Salzkammergut bird trapping

The Salzkammergut-catching birds (sometimes: Traditional Salzkammergut catching birds ) is a centuries exerted Customs in small parts of the state of Upper Austria . The exercise takes place in the Salzkammergut in the political districts of Gmunden , Vöcklabruck and Wels-Land , from Attnang to Obertraun and from St. Wolfgang and Mondsee to Scharnstein . In 2010, the Salzkammergut Vogelfang was included in the UNESCO list of intangible cultural heritage in Austria , making it officially part of Austria's cultural property worthy of protection . The bird trapping organized by small groups in the Salzkammergut today, with the annual award and exhibition of birds, has only partially close connections with historical bird trapping and its former motifs. Outside the Upper Austrian Salzkammergut, bird trapping is prohibited for reasons of animal welfare and nature conservation and will be punished accordingly.

history

The beginnings

On December 20, 1579, Emperor Rudolf II approved bird trapping in the land above the Enns in a decree . In an imperial instruction to the forester in Linz it was determined what was allowed and forbidden in Upper Austria. The document is now kept in the Upper Austrian Provincial Archives. Point 39 in the document from 1579 reads there:

“And after we all landleithen have mocked the abandonment of the reißgejaider in our wiltpann and woodlands, our forester should be sure that it is lived. But he may approve the catching of birds, but pay attention to the population, the sy nit other wiltprät fall! "

The big game was therefore reserved for the aristocracy , and the catching of songbirds was sometimes seen as the little man's hunt. Since this imperial permit, and certainly for a long time, birds have been caught in the Salzkammergut and in large parts of Austria after authorization from the authorities. The monarch expressly allowed bird trapping to be carried out in the imperial estates, which included in particular the Salzkammergut, directly administered by the imperial court chamber , as a chamber property and state domain in the new provision.

During the recurring emigration of Salzkammergut residents to other crown lands of the Austrian monarchy, they supposedly took their customs with them. Therefore, in the area around Deutsch-Mokra - today in the Ukraine , then in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria - a bird trapping (and a German-speaking population) with Salzkammergut stamping can be proven to this day. Since bird trapping was historically not a peculiarity of Upper Austria, the relation of bird trapping to Upper Austrian emigrants is controversial.

In a regulation for the province of Upper Austria from 1727 it is mentioned that songbirds should not be hunted in spring - before and during the breeding season. Until then, z. In some cases year-round bird hunting is possible.

19th century

Tourism also had an impact on the bird catchers. Tourism in the Ischl Valley started around 1830 when the members of the House of Habsburg-Lothringen began to visit the Inner Salzkammergut regularly . A significant tourist boom turned one, as in 1853 the Emperor of Austria Franz Joseph I and Empress Elisabeth , the Imperial Villa got in Bad Ischl as a wedding gift and the imperial couple's villa for decades to their summer home made. The increasing tourism brought an increased demand for housebirds.

Until the middle of the 19th century, the bird catchers were not organized and traded their birds in small groups. In 1861 around 80 bird catchers joined together to form an association in Ebensee. The first forest bird exhibition is recorded in the Ebenseer Gasthaus Stockerau for the year 1862, in Gmunden exhibitions have been documented since 1864. In the 1860s a great variety of species was shown, including bullfinches, goldfinches, siskins, nightingales, larks, blackbirds, thrushes and various tits. In the decades that followed, the selection was continuously reduced to the four bird species that are still presented to the public today.

The "Law of April 30, 1870, regarding the protection of birds useful for soil culture" brought new protective provisions. Under certain conditions, 71 species of birds were allowed to be caught, but there was no numerical limit. The fishing season was between September 1st and January 31st , and the birds were protected from February 1st to August 31st. The use of blinded decoys, the bird trade outside of the fishing times and the fishing with large cover or stretch nets were also prohibited. A state law from 1890 essentially confirmed these provisions.

20th century

Up until the turn of the century, the number of bird trappers who acted as individuals was significantly higher than the number of bird friends organized in an association. It was only in the course of the 20th century that associations were formed in the other Salzkammergut communities, following the Ebenseer model from 1861. In 1910 the “1. Ischler Vogelpflegeverein ”and held its first bird exhibition in the same year. Further bird exhibitions followed in Bad Goisern (1927), St. Agatha near Bad Goisern (1928), Attnang (1932), Neukirchen near Altmünster (1934) and Hallstatt (1936). Originally intended as an event for the auction of the (award-winning) birds, the sales character of this spectacle disappeared during the Second World War . The bird exhibitions around the date of "Kathrein" (November 25th) remained as a traditional event.

By the annexation of Austria to the Third Reich (March 1938) the "Reich Nature Protection Ordinance 1936" came into force. According to the imperial ordinance, 20 species of birds could be caught. The fishing season was usually from September 15th to November 15th. The prerequisites for a fishing permit were: certificate of good repute, evidence of knowledge of ornithology, bird trapping and bird keeping, keeping a catch list with some information about the birds caught. The catch list had to be submitted to the higher nature conservation authority by February 1st. The imperial ordinance expressly forbade: bird glue, liming rods, snares and blinded birds made from fishing equipment.

In 1949 discussions were held about the establishment of an umbrella organization for bird catchers. In 1950, 11 associations joined together in the "Salzkammergut Association of Bird Friends". The association is based in Ebensee. In the following decades all other Vogelfreunde clubs finally joined the association, the number of members therefore increased to over 30 clubs.

The Reich Ordinance remained in force until 1956 and was then replaced by the "Upper Austrian Nature Conservation Ordinance of July 31, 1956". Due to the “Upper Austrian Nature Conservation Act of 1964”, 19 bird species were considered huntable, from September 15th to December 15th. Catching at night, in drinking troughs and within 300 meters of towns and farmhouses was prohibited. In the "Convention of the Association of Bird Friends of the Salzkammergut and the State Government of March 4, 1976" the number of catches is limited to 10 animals and 5 species. A copy of the catch list must be submitted by every catcher to the Office of the Upper Austrian Provincial Government by February 1st. The catching means specified were: cocks, catchers ("Schlagl") and net with a maximum size of 1 × 1 meter.

In the 1980s, bird trapping was legally restricted to the Salzkammergut, until then it was permitted in all of Upper Austria under the conditions mentioned. The "Law on the Conservation and Care of Nature of May 19, 1982" still permitted bird trapping for the custom of keeping songbirds, but reduced the number of birds kept to 5.

2001-2009

The “Upper Austrian Nature and Landscape Protection Act 2001” and the “Upper Austrian Species Protection Ordinance 2003” essentially created the legal basis for traditional bird trapping that is still valid today. Fishing licenses are issued for the four bird species bullfinch, goldfinch, siskin and crossbill. Some animal rights activists protested against the still allowed songbird trapping. A complaint procedure was initiated by animal welfare organizations at the EU, but was discontinued.

The Federal Animal Protection Act, which was enacted at the end of 2004 and provided for a ban on the “exhibition of wild-caught fish, with the exception of fish”, caused a conflict of jurisdiction between the federal government and the state of Upper Austria. After an appraisal process, in July 2005 the Federal Minister rejected an exemption for the songbird exhibitions in the Salzkammergut. The Federal Ministry assumed that this would also mean that fishing would no longer be allowed. After a legal opinion by the constitutional service of Upper Austria, nature conservation officer Deputy Governor Erich Haider (SPÖ) determined that fishing licenses can still be issued.

In August 2005 the national councilors Matthias Ellmauer (ÖVP) and Rainer Wimmer (SPÖ), the state parliament members Martina Pühringer , Josef Steinkogler (ÖVP), Arnold Schenner and Reinhard Winterauer (SPÖ) and 15 mayors of the region wrote a joint declaration to support the bird lovers . The people's representatives stated to the press that "Customs are an established tradition and must not be arbitrarily banned". The press release also stated: "The exhibition ban has brought politicians in the region closer together across party lines."

This was followed by a "Solidarity Festival for Customs and Tradition" in Bad Goisern in September 2005. According to reports from the Austrian Broadcasting Corporation (ORF), more than 70 traditional associations with around 1500 people took part to support the bird catchers . Traditional costume clubs, sports clubs (including crossbowmen, archers, stick shooters), the comradeship association, the pillory shooters, the local bee association (beekeeping association), the hunters and a dog sports club expressed their solidarity with the delegations. The solidarity festival was accompanied by several music bands from the Salzkammergut. The two national councils of the constituency and other politicians also gave support speeches to the gathered people.

Finally, the Bad Ischler municipal parliamentary group of the party The Greens published an approving resolution for the maintenance of customs and cultural identity in the Salzkammergut. The regional Greens expressly spoke out in favor of keeping bird trapping and forest bird exhibitions. Furthermore, the Bad Ischl Greens demanded mediation between bird trappers and animal rights activists and the creation of legal certainty. The goal for the group of the Greens is a "win-win situation for opponents and bird lovers".

In 2005 there were still no bird exhibitions, the Federal Ministry referred to the then current bird flu . After consulting with the vets, the bird friends stated in their protest that finch-like birds, such as those caught in the Salzkammergut, cannot be infected by the virus.

In 2006, animal rights activists and a green member of the state parliament criticized the nature conservation councilor Erich Haider (SPÖ), who - in their opinion - granted the controversial fishing permits “contrary to the Federal Animal Welfare Act”. Also in 2006 the Austrian Folklore Museum organized the exhibition “Papageno backstage”. The museum exhibition dealt with the history of bird trapping and also went into the Salzkammergut bird trapping.

In 2007 the Austrian Constitutional Court (VfGH) in Vienna dealt with the exhibition ban on songbirds. In their rulings, the constitutional judges spoke out in favor of permitting bird exhibitions. In its ruling, the court relied on the fact that the ministry had violated “the duty of consideration between the federal government and the federal states”, since bird shows and even exceptions to such events were permitted under federal state law. The highest judges therefore agreed with the claim of the bird friends.

2010

In 2010, the Salzkammergut Vogelfang was included in the "National Directory of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Austria". The Austrian UNESCO Commission was responsible for the admission procedure. In addition to bird trapping in the Salzkammergut, the Spanish Riding School , Slovene field and farm names in Carinthia, falconry and pharmacy's own house specialties are on the list of intangible cultural heritage.

In June 2010 the bird friends received the appointment decree in the presence of the Austrian national commissioner of UNESCO Maria Walcher, district captain Alois Lanz, state parliament president Adalbert Cramer and the mayor of the Salzkammergut.

The Austrian Parliament in Vienna focused on the end of 2010 with a Parliamentary inquiry for songbird trapping in Upper Austria's Salzkammergut region. The request from MPs Brunner, Freundinnen and Freunde to the Federal Minister of Health comprised three points: 1. Legitimacy of songbirds ?, 2. What measures are used to create a lawful condition ?, 3. How many complaints have been brought against bird trappers in recent years ?

In response to the parliamentary question, Federal Minister Alois Stöger (SPÖ) stated on points 1 and 2: With the decision of the Constitutional Court of March 8, 2007, the "old" regulation of § 2 Animal Welfare Event Ordinance - the exhibition ban for wild animals - was illegally repealed. The “new” § 2 Paragraph 2 (Federal Law Gazette II No. 70/2008) added the addition to the exhibition ban: “If this contradicts state legal regulations that were not already in force before January 1, 2005.” Through this regulation in conjunction with the Upper Austria. Species Protection Ordinance, the exemptions from the competent Upper Austrian district authorities for catching songbirds are legally covered. Another justification for the authority to issue the permits is the inclusion of the Salzkammergut Vogelfanges in the intangible cultural heritage. Regarding the third point, he said: The district administration (BH) Gmunden processed 8 advertisements between 2006 and 2009. All 8 were reinstated due to subsidiarity. Between 2005 and 2009, BH Wels-Land dealt with 6 administrative criminal proceedings, including 2 convictions and 4 suspensions. At BH Vöcklabruck there were 7 reports between 2005 and 2008, 5 of which resulted in administrative criminal proceedings, and 2 reports turned out to be no criminal offenses.

Since 2011

In November 2011 the "Association of Bird Friends Heaven", named after the Gasthaus Himmel, celebrated its 150th anniversary. This makes it the oldest of the more than 30 bird friends' associations.

In July 2014, the chairman of the Vogelfreunde Association was awarded the honorary title of “ Consultant for popular education and homeland care” by Upper Austrian governor Josef Pühringer for his services to customs . The festive event took place in the Linz Landhaus .

The UNESCO folk cultural treasures of the federal state of Upper Austria were celebrated in June 2015 as part of a ceremony. At that time, 21 traditions were entered in the list, including the Salzkammergut Vogelfang.

In the course of the Upper Austrian State Garden Show 2015 in Bad Ischl ("The Emperor's New Gardens"), the bird lovers were represented in Sissi-Park with a shop window, and you could also get information on the subject from the bird catchers every 14 days.

Controversy

Advocates

• The prominent musician Hubert von Goisern commented positively on catching birds in an interview:

“I don't understand why animal rights activists get involved in such a trivial matter, where there are big, important issues in animal welfare. (...) I don't respect it when someone who eats meat, i.e. someone who is ready for an animal to be killed so that he can enjoy it, gets upset about someone who catches a bird that he leaves out in the spring. I know bird catchers. They are lovely people and they know their way around the creatures. "

• The bird-catching friends argue that the republic has committed itself to the preservation of the cultural heritage in a state treaty that has constitutional status.
• There are regular reciprocal reports between animal rights activists and bird trapping friends. In October 2010, animal rights activists broke into private property and engaged in a skirmish with the bird trappers. The bird trapping friends called the police for help. A local council stated about this incident: “Bird trapping is legal. It is bad, with what means some try to put this tradition in a bad light. "
• The Bad Ischl parliamentary group of the party Die Grünen (Green Alternative) has passed a resolution approving the retention of bird trapping and the cultural identity of the Salzkammergut.
• The proponents state that permanent occupation with the animals would develop a deep emotional bond, which would lead to a loving approach to the birds.

opponent

• The chairman of the umbrella organization of Upper Austrian animal welfare organizations was appalled by UNESCO's decision:

“It is absolutely incomprehensible to me. How can one make a practice that is morally and legally marginalized a cultural heritage? For me, catching birds is clearly cruel to animals. (...) We send submissions and inquiries to the Commission. But we will have little success, after all, the bullfight in Spain has already been declared an intangible cultural heritage. "

• Well-known animal welfare organizations, such as Vier Pfoten , describe bird trapping as illegal bird cruelty and a relic from a dark past. Outside of the Salzkammergut, bird trapping is actually forbidden from cruelty to animals and according to nature conservation laws
• There are regular reciprocal reports between animal rights activists and bird trappers. In 2006 a total of 20 bird trappers were reported by animal rights activists. In the judicial district of Bad Ischl , in view of the (questionable) legal situation, all nine reports were rejected as expected, in the judicial district of Gmunden the verdict was also acquittal in all eleven cases. In this context, the animal rights activists and a green member of the state parliament again criticized nature conservation state councilor Erich Haider and the politically motivated legislation.
• The Upper Austrian Greens - with the exception of the Greens parliamentary group in Bad Ischl - have decided against bird trapping several times.
• Various media as well as nature conservation and bird protection associations continue to reject bird trapping (despite the UNESCO "award") and describe it as cruelty to animals. Such cruelty to animals - and also a violation of nature conservation laws - actually occurs when such birds are caught outside the Salzkammergut. F.

The Salzkammergut Vogelfang as a UNESCO cultural heritage

Intangible cultural heritage

Life-size crib figure "The Bird Catcher" in the Salzkammergut Advent

The Salzkammergut Vogelfang was added to the register of intangible cultural heritage in 2010. Bird trapping was one of the very first Austrian cultural heritages to be declared worthy of protection. For UNESCO, a cultural heritage, often more than historical buildings or landscapes, is a traditional practice that creates identity and is of great importance for the community. Regional traditions and local knowledge are becoming increasingly important, especially in the age of globalization. Austria has been a signatory to the UNESCO Convention since 2009, which was ratified by parliament in the form of a state treaty.

According to the bird catching associations, bird trapping is classified in the category “Knowledge and practices in relation to nature and the universe”, which is one of 5 possible categories. The specificity of bird trapping is only practiced in the Salzkammergut. The knowledge about the behavior of birds in nature and in human hands as well as about selective catching, which has been accumulated over the centuries, is said to have been passed on from one generation to another.

The alleged “little man's hunt” means the traditional capture of individual specimens of native forest birds in autumn. Another aspect includes the forest bird exhibition on the Sunday before Kathrein (November 25th), in which the (supposedly) most beautiful birds are awarded for their splendor of color, integrity and their perfect condition. The birds are then kept in aviaries over the winter until they are reintroduced into nature in the spring of the following year, with the exception of the decoys, which are not released.

Like the activities in many other village associations in the region, bird trapping is organized in associations and has long been actively involved in village life in the Upper Austrian Salzkammergut. The highlight of the year of the bird catching clubs are the forest bird exhibitions, around which other activities take place. In the more recent folk art of song and poetry, bird trapping is also included.

Bird trapping was considered endangered for many years. Outside the Salzkammergut, catching songbirds is considered cruelty to animals and is prohibited. A complaint procedure at the European Commission was closed in 2006. Today the EU-compliant exemption for the "purpose of traditional songbirds" applies. An exhibition ban was lifted as unconstitutional by the Austrian Constitutional Court in 2007 without replacement. While there is now legal security for bird lovers in the Upper Austrian Salzkammergut, the clear legal situation in the Styrian Salzkammergut (including the Ausseerland ) does not allow bird trapping. There are no fishing permits for the Salzkammergut communities of Strobl am Wolfgangsee and St. Gilgen in the state of Salzburg . The Nature Conservation Act does not allow such fishing permits there either. Bird trapping has no tradition there, which is why it cannot be considered a custom here. In the state of Salzburg, bird trapping has been banned since 1912, after it had previously been increasingly restricted.

The UNESCO commission determined that a break in tradition would mean an irretrievable loss of the knowledge acquired over centuries about how to deal with the native wild bird species. In particular, knowledge about their behavior and lifestyle that was passed down orally but never recorded in writing would be lost. However, the same knowledge can be acquired and passed on through observation.

Today there are around 550 licensed bird trapping enthusiasts in the Salzkammergut. An applicant must be of legal age, be able to show impeccable repute and is checked by the Association of Bird Friends. The Salzkammergut bird catching system is strictly regulated and subject to internal and external audits. External supervision is carried out through controls by the authorities of the State of Upper Austria, internal supervision is carried out by association members.

Bird trapping and the Salzkammergut identity

The bird catchers, pronounced "Vögöfaunga" in the Salzkammergut dialect, are part of the identity of the Upper Austrian Salzkammergut. Bird trapping is integrated into a few songs and poems in the region. In the traditional cribs of the Salzkammergut a "fowler-Nativity" is also an integral part of individual cribs of the crib landscape. The traditional greeting of bird catching friends for several decades is "Schnabö Heil", which is answered with "Schnabö Dank", it consciously refers to the hunter's language and makes it clear that bird trapping can also be considered part of hunting animals. The "Schnabö" is the "Schnabel" in written language.

There are further connections to two other customs of the Salzkammergut, the “Glöcklerlauf” and the “Ebenseer Fetzenzug”. In the Upper Austrian Salzkammergut, the Glöckler have been using motifs of bird catchers and other depictions from the Salzkammergut bird catcher for their artfully designed Glöckler caps, in addition to countless other portraits. Some of the "Ebenseer Fetzen" - another UNESCO World Heritage Site - allegedly regularly borrow from the Salzkammergut Vogelfang when it comes to masking, for example by using imitation birds or (empty) bird cages.

Legal basis

The Upper Austrian Nature Conservation Act

The "Provincial Law on the Conservation and Care of Nature" passed by the Upper Austrian Landtag regulates part of the legal aspects of the Upper Austrian Salzkammergut bird trapping. Section 30 in the Nature Conservation Act (Upper Austrian NSchG) provides more information on exemptions.

• It is regulated in the Nature Conservation Act what an exemption must contain,
• when the license may not be granted and
• that the holder of a license has to carry it with him together with a log of the animal removal.
• Further details are listed in the species protection ordinance based on the state law.

The Upper Austrian Species Protection Ordinance

In the “Ordinance of the Upper Austria. State government on the protection of wild plants and fungi as well as wild animals ”is particularly relevant to § 11“ Exceptions for the catching and keeping of songbirds ”. The species protection ordinance standardizes:

• The bird species goldfinch ( Carduelis carduelis ), siskin ( Carduelis spinus ), bullfinch ( Pyrrhula pyrrhula ) and crossbill ( Loxia curvirostra ) can be selected selectively for the traditional songbird exhibitions.
• In the Gmunden district, fishing permits can be issued for all communities: Altmünster , Bad Goisern am Hallstättersee , Bad Ischl , Ebensee , Gmunden , Gosau , Grünau im Almtal , Gschwandt , Hallstatt , Kirchham , Laakirchen , Obertraun , Ohlsdorf , Pinsdorf , Roitham am Traunfall , Sankt Konrad , Sankt Wolfgang im Salzkammergut , Scharnstein , Traunkirchen , Vorchdorf .
• In the Vöcklabruck district, permits may be issued for the following communities: Attnang-Puchheim , Aurach am Hongar , Frankenburg am Hausruck , Innerschwand , Lenzing , Mondsee , Ottnang am Hausruck , Sankt Lorenz , Schwanenstadt , Tiefgraben and Weyregg am Attersee .
• In the Wels-Land district, only two municipalities are earmarked for permits: Lambach and Stadl-Paura .
• In contrast to catching, which is only allowed in the above-mentioned municipalities, keeping is allowed in all municipalities in the districts of Gmunden, Vöcklabruck and Wels-Land.
• Catching is only permitted in the period from September 15 to November 30 (Section 13, Item 1, Z 1)
• Each license holder may only catch one specimen per species of bird species (apart from the decoy) (Z 2).
• The maximum number of birds that can be caught is limited to 550 per species and season (apart from the decoy) (Z 3).
• The catch must take place at the time of day (one hour before sunrise to one hour after sunset). The catch may not take place near watering places and feeding places. The trapping point must be at least 300 meters away from residential buildings (Z 4).
• The constant presence of the bird catcher is expressly mandatory during the entire trapping process (Z 5).
• The impact nets may not be more than 1 by 1 meter. Net blocks are also permitted (Z 6).
• A precise log must be kept in which the time, place, equipment used and the success of the catch are recorded. This protocol must be submitted to the authority (Z 7).
• The birds, with the exception of the decoys, must be released again by April 10 of the following year (Z 8).
• The birds must be kept in aviaries, the dimensions of which are precisely defined (Z 9).
• Cage is only permitted during the exhibition (Z 10).
• The decoys are limited to two of each species or song variations (Z 11).
• Another log is to be kept of the entrances and exits of the decoys (Z 12).
• The fishing permits may only be issued for one fishing season (Z 13).

Reading of bird rings

The bird ringing by trained ornithologists is a tool to research aspects of the life of birds, especially the migration behavior and changes in it. In the course of bird trapping in the Salzkammergut, rings of the birds found by the bird trappers are forwarded to the ornithogical ringing centers for scientific evaluation via the chairman of the so-called "Salzkammergut bird friends". When evaluating the data from international bird ringing, bird trapping in the Salzkammwergut is of minor importance. (Outside the Salzkammergut, animals caught by trained ornithological specialists are released immediately after being caught or ringed.)

• The bird with the most remote discovery data in relation to the Salzkammergut is the Siskin . For the period from 1935 to 2000, 58 distant and 3 near finds are documented.
• Between 1935 and 2000, 37 long-distance and 23 close-up finds were found in the crossbill. The origin of the majority of the animals from the Sudetenland, the Vogtland and the Thuringian Forest is striking.
• In the goldfinch, 21 recoveries were found between 1951 and 1996. All of them were found far away, outside the borders of Upper Austria. Among the recorded animals were four "long-haul pilots": two to Lithuania, one to Split and one to Rome.
• Between 1959 and 1997, 15 long-distance and 11 close-up finds of the Gimpel are documented. He prefers to fly north-south and also to Finland.

Further "Intangible Cultural Heritage" of UNESCO in Austria (as of 2019)

Round dancing on the ice in Vienna - impromptu play of the Tschauner stage - Untergailtal church customs and Untergailtal costume - customs of the mountain and hut people on the Styrian iron road - nativity play of the "Steyrer Kripperl" - field names of the federal state of Tyrol - candles singing in southern Lower Austria - Neckenmarkter flag waving Feast of St. George - trickle irrigation in the Tyrolean Oberland - cathedral construction in Austria (St. Stephan and Mariendom Linz) - gold beating trade (gold, silver and metal beating and metal beating) - larch resin extraction - paving handicraft - Viennese waltz - played, danced, sung - two-thirds court Landeck - training and choir tradition of the Vienna Boys' Choir - production of terrazzo in traditional handicraft technique - Montafon dialect - gilding & staffing - Viennese mood and playing style of the zither - Aussee carnival - Axamer Wampeler riding - experience in dealing with the danger of avalanches - manuf Location and use of the Linz gold bonnet - Kranzel riding to Weitensfeld - Laßnitzer Volksschauspiele - Perlåggen in Tyrol - Practice of the Salzburg Marionette Theater - Pigeon shooting in Altaussee - Knowledge of Lipizzaner breeding - Setting up and visiting the landscape cribs in the Salzkammergut - Gauder Festival in Zell am Ziller - Mühlviertler Handblaruck in the Holy Week - Scheibenschlagen - Trattenbacher Taschenfeitel production - Aries procession to Obermauern - Zachäussingen in Zirl - Aberseer Schleuniger - The production of the Mollner Jew's Harp - Liebstatt Sunday in Gmunden - Öblarner Krampusspiel - Reither Nikolausspiel - Traunkirchner Mordsgrau - Knowledge of the Upper Flößerei Mordsgrau Knowledge of traditional seed cultivation and seed production - Aperschnalzen in the historic Rupertiwinkel - freedom discharging at Maxlaun in Niederwölz - Heiliggrab brotherhood in Pfunds - Innviertler Landler - lace making in Salzburg - basket making - weaving art with willow, straw and ge Split wood - Metnitz Kinisingen - Erl Passion Play - Pechöl distilling in the eastern Mühlviertel - Pinzgauer pomace dance by the Salzburg ALPINIA - Austrian sign language - Austrian scythe forging - Row dance in Sierning - Knowledge of the locations, harvesting and processing of the dotted gentians - Telling in the Montafon - Fasnacht Nassereith - Schellerlauf - Civic and Rifle Guard of the Murau district - Reverse glass painting in Sandl - Jew's harp playing in Austria - Sacrament Guard in Tyrol - Knuckling in the Tyrolean Unterland - Bloch pulling in Fiss - Dürrnberger sword dance - Ebenseer Fetzenzug - Gasteiner Perchten - Lichtbratlmontag in Bad Ischl Lovara - charcoal burning - Mullen and Matschgern in the MARTHA villages - Murau carnival race - bad luck in Lower Austria - Roman, the language of the Burgenland Roma - Silent Night - the Christmas song - transhumance - sheep migration in the Ötztal Alps - Vorarlberg field names - Windisch Garstner Niglo parade - Viennese coffee house culture - Wirlinger Böllerschützen - Knowledge of hazel spruce as tonewood - Pharmacy's own house specialties - Ehrwald Mountain Fire - Bleiberger Knappenkultur - Bodensee-Radhaube in Laméspitze - Burgenland Indigo-Handblaudruck - Three-stage farming in Bregenzerwald - Ebachtensee Glöckler - - Schemenlauf - Ferlach gunsmiths - Funkensonntag - Heiligenbluter Sternsinger - Healing knowledge of the Pinzgauer and Pinzauerinnen - Hundstoaranggeln - Classical riding art and the high school of the Spanish Riding School - Lesachtaler bread making - fairy tale telling - Stove and chimney masonry in Burgenland - Austrian folk dance movement - Perchtereinzugsdal dialect - Austrian folk dance movement - Perchtereinzugsdal dialect Bird catching - Samson wear in Lungau and Murau district - Salzburg festival shooting - Smithing in Ybbsitz - Slovene field and farm names in Carinthia - Sternsingen in Villgratental (Ausservillgraten and Innervillgraten) - Telfer Schleicherlaufen - Association for mutual assistance in the event of fire "ancillary service" - United to Tamsweg - Wiener Dudler.

literature

• Association for the publication of a district book Gmunden (ed.): The district of Gmunden and its communities. From the beginning to the present . 1st edition. Upper Austrian Provincial Publishing House, Linz 1991.
• Walter Rieder: Schnabö Heil! Songbird trapping and keeping in the Salzkammergut . 1st edition. Salzkammergut Media, Gmunden 2002, DNB  976943565 .
• Julia Kolar: Bird trapping and the intangible cultural heritage - a field analysis (diploma thesis for obtaining the master's degree) . University of Graz, Graz 2011.

Web links

• Association IKES Immaterial Cultural Heritage Salzkammergut
• Austrian Commission for UNESCO - National Agency for Intangible Cultural Heritage
• Salzkammergut Association of Bird Friends

Individual evidence

1. ^ First entries in the National Register of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Austria (pdf). National Agency for Intangible Cultural Heritage - Austrian Commission for UNESCO , March 19, 2011, accessed on August 29, 2015 . 
2. ↑ 500 bird trapping licenses issued in the Salzkammergut. ( Memento from November 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) salzi.at, September 15, 2011, accessed May 30, 2012.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Directory of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Austria: Salzkammergut Vogelfang. National Agency for Intangible Cultural Heritage - Austrian Commission for UNESCO, March 15, 2010, accessed on August 23, 2015 . 
4. ↑ UNESCO commission declared bird trapping in the Salzkammergut to be an important part of Austria's intangible cultural heritage. (No longer available online.) Ebensee market town office, March 15, 2010, archived from the original on November 24, 2015 ; accessed on August 28, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
5. ↑ ^{a b c} The Ebensee bird catchers. Every autumn people set out in the Salzkammergut to catch a goldfinch, a crossbill, a bullfinch and a siskin. Die Presse , October 28, 2012, accessed on August 25, 2015 . 
6. ^ Upper Austrian Provincial Archives, Linz. Herrschaft Steyr, box 694, fasc. 34. (Item 39. fol. 24)
7. ↑ Michael F. Martys: To the knowledge of the fauna in the district of Gmunden. In: Association for the publication of a district book Gmunden (Hrsg.): The district of Gmunden and its communities . From the beginning to the present. With a foreword by Governor Dr. Josef Ratzenböck . Upper Austrian publisher . Linz. 1991, p. 169.
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Bird catching in the Salzkammergut - old customs as a living tradition and expression of closeness to nature. Salzkammergut Association of Bird Friends, March 15, 2010, accessed on August 23, 2015 . 
9. ↑ Brockhaus' Small Conversations Lexicon. First volume . 3. Edition. FA Brockhaus , Leipzig 1879, p. 812 .
10. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Walter Rieder: Schnabö Heil! Songbird trapping and keeping in the Salzkammergut . 1st edition. Salzkammergut Media, Gmunden 2002, p. 51-55 .
11. ^ Edwin Zellweker : Kaiser artist diplomats in Bad Ischl . 1st edition. Grenz Verlag, Vienna 1951, p. 91 .
12. ↑ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich, first part . Kk Hof- und Staatsdruckerei , Vienna 1857, p. 1 .
13. ^ Gabriele Praschl-Bichler: The Habsburgs in Bad Ischl . 1st edition. Leopold Stocker Verlag , Graz Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-7020-0797-0 , p. 12 .
14. ↑ ^{a b} Walter Rieder: Schnabö Heil! Songbird trapping and keeping in the Salzkammergut . 1st edition. Salzkammergut Media, Gmunden 2002, p. 41, 42 .
15. ↑ Walter Rieder: Schnabö Heil! Songbird trapping and keeping in the Salzkammergut . 1st edition. Salzkammergut Media, Gmunden 2002, p. 98 .
16. ↑ report. The last of their kind. Man against siskin. The EU allows songbirds to be caught in some valleys in Upper Austria. News magazine Focus , December 16, 2002, accessed September 3, 2015 . 
17. ^ "Green light" for songbird fishing in Upper Austria. Permits are now granted after all - contradictions in the legal situation. Der Standard , September 2, 2005, accessed September 3, 2015 . 
18. ↑ Catching songbirds: Broad front against exhibition ban. Joint declaration by national councilors, members of the state parliament and mayors. Der Standard, August 22, 2005, accessed September 4, 2015 . 
19. ^ Large rally of the bird catchers. ORF Österreichischer Rundfunk Landesstudio Upper Austria, September 4, 2005, accessed on September 3, 2015 . 
20. ↑ ^{a b c} Bird catching: gap on the green front. The Bad Ischler parliamentary group of the Greens introduced its own resolution for the maintenance of customs. Der Standard, October 10, 2005, accessed September 4, 2015 . 
21. ↑ Exhibition prohibited because of bird flu. ORF Österreichischer Rundfunk Landesstudio Oberösterreich, November 17, 2005, accessed on September 4, 2015 . 
22. ↑ ^{a b} acquittals for Salzkammergut bird catchers. Animal rights activists flashed lawsuits. Der Standard, August 11, 2006, accessed September 4, 2015 . 
23. ↑ "Pagageno backstage" exhibition at the Museum of Ethnography dedicated to customs and stage character. Der Standard, May 26, 2006, accessed September 4, 2015 . 
24. ↑ Supreme Judge: Songbirds may be exhibited. The bird catchers cheer, animal rights activists protest, bullfinches and siskins probably whistle. Der Standard, March 27, 2007, accessed September 4, 2015 . 
25. ↑ of the Constitutional Court on 8 March 2007, collection number 18,096th Legal Information System of the Federal Chancellery , March 8th 2007, accessed September 4, 2015 . 
26. ↑ Bird lovers celebrated UNESCO decision. UNESCO recently declared the custom an intangible world cultural heritage. Oberösterreichische Nachrichten , June 22, 2010, accessed on September 4, 2015 . 
27. ↑ Inquiry and answer from the Federal Minister of Health regarding songbird trapping in Upper Austria Salzkammergut. Republic of Austria, Parliament, December 2, 2010, accessed November 26, 2015 . 
28. ↑ 150 years of tradition: "Vogelfreunde Himmel" celebrate a big anniversary. Oberösterreichische Nachrichten, November 22, 2011, accessed on September 4, 2015 . 
29. ↑ Great honor for the chairman of the Vogelfreunde Salzkammergut. Marktgemeindeamt Ebensee, July 9, 2014, accessed on November 22, 2015 . 
30. ↑ Governor Dr. Josef Pühringer: "Upper Austria celebrates its UNESCO folk culture treasures on June 13th and 14th, 2015 in St. Wolfgang". Office of the Upper Austrian Provincial Government, June 10, 2015, accessed on September 4, 2015 . 
31. ↑ Interview with Hubert von Goisern. A stage junkie's lent. Hubert von Goisern, October 12, 2005, accessed on September 3, 2015 . 
32. ↑ ^{a b} In the Salzkammergut the bird catchers set off again. Der Standard, September 14, 2010, accessed November 21, 2015 . 
33. ↑ Animal rights activists harassed bird catchers - the police had to intervene in Ischl. Oberösterreichische Nachrichten, October 22, 2010, accessed on September 4, 2015 . 
34. ↑ ^{a b c} Excellent! Bird trapping in the Salzkammergut as an intangible cultural heritage. A contribution by Mag. Julia Kolar (pdf). (PDF) (No longer available online.) Look here, magazine of the Schloss Trautenfels Association - Universalmuseum Joanneum , 01/2014, 35th year, January 22, 2014, archived from the original on November 23, 2015 ; Retrieved September 4, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
35. ↑ Input from animal rights activists: "Bird trapping is cruelty to animals". The 54-year-old is chairman of the umbrella organization of the Upper Austria. Animal welfare organizations and runs the animal shelter in Steinbach am Ziehberg (Kirchdorf district). Oberösterreichische Nachrichten, April 22, 2010, accessed on September 4, 2015 . 
36. ↑ The bird catcher and the intangible cultural heritage - a field analysis, presented by Julia Kolar. Institute for Folklore and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Graz , September 22, 2011, accessed on September 4, 2015 . 
37. ↑ Bird trapping is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Salzkammergut-Rundblick, June 19, 2010, accessed on October 4, 2015 . 
38. ^ Heinrich Marchetti: Bad Ischl. In: Association for the publication of a district book Gmunden (Hrsg.): The district of Gmunden and its communities . From the beginning to the present. With a foreword by Governor Dr. Josef Ratzenböck. Upper Austrian publisher. Linz. 1991. p. 808.
39. ↑ Reinhard Mittendorfer: Ebensee. In: Association for the publication of a district book Gmunden (Hrsg.): The district of Gmunden and its communities . From the beginning to the present. With a foreword by Governor Dr. Josef Ratzenböck. Upper Austrian publisher. Linz. 1991. pp. 831, 851.
40. ↑ Walter Rieder: Schnabö Heil! Songbird trapping and keeping in the Salzkammergut . 1st edition. Salzkammergut Media, Gmunden 2002, p. 57-60 .
41. ↑ Upper Austrian Nature Conservation Act, LGBl. No. 129/2001. Legal information system of the Federal Chancellery, August 25, 2015, accessed on November 4, 2015 . 
42. ↑ Upper Austrian Species Protection Ordinance, LGBl. No. 73/2003. Legal information system of the Federal Chancellery, August 25, 2015, accessed on November 4, 2015 . 
43. ↑ Walter Rieder: Schnabö Heil! Songbird trapping and keeping in the Salzkammergut . 1st edition. Salzkammergut Media, Gmunden 2002, p. 103-116 .