Reich busbar
The Empire busbar is 1939-1941 by the electric Werke AG built three-phase - high voltage overhead line for 220 kV voltage of Helmstedt over Magdeburg , Halle and Nuremberg after Ernsthofen in Lower Austria led. Its original purpose was the exchange of electrical energy between the Central German lignite mining district and the Bavarian and Austrian pumped storage power plants in the Alps .
Besides the 1924 built until 1930 north-south line of the RWE she was thus conceived as a second run in consist pipeline and, initially intended as a supplement to it. Under the Nazi regime, however, the planning and routing were also worked out from a military point of view, so industrial facilities considered essential to the war should preferably be supplied with electricity.
In the course of the division of Germany after the Second World War , individual sections that crossed the zone border were shut down and dismantled by the Soviet Union as reparations , while other sections are still part of the West ( PreussenElektra ) or East German ( VEB Energieversorgung , VEB Verbundnetz ) Transmission network were. Since the turn of 1989/90, many of these sections have been dismantled for reasons of age or replaced by 380 kV lines.
Between Elsenberg north of Nuremberg and the Ernsthofen substation, the line is still in operation today and still largely uses original masts.
prehistory
Development of the interconnected networks
Since the 1910s, the first interconnected grids have emerged in Germany, initially to connect large power plants in a region - mostly coal-fired or, in southern Germany, pumped storage power plants - with large cities and industrial centers. These are approximately line Lauchhammer-Riesa the Aktiengesellschaft Lauchhammer between the power plant Lauchhammer and the steel mills in Riesa and Groeditz , kV 110-line taken in 1911 as first in the world in operation, and 1918 are completed Golpa line which the power plant Zschornewitz with Berlin connected. The latter power plant was built from 1915 by the lignite works Golpa-Jeßnitz AG , founded in 1892 , at which time the company was renamed Elektrowerke AG and relocated its headquarters from Halle to Berlin. During the First World War , the company was nationalized in 1917 due to the task of supplying plants that were considered important for the armaments industry (including nitrogen works in Piesteritz ) and was now also known under the name of Reichselektrowerke .
In March 1923, the Vereinigte Industrieunternehmungen AG ( VIAG ) was founded as the parent company of several power generation and industrial companies in which the German Reich owned shares. In addition to the (Reichs-) Elektrowerke AG and some Bavarian energy suppliers, several Central German and Bavarian aluminum and nitrogen manufacturers were united under the umbrella of VIAG.
In the 1920s, mainly the Rheinisch-Westfälisches Elektrizitätswerk AG ( RWE ) expanded their supply area in the entire Rhineland and parts of the Ruhr area, as well as the Elektrowerke AG in the central German and Silesian coal district by building new power plants. RWE even started building a network with 220 kV voltage. The Preussische Elektrizitäts-Aktiengesellschaft ( PreussenElektra ), which was formed in 1927 from the merger of several companies in the Hanover area, claimed large parts of northern Germany as well as Hessian territory, which was already supplied by the Borken power plant of the predecessor company, the Großkraftwerk Main-Weser AG union .
After disputes between RWE and PreussenElektra about the division of the Rhine-Main area , which was supplied by the north-south line under construction as well as two lines from Borken to Frankfurt am Main , were resolved in the First Electric Peace in 1927 Elektrowerke and PreussenElektra merged with Bayernwerk to form a joint stock company for the German electricity industry based in Berlin in the Second Electric Peace . As a counter-reaction, Westdeutsche Elektrizitäts AG , based in Frankfurt am Main , was created under the leadership of RWE together with a few mostly smaller utility companies .
First design and construction of the 220 kV network
Oskar von Miller , who had driven the construction of the Walchensee power station and the establishment of the Bayernwerk after the First World War , drafted an expert report on a nationwide network on behalf of the Reich government in 1930. This should enable the exchange of energy between the individual regional energy suppliers via lines with 220 kV voltage. It was essentially designed as a ring, with the Brauweiler – Bludenz connection (north-south line), which has been in full operation since April 1930, as a western section. A line was planned from Brauweiler through the Ruhr area to the Hanover area to the existing substation in Lehrte , from there a line through the Central German lignite district to Bavaria and on to the Austrian Alps . Miller later even designed a pan-European network as part of this contract.
Many of these plans were actually taken up by the most important energy suppliers in West Germany - RWE , VEW and PreussenElektra . RWE built a spacious 220 kV network on the one hand to Tiengen in the southern Black Forest on the Swiss border and on the other hand via Wesel and Ibbenbüren to Paderborn . PreussenElektra built a 220 kV line from the North Hessian power station Borken to Lehrte as an advance payment for its own north-south line . This line was to be extended north to Hamburg and south to Frankfurt am Main . The VEW built a 220 kV line between the Gerstein works in Hamm and Lehrte , which, however, was not run continuously, but ran through the Lüstringen substation in Osnabrück .
An eastern north-south line was still planned, but it was not yet implemented. When the Harbke power plant of the Braunschweigische Kohlenbergwerke was connected to the Lehrte substation by a two-circuit 220 kV line in the course of an increase in output in 1935, a continuation to the east was already planned in the course of the construction of this line to connect the coal power plants of the province of Saxony .
The province of Saxony with its lignite power plants, which supplied Berlin with electricity with its 110 kV lines, belonged, like most of Central Germany, to the area of the Reich's own Elektrowerke AG (EWAG) contractually defined in the First Electric Peace in 1927/28 . It was therefore an obvious step to connect the power plants to the rest of the German 220 kV network and to create a further connection to the hydropower plants in the Alps.
realization
Energy Industry Act 1935
With the seizure of power of Adolf Hitler dictatorship under the sole leadership of was from 1933 systematically with the establishment NSDAP started. One product of this harmonization of political and economic life was the Energy Industry Act , which was passed in December 1935 under Reich Economics Minister Hjalmar Schacht . With this law, the entire electricity industry was placed under the supervision of the Reich Ministry of Economics - in contrast to before, the planning, operation and financing of the energy supply network could now be designed according to the political ideas of the Nazi regime. Military aspects played a primary role, for example the most self-sufficient energy generation possible in combination with the supply of industrial plants, such as aluminum plants, which were considered to be important to the war effort. The decentralized energy supply, as it already existed, was retained and planned for further expansion, since with a centralized energy supply large power plants can represent militarily vulnerable targets, such as air strikes.
Resumption of planning
Based on the stipulations of the 1935 Energy Industry Act, Walther Funk - from 1938 onwards as the successor to Reich Economics Minister Hjalmar Schacht, who resigned in November 1937 - drafted an initial plan for the second north-south line, which was later to be implemented. This should be part of a supra-regional network tailored to the large corporations, which should bundle the German energy industry under the leadership of the Reich's own VIAG . Initially, RWE and PreussenElektra protested against the plans for the synchronization , although the RWE board of directors joined the NSDAP in May 1933.
It should also be mentioned that the proposed network system was not a Nazi invention, but was implemented in almost the same form on the one hand by RWE in the Rhineland in the 1920s, on the other hand the second north-south rail to Central Germany to the 1930s from Oskar von Miller based on the plans. Military aspects were not decisive for the planning, especially because of the past First World War.
With the annexation of Austria in March 1938, the Energy Industry Act of 1935 was also applied there. The use of water power in the Austrian Alps was strongly promoted under the Nazi regime. The most important project was the construction of a number of pumped storage power plants in the Hohe Tauern , the Kaprun power plant , for the construction of which a VIAG subsidiary, Alpen-Elektrowerke , was founded. In addition, numerous new industrial plants were built after the connection , such as the Mattigwerk , an aluminum plant of the Vereinigte Aluminum-Werke in Ranshofen , as well as the nitrogen works Ostmark and Reichswerke Hermann Göring in Linz , the latter amalgamated with the already existing Donawitz ironworks in Leoben .
Decisive for Upper Austria as the location of militarily relevant industrial plants was on the one hand the relative proximity to the coal mining area in Silesia and on the other hand the possibility to use these plants with energy from the projected hydropower plants of the Alpen-Elektrowerke in connection with other power plants in the now called " Altreich " to be able to operate. In addition, there would be good transport links with the Danube and the planned Reichsautobahn Nürnberg – Passau – Linz and Salzburg – Vienna.
The Reichslastverter is created
Another milestone on the way to realizing a nationwide energy supply was the establishment of the Reichsstelle für die Elektrizitätswirtschaft , also known as Reichslastverteiler , on the basis of the ordinance on securing the electricity supply of September 3, 1939. This was initiated by Reich Economics Minister Walther Funk as a result of the 1935 Energy Industry Act The authority was located in Brauweiler at the location of the RWE main substation and was supposed to centrally regulate the power distribution throughout the entire Reich. The main reason was to secure the energy supply at all times for companies considered to be important to the war effort, which either already existed or, as in Upper Austria, only came into being during the Nazi era.
Almost a year earlier, at the end of 1938, construction work began on two new 220/110 kV substations in the central German lignite district. The plants in Marke and Dieskau were to be connected to each other from the Harbke power station by a 220 kV line.
Construction of the line
An electricity supply contract was concluded in 1939 between the Aktiengesellschaft Sächsische Werke (ASW) and EWAG on the one hand and Bayernwerk on the other, which provided for electrical energy to be transported from the central German lignite power plants to Bavaria via a 220 kV connection from Dieskau via Remptendorf to Ludersheim from 1940 . At the same time, a process of aligning the Bayernwerk with VIAG began; unlike EWAG in 1943, however, this was not fully adopted.
Finally, in 1939, construction work for the line and the remaining planned substations began. Further 220/110 kV substations were built in Remptendorf in Thuringia , Ludersheim in Central Franconia , St. Peter in Upper Austria (then referred to as Reichsgau Oberdonau ) and in Ernsthofen in Lower Austria (then Reichsgau Niederdonau ). The plan presented in October 1939 for this purpose provided for the 220 kV line to be run as the property of EWAG in a rich own high-voltage network. In the course of a four-year plan, this network should be greatly expanded - including to Norway .
In the course of 1940 the Remptendorf and Ludersheim substations were put into operation, and at the same time the line route between Dieskau and Ludersheim was built, which went into operation for the first time in October 1940. At this time, Bavaria was connected to the 220 kV network for the first time at the Ludersheim substation. In April 1941, electricity from central German lignite power stations could be fed into the Bavarian network for the first time. In fact, it was not until December 1941 that the continuation from Ludersheim via St. Peter (completed in January 1941) to Ernsthofen (completed in November 1941) could go into operation. Thus the locations of the Upper Austrian aluminum, iron and steel works were connected to the empire's own high-voltage network.
It took until 1943 for the entire line to go into operation, as the line and station construction in the Magdeburg area was only completed at this point and the Harbke – Magdeburg – Dieskau section went into operation. At the same time, the imperial EWAG became the property of the imperial VIAG. This also took over 40 percent of the shares in Bayernwerk. She was also the owner of several power, aluminum and chemical plant operators. Energy generation, supply and use were thus united under one roof, which enabled absolute control over the electricity industry. Probably for these economic reasons - the management was supposed to supply those existing and planned armaments factories and heavy industry - there was, despite the outbreak of the Second World War , no construction freeze.
continuation
After the annexation of the Sudetenland and occupation of the rest of the Czech parts of the country ( smashing of the "rest of Czech Republic " ) and Poland in 1939, it was planned to include the industrial areas of Moravia and Upper Silesia in the network of the Reich busbar. The greater Vienna area and the Donau Chemie AG plants with the Moosbierbaum refinery were also on the pipeline route.
In mid-1943, an extension of the Ernsthofen substation, the new 220/110 kV substations Moosbierbaum , Bisamberg , Gänserndorf and Rohrau and parts of the overhead line were under construction. Mainly forced laborers in the form of concentration camp inmates and prisoners of war were used on the construction site. At the end of 1944, the extension of the Ernsthofen substation was in operation, the line construction was already well advanced - on the 221 km long stretch from Ernsthofen to Rohrau most of the pylons had already been erected.
After the end of the war, the line in the prepared route from Ernsthofen to the Czech substation Sokolnice was completed in the 1950s and commissioned in 1958.
business
Original line route
 
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Substation of the Reichssammelschiene |
The Reichsammelschiene began at the Helmstedt substation , which was fed from the power stations in the Helmstedt lignite district , which obtained their fuel from the directly neighboring opencast mines . There was also a 220 kV connection from the Lehrte substation via Braunschweig . In a south-easterly, then easterly direction, the line led past the Harbke power plant , through the Magdeburg Börde to the Magdeburg substation in the Diesdorf district . After leaving the Magdeburg substation, the next section of the line led south, then south-east across the Saale to the Marke substation north of Bitterfeld .
From Marke the line then led south-west to the Dieskau substation east of Halle (Saale) . Then the line, running further to the southwest, bypassed the city of Halle, crossed the Saale again, the Unstruttal and ran over the Finn to Thuringia , where the direction turned first to the south and finally to the southeast. Between Weimar and Jena it reached the eastern Thuringian Forest and crossed several of its ridges before reaching the Remptendorf substation.
Behind Remptendorf the line led back to the southwest, crossed the border to Bavaria , left the Thuringian Forest near Kronach and crossed the Main Valley . Between Lichtenfels and Weismain , the ascent to the Franconian Alb followed , over the western edge of which it ran. At Forchheim it then turned to the east and at Schnaittach to the south in order to avoid Nuremberg widely. At Altdorf it led to the Ludersheim substation.
South of Ludersheim the line passed Neumarkt and crossed the Altmühltal near Dietfurt . After leaving the Franconian Alb, it followed a course to the east, past Abensberg and over the Isar at Landshut . Subsequently, rural Lower Bavaria was crossed lengthways before the Inn and thus the border with Austria (until 1945 the Reichsgau Oberdonau ) was crossed at Simbach . Directly across the border, the line led to the St. Peter substation. This was followed by a section through the Innviertel , past Ried im Innkreis and Hausruck . The Traun was crossed east of Lambach , before the Enns was crossed at Steyr and led to the Ernsthofen substation.
Technical aspects
Masts
Originally, with a few exceptions , the line was laid continuously on Danube masts , which had an additional traverse to accommodate two earth cables . In front of the Magdeburg substation there were also some barrel masts with earth cable traverses. In the 1980s on Austrian territory, in the last section to the Ernsthofen substation, from the Hausruck substation near Lambach to Wolfern, the earth cable traverses were dismantled and the masts were fitted with simple earth cable tips.
At that time, Danube masts with earth cable traverses were common in the EWAG supply area on the 110 kV level and developed into a standard design in the 1940s. The masts of the Reichsammelschiene can be seen as a modification of the 110 kV masts. Lines on masts of this kind were and are still to be found in some cases around the steelworks in Peine and Salzgitter , the Vockerode power plant and between the Linz and Ernsthofen steelworks.
The 220 kV line between the Lehrte substation and the Hallendorf substation, which was built around 1941, uses the same mast design as the Reich busbar. Then as now, the Salzgitter steelworks, founded in the Nazi era as Reichswerke Hermann Göring and rebuilt as Salzgitter AG after the war , was supplied with energy via the Hallendorf substation .
For the continuation from Ernsthofen in the direction of Vienna and on to Moravia , which was under construction and partially already completed before the Second World War , no Danube masts were used, but barrel masts with simple earth rope tips. This type of mast is still the most widespread in Austria today. The Danube line , to which numerous Austrian Danube power plants are connected, developed from this line.
Circuits
The line was continuously occupied with two circuits for a nominal voltage of 220 kV, which were designed with single ropes. This voltage level has been used for the north-south line of the RWE since the 1920s , which is why it was possible to fall back on experience with the operation of supra-regional interconnected lines. Until 1947 the section from St. Peter to Ernsthofen was operated provisionally with 110 kV and was only converted later.
EWAG used a three-digit number to identify each connected circuit. The following terms were used on the Reichsammelschiene:
- 291/292 (Helmstedt – Magdeburg),
- 293/294 (Magdeburg stamp),
- 295/296 (brand – Dieskau),
- 297/298 (Dieskau – Remptendorf),
- 299/300 (Remptendorf – Ludersheim),
- 301/302 (Ludersheim – St. Peter) and
- 303/304 (St. Peter-Ernsthofen).
Further developments
Separation of the line connection
With the surrender of the Wehrmacht and the establishment of the Allied occupation zones after 1945, the Soviet Union made reparations claims . In addition to industrial and railway facilities, these also affected energy supply facilities. The line section between the Remptendorf substation and the border to the American occupation zone, to which Bavaria was largely a part at the time, was therefore dismantled in April 1946.
In Bavarian territory there was now an approx. 300 km long line, separated from the rest of the West German 220 kV network, which led from the Ludersheim substation via Altheim to Austria. At that time, the section to Ernsthofen in Austria was in operation with 110 kV until 1947. Since the electrical works had lost their supply area in Austria, the Soviet occupation zone and the eastern areas placed under Polish or Soviet administration, their remaining property was limited to facilities in the western occupation zones, including the Bavarian section of the Reichsammelschiene and the Ludersheim substation. Only in 1988 were both taken over by Bayernwerk.
As early as 1946, the Bayernwerk had plans for a 220 kV connection on West German territory in order to reconnect the power line to the RWE or Preußenelektra network. In the course of the construction of the Aschaffenburg power plant , the Ludersheim – Aschaffenburg , Aschaffenburg – Kelsterbach and Aschaffenburg – Borken lines were finally built by 1950, which restored a connection to the RWE network and the Preußenelektra network.
In the course of the progressive closure of the Soviet zone and the GDR founded in 1949, the separation from West Berlin was initiated in 1952 and then the separation from the West German power grid in 1954. The networks between the FRG and the GDR were then separated from each other, with the exception of a few low and medium voltage lines between Hesse / Lower Saxony and Thuringia. The section between Helmstedt and Magdeburg was therefore also dismantled in the area of the zone boundary.
After the division of Germany
At the intersection of the Reichsammelschiene with the 110 kV Bamberg - Kulmbach line from the first expansion of the Bayernwerk in 1927, the Würgau substation was built near Scheßlitz in 1958 and represented the new northern end of the line. The facility was built to connect the two lines and to prepare for a possible reunification of the two German states.
In the 1950s, the former GDR district town and today's Thuringian state capital Erfurt was connected to the supra-regional network of the VEB Energiekombinat , which emerged from the electrical works and was responsible for the transmission network in the GDR. The Erfurt-Nord substation was built for this purpose. The Dieskau – Remptendorf section was looped into this substation from the north, while another 220 kV substation was built in Bad Lauchstädt . A line on one-level masts led from Vieselbach to Großschwabhausen. The original line was retained from Großschwabhausen to Remptendorf.
Between Matzenhof and Simbach am Inn , the 220 kV St. Peter – Pirach line runs on the same boom, so original masts are no longer used here.
After reunification
In the course of the re-establishment of high and extra-high voltage connections between the two parts of Germany, which has been reunified since 1990, reference was made to the route of the Reichsammelschiene. On December 20, 1991, exactly 51 years after the Reichsammelschiene went into operation, a new line came into operation from Grafenrheinfeld to Würgau and via the Redwitz substation to Remptendorf, which was initially operated with 220 kV and later converted to 380 kV. For the most part, it runs exactly along the route of the Reichsammelschiene, which was dismantled after the end of the war, which is why the line was completed relatively shortly after reunification. Only the 20 km long part in the Thuringian area had to be built in a new route. It was the first high-voltage connection between West Germany and the area of the former GDR established after reunification.
At the same time, the line between Elsenberg and Würgau was dismantled and a two-circuit 380 kV line was installed on the route that leads from Raitersaich to Würgau and on to Redwitz. The circuits of the Reich busbar were placed at Elsenberg on the respective eastern circuit of the new line. This created the 220 kV connections Ludersheim – Kriegenbrunn and Ludersheim – Würgau.
At the beginning of the 1990s, the section between Großschwabhausen and Remptendorf in Thuringia was replaced by the 380 kV Vieselbach – Remptendorf line.
After the Kriegenbrunn substation was converted from 220 to 380 kV and thus the second circuit of the line, which now runs from Kriegenbrunn to Redwitz, is operated with 380 kV, the Elsenberg – Ludersheim section was downgraded from 220 to 110 kV in September 2003. The management relationships changed again. Today a 110 kV circuit on the boom leads over a new junction mast to Forchheim and to Thuisbrunn. The Würgau substation has now also been completely converted from 220 to 380 kV.
Since the 220 kV system in the Ludersheim substation was greatly reduced in 2007 , the Ludersheim – Sittling section has only been operated in a single circuit, although it is still made up of 6 conductors.
The section from the Bad Lauchstädt substation to the Vieselbach substation was dismantled in 2008 and replaced by a 380 kV connection, mostly running in the same route space, as the first part of the Thuringian electricity bridge between the substations mentioned.
Between Magdeburg and Förderstedt, the last section on original masts north of Bavaria was dismantled from October 2016 to March 2017 because the Förderstedt substation was converted to 380 kV and connected to the 380 kV Wolmirstedt – Ragow line.
today
A large part of the original pylons on the former Reich busbar has now been dismantled, the line has mostly been replaced by 380 kV lines. Only the section from Forchheim via Ludersheim to Ernsthofen still exists today and is operated by TenneT up to the state border , and then by APG to Ernsthofen . From Forchheim to Ludersheim it operates with 110 kV, from Ludersheim to Ernsthofen with 220 kV.
Ludersheim – Altheim
Substations of the Reichssammelschiene (projects) |
A replacement building with 380 kV is in the planning stage between Ludersheim and Altheim (Federal Requirements Plan Act No. 41). The section of the 220 kV line Ludersheim – Aschaffenburg – Borken between Ludersheim and Raitersaich is also to be included. The network operator Tennet speaks of the " Jura management ".
Altheim – St. Peter
It is currently planned to replace the remaining section between the Altheim (near Landshut ) and St. Peter substations with a cross-border four-circuit 380 kV line (so-called " 380 kV Germany line "). This is intended to enable the exchange of energy between the Austrian Alpine hydropower plants and the North German wind farms. The implementation of the planning lies with the respective transmission system operators Austrian Power Grid (Austria) and TenneT (Germany). The new building is necessary because the current line is being operated at its capacity limit. A branch near Simbach to Haiming was also planned , where the construction of a combined cycle power plant was planned on the site of the OMV refinery . The project was discontinued in 2016.
Since the masts of the line are statically not designed for operation with 380 kV, a complete new line is necessary in the existing road. The 256A mast just before crossing the Inn is also the lowest mast in the operator's high and extra-high voltage network with a height of 21.7 m.
St. Peter-Ernsthofen
Between spring 2018 and autumn 2020 the 111 km long Austrian section of the line was renewed, with the 433 pylons also being rebuilt, but the voltage level remained the same. It began with the section from St. Peter to the line branch of the Aschach power plant near Weibern . The section from Weibern to the Hausruck substation near Lambach followed in autumn 2019, followed by the section from Lambach to the Sattledt substation . In March 2020, the renewal of the line in the section between Sattledt and the Ernsthofen substation finally began. During the construction of the new line, the Hausruck substation near Lambach was provisionally connected to a system of the parallel 380 kV line, which was operated at 220 kV during this time.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Udo Leuschner: The "electrical peace" made possible the further expansion of the network system. (PDF) Retrieved July 20, 2019 .
- ↑ Industrieanzeiger: From the island solution to the power network. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on September 30, 2016 ; accessed on September 30, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Walter Schossig, VDI District Association Thuringia, January to March 2010 edition, page 19f: From the history of electricity. (PDF) Retrieved September 30, 2016 .
- ↑ Hans Witte: The concentration in the German electricity industry . Dissertation, Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1932, p. 17
- ^ H. Kirchhoff: Company form and sales policy of the power supply . Published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1933, p. 88
- ↑ William dancers: steel poles for overhead power lines: Calculation and examples . Springer-Verlag Berlin Göttingen Heidelberg 1952, p. 22
- ↑ T. Horstmann, K. Kleinekorte: electricity for Europe - 75 years RWE main control Brauweiler 1928-2003 . Klartext-Verlag, Essen 2003, ISBN 978-3-898-61255-5 , p. 57f
- ^ Historical lexicon of Bavaria: United Industry Enterprises AG (VIAG). Retrieved September 30, 2016 .
- ↑ Udo Leuschner: The Energy Industry Act of 1935. Retrieved on July 22, 2019 .
- ^ A b Antiquarian bookshop "Schöne Aktien": The VIAG Aktiengesellschaft. Retrieved September 30, 2016 .
- ^ A b Günter Bayerl, Dirk Maier: Lower Lusatia from the 18th Century to the Present: A Disturbed Cultural Landscape? Retrieved July 25, 2017 .
- ↑ Udo-Leuschner.de: From the decentralized power supply to the cross-border network. Retrieved September 30, 2016 .
- ↑ Der Spiegel : “A mixture of omnipotence and felt”. February 24, 1986. Retrieved September 30, 2016 .
- ^ Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek / Bundesarchiv: Reichsstelle für Elektrizitätswirtschaft (Reichslastverteiler) (inventory). Retrieved September 30, 2016 .
- ↑ Udo Leuschner: Short circuit: how our power supply became more expensive and worse, page 141. Retrieved on September 30, 2016 .
- ^ A b Company-Histories.com: Bayernwerk AG. Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- ↑ Architektur im Verbund, Springer: Umspannwerke. Retrieved October 1, 2016 .
- ↑ Chapter 2 Structure of networks from low voltage (LV) to maximum voltage (HöS), page 18. Accessed on September 30, 2016 .
- ↑ Integrated architecture: substation. Retrieved July 25, 2017 .
- ↑ Austrian Power Grid: Austrian Power Grid AG celebrated 70 years of the Ernsthofen substation. Retrieved July 25, 2017 .
- ↑ a b VDE Thuringia: 20 years of electrical reunification of Germany, page 43. (PDF) Retrieved on November 22, 2016 .
- ↑ a b Oliver Rathkolb, Florian Freund: Nazi forced labor in the "Ostmark" electricity industry 1938-1945 . Böhlau Verlag Vienna 2014, p. 280
- ↑ Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Oskar Vas: The share of Austria in joint electricity planning in Europe . Springer Verlag Vienna 1948, p. 30
- ^ Austria Forum: High-voltage lines. Retrieved November 12, 2016 .
- ^ VDE Thuringia, page 43: 20 years of electrical reunification of Germany. (PDF) Retrieved November 22, 2016 .
- ↑ inFranken.de of October 26, 2015: Power supply: The voltage rises at the Würgauer Höhe. Retrieved March 11, 2017 .
- ↑ a b Upper Franconia administrative region: Conversion of the voltage of a circuit of the existing lines from 220 kV to 380 kV, page 8. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on September 30, 2016 ; accessed on September 30, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Thuringian Electric Museum Erfurt e. V .: The beginnings of electrical energy supply in Thuringia. Retrieved November 22, 2016 .
- ↑ frequenz - the employee magazine from 50Hertz, issue 1/2013, page 14: To Hamburg: wind busbar completes the electrical reunification. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on October 19, 2016 ; accessed on October 15, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ frequenz - The 50Hertz employee magazine, issue 5/2015, page 14: Lines are being torn down. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on September 30, 2016 ; accessed on September 30, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Citizens' Dialogue Electricity Network : Raitersaich-Altheim. Retrieved December 5, 2016 .
- ↑ Schwabacher Tagblatt: Schwabach: Resistance to new "Juraleitung". Retrieved January 25, 2019 .
- ↑ Tennet: Jura line. Retrieved January 25, 2019 .
- ^ Austrian Power Grid (APG): 380 kV Germany line. Retrieved June 6, 2020 .
- ^ TenneT: project description. Retrieved October 14, 2016 .
- ^ OMV: Project description for the Haiming power plant. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018 ; accessed on October 14, 2016 .
- ↑ OMV Germany is selling real estate from the former Haiming power plant project. Retrieved June 6, 2020 .
- ^ TenneT TSO: Overhead lines. Retrieved July 17, 2017 .
- ↑ nachrichten.at of February 12, 2017: 433 new high-voltage pylons are being erected. Retrieved February 19, 2017 .
