Marienwerder district

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The Marienwerder district was a Prussian district that existed in different delimitations between 1752 and 1945. The district, which has belonged to the province of West Prussia since 1773 , was divided after the First World War in 1920 by the Treaty of Versailles ; its western half fell to Poland , while its eastern half came to the province of East Prussia and remained in the German Reich until 1945 . The district town was Marienwerder . Today the former district area is in the Polish Pomeranian Voivodeship .

The Marienwerder district in the 18th century
The Marienwerder district within the boundaries from 1818 to 1920
West Prussia Province in 1919
  • Gdansk administrative district
  • Marienwerder administrative district

    • history

    The later district area was the core area of ​​the Principality of Pomesanien , which remained with the Teutonic Order after the Second Peace of Thor in 1466 . The prince-bishopric became part of the Duchy of Prussia in 1526 . The offices of the later district area became part of the Oberland district . During the administrative reform of East Prussia carried out by Friedrich II in 1752 , the Marienwerder district was created as one of ten new East Prussian districts that were significantly larger than the districts established in East and West Prussia after 1815. After West Prussia came to Prussia in the course of the first partition of Poland in 1772, the Marienwerder district was assigned to the newly created province of West Prussia in 1773 . Towards the end of the 18th century, the district comprised five royal immediate and two aristocratic media cities as well as four main domains or inheritance offices.

    The Prussian provincial authorities ordinance of April 30, 1815 and its implementing provisions made the area part of the Marienwerder administrative district of the province of West Prussia. As part of a comprehensive district reform in the Marienwerder administrative district, the Marienwerder district was redesigned on April 1, 1818. The new Rosenberg district with the district town of Rosenberg (West Prussia) was formed from the eastern part of the district . At the same time, a larger area west of the Vistula , which until then had belonged to the Stargard district, became the Marienwerder district. The district office was in Marienwerder.

    From December 3, 1829 to April 1, 1878, West Prussia and East Prussia were united to form the Province of Prussia , which had belonged to the North German Confederation since July 1, 1867 and to the German Empire since January 1, 1871 .

    With the entry into force of the Versailles Treaty on January 10, 1920, the entire district west of the Vistula fell to Poland as the new Gniew (Mewe) district . This was dissolved on April 1, 1932 and divided into the districts of Tczew (Dirschau), Starogard (Prussian Stargard) and Swiecie (Schwetz). The eastern part, which had remained German for the time being, was temporarily given to the upper president in Königsberg i. Subordinate to Pr. On January 24, 1920, the district came under the Allied Commission for Government and Referendum in Marienwerder.

    After the clear result of the referendum in the Marienwerder voting area on July 11, 1920, the reduced remaining circle remained in the German Reich. Despite the positive outcome of the referendum in favor of remaining with the German Reich, the rural communities of Außenendeich, Johannisdorf, Kleinfelde, Kramershof and Neu Liebenau east of the Vistula had to be ceded to Poland on August 12, 1920.

    On August 16, 1920, the subordination of the district to the Inter-Allied Commission for Government and Referendum in Marienwerder ended. Now final regulations could be made regarding the remnants of the province of West Prussia. On July 1, 1922, the Marienwerder district was incorporated into the province of East Prussia . The Marienwerder administrative region was renamed the West Prussia administrative region for reasons of tradition . The city of Marienwerder remained the seat of the regional president.

    Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia (August 1943)

    On September 30, 1929, a regional reform took place in the Marienwerder district in line with developments in the rest of Prussia, in which all independent manor districts were dissolved and assigned to neighboring rural communities. The dominant branch of the economy at that time was agriculture , in which around 65% of the residents who did not live in the district town were employed in 1933.

    On October 26, 1939, the Marienwerder district became part of the newly formed Reichsgau West Prussia , which was renamed " Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia " on November 2, 1939 . The administrative district now again had the previous name “Marienwerder” , but was no longer part of the Free State of Prussia .

    On December 2, 1940, the Polish communities of Burztych (Außenendeich), Janowo (Johannisdorf), Kramrowo (Kramersdorf), Male Polko (Kleinfelde) and Nowe Lignowy (Neuliebenau) of the Dirschau district , which had been co-administered since October 26, 1939, were retrospectively transferred to the Marienwerder district incorporated.

    In the spring of 1945 the district was occupied by the Red Army and placed under the administration of the People's Republic of Poland . The German population group in the district, over 90 percent of the population, was subject to flight and expulsion from the German eastern regions .

    population

    The following is an overview according to number of inhabitants, denominations and language groups:

    year 1821 1831 1841 1852 1861 1871 1880 1890 1900 1910 1925 1933 1939
    Residents 38,089 41,250 59.001 62,922 65,805 63,675 66,773 68,426 41,615 43,544 44,014
    Evangelical
    Catholics
    Jews     		23,190
    14,105
    374     		25,529
    14,927
    422     		  36,527
    21,309
    815     		38,031
    23,483
    879     		38,963
    25,664
    804     		  34,870
    27,878
    695     		35,416
    30,571
    588     		35,248
    32,350
    311     		34,130
    7,082
    211     		35,576
    7,552
    186     		35,512
    7,557
    0
    German-speaking,
    bilingual,
    Polish -speaking    		   32,130
    -
    9,120     		  40,778
    -
    18,223     		44,489
    -
    18,433     		    40,772
    1,169
    21,701     		42,170
    720
    23,867     		42,465
    796
    25,148

    In 1939, 81% of the district's residents were Protestant and 17% Catholic.

    politics

    District administrators

    elections

    In the German Reich the Marienwerder formed together with the county Stuhm the Reichstag constituency Kwidzyn 1 . The constituency was won by national liberal or conservative candidates in all Reichstag elections .

    Local constitution

    The Marienwerder district was divided into the towns of Garnsee, Marienwerder and (until 1920) Mewe, in rural communities and until their dissolution in 1929 in manor districts . With the introduction of the Prussian Municipal Constitutional Law of December 15, 1933 and the German Municipal Code of January 30, 1935, the leader principle was enforced at the municipal level on April 1, 1935 . A new district constitution was no longer created; The district regulations for the provinces of East and West Prussia, Brandenburg, Pomerania, Silesia and Saxony from March 19, 1881 continued to apply .

    cities and communes

    Cities and municipalities ceded to Poland in 1920

    The following municipalities belonged to the western half of the district, which was ceded to Poland in 1920:

    • Noble Kamionks
    • Noble Liebenau
    • Alt Mösland
    • Applink
    • Outer dike
    • Dombrowken
    • Dzierondzno
    • Gogolewo
    • Gremblin
    • Great Falkenau
    • Great Gartz
    • Great Grünhof
    • Half village
    • Jesewitz
    • Johannisdorf
    • Kehrwalde
    • Kesselhof
    • Kirchenjahn
    • Klein Falkenau
    • Klein Grünhof
    • Kleinfelde
    • Royal Jellen
    • Kramershof
    • kitchen
    • Kurstein
    • Lalkau
    • Lesnian
    • Lichtenthal
    • Lindenberg
    • Mewe , city
    • Milewken
    • Mösland
    • Munsterwalde
    • New Janischau
    • New Liebenau
    • New Mösland
    • Void fields
    • Pehsken
    • Pienonskowo
    • Polish Grünhof
    • Rakowitz
    • Rauden
    • Rinkowken
    • Rossgarten near Groß Falkenau
    • Sprauden
    • Thymau
    • Warmhof
    • Wloschnitz

    Cities and municipalities 1945

    At the end of its existence in 1945, the district comprised the two cities of Garnsee and Marienwerder as well as 51 other communities:

    • Bauthen
    • Brakau
    • Daubel
    • Dietmarsdorf
    • Ellerwalde
    • Garnsee , city
    • Gilwe
    • Great Grabau
    • Big cancer
    • Big Nebrau
    • Big pasture
    • Klein Grabau
    • Little cancer
    • Klein Nebrau
    • Monastery
    • Blocks
    • Kunkenau
    • Short brace
    • Lamprechtsdorf
    • Littschen
    • Moravia
    • Mareese
    • Marienwerder , city
    • Mergental
    • Mewischfelde
    • Neuhöfen
    • Eat down
    • Oberfeld
    • Ottlau
    • Ottotschen
    • Pankendorf
    • paradise
    • Rachelshof
    • Reussenau
    • Rosains
    • Rospitz
    • Round meadow
    • Schadewinkel
    • Ham mountain
    • School meadow
    • Sedlines
    • Seubersdorf
    • Stangendorf
    • Tiefenau
    • Treugenkohl
    • Unterberg
    • Unterwalde
    • Wandau
    • Weichselburg
    • Weißenkrug
    • Weisshof
    • Zandersfelde
    • Brick lacquer

    Communities dissolved before 1945

    • Baggen, 1929 to Unterwalde
    • Budzin, 1929 in Unterwalde
    • Garnseedorf, 1936 to Garnsee
    • Gilwe A and B Gilwe, 1929 for community Gilwe together
    • Hintersee, 1928 to Rachelshof
    • Hochzehren, 1928 to Niederzehren
    • Jerzewo, 1928 to Rachelshof
    • Kampangen, 1930 to paradise
    • Marienau, 1936 to Marienwerder
    • Marienfelde, 1901 to Marienwerder
    • Neu Mühlbach, 1938 to Treugenkohl
    • Neudorf, to Tiefenau in 1929
    • Rossgarten b. Marienwerder, 1900 to Mareese
    • Rothhof, 1930 to Unterberg
    • Ruden, 1928 to Sedlinen
    • Sheep farm, 1936 to Marienwerder
    • Stürmersberg, 1900 to Mareese

    Name changes

    In some cases in the 1930s place names were viewed as "not German" enough and received phonetic alignment or translation, for example:

    • Valeram → Mergental
    • Bandtken → Pankendorf
    • Bialken → Weißenkrug
    • Dubiel → Daubel
    • Gutsch → Zandersfelde
    • Kamiontken → Lamprechtsdorf
    • Kanitzken → Kunkenau
    • Russenau → Reussenau
    • Zigahnen → Dietmarsdorf

    Personalities

    • Heinrich Joachim Woldeck, 1753–1785 District Administrator of the Marienwerder District, from 1774 Senior Councilor in the General Management, Section 9, Peuplication politician and mercantilist
    • August Kind (1824–1904), appointed chief construction inspector from 1868 to 1870 as a government and building councilor in the administrative district's building management, German architect and building officer for the Reichspost .

    literature

    Web links

    Commons : Kreis Marienwerder  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

    Individual evidence

    1. ^ August von Haxthausen: The rural constitution in the individual provinces of the Prussian monarchy . Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1839, p. 155 ( digitized version ).
    2. ↑ Leszek Belzyt: Linguistic minorities in the Prussian state from 1815 to 1914 . Marburg 1998, p. 109.
    3. ^ A b Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Marienwerder district. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
    4. ↑ a b c d e f Rolf Straubel : Biographical handbook of the Prussian administrative and judicial officials 1740–1806 / 15 . In: Historical Commission to Berlin (Ed.): Individual publications . 85. KG Saur Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-598-23229-9 .
    5. ↑ Database of members of the Reichstag ( memento of the original from January 6, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / zhsf.gesis.org
    6. ↑ Cities, municipalities and manor districts 1910
    7. ↑ 1808 the General Directory was dissolved as part of the Prussian reforms in connection with the introduction of the new Prussian central administration. Christian Gahlbeck, Vacys Vaivada, Joachim Tauber: Archive guide on the history of the Memel area and German-Lithuanian relations . Oldenbourg, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-486-57902-9 , p. 42.
    8. ^ Journal of the historical association for the administrative district Marienwerder . First issue, published on behalf of the board. by Georg von Hirschfeld. Marienwerder 1876, p. 232.