Kraslice

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kraslice
Kraslice coat of arms
Kraslice (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Region : Karlovarský kraj
District : Sokolov
Area : 8132.9933 ha
Geographic location : 50 ° 20 '  N , 12 ° 31'  E Coordinates: 50 ° 19 '45 "  N , 12 ° 30' 31"  E
Height: 514  m nm
Residents : 6,749 (Jan 1, 2019)
Postal code : 358 01 - 358 03
License plate : K
traffic
Street: Sokolov - Klingenthal
Railway connection: Sokolov – Klingenthal
structure
Status: city
Districts: 15th
administration
Mayor : Roman Kotilínek (as of 2018)
Address: náměstí 28.října 1348
358 01 Kraslice
Municipality number: 560472
Website : www.kraslice.cz
Location of Kraslice in the Sokolov district
map

Kraslice ( German  Graslitz ) is a town in the west of the Czech Republic belonging to the Sokolov district of the Karlovy Vary region . In the border town to Saxony , musical instrument making has traditionally been of great importance.

geography

Geographical location

The city is located in western Bohemia , its urban area is 514 meters above sea level in the valley of the Svatava (Zwota) between the Ore Mountains in the northeast and the Elster Mountains in the southwest. The town lies at the foot of the 715 m high Hradiště (local mountain) , on which a castle used to stand. The Počátecký vrch ( original mountain , 818 m) and the Tisovec ( Eibenberg , 807 m) also have higher mountains in the incorporated districts .

The border with Saxony runs northwest of Kraslice . There is the neighboring German town of Klingenthal in the Vogtland district about five kilometers upstream in the Svatava valley . Karlovy Vary , the largest city and the administrative center of the region, is 40 km away in the southeast.

City structure

Kraslice is divided into 15 districts (části obce) :

Name
czech		 Name
German		 Area
ha 		Population
1930		 Population
2011		 Remarks
Černá u Kraslic Schwarzenbach b. Frankenhammer 654.26 234 10  
Čirá Lauterbach b. Graslitz 405.99 130 27 formerly Litrbachy
Hraničná Markhausen 386.84 1253 -  
Came Stein am Hohen Stein 248.73 251 12  
Kostelní Kirchberg am Hohen Stein 503.29 371 15th  
Kraslice Graslitz 1301.43 13524 6213  
Krásná u Kraslic Schönwerth 729.46 1100 106  
Liboc u Kraslic Frankenhammer 656.87 471 2 formerly Čtyřdomí
Mlýnská Konstadt 716.92 326 26th  
Počátky origin 745.75 364 17th  
Sklená Glasberg 1) 412 33  
Sněžná Schönau b. Graslitz 821.96 575 32  
Tisová u Kraslic Eibenberg 203.20 1794 82  
Valtéřov u Kraslic Waltersgrün 574.65 143 5 first mentioned in 1184 as Ullersgrün , from 1348 Valtéřov
Zelená Hora u Kraslic Grünberg 186.07 1362 115  
City of Kraslice City of Graslitz 8135.42 22310 6695  

1) Included in Kraslice

With the exception of Sklená (Glasberg), all were independent communities of the former Graslitz district until 1945 . They correspond to today's 14 cadastral communities (katastrální území) . Glasberg was already a district of Graslitz back then, but a separate municipality even earlier.

Basic settlement units are Černá, Čirá, Hraničná, Kámen, Kostelní, Kraslice-jih, Kraslice-sever, Kraslice-sever-sídliště, Kraslice-východ, Krásná, Liboc, Mlýnská, Na Strážni, Počátyněná, Podčátincolná, Snázy Střed, Tisová, U Kamenného potoka, Valtéřov, Zaertrí and Zelená Hora.

Neighboring places

Klingenthal Bublava (Schwaderbach), Stříbrná (Siberbach)
Markneukirchen Neighboring communities Rotava (Rothau)
Luby (Schönbach) Krajková (Gossengrün) Oloví (lead city)

history

Historically, different names for the place have been handed down, for example Schloss Greselin , Zum Greselin , Gresslens , Gresslas , Greslas , Gresslitz , Graeslitz and Graßlitz . "Greselin" or Graslitz means "small coniferous forest" and was probably the original name of the local mountain, which got its name from the "house" later built on it, the castle. The Czech homonym kraslice means "Easter egg", but goes back to a different root (probably "krásný" / "beautiful").

City center with the town hall in the background
View of the Svatava

At the beginning of the 12th century the region was still an unpopulated forest area. For the first time in a certificate of protection of Pope Lucius III. for the possession of the Waldsassen monastery from 1185 a settlement in the upper Zwodautal named Bernhausen (Bernhusin) is mentioned. Gradually, German farmers came to the area under the supervision of the monks from the Waldsassen monastery.

On August 15, 1370, Emperor Charles IV granted the town of Gresslein “the same rights and customs” as the town of Elbogen , thus making it a royal town . In spite of the granted town charter, Graslitz developed only slowly at first. That changed when new settlers came to the city and the surrounding area as mining began. In 1541 the city of Graslitz was awarded the title of "Free Mining City ". As a result, the place grew quickly. In 1548 29 houses were counted, in 1575 there were already 50 and in 1654 even 345 properties. This made Graslitz the second largest mountain town in the Bohemian Ore Mountains. Above all copper, lead, tin and silver were mined. In 1585 the lordship of Graslitz was owned by August Schönburg (1583–1610), who, as the lord, ordered a mountain peace for Graslitz.

In 1666 the ownership of the town and manor of Graslitz passed to the strictly Catholic Count Hans Hartwig von Nostitz-Rieneck (1610–1683), the youngest son of Johann von Nostitz and his wife Sophie von Nostitz from the Rottenburg line. He was also the owner of the manors Falkenau, Litmitz and Heinrichsgrün and founded the first brass works in Bohemia in 1675/1676 in Silberbach near Graslitz. In 1671, Johann Hartwig Nostitz-Rieneck began to carry out the Counter-Reformation by giving the almost entirely Protestant population the choice of either professing the Catholic faith or emigrating. Between 1671 and 1676 two thirds of the residents, around 2000 people, left the Graslitz rule in order to be able to continue with the Protestant creed. For example, twelve violin makers from Graslitz settled in Markneukirchen , Saxony , and founded Germany's first violin makers' guild there in 1677. The neighboring Klingenthal also benefited from the population growth caused by the Bohemian exiles .

When mining continued to decline in the second half of the 18th century , a structural change in the economy began. Cotton weaving was introduced in Graslitz between 1770 and 1800. In 1808 the first mechanical cotton spinning mill was built in today's district of Grünberg (Czech: Zelená Hora ) . It served to supply the numerous house weavers in Graslitz and the surrounding area with cotton yarn. In the course of the 19th century, other mechanical textile companies, linen and cotton weaving mills followed, as well as a company in the embroidery and lace industry in 1881, which was run by Josef Meindl (1841–1899), his father, the founder of a white goods factory, and his father-in-law under the name Fuchs, Meindl and Horn was one of the most important machine embroidery works of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy .

At the same time, the production of musical instruments developed. The brass and woodwind industry in particular determined the economic face of the city from 1850 onwards. But even harmonicas (company Koestler ) and other musical instruments of all kinds were produced.

In 1873 the music school for the construction of musical instruments was founded. The official name of the school was “Technical School for Music Lessons and Musical Instrument Makers”, later “Kk Technical School for Music Instrument Production”. In 1903 a new building was moved into on the Korbwiese. After the Second World War, school operations were resumed in 1955 and closed in 2009 due to a lack of applicants. The second floor of the building housed the musical instrument collection, which included a set of saxophones produced by Adolphe Sax and the sub-double bass tuba built by Bohland & Fuchs in 1911 and presented at the 1913 World's Fair in New York . The instrument was later shown in the rooms of Amati-Denak. After the company's bankruptcy in 2020, company employees saved the collection from being sold.

In 1899 the disused mining from Klingenthal in Saxony was resumed by the Saxon union Klingenthal-Graslitzer copper mining and then expanded across borders.

The factory of the brass instrument company Bohland & Fuchs, built in 1907

In connection with the connection to the railway network with Sokolov in 1876 , the two economic pillars of the musical instrument and textile industries brought the place a strong economic boom until the beginning of the First World War . At the beginning of the 20th century there were 86 medium-sized and small textile companies and 11 musical instrument factories in Graslitz. In addition, there were 40 independent companies that manufactured either musical instruments or their components.

In the years of the First World War , the economic upturn stagnated. After the end of the war, Graslitz, which had previously belonged to Austria-Hungary , was added to the newly created Czechoslovak Republic . In the first post-war years, the economy initially improved. An economic crisis in 1922 and the world economic crisis at the beginning of the thirties led to high unemployment figures and considerable difficulties, especially for the export-dependent branches of industry based in Graslitz.

The building of the Graslitz women's camp

Due to the Munich Agreement , Graslitz was incorporated into the German Reich in 1938 and until 1945 belonged to the district of Graslitz , administrative district of Eger , in the Reichsgau Sudetenland .

From August 7, 1944 to April 15, 1945 there was a women's subcamp of the Flossenbürg concentration camp , whose 877 prisoners had to do forced labor for the Luftfahrtgerätewerk Hakenfelde GmbH (LGW), a subsidiary of the Siemens group.

expulsion

After the Second World War, the German-speaking population was from Graslitz sold . Their property was confiscated with reference to Beneš Decree 108 , the assets of the Evangelical Church were liquidated by Beneš Decree 131 and the Catholic Churches in Czechoslovakia were expropriated . As a result, the population decreased drastically. The musical instrument manufacturers were confiscated and brought together under the umbrella of the state-owned Amati company. In order to train Czech specialists, some of the German-speaking employees were refused resettlement. In one program, young Czechs and Slovaks were accommodated in apprentice homes and trained in training workshops.

In 1960, Kraslice lost its status as a district town ( okresn í město) when the previously existing Kraslice district was merged into the neighboring Cheb and Sokolov districts.

Graslitz Castle

To protect the Erfurt Way, a castle was built in the second half of the 13th century on the 715 m high local mountain (Hradiště) east over the Zwodau river , which was called Schloss Greselin or New House (afterwards the local mountain ). In the middle of the 14th century the castle and place were owned by the bailiffs of Plauen , during whose rule they began to mine for copper, silver and lead in the area. In 1370, therefore, Graslitz was raised to a royal city by Charles IV. In 1437 Kaspar Schlick acquired the lordship, town and (presumably) Graslitz Castle. In 1541 Graslitz was promoted to a free mining town because of important copper finds. Since 1577 Graslitz (with the castle?) Belonged to Georg von Schönburg-Glauchau . Today there are no visible remains, ramparts or ditches of the castle on the Schlossberg. Nevertheless, finds from the Middle Ages were made during construction work in the 19th century.

Population development

Until 1945, Graslitz was predominantly populated by German Bohemia , which were expelled.

Population development until 1945
year Residents Remarks
1785 0k. A. 433 houses
1821 04,090
1830 04,727 in 624 houses
1847 05,590 in 638 houses
1869 06,335
1877 07,850
1900 11.802 German residents
1908 12,538
1910 13,857
1921 12,526 thereof 12,249 (98%) Germans
1930 13,936 including 235 (2%) Czechs
1939 12,597 including 569 Evangelicals, 11,654 Catholics, ten other Christians and one Jew
Population since the end of the Second World War
year 1947 2001 2007
Residents 6,294 7,273 7,299

The information in the two tables above relate to the respective territorial status.

Culture and sights

Museums

  • Railway Museum (Muzeum Kraslické dráhy) ⊙

Buildings

  • Corpus Christi church in the center

  • Baroque statue of Johannes Nepomuk

  • Town hall in the center

  • Long street, formerly Goethestrasse, today: ul.  Pohraniční stráže

  • Villa Fuchs (built in 1904), today the seat of the city library

  • former Graslitz Music School, Pohraniční stráže 67

Former musical instrument factories

  • Bohland & Fuchs , built in 1907, Lipová cesta 625/19

  • AK Hüttl, Dukelská 1149

  • V. Kohlert's Sons, Čs. armády 1360

  • Julius Keilwerth , built in 1930, Havlíčkova 1348

  • Amati-Denak factory, Dukelská 44

Green spaces and recreation

  • Unique intact biotopes of the mountain landscape on the Přebuzer Berg, with many valuable plant and animal species
  • Vysoký kámen (High Stone) in the districts of Kámen and Kostelní

Economy and Infrastructure

traffic

City map from 1924 (core city)

Kraslice has a train station on the Sokolov – Klingenthal cross-border railway line . There are direct train connections with the GW Train Regio trains to Sokolov or Karlovy Vary (Karlsbad) and with the Vogtland Railway to Zwickau .

In the Svatava valley, the II / 210 (district road, 2nd class) runs from the direction of Sokolov through Kraslice to the border crossing to Klingenthal, which is approved for vehicles up to 3.5 t and buses. In the urban area it is crossed by the II / 218, which comes from Luby and leads via Stříbrná to Nejdek .

Business

The largest employer in Kraslice is the musical instrument manufacturer Amati-Denak. The company was founded as a cooperative after the confiscation of the German companies in 1945 and nationalized in 1948. When it was privatized in 1993, the company name was given the addition Denak ( De chové ná stroje K raslice, translated: Wind instruments Kraslice) . The company is based in Kraslice and mainly produces wood and brass instruments (saxophones, clarinets, flutes and bassoons, trumpets, horns, trombones and tubas). A branch is located in Hradec Králové . At the end of the 2010s, a total of 500 people were employed by the company, which is one of the three largest manufacturers of musical instruments in Europe. In 2020 it filed for bankruptcy.

Personalities

sons and daughters of the town

Major manufacturers of musical instruments

  • Gustav Bohland (1825–1886), brass instrument maker
  • Martin Fuchs (1830–1893), brass instrument maker
  • Franz Xaver Hüller (1856–1936), woodwind instrument maker
  • Anton Konrad Hüttl (1852–1920), brass instrument maker
  • Johann Baptist Keilwerth (1873–1945), woodwind instrument maker
  • Julius Keilwerth (1894–1962), woodwind instrument maker
  • Max Keilwerth (1898–1968), woodwind instrument maker
  • Richard Keilwerth (1906–1983), woodwind instrument maker
  • Vinzenz Ferarius Kohlert (1817–1900), woodwind instrument maker
  • Daniel Kohlert (1863–1937), woodwind instrument maker, mayor from 1910–1919
  • Vinzenz Püchner (1870–1948), brass instrument maker

People connected to the city

Twin town

literature

  • Günter Dullat: The musical instrument construction and the music school in Graslitz from the beginning to 1945. G. Dullat, Nauheim 1997, ISBN 3-00-001388-1 .
  • Adolf Fuchs: The relocation of the Sudeten German small musical instrument industry from Graslitz and Schönbach , Marburg: Elwert 1953.
  • Adolf Gütter: Graslitz. West Sudetenland (= sound library of German dialects. 30, ISSN  0458-841X ). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1963.
  • Emil Kolb: Graslitz. The sounding city. A look into the lost homeland. Kolb-Verlag, Dettingen am Main 1956.
  • Alfred Riedl: History of the Graslitz rule and its neighboring areas. 1971 (manuscript).
  • Alfred Riedl: On the history of the churches in Graslitz. Kolb-Verlag, Dettingen am Main 1967.
  • Theoderich Schmidt: Graslitz. The population of a Sudeten German city - then and now. Kolb-Verlag, Karlstein 1983.
  • Gustav Treixler: The Development of the City of Graslitz. In: Erzgebirgs-Zeitung . Vol. 48, No. 3, 1927, pp. 37-44 ( digitized version ).

Web links

Commons : Kraslice  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/obec/560472/Kraslice
  2. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
  3. ↑ Územně identifikační registr ČR
  4. ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Graslitz district. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006). - for the city of Graslitz as a whole converted to today's territorial status (city limits)
  5. ↑ Historický lexikon obcí České republiky - 1869–2015. Český statistický úřad, December 18, 2015, accessed on February 14, 2016 (Czech).
  6. ↑ Information from zanikleobce.cz
  7. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/zsj-obec/560472/Obec-Kraslice
  8. ^ A b Alfred Riedl: The founding of the town of Graslitz 600 years ago. In: Festschrift for the 600th anniversary of the city of Graslitz, connected with the 6th home district meeting of the Graslitz. In the sponsored city of Aschaffenburg from 24.-27. July 1970. Heimatverband der Graslitz, Graslitz 1970, pp. 15–29.
  9. ^ Alfred Riedl: The history of our hometown Graslitz. In: Emil Kolb: Graslitz. The sounding city. A look into the lost homeland. Kolb-Verlag, Dettingen am Main 1956.
  10. ^ Josef Weinmann: Egerländer Biographical Lexicon . With selected people from the former administrative district of Eger. Volume 2: N-Z. Weinmann, Männedorf / ZH 1987, ISBN 3-922808-12-3 , p. 171.
  11. ^ Josef Weinmann: Egerländer Biographical Lexicon. With selected people from the former administrative district of Eger. Volume 2: N-Z. Weinmann, Männedorf / ZH 1987, ISBN 3-922808-12-3 , p. 24.
  12. ^ Alfred Riedl: The Counter Reformation in the Graslitz rule 300 years ago (1621-1721). In: Festschrift for the home district meeting of the Graslitzer. 7, 1972, ZDB ID 1461722-5 .
  13. ^ Josef Weinmann: Egerländer Biographical Lexicon. With selected people from the former administrative district of Eger. Volume 2: N-Z. Weinmann, Männedorf / ZH 1985, ISBN 3-922808-12-3 , p. 347.
  14. ↑ Jiří Drozdík: Unikátní hudební škola v Kraslicích definitivně končí . In: Sokolovský deník . October 23, 2009 ( denik.cz [accessed August 16, 2020]).
  15. ↑ Kraslice uhájily sbírku hudebních nástrojů. Retrieved August 16, 2020 .
  16. ↑ Roman Cichocki: Amatovci bránili hudební nástroje před rozkradením . In: Sokolovský deník . February 7, 2020 ( denik.cz [accessed August 16, 2020]).
  17. ^ Alfred Riedl: Graslitz 100 years ago. In: Festschrift for the home district meeting of the Graslitzer. 8, 1974.
  18. ↑ Graslitz subcamp (Kraslice). Website of the Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
  19. ^ Adolf Fuchs: The relocation of the Sudeten German small musical instrument industry from Graslitz and Schönbach , Marburg: Elwert 1953, p. 113 f.
  20. ↑ Paths of Cultural Heritage: A travel guide through the major mining monuments of the western Ore Mountains (The Path of Mining Monuments), p. 42, only covers the Czech Republic, National Monument Institute of the Czech Republic, Polypress Karlovy Vary, 2013, ISBN 978-80-87104-73-6 .
  21. ↑ Jaroslaus Schaller : Topography of the Kingdom of Bohemia . Volume 2: Ellbogner Kreis , Prague 1785, pp. 59-61, item 1) .
  22. ↑ Yearbooks of the Bohemian Museum of Natural and Regional Studies, History, Art and Literature . Volume 2, Prague 1831, p. 200, paragraph 13.
  23. ↑ Johann Gottfried Sommer : The Kingdom of Bohemia . Volume 15: Elbogner Kreis , Prague 1847, p. 65.
  24. ^ Meyer's Large Conversational Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 8, Leipzig and Vienna 1907, p. 242.
  25. ^ Ernst Pfohl: Ortlexikon Sudetenland Helmut Preißler Verlag, Nuremberg 1987, ISBN 3-925362-47-9 .
  26. ^ Rudolf Hemmerle : Sudetenland Lexikon, Volume 4. Adam Kraft Verlag, 1985, ISBN 3-8083-1163-0 , p. 172.
  27. ^ A b Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Graslitz district. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  28. ↑ Traditional instrument maker Amati-Denak insolvent | nmz - new music newspaper. Retrieved July 3, 2020 .