Bluebell family

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Bluebell family
Illustration of Legousia speculum-veneris (left) with radial symmetry flowers, and Lobelia dortmanna (right) with zygomorphic flowers.

Illustration of Legousia speculum-veneris (left) with radial symmetry flowers, and Lobelia dortmanna (right) with zygomorphic flowers.

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Bluebell family
Scientific name
Campanulaceae
Yuss.

The bellflower family (Campanulaceae) form a plant family within the order of the aster-like (Asterales). It has an almost worldwide distribution area. Some species and their varieties are used as ornamental plants .

Description and ecology

Illustration of Centropogon Surinamensis
Illustration of Codonopsis lanceolata
Blossom in detail of a variety of the peach-leaved bellflower ( Campanula persicifolia ): In the radially symmetrical blossom the five blue petals are fused, the five yellow stamens wither and the three stigmas are pollinable ( proterandry ).
Zygmorphic flower of Lobelia siphilitica
Flower diagram of Campanula medium
Fruit of Campanula rotundifolia

Appearance and leaves

They are mostly perennial or rarely annual herbaceous plants ; it is rarely sub-shrubs , shrubs or trees . Milky sap is usually contained in shoot axes and leaves, but also in other parts of plants. They thrive as anchored submersed or emersed hydrophytes to xerophytes . Often rhizomes are formed as permanent organs.

The basal, or mostly alternate, rarely opposite or whorled arranged leaves sometimes have a leaf sheath, usually a more or less long petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf blades are usually simple and then linear to circular, or simply palm or pinnate, or rarely assembled and then pinnate. Most species have small, white glands on the mostly notched, serrated or serrated leaf margin. But they never have glands on the leaf surfaces. Anomocytic stomata may be present on either or both leaf surfaces . Stipules are never present.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are solitary or laterally or terminally sometimes on inflorescence shafts in simple or branched, zymöse , racemose , spiked or doldigen inflorescences . There are foliage-like to reduced bracts present, rarely missing. In some species, the inflorescence forms a pseudanthium , i.e. a flower .

The mostly medium-sized to large, hermaphrodite flowers are usually five-fold with a double flower envelope . There are both subfamilies with zygomorphic and those with radial symmetry flowers; For example, in Campanuloideae one finds radial symmetry and in Lobelioideae zygomorphic, resupinate flowers. A secondary calyx is present in a few taxa . The mostly five sepals are fused with each other and with the ovary (not so with Cyananthus ) and there are usually five (rarely three, four or ten) calyx teeth. For example, in Campanula , the sepals have appendages at their base. The five petals are fused, with the radial symmetry often bell-shaped and with the zygomorphic mostly two-lipped and there are usually five (rarely four or ten) corolla lobes. The colors of the petals range from the most common shades of blue, also from white to yellow or, more rarely, orange and from pink to red to purple. There is only one (the outer) circle with five fertile stamens ; they can be free or fused to one another and they can be free of the petals or fused close to the base of the petals. The dust bags can all be connected, have two counters and they open with a longitudinal slot. The two- or three-celled pollen grains , depending on the genus , rarely have two, mostly three to twelve apertures and are colpat, porat, colporat (colporoidat), foraminat or rarely rugat. Two, three or five carpels are at a two-, three-, five- or rarely zehnkammerigen by a false septum ovary grown; he is superior or subordinate (see subfamilies). Sometimes the ovary is crowned with a ring-shaped or tubular nectarium . Each ovary chamber contains ten to fifty horizontal, anatropic, unitegmic, tenuinucellate ovules in mostly central angled placentation . The stylus has pollen-collecting hairs at the top and ends in two, three or five scars. It is mostly proterandry with a secondary pollen presentation.

The flower formula is: or or

Pollination is often carried out by insects ( entomophilia ), for which very special mechanisms have been developed to promote cross-pollination, for example through special changes in the style or sterile tissue that covers the scars during anthesis .

Fruits and seeds

There are usually poricidale, septicidale or loculicidale capsule fruits formed with flaps or the genus bellflowers ( Campanula open) with holes for spreading the many seeds. But there are also taxa that produce berries . The small seeds have a lot usually oily, often starchy endosperm and a straight, chlorophyll-less embryo with two cotyledons ( cotyledons ). The seeds can be winged or wingless.

ingredients

Inulin has been found in many taxa . Polyacetylenes occur. Alkaloids are mostly present. Cystolites are often present in leaves.

Systematics

Subfamily Campanuloideae: Beaker ( Adenophora liliifolia )
Subfamily Campanuloideae: Azorina vidalii
Subfamily Campanuloideae: dwarf bellflower ( Campanula cochleariifolia )
Subfamily Campanuloideae: Canarina canariensis
Subfamily Campanuloideae: Edraianthus graminifolius
Subfamily Campanuloideae: Ivy bog bells ( Hesperocodon hederaceus , Syn .: Wahlenbergia hederacea )
Subfamily Campanuloideae: Venus women's mirror ( Legousia speculum-veneris )
Subfamily Campanuloideae: Black Devil's Claw ( Physoplexis comosa )
Subfamily Campanuloideae: hemispherical devil's claw ( Phyteuma hemisphaericum )
Subfamily Campanuloideae: Roella ciliata
Subfamily Campanuloideae: Wahlenbergia stricta
Subfamily Lobelioideae: Apetahia raiateensis
Subfamily Lobelioideae: Habit of an older specimen of Cyanea superba
Subfamily Lobelioideae: Hippobroma longiflora
Subfamily Lobelioideae: Isotoma axillaris
Subfamily Lobelioideae: Lobelia tupa
Subfamily Lobelioideae: Trematolobelia macrostachys
Subfamily Nemacladoideae: Nemacladus twisselmannii
Subfamily Cyphioideae: Cyphia volubilis
Subfamily Cyphocarpoideae: Cyphocarpus rigescens

The Campanulaceae family was established in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum , p. 163. The type genus is Campanula . Synonyms for Campanulaceae Juss. are: Cyananthaceae J.Agardh , Cyphiaceae A.DC. , Cyphocarpaceae Reveal & Hoogland , Jasionaceae Dumort. , Lobeliaceae Juss. nom. cons., Nemacladaceae Nutt. .

The bellflower family (Campanulaceae) is divided into five subfamilies and 85 to 86 genera with 2000 to 2300 species:

  • Subfamily Campanuloideae Burnett : They have radially symmetrical flowers and upper ovaries . The 45 to 50 genera with around 950 species are distributed worldwide:
    • Adenophora fish. : It is a monophyletic genus and contains about 62 species mainly in East Asia and also extends to India and Vietnam ; in Central Europe only:
      • Bell bell or lily bell ( Adenophora liliifolia (L.) Besser , Syn .: Campanula liliifolia L. ): It is widespread and is the only species of this genus that also occurs in Europe.
    • Asyneuma Griseb. & Schenk : The 33or sospecies arewidespreadin North Africa and temperate areas of Eurasia .
    • Azorina Feer : It contains only one species:
    • Berenice Tul. : It contains only one type:
    • Bellflowers ( Campanula L. , Syn .: Annaea Kolak. , Astrocodon Fed. , Brachycodon Fed. Nom. Illeg., Brachycodonia Fed. Ex Kolak. , Campanulastrum Small , Cenekia Opiz , Decaprisma Raf. , Depierrea Schltdl. , Diosphaera Buser , Drymocodon Fourr. , Echinocodon Kolak. Nom. Illeg., Echinocodonia Kolak. , Erinia Noulet , Gadellia Schulkina , Gaertnera Retz. Nom. Illeg., Hemisphaera Kolak. , Lacara Raf. , Hyssaria Kolak. , Loreia Raf. , Marianthemum cabinet , Medium Spach , Medium Opiz nom. Illeg., Megalocalyx (Damboldt) Kolak. , Mzymtella Kolak. , Nenningia Opiz , Neocodon Kolak. & Serdyuk. , Pentropis Raf. , Petkovia Stef. , Popoviocodonia Fed. , Pseudocampanula Kolak. , Quinquelocularia K.Koch , Rapunculus Fourr. Nom. Illeg., Rotantha Small , Roucela Dumort. , Sykoraea Opiz nom. Inval., Symphyandra A.DC. , Sicyocodon Feer , Syncodon Fourr. Nom. Inval., Rapuntia Chevall. , Talanelis Raf. Nom. Inval. , Trachelioides Opiz , Tracheliopsis Buser , Weitenwebera Opiz ): It is a polyphyletisc he genus and contains 300 to 500 species that are widespread from the arctic to the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere .
    • Canarina L .: Of the only three species, two occur in East Africa and one in the Canary Islands .
    • Codonopsis Wall. (Syn .: Campanumoea Blume , Glosocomia D.Don , Glossocomia Rchb. , Leptocodon (Hook. F.) Lem. ): The approximately 42 species arewidespreadin Central, East and South Asia , 40 of which are found in China.
    • Craterocapsa Hilliard & BLBurtt : The approximately five species occur in southern tropical and southern Africa.
    • Cryptocodon Fed. : It contains only one type:
    • Cyananthus Wall. ex Benth. : The approximately 18 species thrive in the Himalayas and the Hengduan Mountains , 17 of them in China.
    • Cyclocodon handle. : The only three species are distributed from the Himalayas to the Ryūkyū Islands , the Philippines and Papua New Guinea . All three types are also found in China.
    • Cylindrocarpa rule : it contains only one species:
    • Echinocodon D.Y. Hong : It contains only one species:
    • Edraianthus A.DC. : The approximately 20 species in southern Europe spreadparticularly in south-eastern Europe.
    • Favratia Feer : It contains only one species (which may also be associated with Campanula ):
    • Feeria Buser : It contains only one species:
    • Githopsis Nutt. : The fouror sospecies are distributed in western North America from Canada to Mexico.
    • Gunillaea Thulin : The only two species occur from Tanzania to Namibia and Madagascar .
    • Hanabusaya Nakai : It contains only one species:
    • Hesperocodon Eddie & Cupido : It contains only one species: According to the results of Eddie & Cupido 2014, one of the two European species of the genus Wahlenbergia should better be placed in a separate genus Hesperocodon .
    • Heterochaenia DC. : The four or so species only occur on Réunion .
    • Heterocodon Nutt. : It contains only one type:
    • Himalacodon D.Y. Hong & Qiang Wang : It was established in 2014 and contains only one species:
      • Himalacodon dicentrifolius (CBClarke) DYHong & Qiang Wang (Syn .: Codonopsis dicentrifolia (CBClarke) WWSm. ): This new combination took place in 2014. It occurs in the central to eastern Himalayas and in southern Tibet.
    • Homocodon D.Y. Hong : The only two species are common in Bhutan and China. Both types are found in China.
    • Sandrapunzel ( Jasione L. ): The 15 or so species are common in Europe and the Mediterranean. Two types occur in Central Europe.
    • Frauenspiegel ( Legousia Durande ): The approximately six species occur from Macaronesia to Europe and on the Arabian Peninsula.
    • Leptocodon (Hook. F.) Lem. : The only two species are found in northern India, Bhutan, eastern Nepal, northern Myanmar and south-western China. Both types are found in China. Some authors place these species in the genus Codonopsis .
    • Merciera A.DC. : The six or so species are common in South Africa.
    • Michauxia L'Hér. : The seven or so species are common in the Middle East:
    • Microcodon A.DC. : The three or four species occur only in the South African province of Western Cape .
    • Musschia Dum. : The three species since 2007 occur on Madeira and neighboring islands:
    • Namacodon thulin : it contains only one type:
    • Nesocodon thulin : it contains only one type:
    • Ostrowskia rule : it contains only one species:
    • Pankycodon D.Y. Hong & H.Sun : It was established in 2014 and contains only one species:
      • Pankycodon purpureus (Wall.) DYHong & XTMa (Syn .: Codonopsis purpurea Wall. ): This new combination took place in 2014. It occurs in the Himalayas and western Yunnan.
    • Peracarpa hook. f. & Thomson : It contains only one type:
      • Peracarpa carnosa (Wallich) Hook. f. & Thomson : It iswidespreadfrom India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Thailand, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Sakhalin, and Kamchatka .
    • Petromarula Vent. ex R.Hedw. : It contains only one type:
    • Physoplexis (Endl.) Schur : It contains only one species:
      • Crested devil claw ( Physoplexis comosa (L.) Schur ): It is native to Austria, northern Italy and Slovenia.
    • Devil's claws ( Phyteuma L. ): The approximately 22 species are common in Europe and Morocco.
    • Platycodon A.DC. : It contains only one type:
      • Balloon flower ( Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. ): It is native from southeast Siberia to Japan and China and is used as an ornamental plant worldwide.
    • Prismatocarpus L'Hér. : The approximately 29 species are only found in South Africa, most of them only in the South African province of Western Cape.
    • Pseudocodon D.Y. Hong & H.Sun : It was established in 2014 and since 2015 contains eight species that are distributed from the central Himalayas to south-central China.
    • Rhigiophyllum Hochst. : It contains only one type:
    • Roella L .: The approximately 20 species occur only in southern Africa, most of them only in the South African province of Western Cape.
    • Sergia Fed. : The only two species occur in Tajikistan and Kazakhstan.
    • Siphocodon Turcz. : The only two species occur only in the South African province of Western Cape.
    • Theilera E. Phillips : Of the only two species, one occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape and the other only in the South African province of Eastern Cape .
    • Trachelium L .: The two to three species distributed in the Mediterranean and Macaronesia and used as ornamental plants:
      • Blue neck herb ( Trachelium caeruleum L. , Syn .: Trachelium azureum Gouan ): According to some authors, this is the only species with the two subspecies Trachelium caeruleum L. subsp. caeruleum and Trachelium caeruleum subsp. lanceolatum (cast.) Arcang . It is common in the western Mediterranean and Macaronesia.
      • Trachelium lanceolatum cast. : It is endemic to the Monti Iblei in Sicily.
      • Trachelium × halteratum (Bianca ex Ces., Pass. & Gibelli) Sandwith : It is a nature hybrid in Sicily. The two species are no longer included in this genus, but in the genus Campanula :
      • Jacquin's neckwort ( Campanula jacquinii (Sieber) A.DC. , Syn .: Trachelium jacquinii (Sieber) Boiss. )
      • Woodruff neckwort ( Campanula asperuloides (Boiss. & Orph.) Harms , Syn .: Trachelium asperuloides Boiss. & Orph. ).
    • Treichelia Vatke : It contains two species since 2012:
      • Treichelia dodii Cupido (Syn .: Wahlenbergia depressa Wolley-Dod nom. Illeg.): It was first described in 2012. The few isolated populations occur only in the South African province of Western Cape from Malmesbury to the Cape Peninsula and Riversdale. The stocks are continuously decreasing.
      • Treichelia longibracteata (H.Buek) Vatke : This endemic occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
    • Triodanis Raf. : The six or so species are distributed from North America to Guatemala and in western and southern South America.
    • Moor bells ( Wahlenbergia Schrad. Ex Roth ): The approximately 260 species are mainly found in the southern hemisphere , especially in southern Africa . The distribution area extends in the north to western Europe , from Africa to eastern and southern Asia and also includes Australia, the islands in the southwestern Pacific and South America.
    • Zeugandra P.H.Davis : There are only two species in Iran .
  • Subfamily Lobelioideae Schönland : They have zygomorphic flowers and ovaries below. They have a worldwide distribution, but most of the species are tropical, a focus of biodiversity is the Neotropic . It contains 29 to 32 genera with around 1200 species:
    • Apetahia Baill. : The four or so species are common on Pacific islands. They are also classified by some authors in the genus Sclerotheca A.DC. posed.
    • Brighamia A.Gray : The only two species are only found in Hawaii :
    • Burmeistera H.Karst. & Triana : The approximately 100 species are distributed in Central America and South America from Guatemala to the Andes in Peru . There are herbaceous and woody types.
    • Calcaratolobelia Wilbur : The twelve or so species are widespread from Mexico to Central America. They also become the genus Lobelia Plum by some authors . ex L. posed.
    • Centropogon C. Presl : The approximately 113 species are distributed from Mexico to tropical South America and the Lesser Antilles . There are herbaceous and woody types.
    • Clermontia Gaudich. : The approximately 22 species occur only in Hawaii .
    • Cyanea Gaudich. (Syn .: Kittelia Rchb. , Rollandia Gaudich. ): The approximately 78 species only occur in Hawaii .
    • Delissea Gaudich. : The 15 or so species are only found in Hawaii .
    • Dialypetalum Benth. : The five or so species occur only in Madagascar.
    • Diastatea Scheidw. : The five or so species are distributed from Mexico to north-western Argentina.
    • Dielsantha E. Wimm . : It contains only one type:
    • Downingia Torr. (Syn .: Bolelia Raf. ): The approximately 13 species are distributed in western North America from Canada to Mexico and are also found in Chile and Argentina.
    • Grammatotheca C. Presl : It contains only one type:
    • Heterotoma Zucc. : It contains only one type:
    • Hippobroma G.Don : It contains only one species:
    • Howellia A.Gray : It contains only one species:
    • Isotoma (R.Br.) Lindl. : The approximately 14 species are common in Australia and New Zealand .
    • Layere McVaugh : It contains only one species:
      • Layers valdiviana (Phil.) E. Wimm. : It is common in California, Chile and Argentina.
    • Lobelia ( Lobelia L. ): With 365 to 415 species, it is the second most species-rich genus of the Campanulaceae family. Their types are mainly in the tropics and subtropics, especially in tropical Africa and the Neotropic , only a few species also reach the temperate regions.
    • Lysipomia Kunth : The 30or sospecies are distributed from Venezuela to western South America.
    • Monopsis salisb. : The approximately 18 species are distributed in tropical and southern Africa and the Comoros .
    • Palmerella A.Gray : It contains only one species:
    • Porterella Torr. : It contains only one type:
    • Ruthiella Steenis (Syn .: Phyllocharis Diels ): The four or five species occur only in New Guinea.
    • Sclerotheca A.DC. : The four to six species occur in the southern Pacific ( Polynesia ).
    • Siphocampylus Pohl : The 200 to 230 species thrive in the mountainous regions of Costa Rica and Panama and from Venezuela to Bolivia , Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay as well as in the Greater Antilles . There are herbaceous and woody types.
    • Solenopsis C. Presl : The eight or so species occur in the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands.
    • Trematolobelia Paybr. ex Rock (Syn .: Trematocarpus Zahlbr. ): The eight species occur only in Hawaii .
    • Trimeris C. Presl : It contains only one species:
      • Trimeris scaevolifolia (Roxb.) Mabb. : This endangered species is endemic to the island of St. Helena . It is also called Lobelia scaevolifolia Roxb by some authors . to the genus Lobelia Plum. ex L. posed.
    • Unigenes E. Wimm. : It contains only one type:
    • Wimmerella Serra, MBCrespo, Lammers : The ten or so species are common in southern Africa.
  • Subfamily Nemacladoideae M.HGGustafsson : They have zygomorphic flowers. It contains three genera with about 15 species, from the southwestern USA to Mexico:
    • Nemacladus Nutt. : The approximately 13 species are distributed from the southwestern United States to northwestern Mexico.
    • Parishella A.Gray : It contains only one species:
      • Parishella californica A.Gray : It is native to California. Some authors also place it as Nemacladus californicus (A. Gray) Morin in the genus Nemacladus .
    • Pseudonemacladus McVaugh : It contains only one species:
  • Subfamily Cyphioideae Schönland : These perennial herbaceous species have zygomorphic flowers. It contains only one genre .:
    • Cyphia P.J.Bergius : The 50 to 65 species are mainly found in Africa from Eritrea to especially southern Africa and the Cape Verde Islands .
  • Subfamily Cyphocarpoideae Gustafsson : They have zygomorphic flowers. It contains only one genus:
    • Cyphocarpus Miers : The only three species occur only in Chile.

literature

  • The Campanulaceae family on the AP website . (Sections Description and Systematics)
  • The Campanulaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. (Section description)
  • Deyuan Hong, Ge Song, Thomas G. Lammers & Laura L. Klein: Campanulaceae . In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae. Volume 19. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 , pp. 505-564 ( online - sections description, distribution and systematics).
  • Leslie Watson: Campanulaceae. In: Western Australian Herbarium (Ed.): FloraBase. The Western Australian Flora. Department of Environment and Conservation 2008 (online) . (Section description)
  • ME Cosner, LA Raubeson, RK Jansen: Chloroplast DNA rearrangements in Campanulaceae: phylogenetic utility of highly rearranged genomes. In: BMC Evolutionary Biology. Volume 4, No. 27, 2007, pp. 1–17 (PDF file) .
  • WMM Eddie, T. Shulkina, J. Gaskin, RC Haberle, RK Jansen: Phylogeny of Campanulaceae s. st. inferred from ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 90, No. 4, 2003, pp. 554-575 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fbiodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F27275990~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~ PUR% 3D).
  • Carmen Ulloa Ulloa, Peter Møller Jørgensen: Arboles y arbustos de los Andes del Ecuador (= Reports from the Botanical Institute University of Aarhus. Volume 30). Aarhus University Press, Aarhus 1993, ISBN 87-87600-39-0 , 17. Campanulaceae (online) .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Campanulaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
  2. ^ De-Yuan Hong, Ge Song, Thomas G. Lammers, Laura L. Klein: Campanulaceae . In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae. Volume 19. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 , pp. 505-564 ( online ).
  3. ^ A b S. Castroviejo, JJ Aldasoro, M. Alarcón with amounts from R. Hand: Campanulaceae . In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2010.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf Thomas G. Lammers: World Checklist of Campanulaceae. , 2007: online in: Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Campanulaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  5. ↑ Cristina Roquet, Llorenç Sáez, Juan José Aldasoro, Alfonso Susanna, María Luisa Alarcón, Núria Garcia-Jacas: Natural delineation, molecular phylogeny and floral evolution in Campanula. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 33, No. 1, 2008, pp. 203-217, doi: 10.1600 / 036364408783887465 , full text at BioOne .
  6. ↑ a b c d e De ‐ Yuan Hong: A Monograph of Codonopsis and Allied Genera (Campanulaceae) , Science Press, Beijing, 2015, 1-256.
  7. ↑ WMM Eddie, CN Cupido: Hesperocodon, a new generic name for Wahlenbergia hederacea (Campanulaceae): Phylogeny and capsule dehiscence. In: Edinburgh Journal of Botany. Volume 71, Issue 1, 2014, pp. 63-74. doi: 10.1017 / S0960428613000310
  8. ↑ Species list for microcodons in the Red List of South African Plants
  9. ^ Qiang Wang, XT Ma, De-Yuan Hong: Phylogenetic analyzes reveal three new genera of the Campanulaceae. In: Journal of Systematics and Evolution , Volume 52, Issue 5, 2014, pp. 541-550. doi: 10.1111 / jse.12096
  10. ↑ Xiao-Quan Wang, Hang Sun, Yan Yu, Xing-Jin He, De-Yuan Hong: Evolution of the platycodonoid group (Campanulaceae s. Str.) With particular references to biogeography and character evolution. In: Journal of Integrative Plant Biology , Volume 56, April 2014. doi: 10.1111 / jipb.12203
  11. ↑ Species list for Prismatocarpus in the Red List of South African Plants
  12. ↑ a b Species list for Rhigiophyllum in the Red List of South African Plants
  13. ↑ Species list to Roella in the Red List of South African Plants
  14. ↑ Species list for Siphocodon in the Red List of South African Plants
  15. ↑ Species list for Theilera in the Red List of South African Plants
  16. ↑ a b c Species list for Treichelia in the Red List of South African Plants
  17. ↑ Thomas G. Lammers: Revision of the Infrageneric Classification of Lobelia L. (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae). In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 98, No. 1, 2011, pp. 37-62, doi: 10.3417 / 2007150 .
  18. ↑ Species list for Unigenes in the Red List of South African Plants

Web links

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