit inn in Grabowen (ten kilometers from Goldap, renamed Amswald) from 1916/17, also designed by the architect Hans J. Philipp, Goldap. This building from the reconstruction program of East Prussia had the typical division of shop, taproom and the "better" dining rooms for this area.

  • Groehn house in Plawischken, approx. 1917/18

  • Gasthaus Karl Urmoneit in Grabowen, around 1916/17

literature

  • Gustav Neumann : Geography of the Prussian State. 2nd edition, Volume 2, Berlin 1874, pp. 31–32, item 10.
  • Johannes Mignat: The district of Goldap: an East Prussian homeland book. Holzner, Würzburg 1965.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Rolf Jehke: Districts district Goldap
  2. ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. goldap.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  3. ↑ An estate village of the same name in the Goldap district, which was incorporated into Tollmingkehmen in 1928, was given the name Reiterhof in 1938
  4. ^ Wasmuths Monatshefte , Berlin 1919-20, issue 11-12, pages 321 ff.