23rd century BC Chr.

Portal history | Portal Biographies | Current events | Annual calendar

◄ | 4th mill. Chr. | 3rd millennium BC Chr. | 2nd mill. Chr. ►
◄ | 25th century BC Chr. | 24th century BC Chr. | 23rd century BC Chr. | 22nd century BC Chr. | 21st century BC Chr. | ►

The 23rd century BC Chr. Began v on January 1, 2300. And ended on December 31, 2201 BC. This corresponds to the period 4250 to 4151 before today or the interval 3840 to 3782 radiocarbon years .

The Neolithic settlement of Scord of Brouster in the Shetland Islands

Age / Epoch

• Subboreal (3710-450 BC).
• End Neolithic (2800 to 2200 BC) in Central Europe .
• Beginning of the Early Bronze Age in southern Central Europe (from 2300 BC).
• The Early Dynastic Period ends in Mesopotamia .

Events / developments

Victory table of Rimush over Abalgamaš and the allied Elamites

• 23rd century BC Chr .:
  • The Sumerian language is gradually being superseded by Akkadian .
  • Beginning of the First Dynasty in Assyria (“17 kings who lived in tents”).
  • The Akkadian kings Maništušu and Naram-Sin led campaigns against Magan (now Oman ). The aim of the expeditions was to procure raw materials, especially copper . Magan was eventually subjugated by Naram-Sin.
  • The citadel of Erbil , the longest continuously inhabited place in the world, is mentioned for the first time in the cuneiform tablets of Ebla .
  • Penetration of from Anatolien and Armenia derived Amorites by Syria and Phönizien . Collapse of the Levantine city-states Ebla , Megiddo , Yarmuth, Ai and Bet Yerah . The Amurrites are first mentioned in 2240 BC. Fought by Naram-Sin in northern Syria.
• Around 2300 BC Chr .:
  • The metalworking reached northern Europe .
• 2291 BC Chr .:
  • Teti II is murdered by a bodyguard. He is followed by Userkare , who only rules for a short time, and his son Pepi I.
• Around 2270 BC Chr .:
  • The Akkadian king Rimuš defeated Abalgamaš , the king of Marhasi and the Elamite cities allied with him.
• 2266 BC Chr .:
  • Ididiš established the governor (šakkanakku) period in Mari .
• Around 2250 BC Chr .:
  • The Elamite Susa is incorporated into the Akkadian Empire.
• Around 2240 BC Chr .:
  • Akkad , the capital of the Akkadian Empire, outstripped the Egyptian Memphis and became the most populous city in the world at that time.
  • First destruction of Eblas .
• Around 2220 BC Chr .:
  • Scord of Brouster , a Neolithic settlement on the Shetland Islands, is emerging.
• 2218/2215 BC Chr .:
  • The Akkadian Empire is conquered by the Guteans .

Natural events and disasters

• 2222/2221 BC Chr .:
  • In Shanxi in China , a strong happened earthquake , the 5.5 on the Richter scale achieved. The number of victims is unknown.
• 2215 BC Chr .:
  • Appearance of the comet Hale-Bopp .
• Around 2200 BC Chr .:
  • In Bubastis , Egypt, archaeological analyzes suggest an earthquake.

Buildings

Remains of the Pepi II pyramid

• 2309 to 2223 BC Chr .:
  • For salt extraction and thermal purposes, catch basins of Les Fontaines Salées are being built near Foissy-lès-Vézelay in what is now the French department of Yonne .
• From around 2270 to 2250 BC Chr .:
  • In Saqqara south arising pyramid complex of Pepi I.
  • Under Pepi I. temples are founded in Bubastis , Abydos , Dendera and Koptos .
• 2250 to 2245 BC Chr .:
  • The Merenre pyramid is also being built in Saqqara South .
• Around 2200 BC Chr .:
  • Work begins on the Pepi II pyramid in Saqqara South.
  • Temple of Pepi II in Byblos , which underlines the existence of an important Egyptian colony in the Levant .

Arts and Culture

Cylinder seal N ° 24 of Ibni-sharrum, scribe from Šar-kali-šarri

• During the Akkadian period there was a clear change in the execution of works of art in Mesopotamia. The new style developed at the court of Akkad spread across all cities of the Akkadian Empire.
• The cylinder seal of the writer from Šar-kali-šarri, Ibni-sharrum, represents a high point in the artistic quality of the engraving, which later productions can no longer surpass.

Personalities

Statue of Pepi I.

Note: The years of government cannot be precisely determined in this century. Therefore, these are approximate estimates.

Pharaohs of Egypt

6th dynasty:

• Userkare (around 2300 BC)
• Pepi I. (2295-2250 BC)
• Merenre (2250–2245 BC)
• Pepi II. (2245-2180 BC)

Naram-Sin stele

Kings of Akkad

• Sargon (2356-2300 BC, also 2334-2279 BC)
• Maništušu (2299–2284 BC)
• Rimuš (2283–2274 BC)
• Naram-Sin (2273–2219 BC)
• Sar-kali-Sarri (2218–2193 BC)

King of Elam

• Puzur-Inšušinak (around 2240 BC)

Others

• En-hedu-anna (2334–? BC / 2270–? BC). The daughter of Sargon of Akkad was high priestess of Ur (city) and at the same time the oldest author known from traditional writings.

Archaeological cultures

Cultures in North Africa

• Egypt :
  • Old Empire :
    • 6th Dynasty (2345/2318 to 2216/2180 BC)

Cultures in Mesopotamia and the Middle East

• Mesopotamia :
  • Kiš :
    • 5th Dynasty: (2370 to 2230 BC)
  • Battery period : (2340/2316 to 2200 BC)
• Iran :
  • Jiroft culture (4000 to 1000 BC)
  • Schahr-e Suchte IV (2300 to 2100 BC)
  • Elam : Old Elamite Period (2700 to 1600 BC)
  • Susa IV B (2400 to 2100 BC)
  • Tepe Yahya IV A (2500 to 2200 BC), Elamite?
• Syria :
  • Tell Brak (6000 to 1360 BC)
  • Tall Leilan (5000 to 1726 BC) - Phase IIa, IIb3 and IIb2
  • Tell Chuera (5000 to 1200 BC)
  • Tell Hamoukar (4500 to 2000 BC)
  • Provisional end of Eblas , which dates back to 2240 BC. Is destroyed for the first time
• Turkey :
  • Mahmatlar (2300 to 2000 BC)
  • Troy :
    • Troy II (2550 to 2200 BC)

Golden jug from Mahmatlar, 2300 to 2000 BC Chr.

• Bahrain :
  • Dilmun culture (3000 to 600 BC)

Cultures in East Asia

• China :
  • Yangshao culture (5000 to 2000 BC), central and northern China
  • Yingpu culture (3500 to 2000 BC) in Taiwan
  • Disappearance of the Liangzhu culture (3400/3300 to 2200 BC) in southeast China
  • Longshan culture (3200 to 1850 BC) on the middle and lower Yellow Rivers
  • Karuo culture (3200 to 2000 BC) in China and Tibet
  • Majiayao culture (3000 to 2000 BC) on the upper Yellow River
  • Xiaoheyan culture (3000 to 2000 BC) in Inner Mongolia
  • Tanshishan culture (3000 to 2000 BC) in Fujian
  • Shijiahe culture (2600 to 2000 BC) on the middle Yangtze
  • Banshan Machang culture (2500 to 2000 BC) on the upper Yellow River
  • Baodun culture (2500 to 1700 BC) in Sichuan
  • Keshengzhuang II culture (2300 to 2000 BC)
• Korea :
  • Middle Jeulmon Period (3500 to 2000 BC)
  • Go-Joseon (2333-108 BC)
• Japan :
  • Middle Jōmon Period - Jōmon IV (3000 to 2000 BC)
• Vietnam :
  • Đa-Bút culture (4000 to 1700 BC)
  • Hồng Bàng dynasty (2879 to 258 BC)

Water buffalo from Lopburi, Thailand, 2300 BC. Chr.

Cultures in South Asia

• Indus Valley :
  • Indus culture : Harappa phase
    • Harappa 3B (2450 to 2200 BC)
• Balochistan :
  • Mehrgarh : Period VII (from 2600 to 2200 BC), the city is largely abandoned
  • Disappearance of the Nal culture (3800 to 2200 BC)

Cultures in Europe

• Northern Europe :
• Boat ax culture (4200 to 2000 BC) in Scandinavia and the Baltic States
• Northeast Europe :
  • Pit ceramic culture (4200 to 2000 BC - radiocarbon method : 5600 to 2300 BC) in Norway , Sweden , the Baltic States, Russia and Ukraine
  • Rzucewo culture (5300 to 1750 BC) in the Baltic States and Poland
  • Narva culture (5300 to 1750 BC) in Estonia , Latvia, and Lithuania
• Eastern Europe :
  • Kura Araxes culture (3500/3000 to 2000/1900 BC) in the Caucasus
  • Poltavka culture (2700 to 2100 BC) on the central Volga
  • Potapovka culture (2500 to 2000 BC) on the central Volga
  • Catacomb tomb culture (2500 to 2000 BC) in Russia and Ukraine
  • Abashevo culture (2500 to 1800 BC) in northern Russia

So-called “duck vase” from Milos, Philakopi I, 2300 to 2000 BC Chr.

• Southeast Europe :
  • Greece :
    • Mainland Greece, Early Helladic phase FH II (2700 to 2200 BC)
    • Cycladic culture (3200 to 1100 BC), early Cycladic phase FK II (2700 to 2200 BC)
      • Kastri culture (2400 to 2100 BC) in the Cyclades , Euboea , Attica and Boeotia
      • Phylakopi culture - Phylakopi I (2300 to 2000 BC) on Milos
  • Crete :
    • Early Minoan pre-palace period FM II (2700 to 2200 BC)
  • Cyprus :
    • Philia culture (2500 to 2000 BC)

Red polished ware from Enkomi , Northern Cyprus, 2300 to 2075 BC. Chr.

• Central Europe :
  • Vlaardingen culture (3350 to 1950 BC) in the Netherlands
  • Schönfeld culture (2900 to 2100 BC) in Germany and the Czech Republic
  • Corded ceramic culture (2800 to 2200 BC) in Central Europe, the Baltic States and Russia is coming to an end
  • Disappearance of the bell beaker culture (2600 to 2200 BC in central, western and southern Europe); however, it survived in Great Britain until 1800 BC. Chr.
  • Beginning of the Aunjetitz culture (2300 to 1550 BC) in Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Austria
• Western Europe :
  • Grooved Ware Culture in Great Britain and Ireland (3400 to 2000 BC)
  • Seine-Oise-Marne culture (3100 to 2000 BC) in northern France and Belgium
  • Peu-Richard culture (2850 to 2150 BC) in central western France - final stage Peu-Richard Final
  • Artenac culture (2500 to 2000 BC) in western and southwestern France
  • Megalithic cultures :
    • France (4700 to 2000 BC)
    • Iberian Peninsula (4000 to 2000 BC): Spain and Portugal
      • Los Millares (3200 to 1800 BC)
      • Vila Nova de São Pedro (2700 to 1300 BC)
    • British Isles (from 3800 BC)
      • Stonehenge :
        • Stonehenge III (2400 to 2280 BC)
        • Stonehenge IV (2280 to 1930 BC)
    • Malta : Tarxien necropolis (2500 to 1500 BC)

Cultures in america

• Greenland :
  • Independence I culture (2400/2300 to 1000 BC)
  • Saqqaq culture (2400-900 BC)
• North and Central America :
  • Archaic period . Establishment of mounds in the eastern forest areas from 4000 BC. Chr.
• South America :
  • Chinchorro culture (7020 to 1500 BC) in northern Chile and southern Peru
  • Valdivia culture (3950 to 1750 BC) in Ecuador
  • Norte Chico culture (3500 to 1800 BC) in Peru with
    • Caral (from 3000 BC), Pre-Ceramic IV - VI
  • San Agustín culture (3300 BC to 1550 AD) in Colombia

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Monika Schuol : The Charakene. Franz Steiner Verlag, 2000, ISBN 3-515-07709-X , p. 252
2. ↑ Hans J. Nissen : History of the ancient Near East. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2011, ISBN 3-486-59223-8 , p. 80

Web links

Commons : 23rd century BC Chr.  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files