Cable pilot project

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The four cable pilot projects were large-scale experiments to research the effects of the possible multiplication of radio and television programs via cable television in the Federal Republic of Germany in the 1980s .

history

At the end of the 1920s, radio broadcasting began in the major Bavarian cities via the telephone network ( wire radio ), and by the end of the 1930s there was wire television broadcasting in Berlin and Hamburg. In December 1974 cable test systems of the Deutsche Bundespost went into operation in Hamburg and Nuremberg and later in Düsseldorf; From 1978, the legal basis was Section 49a of the Telecommunications Regulations . In 1982, according to information from the Federal Government, 49.6% of households in the Federal Republic were connected to private community antennas with cable networks (example: Bremen) and 1.3% were connected to the KTV networks of the Federal Post Office. In the GDR there were antenna communities that also made it possible to receive programs from West Germany (early example: Burgstädt from 1972). The innovation in the so-called cable pilot projects of the 1980s was not least the approval of private broadcasters .

The implementation of these projects, which cost around DM 140 million, had already been decided in 1978 by the minister-presidents of the federal states on the proposal of the commission for the expansion of the technical communication system ( KtK ; chair: Eberhard Witte ). As project sites were Berlin , Dortmund , Mannheim / Ludwigshafen and Munich chosen. In preparation for the expansion of the cable networks in these cities was started in 1982 by the German Federal Post Office, but initially the program allocation was limited to the local broadcasters. The projects then started in 1984 and 1985, respectively, in the form of feeding in up to 26 television programs as well as additional radio programs, including new offers of public-law , foreign programs as well as private television produced for the first time in Germany . For the approval of private radio and television broadcasters, the existing state broadcasting laws had to be changed, as private broadcasting was previously not allowed. Lower Saxony was the first state to change the state law on this in May 1984.

The cable pilot projects were financed by an increase in the license fee, the so-called “cable groschen” , decided on May 11, 1978, to the amount of DM 0.20 per month.

Various new technologies and services were tested as part of the projects, the acceptance and effects of which were documented in extensive accompanying studies. The studies should form a basis for the political decision on the further expansion of the cable networks and the approval of private television. However, these media were already established nationwide by the end of the project. In advertising statements by the Deutsche Bundespost it was pointed out in montages that house antennas would be superfluous with a cable connection and that this would also beautify the appearance of the houses in a city or community.

The projects

Ludwigshafen am Rhein

The Ludwigshafen / Vorderpfalz project began first and thus marked the start of cable television and private television and radio in Germany. Helmut Kohl and Leo Kirch supported the state law on an experiment with broadband cable of December 4, 1980. The project started, operated by the Cable Communication Institute (AKK), on January 1, 1984 at 9:45 am in a basement studio in Ludwigshafen am Rhein - Northern inner city and was planned for three years. The so-called “retrievability”, however, was doubtful from the start; Due to the great acceptance in the population, the private broadcasting in the television and radio sector was continued and is nowadays indispensable. The State Broadcasting Act of June 24, 1986 followed the experiment .

The project area extended from Ludwigshafen to Edenkoben . By March 1984, 2,600 households were connected to the cable network, at the end of the project in 1986 it was over 78,000 (corresponding to a connection density of 42.5% of the households that could be connected). Initially 19 television and 23 radio channels were broadcast over the cable network, in the end there were 24 television and 26 radio channels. The first private broadcaster was the PKS (program company for cable and satellite radio), the predecessor of Sat.1 , which financed its program through television advertising . The advertising was allowed to make up a maximum of 20 percent of the overall program and only be broadcast in two blocks between individual programs. The first sentence ("Ladies and gentlemen, at this moment you are witnessing the start of the first private television broadcaster in the Federal Republic of Germany") was spoken by the then managing director of the Frankfurt PKS and later also by the successor Sat.1 Jürgen Doetz together with Irene Joest .

Programs offered in 1984:

22 TV channels 23 radio channels
E02 ARD (SDR) 87.60 AFN (stereo)
E04 HR3 87.95 DLF (mono)
S04 TF1 90.25 HR 1 (st)
S05 antenna 2 91.15 HR 2 (st)
S06 FR3 91.65 Fr.S Musique (m)
S07 Satellite Channel (Engl.) 92.35 Fr.S Culture (m)
S08 ARD (HR) 94.25 Fr.S Inter (m)
S09 S3 (BW) 94.90 HR 3 (st)
S10 musicbox (from June 1st, 1984) 96.90 BR 1 (m)
E05 S3 (RP) 97.25 BR 2 (m)
E07 ZDF 98.90 SR 1 (m)
E09 BR3 99.30 SR 2 (m)
E11 ARD (SWF RP) 100.15 SDR 4 (m)
S11 SWF Education (The Smart Channel) 100.80 SWF 1 (st)
S12 ZDF music channel 101.15 SWF 2 (st)
S13 ZDF 2 / EPF (first private television) 101.70 SWF 3 (st)
S14 Tele-Zeitung ( Rheinpfalz , from April 6, 1984) 102.10 SDR 1 (st)
S15 PKS / FAZ / Tele-Südwest / Otto-Maier-Verlag 102.90 SDR 2 (st)
S16 citizen service / musicbox (later S10) 103.85 SDR 3 (st)
S17 mixing channel 104.35 AKK 1: Radio Weinstrasse (st)
S18 open channel (later S19) 104.75 AKK 2: ERF , Allfunk GmbH u. a. (st)
S18 Movie Channel 1 (December 01, 1984 - May 31, 1985) 105.10 AKK 3: Int. Christl. Broadcast ,
Voice of hope & a. (st)
105.40 AKK 4: Open channel (st)
Later: Later:
E06 Music Box (engl.) 105.85 Voice of America (st; as of October 15, 1985)
E08 1 plus 106.40 Radio 4 (st; from April 30, 1986)
S18 RTL plus (from August 28, 1985) 107.80 Germany radio (st)

Munich

In Munich about 700 households took part when it began broadcasting on April 1, 1984; At the end of the project in 1985, 8,800 households were connected (connection density 15.7%). The project was operated by the Munich pilot company for cable communication (MPK GmbH, later MGK GmbH).

Four private radio stations started broadcasting: Radio M1 , Radio Xanadu , Radio Aktiv and Neue Welle Bayern . With Radio 2000 (Bavarian daily newspapers, today part of the BLR ) and the Bavarian Homeland Radio from November 1984 as well as Radio Gong , Musikwelle Süd ( Burda ), Radio 8/9 ( Springer ), Radio 44 ( Neue Constantin Film ) and UFA radio from January 1985 the number rose to 11 private radio providers. From May 29, 1985 these shared three terrestrial VHF frequencies (89.0 - soon radio 1 / 92.4 / 96.3 MHz). There was no open channel .

At the end of 1984 the city of Munich, which had a 10 percent stake in the MPK, withdrew on the grounds that it had lost the character of an experiment and did not guarantee well-founded accompanying scientific research. The project only received a legal basis with the law on the testing and development of new radio offers and other media services in Bavaria (MEG) of November 24, 1984. The project ended after 1 nach years on December 31, 1985 (Art. 5 MEG); then the BLM began its work, and in 1992 the MEG was replaced by the Bavarian Media Act.

Programs offered in 1984:

17 TV channels 23 radio channels
Cab. Ant. program program
K 1 E10 ARD Bavaria 1
K 2 E35 ZDF Bavaria 2
K 3 E56 BR3 Bayern 3
K 4 E08 ORF 1 (Austria) Bavaria 4 ( guest worker program ?)
K 5 E32 ORF 2 (Austria) 90.65 Radio Munich (from BR; from May 15, 1985 City-Welle)
K 6 - "Schnupperkanal" of the MPK SDR 1
K 7 - PKS (later Sat.1 ) SDR 2
K 8 - "Jugend-Spiel-Sport" ( BR ; from April 1st 1985 "BayernKabel") SDR 3
K 9 - ZDF 2 (from December 1, 1984: 3sat ) Ö1 (Austria)
K 11 - musicbox (KMP) Ö2 ( Radio Salzburg )
K 12 - ZDF music channel Ö2 ( Radio Upper Austria ?)
K 13 - "TV Culture Club" (BR) Ö3 (Austria)
K 14 - Sky Channel (Engl.) DRS 1 (Switzerland)
K 15 - TV5 (French) DRS 2 (Switzerland)
K 16 - S3 (only up to 3.1985) Deutschlandfunk
K 17 - DRS (Switzerland; only until 9.1984) American Forces Network
K 22 - Tele newspaper (mbt) 92.75 - M 1 Studio Munich (private)
later: 102.75 - Radio Xanadu (private)
Our little theater (from January 2nd, 1985) 103.65 - New Wave Bavaria (Antenne München GmbH)
RTL plus (from October 4, 1985) 106.10 - radio active (private)
tv white-blue (from November 18, 1985) Radio Brenner (South Tyrol)
Teleclub (Pay TV) Radio 2000 (mbt; from 11.1984)
1 Plus (from March 29, 1986) 107.65 - Bayerischer Heimatfunk (from 11.1984)

Dortmund

The cable pilot project in Dortmund started on June 1, 1985 on the basis of the law on the implementation of a model test with broadband cable (KabVersG NW) of December 20, 1983. The responsibility lay with the "Kabelfunk Dortmund" project unit of the WDR ( Erdmann Linde ) and the ZDF . The WDR produced local television Dortmund and Radio Dortmund with the bimedial series "Here in Dortmund" as well as up to six paid special interest channels. As in Ludwigshafen, there was also an open channel (television and radio). Private providers were not initially planned, but soon got involved, and not only in the Dortmund project area, but nationwide in the cable systems. At the end of 1987, 10,000 households in Dortmund were connected (connection density 22%). The project formally ended after three years on May 31, 1988, but it was partially continued by the WDR ( Schwerte broadcaster : Local television Dortmund until the end of 1990 on channel 43, Radio Dortmund until the end of 1994 on VHF 87.8).

Programs offered in 1985:

21 TV channels 19 radio channels
Cab. Ant. program program Ant.
K 1 E09 ARD (WDR) WDR 1 88.8
K 2 E25 ZDF WDR 2 99.2
K 3 E53 WDR3 WDR 3 95.1
K 4 - Local television (WDR) WDR 4 100.4
K 5 - * Yesterday (repeat program, from August 1, 1985) Radio Dortmund 87.8
K 6 - * Sports and information (from July 1, 1985) Open channel -
K 7 - * The clever seven (education channel, from August 1, 1985) HR 1 91.0
K 8 - * Family TV (from June 3, 1985) HR 2 99.6
K 9 - * Kulturkanal (from July 1, 1985) HR 3 (mono) 87.6
K 10 - * Entertainment channel (from June 3, 1985) DLF (mono) MW / LW
K 11 - Open channel NDR 1 92.4
K 12 - ZDF music channel NDR 2 89.2
K 13 - 3 sat NDR 3 98.8
K 14 - Sat 1 SWF 2 95.4
K 15 - RTL plus SWF 3 92.8
K 16 E56? N3 BFBS 96.5
K 20 - Cable text for everyone (from September 1, 1985) Hilversum 1 88.2
K 21 - Sky Channel (Engl.) Hilversum 2 94.5
K 22 - TV5 (French) Hilversum 3 90.9
K 23 - Music Box (engl.) * : paid
   special interest programs
   from WDR
K 24 - musicbox
- E49 ( SSVC )

Berlin

At the end of the 1970s, the Deutsche Bundespost started wiring West Berlin . On December 5, 1980, the fiber optic project "Berlin II" ( Wilmersdorf ) started. Before the start of the cable pilot project, only the local broadcasters were fed in (at times including AFN- TV, which was excluded in the cable pilot project).

This began two days before the start of the IFA on August 28, 1985 with the feeding of an additional 12 television programs and two radio stations based on the law on the implementation of the Berlin Cable Pilot Project (KPPG) of July 17, 1984. With 218,000 at the beginning and after four years For 468,000 connected households, it was the cable pilot project with the most participants (connection density 48.6%). It ended after five years on August 28, 1990 with a transfer arrangement until April 30, 1992.

Programs offered in 1985:

18 TV channels 20 radio channels
Cab. Ant. program Cab. Ant. program
E02 E27 DDR F2 88.15 - UFA Radio RTL (January 31, 1986?)
E04 E31 TV5 ( FFB ) 89.15 - Listen 1 (August 28, 1985)
S04 - Sky Channel (Engl.) 90.70 - Antenne Berlin (September 0, 1985)
S05 - RTL plus 92.80 - Open channel (11.1985?)
S07 - Sat 1 94.00 87.9 AFN
S08 - Berlin cable vision 94.60 97.7 Voice of the GDR
S09 - Mixed and open channel 95.50 91.4 Berliner Rundfunk (GDR)
S10 - Havel wave 96.85 - Radio B1 (January 19, 1986)
E06 E39 NDR / RB / SFB3 99.5 - DLF
E08 E33 ZDF 100.05 89.6 RIAS 1
E10 E07 ARD (SFB) 101.15 94.3 RIAS 2
E12 E05 DDR F1 101.85 88.8 SFB 1
S13 - 3 sat 102.40 92.4 SFB 2
S14 - ZDF music channel 102.70 96.3 SFB 3
S15 - BR3 103.80 98.2 SFB 4
S16 - WDR3 105.50 93.6 FFB
S17 - musicbox 105.95 90.2 BBC
S19 - Music Box (engl.) 107.00 98.8 BFBS
- E21 ( Soviet television ) 107.30 95.8 Radio DDR 1
- E29 ( AFN ) 107.90 99.7 Radio DDR 2
- E41 ( SSVC )

Costs for participants in pilot projects

As of May 1984, the following costs arose:

  • 250 to 300 DM for laying the cables within a house,
  • 120 DM cable connection costs, 3 months after the cabling of an area these amounted to 250 DM,
  • 200 DM for a converter with on- demand technology for the return channel of the cable connection (a remote-controlled addressable subscriber converter system (FAT) from the antenna construction company Fuba) for receiving planned pay-TV programs. Alternatively, this could also be rented for 2.50 DM per month.
  • 6 DM monthly postage,
  • as well as fees of the sponsors of the pilot project. At the Munich pilot company for cable communication (MPK) this was 10.25 DM per month and at the cable communication institute in Ludwigshafen (AKK) at 5.00 DM per month.

See also

literature

  • Scientific support commission for the experiment with broadband cable in the Ludwigshafen / Vorderpfalz region: final report to the state government of Rhineland-Palatinate. VDE-Verlag 1987. 481 pp.
  • The big bang in the media laboratory - the cable pilot project Ludwigshafen. Vistas 1987. 366 pp.
  • Cable pilot project Munich - report of the project commission. Jehle 1987. 171 pp.
  • Cable radio Dortmund project book. WDR 1984. Loose-leaf edition
  • Overall experience report cable pilot project Dortmund 1984 to 1988. WDR 1989. 147 p. (Report of the project management and the project council)
  • The changing media environment - an empirical study on the effects of cable television in the Berlin cable pilot project. DUV 1993. 159 pp.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Otto Altendorfer: The media system of the Federal Republic of Germany . tape 2 . Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2004, ISBN 978-3-531-13436-9 , pp. 226 f . ( Full text in Google Book Search).
  2. 5 TV (ARD-NDR, ZDF, N3, DDR1 / DDR2) and 12 radio programs (NDR1 / 2/3, RB1 / 2, BFBS, NDR guest workers, DDR1 / DDR2 / voice of the GDR / Berliner Rundfunk, DLF); see BGHZ 79, 350 - cable television in shaded areas
  3. 5 TV (ARD-BR, ZDF, BR3, ARD-SDR, S3) and 6 radio programs (BR1 / 2/3, SDR1 / 2/3); see BGHZ 79, 350 - cable television in shaded areas
  4. 6 TV (ARD-WDR, ZDF, WDR3, S3, Nederl.1 / 2) and 16 radio programs; see Rainer Kabel: Problems of local telecommunications . In: Archives for Communal Sciences . tape 16 , 1977, pp. 3 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  5. ^ Karl Steinbuch: Communication technology . Springer, 1977, ISBN 978-3-642-66515-8 , pp. 179 ( full text in Google Book Search).
  6. inserted by the 10th Amendment of December 22, 1977 (Federal Law Gazette I p. 2909, 2915 )
  7. Example Bremen: Large community antenna (GGA) in the east of Bremen with 18,000 connections (ARD-RB, ZDF, N3, ARD-WDR, WDR3, DDR1 and six radio programs); see Rainer Kabel: Problems of local telecommunications . In: Archives for Communal Sciences . tape 16 , 1977, pp. 2 ( limited preview in Google Book search). . Furthermore, law on the provisional retransmission of radio programs in cable systems of July 30, 1985 ( Brem.GBl. P. 143 )
  8. BT-Drs. 09/1657 p. 28
  9. WD 10 - 3000 - 022/16: For feeding western transmitters into the cable networks of the GDR p. 6
  10. ^ Report of the Federal Government on the Situation of the Press and Radio in the Federal Republic of Germany (1978) , BT-Drs. 08/2264 p. 97
  11. Heidi Dürr: A very blurred picture . In: The time . November 11, 1983, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed May 9, 2019]).
  12. GVBl. 1980 p. 229; Draft and justification: Drs. 9/687 ; see also state ordinance for the implementation of the state law on an experiment with broadband cable of August 31, 1983 (GVBl. p. 216)
  13. GVBl. 1986 p. 159; Draft and justification: Drs. 10/1861
  14. fmkompakt.de: TELE-audiovision 22/1984 p. 12 ; see also final report to the state government of Rhineland-Palatinate p. 28 f.
  15. radiojournal.de: From the early days of private radio in Germany: Radio Weinstrasse
  16. Sixth main report of the Monopolies Commission 1984/1985, BT-Drs. 10/5860 p. 219
  17. Participations: trade union monthly bulletins 6/83, p. 397
  18. fmkompakt.de: TELE-audiovision 21/1984 p. 18 f.
  19. fmkompakt.de: TELE-audiovision 27/1985 p. 38 f. ; uhini.de: Further stations in the cable pilot project
  20. GVBl. 1984 p. 445 ; Draft and justification: Drs. 10/3856 ; previously: Basic contract for the Munich cable pilot project from July 16, 1982 (printed in Media Perspektiven , issue 2/1984)
  21. GVBl. 1992 p. 584 ; Draft and justification: Drs. 12/6084
  22. Cable pilot project Munich - report of the project commission , p. 34 (television) and 40 (radio)
  23. Der Spiegel 15/1984
  24. BR program July – December 1984 p. 84
  25. ^ BR program July – December 1985 p. 86
  26. ^ GV. NW. 1983 p. 640 ; Draft and justification: Drs. 9/1772 ; see also statutes of the West German Broadcasting Corporation Cologne 'Kabelpilotprojekt Dortmund' of August 28, 1984 (GV. NW. p. 600)
  27. Interview: Karl Hoesch Cast 20 - Cable Pilot Project Dortmund (July 28, 2014)
  28. ^ Statutes of the West German Broadcasting Corporation Cologne for the 'Offener Kanal Dortmund' from January 18, 1985 (GV. NW. P. 115)
  29. Law on the preliminary retransmission of radio programs in cable systems (VorlWeiterverbreitungsG NW) of March 19, 1985 ( GV. NW. P. 248 ); on this: Report of the Broadcasting Committee North Rhine-Westphalia ( template 10/259 )
  30. WDR annual report 1987, Inf. 10/424 p. 75
  31. ↑ Brief report on the status of the project (December 2, 1985, template 10/179 p. 5)
  32. GVBl. 1984 p. 964; Draft and justification: Drs. 9/1718 ; see also regulation for the implementation of the cable pilot project law (KPPVO) of December 21, 1984 (GVBl. 1985 p. 2)
  33. ^ Media landscape in transition: Media and Communication Atlas Berlin , Vistas 1990, p. 239
  34. ^ Draft and justification: Drs. 11/797 , 11/941
  35. ^ Vodafone-Kabel-Helpdesk: Kabelpilotprojekt Berlin
  36. a b c d radioforen.de: Berliner Kabel - Can anyone remember? (June 7, 2005)