Lordship of Schalksburg

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Late Gothic altarpiece from 1471: The landscape is supposed to represent Balingen with the Alb Mountains and the Schalksburg and the newly restored Hohenzollern

The Schalksburg rule was a medieval territory in the area of ​​today's Zollernalb district . Using the example of its origin and development, the formation of territories and rulers among the lower and higher nobility in southwest Germany can be seen. In the 15th century, the Schalksburg dominion and the Mühlheim dominion formed the Zollern-Schalksburg dominion. Despite the sale to Württemberg in 1403, through which the territory was dissolved in the newly created Balingen office, the memory of the Schalksburg rule was kept alive, especially by the Zoller side. In the 19th and 20th centuries, this memory played a decisive role in the discussions about the territorial design of the region. The saga of the Hirschgulden , in the version reported by Gustav Schwab and integrated by Wilhelm Hauff into the story Das Wirtshaus im Spessart , played a decisive role in refreshing this memory . The historical territories and the identities that arose in them had a decisive influence on the structure of today's Zollernalb district.

The formation of rule in the area of ​​the later rule of Schalksburg in the High Middle Ages

Spatial classification

The rule of Schalksburg within the Zoller counties

The rule Schalksburg included in the narrower sense the city of Balingen , the fortress Schalksburg, as well as the villages Onstmettingen , Erzingen , Endingen , Engstlatt , Burgfelden , Frommern , Oberdigisheim , Tailfingen , Truchtelfingen , Pfeffingen , Zillhausen , Streichen , Heselwangen , Dürrwangen , Laufen , Weilheim and Waldstetten . There were also farms and the associated income in Tieringen , Stockenhausen and Wannental , Melchingen and the church set in Roßwangen , and initially Bisingen . Apart from Bisingen, this part corresponds to the part later sold to Württemberg. In a broader sense, the rule of Mühlheim was also included in the Zoller period. This consisted of the city ​​of Mühlheim , the bailiwick of the Augustinian canons of Beuron and the places Irndorf , Stetten , Böttingen , Königsheim , Mahlstetten , Buchheim , Allenspach and Aggenhausen , as well as Bronnen Castle .

The territory of the later rule of Schalksburg was largely in the area of ​​the former county of Scherra of the Duchy of Swabia. The name is derived from the Old High German scorra and probably refers to the rugged cliffs of the Danube and the Schmeiental and the Balinger Mountains . The borders coincided with old ecclesiastical administrative borders. The limits can also be determined using different systems of measurement. Until the 15th century the term Scheer was still widely used. The old boundaries also remained visible in the delimitation of the forest on the Scheer .

Immediately outside the borders were the headquarters of the counties that fought over the territory of the Scherragrafschaft in the 13th century: Zollern Castle in the north, Hohenberg Castle in the south and Veringen in the east. The dukes of Teck , the counts of Württemberg and the counts of Urach sat a little further away .

Origin of local nobility

Monasteries with estates in the Scherra county
Deed of donation of goods in the Eyach Valley and the surrounding area to the St. Gallen Monastery of March 27, 793

In the middle of the 12th century, the lack of a strong ruler in the Duchy of Swabia led to the strengthening of count families such as the Hohenstaufen , the Zähringer , the Guelphs and the Habsburgs . The area of ​​the later rule of Schalksburg was exactly between the areas of influence of the Staufer in the north, who had meanwhile risen to dukes, and the Zähringer in the southwest. The places in this area only appeared as royal or secular donations, in older times to the imperial abbeys of St. Gallen and Reichenau , in the 11th century to the monasteries of Allerheiligen , Stein am Rhein , Ottmarsheim , St. Blasien , St. Georgen , Alpirsbach , or the Hochstift Bamberg . In the area of ​​these donations, the monasteries granted bailiwick rights. These either received existing minor nobility, often in connection with hereditary fiefs . But mostly they were given to unfree ministerials . These often succeeded in first enforcing the hereditary nature of their office in order to then evade the monastic power of disposal. The monastic manors gradually dissolved in the 12th and 13th centuries. In the room considered here, only Fronhöfe of St. Gallen Abbey in Frommern and Truchtelfingen could last longer.

On the basis of secular and ecclesiastical fiefs, their allodial possessions and the additional bailiwick rights, regional petty lordships were formed. Some, such as the gentlemen Burgfelden , Ebingen , Nusplingen or Winzeln , only existed for a short time in the area under consideration. Often they did not succeed in binding the lower court in the villages. Instead, it ended up in the hands of the neighboring counts. The others continued to serve as fiefs and followers of the secular and spiritual princes. A ruling class , known today as the lower nobility , formed, which consisted on the one hand of noblemen and on the other hand of ministerials who were able to establish local rule . This layer is now often incorrectly referred to as a knight . The term knight ( "miles" ) only referred to a man with military equipment and was only used as a status in later centuries.

The origins of the Zollern

The noble free von Zollern were one of the earliest families in southern Germany who named themselves after their ancestral castle. A Reichenau source from 1061 calls Burchard and Wenzil “de Zolorin”. Origin and family relationships are unclear. These first and other mentions in the context of the Reichenau monastery suggest that the Zollern, as administrators of Reichenau church property, came to power in the above-mentioned way. Around 1111 the Zollern were granted count rights by Emperor Heinrich V. They appeared in the 12th century mainly on the diets of the dukes of Swabia and on the court days of the Staufer in connection with Swabian affairs. From this it is concluded that the count's rights were based on a fiefdom of the Duchy of Swabia. However, they were represented both on the Diets of the Zähringer and on the Diets of Henry the Lion (for fiefdoms near Ravensburg ). Around 1125 they had a rule with their own ministerials. The medievalist Dieter Mertens calls the "old nobility in new formation" .

The separation of the Hohenberger from the Zollern

The Counts of Hohenberg were a branch of the Zollern family that had split off after 1179. Burkhard, the eldest son of B. von Zollern , who was last recorded in 1150 and also called Burkhard , was named after both Hohenberg Castle and Zollern Castle from that time on . Likewise, his brother Friedrich, who still appeared as Count von Zollern in 1186, was then only named after Hohenberg. They came into the inheritance of the Counts of Haigerloch , acquired the estates of several noble families in the Rottenburg am Neckar area and were bailiffs of the properties of the Bamberg Monastery in the upper Neckar area and the monasteries in Stein am Rhein and Allerheiligen in Schaffhausen. They moved their headquarters to Haigerloch and Rottenburg, which they had re-established around 1280. They left the administration of the area to their own ministerials. From 1237 they founded the Dominican convent Kirchberg as a house convent and burial place.

The development at Zollern was similar. They founded cities such as Mühlheim (before 1241), Hechingen (1255), Balingen (1255), Schömberg and Binsdorf , and also formed their own ministry. After losing the bailiwick of the Alpirsbach Monastery to the Dukes of Teck, they founded the Stetten Monastery, first mentioned in 1261, as their own burial place. The new self-image was accompanied by a change of coat of arms. The lion, first documented in 1226, was changed to the more modern form of the herald's image , the silver and black quartered shield, first documented in 1248.

The power struggles in the area of ​​the later rule Schalksburg

Albrecht II von Hohenberg ( called Count von Haigerloch here ) is killed in the battle of Leinstetten

At that time, the possessions of the Zollern and Hohenberger were still closely interlinked. Initially, Zollern and Hohenberg belonged to the same alliance parties. In 1262 Ulrich von Württemberg , Albrecht II von Hohenberg and Friedrich V von Zollern were to be found together at the court of Konradin von Hohenstaufen , who at that time - before his fatal journey to Italy - tried in Constance to secure the Hohenstaufen position in the former core area of ​​his house. There was partial recognition of the positions of the South German nobility that had been achieved in the disputes between Frederick II and his son Henry VII .

Albrecht II of Hohenberg, as brother-in-law of Count and later King Rudolf von Habsburg , broke out of this alliance system soon afterwards. He took advantage of Rudolf von Habsburg's disputes over the throne and later his policy of revision at the local level to consolidate his own power. There were military clashes between the Swabian nobles concerned and the party of the future king.

In 1267, an attack by the Zollern on Haigerloch is documented. Since Count Albrecht von Hohenberg recruited the team from Ebingen, Binsdorf, Schömberg, Horb and Rottenburg to defend it, disputes must have taken place beforehand, during which Binsdorf and Schömberg had come into Hohenberg's hands.

Rudolf von Habsburg was in 1273 with the support of Friedrich III. elected king by Nuremberg , the Franconian Zollern. After Albrecht was appointed royal bailiff in Swabia at the court convention in Nuremberg in 1281 and was commissioned to enforce Rudolf's revindication policy, the dispute intensified.

The Württembergers, who had the most to lose from the revision, formed the core of an opposition to which the Zollern belonged. In February 1286 there was a peace treaty between Count Eberhard I of Württemberg and his supporters with Landvogt Albrecht von Hohenberg, but hostilities broke out again in September. The specific reasons can no longer be fathomed. Count Albrecht besieged Stuttgart, between his brother Burkhard and Friedrich von Zollern a battle took place near Balingen on October 23, in which Burkhard was defeated. Before Stuttgart, on the other hand, the overwhelming power of the royal party was so great that a new peace agreement was made, which was concluded between Hohenberg and Zollern at Christmas 1286 in Rottweil in the presence of King Rudolf.

In summary, it can be stated: In one area of ​​the former Duchy of Swabia, the leading noble houses of the Staufer and Zähringer could not position themselves clearly in the 11th century. This was similar in the disputes of the following years: Houses like the Counts of Urach or the Counts of Veringen left the stage entirely. Houses like Zollern and Hohenberg established themselves and expanded their dominions, but could not completely disentangle them territorially. In the gaps that arose in this way, the lower nobility kept themselves, some of which arose from old nobility, but mostly arose from different ministries (imperial, church or high nobility ministries). Some of them escaped the control of the territorial states that were establishing themselves and asserted themselves as imperial knighthood rulers through inheritance or sale until the end of the Holy Roman Empire. Some of them are still represented as landowners today.

The rule of Zollern-Schalksburg

Coat of arms of the Counts of Zollern in Scheibler's book of arms . As the tombstone shown below shows, it was also used by the Zollern-Schalksburgs

At the time of the above-mentioned dispute, the house of Zollern was separated into the Zollern-Zollern and Zollern-Schalksburg lines. Later historians, who were looking for an answer to the question of why the Zollerian rule was again divided, believed they could see the answer in the peace treaty of Christmas 1286. They believed that the partition was forced by King Rudolf, was part of the peace agreement and was intended as a deliberate weakening of the Zollern family. The separation is placed in a row with the already mentioned separation Zollern / Hohenberg and the later separation after the death of Charles I in 1576 into the lines Hohenzollern-Hechingen , Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Hohenzollern-Haigerloch . In retrospect, it is seen as an incomprehensible surrender of power.

Wilfried Schöntag, however, shows that this division was initiated earlier. Even before 1283, Frederick V the Illustrious included his sons in the administration, because from this time on it can be observed that Frederick I , the founder of the Zollern-Schalksburg line, acted independently in this territory. Friedrich I is also called the Merkenberger because his wife was Udihild von Merkenberg. Such divisions of inheritance were nothing unusual at the time. They were used to care for the sons of a family who were not in a ministry. The survival of a dynasty depended on the fact that, despite the increased risk of death due to possible battle death, a son entitled to inherit was available at the death of the ruler and that, on the other hand, not too many sons would lead to too broad a fragmentation of the inheritance. “Excess” sons were therefore placed in spiritual offices. As the example of the Zollern-Zollern line with Friedrich IX., The Strasbourg citizen, shows, they could also be returned to the lay status if necessary. Other dynasties ensured their survival by the fact that the relatives of the side lines came back to the main line as heirs.

Economic basics

The rule that fell to the schalksburg part when the inheritance was divided in 1283 included the real rule of Schalksburg as well as the rule of Mühlheim . This was probably acquired before 1241, since from this year the Zollern had already sealed “their city of Mühlheim”.

The lordship of Schalksburg in turn consisted of the area around Balingen acquired by the Counts of Fürstenberg shortly before 1255 , where they founded the new town next to the old village at Pentecost in 1255, and the Schalksburg acquired by the Counts of Veringen between 1262 and 1266 .

The sources of income were mainly basic pensions and tithe . There was also income from corporations, whereby the typical medieval fragmentation of rights can be observed here. That is, almost all of the peasants were serfs, but not exclusively Zoller serfs. There was income from legal titles of the lower court , taxes according to hearth and consumption taxes in the cities. Zollerische church records, which included the right to determine the church lord or pastor, were also used to care for the spiritual members of the family.

The population of Zollern-Schalksburg is estimated by Casimir Bumiller at 5,500, whereby he estimates well below 1,000 for the city of Mühlheim and around 1,000 for the city of Balingen. After the plague of 1350, he assumes a total number of inhabitants of at most 4,000.

The general nobility and life crisis of the 14th century also affected the rule of Zollern-Schalksburg. It began with the Europe-wide famine of 1314/17, culminated in the plague of 1348/50, which was followed by further epidemics in 1370 and 1380 that continued into the following centuries . The result was rural exodus, price increases and wage increases, which was particularly precarious for the nobility, as their income fell at the same time. Added to this was the crisis of chivalry when the heavily armed but clumsy knight armies showed themselves inferior to flexible foot troops: Courtrai (1302), Morgarten (1315), Crécy (1346), Reutlingen (1377), Sempach (1386), Näfels (1388), Nikopolis (1396) and Tannenberg (1410). These battles not only undermined the aristocratic self-confidence, the Swabian aristocracy was represented even in distant battles such as Crécy and Nikopolis. Friedrich V, the last Count of Zollern-Schalksburg, lost his older brother and a brother-in-law near Reutlingen, while his younger brother was one of the few surviving knights of the order near Tannenberg.

In their immediate vicinity, the Zollern were able to see the rise of the Dukes of Austria, the Count Palatine of the Rhine, the Württemberg and Baden population, as well as the descent to the extinction of the Dukes of Teck, the Counts of Sulz, the von Eberstein, Vaihingen, Freiburg, Veringen and Observe Nellenburg. The Swabian houses of the Zollern were in an unstable state in between, which can also be seen in the not very high-ranking marriage connections. In the large generations 3 and 4, the spiritual career was also used as an alternative. The women then mostly entered the Zollerische Hauskloster Stetten , the men served as canons in Augsburg or as German lords or as conventuals in Sankt Gallen. From a dynastic point of view, family policy was not very successful. The placement in spiritual benefices or in the monastery initially cost a fee. The wives did not bring in much wealth, only Verena von Kyburg inherited some Swiss rulers after the death of her sister Margaretha, but they were all sold to Bern or to her daughter. A potential inheritance from the Veringen rule was with the death of Friedrich VI. lapsed in 1403.

A further division of rule was avoided by the death of Friedrich IV. In 1377 in the battle of Reutlingen. This engagement in the war against the Swabian Association of Cities also cost the life of Swigger von Gundelfingen, Friedrich IV's brother-in-law. It is assumed that two ministers of the Counts of Zollern-Schalksburg lost their lives in this dispute. On the Reutlingen death list, `` graff Friderich von Zollern von Schalksburg ritter, called von Eselsberg '' is the first of 78 gentlemen, knights and servants. According to the custom at the time, it can be assumed that the families had to buy both corpses and armaments for expensive money. Since no explicit service contracts between Württemberg and Zollern-Schalksburg have been found so far, it can be assumed that the latter participated in this conflict on their own account and therefore had to bear the financial burden alone.

The freedom of action of the Counts of Zollern-Schalksburg

Hugo von Werenwag
Codex Manesse

The influence and weight of a count family was dependent on the size of their followers. That of the Counts of Zollern-Schalksburg included only a few families. Amongst other things:

With this small number of barely more than ten followers, the number of which also decreased towards the end of the rule, the Counts of Zollern-Schalksburg were forced to put themselves into prince service.

In the 14th century, only Württemberg or Habsburg came into question in the region. With regard to their territorial development, these were in open competition with one another, which cannot be discussed further here.

Initially, the Zollern were on the Habsburg side. It was the time of the dispute between Habsburg and Wittelsbach after the double election of Frederick the Fair and Ludwig the Bavarian in 1314. In the following year, both houses of Zollern vouched for King Friedrich and Duke Leopold of Austria . It is not known whether military service was also performed at this point. In 1330 at least Count Friedrich von Zollern vowed the two dukes of Austria, Albrecht and Otto, to support them with "20 helmets" against Ludwig the Bavarian. Given the small number of followers, this could only have been achieved by recruiting mercenaries. At this point in time, Ludwig had returned from Italy after being crowned emperor and had been banned by the Pope. The civil war led to a rift through many Swabian noble families. On one side, for example, there were Bishop Rudolf von Konstanz (Haus Montfort), Margrave Rudolf von Baden-Pforzheim, Count Rudolf von Hohenberg, Heinrich von Veringen and Friedrich von Zollern-Schalksburg. On Ludwig's side stood the Margraves of Baden, the Counts of Montfort, Württemberg, Nellenburg and Fürstenberg as well as Count Friedrich Ostertag von Zollern-Zollern. The change of sides of the Schalksburg follower Sweniger von Lichtenstein took place during this time. This is also believed to be the reason for the rift between the two families from Zoller, which 70 years later led to the sale of the Schalksburg estate into strange hands.

In 1350 both Zollern counts found themselves again on the side of the Habsburgs. On March 29th, Count Friedrich der Alte von Zollern-Schalksburg and Count Friedrich der Straßburger von Zollern-Zollern acknowledged Duke Albrecht a service fee of 1,500 guilders. At least one of the two counts took part in one of the sieges of Zurich in 1352 .

From 1370 onwards the Zollern-Schalksburg can be identified as partisans of Württemberg in their dispute with the cities. Service contracts such as those with Habsburg are not known, but members of the house of Zollern-Schalksburg and their entourage fought and died in the war against the cities, most prominently the brother of the last Count of Zollern-Schalksburg, Friedrich the Young Knight, in the battle Reutlingen.

With the victory of Württemberg against the cities in the Battle of Döffingen in 1388, the weight in the dispute between Habsburg and Württemberg shifted in favor of the Württemberg people, since Habsburg suffered severe defeats at the same time in its conflict with the Confederates in 1386 near Sempach and 1388 near Näfels, which had led to high losses in the ranks of the southern German nobility. Zollern-Schalksburg was affected by the death of her follower Ulrich von Tierberg.

Remarkably, Count Friedrich, known as Mülli, also participated in the suppression of the Schleglerbund in 1394/95 on his own account. This is remarkable because in this dispute - lower nobility against sovereign rulers - the Zollern count demonstratively sided with the sovereign rulers, although at that time both houses of Zollern only appeared as counts by title. They defined themselves solely through the compulsion and spell they exercised in their dominions. In their documents there is seldom any mention of the county, all the more of the rule. They only exercised the lower jurisdiction , a central supreme court, as for example with the Hohenbergers, did not exist at that time.

The sale of the Schalksburg estate

The Zollern city palace in Balingen

In a seniority contract of July 27, 1342 it was regulated that the eldest of the two lines should decide on the award of the Zollerischen man fiefs. This meant that the von Zollern-Schalksburg had a significant say in matters of Zollern-Zollern, which the other way round was not the case, since most of the Mühlheim and Schalksburg property was not an old Zollern allodial property.

Contrary to the impression conveyed by the quarreling brothers in the later saga of the Hirschgulden , both houses were in agreement on all property sales. The documents were mostly attested by a cousin from the other line, often explicit reference was made to the cousin's advice in the document.

The financial situation in both families was extremely tense over the entire period observed: court rulings, land development, prince service and the care of family members put a heavy strain on both branches of the family. In the case of the Schalksburgers, it can be observed that around 1372 they moved their permanent seat from Schalksburg Castle to the city ​​palace in Balingen, which is still known today as the Zollern Palace . They were ahead of the general trend and their cousins ​​on Hohenzollern by around 100 years. Whether the funerals of Count Mülli's son and his own, moving away from the Zolleric monastery in Stetten to the Nikolauskapelle in Balingen, was an expression of the rift with the cousins, as it was assumed based on the legend, or the early anticipation of a later general trend , is controversial.

Gravestone of Frederick VI. († 1403), son of Count Müllis, who died early

Already on April 11, 1303, the rule of Mühlheim was pledged to the Bishop of Constance for 1,000 pounds of Heller. This was done in the context of a soul device by the widow and son for the recently deceased Friedrich I. At that time, the brother-in-law and uncle Elekt was in Constance. The son received the rule of Mühlheim back as a personal property in the same contract . The pledge amount was increased to 1,400 guilders in 1305 and the pledge was converted into a fief.

In 1391 the rule of Mühlheim was sold to the knight Konrad von Weitingen. Obviously, these funds were still insufficient to reorganize the Schalksburg finances, so that on November 3, 1403, after the death of his son, the Schalksburg estate was sold to Württemberg for 28,000 guilders by Count Friedrich V, known as Mülli.

In later historiography, particularly in the Hohenzollern, the question arises as to why it was sold at all. The death of the first owner signaled the end of the Zollern-Schalksburg line, but why was asked, Count Mülli did not simply let the rule fall back to the entire house by inheritance. From the sources and from the historical background of von Zollern-Zollern, it can be concluded that Friedrich Mülli was so overindebted that he had to sell in order to secure his old age financially, and that the relatives were not able to provide this financing. Count Friedrich XI. von Zollern-Zollern died in 1401. In his generation there had been ten members spread over two lines. The Schwarzgräfliche line was also to die out in 1412 (although this property was to remain with the Zollern). The heirs of Friedrich XI, the brothers Friedrich der Öttinger and Eitelfriedrich, were already hopelessly at odds, which 20 years later would have almost led to the extinction of the Swabian Hohenzollern with the destruction of Hohenzollern Castle and the renunciation of the inheritance in favor of Württemberg. And so the seal of Friedrich Ostertag, called Tägli, from the Schwarzgräflichen line can be found on the sales deed of November 3, 1403 , which identifies him as a witness. In the notarial confirmation before the Rottweiler court court , he is even explicitly named as Vogt (lawyer) Verena von Kyburgs, the wife of Mülli. To secure the legacy of the remaining daughter, Sophia, who was married to Caspar von Fronhofen, liquid funds were also necessary. In the later legend only the grief over the lost son and the quarrels of the Zoller brothers were included.

The Württemberg time

Sales deed of the Schalksburg lordship dated November 3, 1403

The establishment of an office in Württemberg

Württemberg had started an expansive territorial policy at the same time as the Zollern and Hohenberger under Ulrich I († 1265) . From a relatively closed area of ​​dominion in the central Neckar area, it used the economic difficulties of the neighboring royal houses, such as the Count Palatine of Tübingen, the Count of Hohenberg, the Dukes of Teck and now also the Zollern, to systematically expand its area through new acquisitions.

In the immediate vicinity of Zollern-Schalksburg these were: Jungingen im Killertal (1300), Rosenfeld (1306/17), Tübingen (1342), Ebingen (1367) and Tuttlingen (1377). Sigmaringen and Veringen had also been acquired by Württemberg during this time, but were pledged again to the Counts of Werdenberg in 1399 , later given as fiefs. In 1388 they obtained the right to open the Zollernburg and the city of Hechingen from the Zollern-Zollern.

In doing so, they supplemented these purchases with small acquisitions from families and monasteries of the lower nobility. Sometimes they acquired a castle, then a village, or even just individual rights, such as court rights, forest rights, escort rights, bailiwick rights or landlord tax rights. So the process of territorialization was not yet over. Territories as closed spatial units did not yet exist at that time. The German language preserves this process in words like “command” and “dominate”, which express that the unit thus described is defined by the rights exercised therein.

The purchase price for the Schalksburg dominion was 28,000 guilders. This purchase price was appropriate for the circumstances at the time.

Obviously, Württemberg financed the purchase with the purchase object itself. This was immediately pledged, the subjects later had to raise the funds to release the pledge themselves. In addition, in 1418 the towns of Tieringen, Hossingen and Meßstetten were acquired by Konrad von Hölnstein and, at an unknown time, Neuhausen ob Eck . These new acquisitions were then combined with the old Ostdorf property to form the Balingen office. In addition, there were still lower aristocratic and monastic rights within the newly acquired territory. Württemberg also tried to attract them. The monastery of St. Gallen could be ousted from its rights in Frommern and a sixth of the grain tenth was obtained in Tailfingen, in Oberdigisheim and Onstmettingen the church set and manorial property of the Abbey of Beuron and the monastery Ottmarsheim was secured for Württemberg.

A Vogt was at the head of the office . He was the representative of the sovereign, he elected and commanded those capable of military service, he organized the escort of the merchants, was responsible for the administration of criminal justice and was the court of appeal in civil cases in the village courts. He was supported by a cellar , which was responsible for the sovereign's income. The Vogt moved into the former city ​​palace of Zoller .

Balingen was promoted in various ways as an official city. In the year 1407 new citizens who had bought into the civil rights were allowed to move freely for five years, i.e. potential, as yet undecided new citizens were given the right of resignation. Tax relief followed in 1410.

The Balingen office in the vicinity of the Württemberg territorial expansion

At that time, Württemberg was able to further expand its position in the region. In 1415, Count Friedrich der Öttinger von Zollern pledged almost all of his property to Württemberg. Hohenzollern Castle was destroyed in 1423 by troops from the Reichstadt and Württemberg. In the Markgröninger Treaty of 1429, Eitelfriedrich von Zollern had to place his rule under Württemberg protection and enter into an open-ended service contract with Württemberg, with the condition that his rule should fall to Württemberg in the event of the male Zollern extinction. The territorial rival Habsburg was weakened by the ostracism of Duke Friedrich IV. In 1415.

The turning point for Württemberg came with the division of the country in 1442 between the brothers Count Ludwig and Count Ulrichs V. Ludwig received the south-west with Tübingen and Urach, Ulrich the north-east with Stuttgart, but also, precisely separated from the main part by Württemberg-Urach, the offices of Balingen and Ebingen. Both parts of the country made further acquisitions, which cannot be discussed in detail here; Just one curiosity should be mentioned: Count Ulrich V. von Württemberg-Stuttgart expanded his property around Ebingen in 1447, including the rule Gammertingen, which also includes half of Neufra . The other half already belonged to Württemberg, namely to the Urach part.

With the resurgence of the Habsburgs, this expansion was stopped. Albrecht VI. von Austria supported the Zollern in the reconstruction of their castle in 1454, after which Count Eberhard im Bart , still as Count von Württemberg-Urach, carried out an area settlement with the Zollern. The Württemberg possessions in Killertal were exchanged for Zollerian possessions in Schönbuch.

The Counts of Werdenberg had already received Sigmaringen and Veringen as pledge from the Counts of Württemberg in 1399. After the adventurous marriage of Count Johann III in 1428. von Werdenberg with Elisabeth von Württemberg, who was already with Albrecht III. had been betrothed by Bavaria , they were settled with the property of Sigmaringen and Veringen as a dowry. In 1460 they immediately carried this property to Emperor Friedrich III. from the house of Habsburg to fief. Habsburg was to remain a protective power for the Swabian nobility until the end of the empire, although it did not give up its own territorial ambitions, as will be seen later.

Pledges and temporary foreign rule

The financial difficulties of Count Ulrich V, especially because of his wars with the Palatinate, led to the fact that in 1458 he pledged the Schalksburg for 12,000 guilders to Ulrich von Rechberg. In 1461 Balingen with Ostdorf, Engstlatt, Heselwangen, Frommern, Waldstetten and Weilheim, Endingen, Erzingen, Meßstetten, Tieringen, Oberdigisheim and Hossingen were pledged for 17,500 guilders to Wolf von Bubenhofen and in 1463 Ebingen and Winterlingen for 6,200 guilders to Count Sigmund von Hohenberg. The latter had been Vogt in Balingen from 1451 to 1459, Ebingen was to become his retirement home. With his death in 1486, the Hohenberg family died out. This fiefdom reverted to Württemberg.

The Bubenhofen family

Konrad von Bubenhofen conjured up a severe legal crisis and an uprising among his subjects. On Christmas Eve 1465 he had a farmer who wanted to visit the bathing room in Balingen arrested (the reason is unknown) and taken to Haimburg Castle near Grosselfingen, which is outside the Balingen pledge. The citizens of Balingen and the farmers of the associated villages rose up against this illegal shipment to a place outside the responsible judicial district. Konrad von Bubenhofen fled to Rottweil and asked for help from the imperial city because of his citizenship there. Rottweil had been allied with the Swiss Confederation since 1463 . Konrad von Bubenhofen also received support from the Palatinate Elector, whose advice and servant he was. The Balingen people turned to the Count of Württemberg, who had a garrison placed in Balingen. Before a military conflict broke out, the Bishop of Konstanz brokered a compromise in April 1466: Württemberg was to redeem the pledge in two installments within a year and a half, and Bubenhofen was to receive 2,500 guilders for lost income from the pledge.

The Lords of Bubenhofen nevertheless remained important partners of the Counts of Württemberg. Count Ulrich sold them the castle and town of Gammertingen , Hettingen and the bailiwick through the Mariaberg monastery . Count Eberhard V. (beard) von Württemberg-Urach left them Neufra and Kettenacker in 1473 and 1474 . From 1481 to 1511, Schalksburg Castle was again pledged to them.

The first pledge of the Schalksburg to the Rechbergers also turned out to be a mistake for Württemberg. Wilhelm von Rechenberg, son of the late 1458 pledgee, admitted in 1463 his uncle Hans von Rechenberg and allied with this brothers Eberhard and Hans Klingenberg an opening right one for the castle. So they were able to carry out their feud against the Counts of Werdenberg from here and the castles of Hohentwiel and Hohenschramberg . From Schalksburg, the villages of Feldhausen and Harthausen as well as Melchingen were destroyed. The villages Benzingen and Dormettingen was an arson imposed by together 800 guilders. Since both Count Ulrich V of Württemberg and the knighthood united in the society of Sankt Jörgenschild opposed the peace breakers, all three castles were besieged. Wilhelm von Rechberg on the Schalksburg was besieged by Jos Niklas von Zollern , who was employed by Württemberg. The armed forces of the St. Jörgenbund stood in front of the Hohentwiel and Count Ulrich besieged the recently completed Hohenschramberg Castle. Count Ulrich was assured that in the event of a conquest, the Schalksburg would only go to him and not to the allies together. The siege began on October 23, 1464. The castle could not be taken by storm, but only surrendered on December 13th due to the supply situation.

The Schalksburg had been damaged during the siege. Since it was legally still part of the Rechberger's lien, this was taken into account after the feud was settled. Wilhelm von Rechberg received 600 guilders from Württemberg and the latter immediately took possession of the Schalksburg again. As with von Bubenhofen above, we can speak of a kind of prepayment penalty . In addition, the Württemberger issued the Rechbergers a promissory note for the pledge amount of 12,000 guilders and committed to repay 4,000 guilders within the next two years. With regard to the damage, both parties mutually assured each other that the other party would not be held liable for the damage caused.

In 1511, Count Eitelfriedrich II von Zollern took over the pledge of the Schalksburg Castle in a contract with Württemberg by reimbursing the pledge amount to von Bubenhofen. It was his plan to bring the lost rule back to the House of Zollern. So he proposed to the House of Württemberg that one of his sons could take over the bailiwick over the office of Balingen. According to the Zimmerischer Chronik, he was also ready to take over the Balingen office as pledge. The plans were dashed by his death in 1512. In 1520, in an inheritance comparison in the house of Zollern Eitelfriedrich III. the Schalksburg assigned as a befitting seat, but in 1554, under Duke Christoph , Württemberg released the pledge of Jobst Nikolaus II († 1558) again.

After the pledge had been redeemed, there were discussions on the Württemberg side as to whether it was still worth keeping the Schalksburg. From 1559 it was abandoned to decay, which Froben Christoph von Zimmer comments as follows: "So, what ainest not been to be conquered, that is not to be drawn, sic mutantur tempora et mores."

The Balingen Office fell into strange hands one last time during the Thirty Years' War . After the lost battle of Nördlingen , Württemberg was occupied by imperial-Habsburg troops in 1634. Duke Eberhard III. fled to Strasbourg. The government of the country was entrusted to a college of imperial councils. Some offices were given away to the House of Austria and to imperial favorites. The offices of Balingen, Ebingen, Rosenfeld and Tuttlingen, which were subordinate to the Obervogt von Balingen, came to the court war president, Count Heinrich von Schlick . Even after Eberhard's return in 1638, the offices that were given away remained in foreign hands until the Westphalian peace treaty in 1648.

Nobility in Change392.jpg
Balingen with Zollernschloss , in the background Hohenzollern Castle and the Schalksburg ruins ; Matthias Merian 1643

The role of the Schalksburg rule in the Hohenzollern self-image

After Jobst Nikolaus II's death in 1558, Count Karl I von Zollern (1516–1576) fell back to one hand for the first time in all of the Swabian possessions of the Zollern. But he was also confronted with having to divide these possessions again among four sons. Count Karl I was keen to recommend the common legacy to his descendants. That is why he had a house chronicle drawn up between 1569 and 1576 on the basis of preparatory work by the chronicle writer Johannes Basilius Herold .

The final loss of the Schalksburg rule and the will that this should not be repeated is reflected in the express reference to the loss of Balingen and the associated rule in his will, which was drawn up as a house law on January 24, 1575:

" On the other hand, this also resulted in even more ybels that a supposed resentment arose between our ancestors, that they also sold it wrongly for that reason or offered the other too laid the price that they would not buy a grave from Zollern, all so that they could buy it frembde acts to bring the others to defiance and laid-back (as then with Balingen and other more goods, so come from useless, want to spoil) ... "

A generation after the chronicle was commissioned for Count Eitelfriedrich von Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1545–1605) in honor of the marriage of his son Johann Georg to the Wild and Rhine Countess Franziska von Salm-Neufville in 1598. Jakob Frischlin, the brother, was commissioned by the poet Nicodemus Frischlin and like him coming from the Balingen area.

The three beautiful and funny books by the Hohen Zollerische Hochzeyt , which Jakob Frischlin created on the basis of the house chronicle, deal with the first origins of the Zollern and thus also with the sale of the Schalksburg estate. Here, the Zoller side once again referred to the fact that the purchase price for the rulership was too low: "So a ring of money was sold by Zollern" .

At the time of Prince Friedrich Ludwig (1730–1750), the Hohenzollern-Hechingen house was looking for documents that could have proven the illegality of the sale. At the time of the mediatization of the Swabian Zollern principalities and the assertion of their sovereignty in 1806, however, the House of Hohenzollern refrained from any claims for recovery, as it had escaped a takeover by Württemberg only thanks to personal connections .

Among the various historical works published later on the Swabian principalities of the Zollern, in 1834 that by Fidelis Baur again referred to the sale of the Schalksburg estate. Fidelis Baur leaned particularly on the versions of the Zolleric Chronicle and the Hohenzollern Wedding and in the end regretted: "So the enmity of the brothers had torn the beautiful and large estates forever and took them from the House of Hohenzollern" .

The Silesian baron Rudolf von Stillfried-Rattonitz paid completely new attention to the sale of the rule from the Prussian side . In 1833, Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm commissioned him to research the origins and beginnings of the Hohenzollerns. He did this together with the archivist Traugott Maercker. They created the source edition of the “Monumenta Zollerana” . In the first part of the Hohenzollern research , which is also jointly published , the history of the Schalksburg and Mühlheim lordships and, above all, their sale takes up a large part of the story. In addition, the agnates' failure to intervene is particularly criticized. The policy of Eitelfriedrich II, who succeeded in drawing the Balingen office again as a pledge to Zollern, is praised, however, and the loss of the pledge is regretted accordingly. The Schalksburg rule is referred to as the Zoller "tribal area".

Hereditary homage to King Friedrich Wilhelm IV on the Hohenzollern on August 23, 1851

The Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV initially hesitated to take over the two principalities of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen after their princes had decided to resign in the course of the German Revolution of 1848/49 . Stillfried then made it unmistakably clear that in the event of rejection, the Swabian princes "inevitably had to throw themselves into the arms of the 400-year-old Württemberg ... hereditary enemies", a disgrace that the king could not tolerate. In May 1849, the King approved a treaty on the Anschluss, which was signed on December 7, 1849. The Hohenzollern Lands were founded .

The maintenance of tradition in the entire Hohenzollern house began with the laying of the foundation stone for the construction of the new, third Hohenzollern Castle . Shortly before its completion, it was occupied by Württemberg together with the entire Hohenzollersian lands on behalf of the German Confederation during the German War in June 1866. After the lost battles of Königgrätz and Tauberbischofsheim , the people of Württemberg had to withdraw again. King Wilhelm I of Prussia toyed with the idea of ​​reclaiming the Balingen office of Württemberg as war compensation. The Württemberg historiography attributes the fact that it did not come to that to Karl von Varnbuler’s negotiating skills . In a report presumably written in August 1866 it says:

“ The amount of compensation is indeed a high one, but it has been reduced considerably compared to the original intention of Prussia: to demand 3 thalers per head of the population. I have already said that these advantageous concessions, namely the avoidance of any cession of Württemberg territory, which would not have been bought too dearly even with a much higher compensation sum, are only due to the skill of Mr. Varnbühler and his good understanding with Count Bismarck [...] I am allowed to speak out ... "

In the other Hohenzollern historiography, the Schalksburg plays a special role with Karl Theodor Zingeler , who was head of the Princely Hohenzollern house and domain archive from 1891 to 1915. He saw the Schalksburg as the seat of the Burchardinger who, as the forefathers of the Zollern, ruled the Scherragau from here and therefore had the Michaelskirche in Burgfelden decorated by artists from Reichenau as their burial place . This assumption was not shared by later historians.

The legend of the Hirschgulden

The circumstances surrounding the sale of the Schalksburg estate soon became part of the oral narrative tradition. Froben Christoph von Zimmer reported in the Zimmer Chronicle from around 1565/66 what the southern German nobility had reported about the process at their meetings. Over time, contemporary elements were added to the saga, such as the deer guilder issued in the Kipper and Wipper times around 1623, which was supposed to represent a lower price that, as mentioned above, was not paid at all. Most recently, Gustav Schwab reproduced a legend that the local population relocated to the end of the 18th century, in the time of Duke Carl Eugen . From this, Wilhelm Hauff created an art saga , which he embedded in the frame story “ Das Wirtshaus im Spessart ”.

Zollernalb as an integration term for the region

Coat of arms of today's Zollernalb district : The coat of arms of the Zollern and the Württemberg people united

With the sale of the Schalksburg dominion to Württemberg, clearly differentiated national identities developed, reinforced by the introduction of the Reformation in Württemberg in 1534. The contrast became even more apparent with the formation of territorial states after 1806. Necessary reforms did not take place in the Hohenzollern principalities. Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen only received its own constitution in 1833 and Hohenzollern-Hechingen only in 1848. Relief for the peasants came with a delay in both principalities. The transition to Prussia further increased the differences.

Geographically, however, connections developed. When the Turngau Hohenzollern established itself in 1872, the Hechinger gymnasts did not join, but joined forces with the gymnasts from Balingen and Ebingen to form the Zollern-Schalksburg-Gau . There was also a cross-border association for the tricot industry in the region in 1905/6. On May 31, 1924, the singing associations of the Hohenzollern Singing Association and the Schalksburg Gaus, founded in 1910, merged to form the Hohenzollern-Schalksburg Gau . In § 1 of their statutes, the terms Zollern-Schalksburg-Gau and Zollernalb are used synonymously for the first time .

At the state level, a state treaty between Prussia and Württemberg was concluded in 1922 for reasons of rationalization. The Württemberg district court in Balingen was subordinated to the Prussian district court Hechingen , which in turn was subordinated to the Württemberg higher regional court in Stuttgart.

The saga of the Hirschgulden found its way into primary school books in both Hohenzollern and Württemberg and thus became a common historical tradition.

During the time of the French occupation after the Second World War, the occupation authorities made the former center politician and member of the Prussian State Councilor Clemens Moser (1885–1956) President of Hohenzollern . At the request of the French, on July 17, 1945, he created a "memorandum on the legal and administrative structure of Hohenzollern with a draft for the reorganization of the government president's departments". In it he proposed to create a regional administration within a "Swabian administrative area" that comprised the southwestern parts of the French zone, with its seat in Sigmaringen, which would cover the "central part of the whole Swabian area, i. H. all of Hohenzollern, supplemented and rounded off with the parts that previously belonged to it (Balingen, etc.). ” The plan was not implemented. In 1950, Hohenzollern became the self-governing body of the Hohenzollern state municipal association and on December 9, 1951, around 90% of the population approved the founding of the south-western state .

The old Zollernalb estates in the area of ​​today's Zollernalb district

The most recent territorial change, which aroused Zoller and Württemberg sensitivities, was the district reform of 1973 . During the preliminary planning it became clear that the previous Hechingen district was out of the question. Instead, a combination of the central areas of Hechingen, Balingen and Ebingen was planned. The Hechingen district council opposed this, so that in the draft of the district reform law of January 20, 1971, the Hechingen area was assigned to the Tübingen district. This, in turn, was countered by a citizens' action in Zollern-Alb-Kreis , where the above terms were deliberately used. The members feared that the seat of the Hechingen Regional Court would be in danger if they were assigned to Tübingen. Even more difficult was the fact that Hohenzollern Castle, located in the locality of Zimmer , should come to Balingen. In a referendum on April 4, 1971, 84.4% of the citizens of Hechingen voted to join Balingen. The previous decision not to name the new district after the official city of Balingen, as before, but rather Zollernalbkreis, may have promoted this vote.

The new district has existed since January 1, 1973, the borders of which do not correspond to those of the former Schalksburg rule, but represent significant coverage. The memory of the Schalksburg rule is kept alive in home books, the district's website, commemorative ceremonies and scientific publications, right up to the naming of the restaurant in the town hall Balingen as the Hirschgulden .

When Albstadt was founded in 1975, the state archives department suggested Schalksburg as the name for the new town .

See also

swell

Notarial certification of the sale of the Schalksburg estate before the court in Rottweil
  • Sales deed of the Schalksburg rule . In: Main State Archives Stuttgart . Signature A 602, No. 6617 , November 3, 1403 ( illustration ).
Transcription here: Sales document of the Schalksburg rule . In: Rudolf Stillfried, Traugott Maercker (ed.): Monumenta Zollerana. Document book on the history of the House of Hohenzollern . 1: Documents of the Swabian Line 1095–1418. Berlin 1852, p. 377–379 (Figure: Page 377 , Page 378 , Page 379 ).
  • Court judge's confirmation of the sale of the Schalksburg estate . In: Main State Archives Stuttgart . A 602, no. 6618 , November 15, 1403 ( illustration ).
Transcription here: Court judge's confirmation of the sale of the Schalksburg estate . In: Rudolf Stillfried, Traugott Maercker (ed.): Monumenta Zollerana. Document book on the history of the House of Hohenzollern . 1: Documents of the Swabian Line 1095–1418. Berlin 1852, p. 380-379 (Figure: page 380 , page 381 , page 382 , page 383 ).
  • Matthäus Merian: Balingen . In: Topographia Suevia . S. 29–30 ( illustration - 1643/1656).
  • Wilhelm Hauff: The legend of the Hirschgulden . In: The inn in the Spessart . Fairy tale almanac for the year 1828, 1828 ( zeno.org ).

literature

  • City administration Balingen (ed.): 750 years city of Balingen 1255–2005 . 2005, ISBN 3-00-017595-4 .
  • Andreas Zekorn, Peter Thaddäus Lang, Hans Schimpf-Reinhardt (eds.): The rule of Schalksburg between Zollern and Württemberg . Epfendorf 2005, ISBN 3-928471-56-2 .
  • Rudolf Seigel: The old lords of the Zollernalb district . In: Heinrich Haasis (Ed.): The Zollernalbkreis . 2. rework. Edition. Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-8062-0522-1 .

Web links

Commons : Zollern-Schalksburg  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Sales deed of the Schalksburg lordship of November 3, 1403  - sources and full texts

Remarks

  1. ↑ Today this term is only used in " Harthausen auf der Scher ".
  2. ↑ see article Duchy of Swabia # The Staufers
  3. ↑ Schöntag only writes All Saints 'Day, because of the temporal reference to All Saints' Day in Schaffhausen. A possible confusion exists with the monastery of Allerheiligen (Black Forest) .
  4. ↑ The Roman foundation Sumelocenna had long since fallen into disrepair, and no settlement continuity can be established.
  5. ↑ He also fought alongside Rudolf in the battle of Dürnkrut .
  6. ↑ These include, for example, the Stauffenberg families in Albstadt-Lautlingen or the Enzberg family , although not in continuous ownership. Lautlingen and Margrethausen came first via the lords of Tierberg and then the lords of Westerstetten via the Amerdinger line to that of Stauffenberg; the Enzbergers originally came from the Mühlacker area .
  7. ↑ Another “obvious” example is the House of Württemberg. Its survival depended in several ways on the fate of the Württemberg-Mömpelgard branch line . First as a safe refuge for the expelled Duke Ulrich , later with Duke Friedrich I as an inheritance reservoir for the extinct main line.
  8. ↑ On the male side with Merkenberg (1st generation), Nellenburg (2nd generation), Schlüsselberg (3rd generation), Vaihingen , and Kyburg (4th generation) and on the female side: Hals (2nd generation), Veringen (3rd generation) 4th generation), Fürstenberg and Gundelfingen (4th generation), and Fronhofen (5th generation)
  9. ↑ When the estate was divided, the Zollern's two court offices were also distributed. The taverns from Stauffenberg stayed with Zollern-Zollern, the Truchsessen from Staufenberg, also called Walger von Bisingen, came to Zollern-Schalksburg. These gentlemen from Bisingen acted quite independently and were also in the service of Württemberg. This commitment led to the destruction of their Rohr Castle in 1311 by the Reutlingers and finally after their extinction to the sale of the fief - with Zollern-Schalksburg's consent - by the heirs to Zollern-Zollern in 1342. Another branch of the family, the Kerus von Bisingen, remained servants of the Zollern-Schalksburg and kept property in Heselwangen.
  10. ↑ The Zollern had taken over these former Veringen ministries when they bought the castle. Similar relationship structures can be observed on this social level as described above for the rulers: One married among themselves. The von Schalksburg family married the Kerus von Bisingen. In the war against the Swabian Association of Cities, two members of the family, Burkart and Heinrich von Schalksburg, probably lost their lives in the fighting for Tuttlingen and Lupfen Castle , both of which had been conquered by the cities. After that, there seems to have been an alienation from the Zollern. The descendants migrated to the Württemberg city of Rosenfeld . Werner, a son of Burkhart, worked there as bailiff in 1381. He made a career in the Württemberg service. From then on he called himself von Rosenfeld . In 1388 he was named as Vogt von Herrenberg and in the same year brought about a positive turn in the battle of Döffingen, which was so decisive for Württemberg .
  11. ↑ From the documents of the time, a connection between the lords of Tierberg, who have been wealthy around Lautlingen, Streichen and Margrethausen since 1216, and the Zollern-Schalksburg can be derived. This bond was no longer exclusive, or only applied to the Altentierberg line. The line of Wildentierberg was also in the service of the Archdukes of Austria. In 1386 Ulrich von Tierberg fell in the battle of Sempach.
  12. ↑ The gentlemen von Schilteck were also connected to Zollern-Schalksburg, as can be seen from old documents. They owned Zoller fiefdoms and sat together with Count Friedrich III. from Zollern-Schalksburg to court in Mühlheim. Marriage ties existed with other Zoller followers, such as the gentlemen von Werenwag.
  13. ↑ The family of the gentlemen von Werenwag, from which the minstrel Hugo von Werenwag comes, appeared several times as witnesses on documents from Zoller. Heinrich von Werenwag was a member of the court sentence in Mühlheim in 1319. The close relationship with the Zollern-Schalksburg house was also expressed by the fact that he acted as a witness when ordering the Seelgerätes for Friedrich II, who died in 1318. In the war year 1377, another Heinrich von Werenwag and his fortress were in the service of Count Friedrich, the young knight, together with a Walger Kerus von Bisingen.
  14. ↑ The von Balgingen family, which goes back to the earlier local nobility of Balingen, was one of the most respected patrician families in the imperial city of Rottweil around 1300. Konrad von Balingen succeeded Hans von Schilteck as liege lord von Wilflingen . A really close relationship with the Zollern-Schalksburg house cannot be proven. It is believed that von Balingen served as a representation of the interests of the Zollern in the imperial city and at the court there, and that they served as hosts during their stay in Rottweil.
  15. ↑ The Lords of Lichtenstein were at least temporarily also among the Schalksburg servants, they appeared in various documents as witnesses for the von Zollern-Schalksburg. But from 1327 they appeared in the service of Count Rudolf von Hohenberg and in 1332 by Count Friedrich Ostertag von Zollern-Zollern, likewise not exclusively.
  16. ↑ The Mayer von Wurmlingen were originally, first mentioned around 1200, Reichau Ministeriale. Around 1347 Hiltpolt Mayer von Wurmlingen acquired goods from the Lords of Schalksburg near Streichen. But as early as 1350, after the death of his brother, he sold his entire property to the Beuron monastery "with favor of mine, gracious gentlemen". Then they disappeared from the sources. It is believed that at least the brother was a victim of the "Black Death".
  17. ↑ This death will be discussed later in connection with the deer guild legend.
  18. ^ The Zollern Castle in Balingen was rebuilt in 1372 after dendrochronological studies. The castle, which was integrated into the double-reinforced city fortifications and also secured towards the city with a rampart and moat, fulfilled the defensive function that was still required of a noble residence at that time.
  19. ↑ Dieter Mertens: The Schalksburgsage. Page 30 calculates that 18,500 pounds Heller was paid for the castle and town of Vaihingen, ie 18,500–27,750 gulden, depending on the conversion rate, and between 20,000–30,000 gulden for the castle and town of Tübingen. The legendary Hirschgulden worth 60 kreuzers was minted in the Duchy of Württemberg only in the two years 1622 and 1623. It was a typical Kipper and Wipper coin . More about the allegedly too low purchase price in Die Sage vom Hirschgulden
  20. ↑ A late marriage and an inheritance of interest to the Duchy of Austria, which was exchanged for Haigerloch, led to the resurgence of the Zollern family in Swabia.
  21. ↑ Count Johann stayed at the court of his guardian Count Eberhard III. and later with his son Eberhard IV., the younger. A love affair developed there with Elisabeth, who had been engaged since childhood. He secretly married her, whereupon Württemberg had to pay a fine of 10,000 guilders to Bavaria. Albrecht III. von Bayern consoled himself over the loss with Agnes Bernauer, the daughter of a Bader from Augsburg .
  22. ↑ or Harthausen, today Winterlingen ?
  23. ↑ History page of the Zollernalb district
  24. ↑ Commemorative events took place in Balingen in 1903 and 2003. In 1954/55, a play by the senior teacher Herman Häberlein († 1988) for the saga of stag guilders was performed in connection with the 700th anniversary of the city, which was put on again in 1993.
  25. ↑ Floor plan of the Stadthalle Balingen ( memento of the original dated December 1, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stadthalle.balingen.de

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Elmar Blessing: History of the City of Mühlheim ( Memento of the original from May 20, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rsmuehlheim.tut.bw.schule.de
  2. ↑ a b c d Wilfried Schöntag: The struggle of the Zollern and Habsburgs for the rule of Schalksburg . In: Andreas Zekorn, Peter Thaddäus Lang and Hans Schimpf-Reinhardt (eds.): The rule of Schalksburg between Zollern and Württemberg . Epfendorf 2005, ISBN 3-928471-56-2 , pages 43-67
  3. ^ Günther Bradler: Studies on the history of ministeriality in the Allgäu and in Upper Swabia . Göppingen, 1971, ISBN 3-87452-116-8 , page 55ff
  4. ^ Günther Bradler: Studies on the history of ministeriality in the Allgäu and in Upper Swabia . Göppingen 1971, ISBN 3-87452-116-8 , page 52ff
  5. ↑ Dieter Mertens: To the early history of the lords of Württemberg . In: ZWLG 49 (1990), pages 11-95. Here page 93 - quoted from: Wilfried Schöntag: Hohenzollern . In: Handbook of Baden-Württemberg History, Volume 2. The territories in the old empire . Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-608-91466-8 , page 264
  6. ↑ Wilfried Schöntag: The rule formation of the Counts of Zollern from the 12th to the middle of the 16th century , in: Journal for Hohenzollerische Geschichte 32 (1996), p. 175 f.
  7. ^ Wilfried Schöntag: Hohenzollern . in: Handbook of Baden-Württemberg History . Volume 2. The Territories in the Old Kingdom . Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-608-91466-8 , page 366
  8. ^ Rudolf Seigel: The old rulership areas of the Zollernalb district . In: The Zollernalbkreis (home and work) . Stuttgart and Aalen 1989 (2nd revised edition), pages 79-124, page 91
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Casimir Bumiller: The "Schalksburg Century" in Hohenzollern history . In: Andreas Zekorn, Peter Thaddäus Lang and Hans Schimpf-Reinhardt (eds.): The rule of Schalksburg between Zollern and Württemberg . Epfendorf 2005, ISBN 3-928471-56-2 , pages 69-104
  10. ↑ Rudolf Stillfried and Traugott Maercker: Hohenzoller research . Berlin 1847, pages 141 and 147 and Monumenta Zollerana. Document book on the history of the House of Hohenzollern , ed. By Rudolf Stillfried and Traugott Maercker, Vol. 1: Documents of the Swabian Line 1095–1418 . Berlin 1852, No. 334 a. 349. Quoted from: Casimir Bumiller: The “Schalksburg Century” in Hohenzollern history . In: Andreas Zekorn, Peter Thaddäus Lang and Hans Schimpf-Reinhardt (eds.): The rule of Schalksburg between Zollern and Württemberg . Epfendorf 2005, page 78
  11. ^ Dieter Mertens: Württemberg . In: Meinrad Schaab and Hansmartin Schwarzmaier (Hrsg.): Handbook of Baden-Württemberg history. Volume 2: The Territories in the Old Kingdom . Stuttgart 1995, pages 1-163, especially pages 15-44, or summarized in: Volker Trugenberger: The acquisition of the rule Schalksburg in 1403 and the Württemberg territorial policy . In: The rule of Schalksburg between Zollern and Württemberg . Here especially the 1st chapter: In competition with Habsburg - Württemberg territorial policy between the upper Danube and the upper Neckar in the 14th century
  12. ↑ see below :
  13. ^ A b Volker Trugenberger: The acquisition of the Schalksburg rule in 1403 and the Württemberg territorial policy . In: Andreas Zekorn, Peter Thaddäus Lang and Hans Schimpf-Reinhardt (eds.): The rule of Schalksburg between Zollern and Württemberg . Epfendorf 2005, ISBN 3-928471-56-2 , pages 105-138
  14. ↑ Volker Trugenberger, page 114 quotes Balinger and Ebinger documents, but does not name to whom the rule was pledged.
  15. ↑ Zimmerische Chronik, Volume 2, page 456
  16. ↑ Casimir Bumiller: The Lords of Rechberg and the formation of the rule Schramberg . (PDF; 63 kB) In: Schramberg. Aristocratic rule - market town - industrial city . Schramberg 2004, pp. 83-94.
  17. ↑ Zimmerische Chronik, Volume 1, Page 395
  18. ↑ Zimmerische Chronik, Volume 2, page 419
  19. ↑ Zimmerische Chronik, Volume 2, page 467
  20. ↑ Entry “Balingen” in the “ Topographia Suevia ” by Matthaeus Merian : reference to Count Heinrich Schlick, who owned Balingen at that time
  21. ^ Fritz Scheerer: Around Balingen ; Local history contributions. Published by the city of Balingen 1962, page 178
  22. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Otto H. Becker: The rule of Schalksburg: Continuation of a tradition in the 19th and 20th centuries . In: 'Andreas Zekorn, Peter Thaddäus Lang and Hans Schimpf-Reinhardt (eds.): The rule of Schalksburg between Zollern and Württemberg . Epfendorf 2005, ISBN 3-928471-56-2 , pages 187-207
  23. ^ Fidelis Baur: History of the Hohenzoller states Hechingen and Sigmaringen from the earliest times to the introduction of the representative constitution ; documented by Otto H. Becker
  24. ^ Monumenta Zollerana
  25. ↑ R. Freiherr von Stillfried / T. Maercker: Hohenzoller research, Part I: Schwaebische research . Berlin 1847, page 160; quoted from Otto H. Becker
  26. ↑ Eberhard Gönner: The revolution of 1848/49 in the Hohenzollern principalities and their connection to Prussia . Hechingen 1952, page 181; quoted from: Otto H. Becker: Continuation of a tradition… . Page 193
  27. ↑ Main State Archives Stuttgart, E 4O / 72 Bü 422; quoted from: Otto H. Becker
  28. ↑ Zimmerische Chronik, Volume 2, page 284
  29. ^ Wilhelm Hauff: The inn in the Spessart . In: Fairy tale almanac for the year 1828 . Here: the legend of the Hirschgulden .
  30. ^ State Archives Sigmaringen Dep. 1, T9 No. 211, Section IV; quoted from: Otto H. Becker
  31. ↑ Heimatkundliche Blätter Zollernalbkreis, vol. 62, 2015 , January, p. 1922.
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on July 1, 2008 .