Yale University

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Yale University
File:Official Yale Shield.png
Former names
Collegiate School
Mottoאורים ותמים (Hebrew) (Urim V'Tumim)
Lux et veritas (Latin)
(Light and truth)
TypePrivate
Established1701
EndowmentUS $22.5 billion[1]
PresidentRichard C. Levin
Academic staff
3,333
Students11,390
Undergraduates5,316
Location
United States New Haven
,
Connecticut
,
U.S.
CampusUrban, 397 acres (1.1 km²)
ColorsYale Blue since 1894; prior color, green
NicknameBulldogs, Elis, Blue
MascotHandsome Dan
Websitewww.yale.edu
"Yale" redirects here. For other uses, see Yale (disambiguation).

Yale University is a private university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 as the Collegiate School, Yale is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and is a member of the Ivy League. Particularly well-known are its undergraduate school, Yale College, and the Yale Law School, each of which has produced a number of U.S. presidents and foreign heads of state. In 1861, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences became the first U.S. school to award the Ph.D. degree. Also notable is the Yale School of Drama, which has produced many prominent Hollywood and Broadway actors and writers, as well as the art, divinity, forestry and environment, music, medical, management, nursing and architecture schools, each of which is often cited as among the finest in its field.

The university's assets include a $22.5 billion[1] endowment (the second-largest of any academic institution) and more than a dozen libraries that hold a total of 12.5 million volumes (the second-largest university library system[2]). Yale has 3,300 faculty members, who teach 5,300 undergraduate students and 6,000 graduate students.[3]

Yale's 70 undergraduate majors are primarily focused on a liberal curriculum, and few of the undergraduate departments are pre-professional in nature. About 20% of Yale undergraduates major in the sciences, 35% in the social sciences, and 45% in the arts and humanities.[4] All tenured professors teach undergraduate courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually.

Yale uses a residential college housing system modeled after those at Oxford and Cambridge. Each of 12 residential colleges houses a representative cross-section of the undergraduate student body, and features facilities, seminars, resident faculty, and support personnel.

Yale's graduate programs include those in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences — covering 53 disciplines in the Humanities, Social Sciences, Biological Sciences, Physical Sciences and Engineering — and those in the Professional Schools of Architecture, Art, Divinity, Drama, Forestry & Environmental Sciences, Law, Management, Medicine, Music, Nursing, and Public Health.

Yale and Harvard have been rivals in almost everything for most of their history, notably academics, rowing and American football.[5]

Yale president Richard C. Levin summarized the university's institutional priorities for its fourth century: "First, among the nation's finest research universities, Yale is distinctively committed to excellence in undergraduate education. Second, in our graduate and professional schools, as well as in Yale College, we are committed to the education of leaders."[6]

The nicknames "Elis"[7][8][9] (after Elihu Yale) and "Yalies"[10] are often used, both within and outside Yale, to refer to Yale students.

No pls.

Admissions

File:Yale USA.jpg
Yale University's Sterling Memorial Library.

The acceptance rate for Yale College for the Class of 2011 was 9.6%.[11] For the Class of 2010, the acceptance rate was 8.9% with a 71.1% yield; 728 were waitlisted, of which 56 were admitted.[12] The interquartile range (25th percentile-75th percentile) for both the Math and Verbal sections of the SAT was 700-790.

Yale College offers need-blind admissions and need-based financial aid to all applicants, including international applicants. Yale commits to meet the full demonstrated financial need of all applicants, and more than 40% of Yale students receive financial assistance. Most financial aid is in the form of grants and scholarships that do not need to be paid back to the University, and the average scholarship for the 2006–2007 school year will be $26,900.

Half of all Yale undergraduates are women, more than 30% are minorities, and 8% are international students. Furthermore, 55% attended public schools and 45% attended independent, religious, or international schools.[12]

Intellectual "schools"

Yale's English and Literature departments were part of the New Criticism movement. Of the New Critics, Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks were all Yale faculty. Later, after the passing of the New Critical fad, the Yale literature department became a center of American deconstruction, with French and Comparative Literature departments centered on Paul de Man and supported by the English department. This has become known as the "Yale School." Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historian C. Vann Woodward is credited for beginning in the 1960s an important stream of southern historians; likewise, David Montgomery, a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Most noticeably, a tremendous number of currently active Latin American historians were trained at Yale in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s by Emìlia Viotta da Costa; younger Latin Americanists tend to be "intellectual cousins" in that their advisors were advised by the same people at Yale.

Collections

The Night Café, Vincent van Gogh, 1888, Yale Art Gallery.

Yale University Library, which holds over 12 million volumes, is the second-largest university collection in the world.[citation needed] The main library, Sterling Memorial Library, contains about four million volumes, and other holdings are dispersed at subject libraries.

Rare books are found in a number of Yale collections. The Beinecke Rare Book Library has a large collection of rare books and manuscripts. The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library includes important historical medical texts, including an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instruments. The Lewis Walpole Library contains the largest collection of 18th-century British literary works. The Elizabethan Club, technically a private organization, makes its Elizabethan folios and first editions available to qualified researchers through Yale.

Yale's museum collections are also of international stature. The Yale University Art Gallery is the country's first university-affiliated art museum. It contains more than 180,000 works, including old masters and important collections of modern art, in the Swartout and Kahn buildings. The latter, Louis Kahn's first large-scale American work (1953), was renovated and reopened in December 2006. The Yale Center for British Art, the largest collection of British art outside of the UK, grew from a gift of Paul Mellon and is housed in another Kahn-designed building.

The Peabody Museum of Natural History is New Haven's most popular museum, well-used by school children as well as containing research collections in anthropology, archaeology, and the natural environment. The Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments, affiliated with the Yale School of Music, is perhaps the least well-known of Yale's collections, because its hours of opening are restricted.

Yale architecture

Harkness Tower

Yale is noted for its harmonious yet fanciful largely Collegiate Gothic campus[13] as well as for several iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey courses: Louis Kahn's Yale Art Gallery[14] and Center for British Art, Eero Saarinen's Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and Paul Rudolph's Art & Architecture Building. Yale also owns many noteworthy 19th century mansions along Hillhouse Avenue.

Many of Yale's buildings were constructed in the neo-Gothic architecture style from 1917 to 1931. Stone sculpture built into the walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personalities such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading. Similarly, the decorative friezes on the buildings depict contemporary scenes such as policemen chasing a robber and arresting a prostitute (on the wall of the Law School), or a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette. The architect, James Gamble Rogers, faux-aged these buildings by splashing the walls with acid,[15] deliberately breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages, and creating niches for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft over the ages. In fact, the buildings merely simulate Middle Ages architecture, for though they appear to be constructed of solid stone blocks in the authentic manner, most actually have steel framing as was commonly used in 1930. One exception is Harkness Tower, 216 feet (66 m) tall, which was originally a free-standing stone structure. It was reinforced in 1964 to allow the installation of the Yale Memorial Carillon.

Other examples of the Gothic (also called neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic) style are on Old Campus by such architects as Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis. Several are associated with members of the Vanderbilt family, including Vanderbilt Hall,[16] Phelps Hall,[17] St. Anthony Hall (a commission for member Frederick William Vanderbilt), the Mason, Sloane and Osborn laboratories, dormitories for the Sheffield Scientific School (the engineering and sciences school at Yale until 1956) and elements of Silliman College, the largest residential college.[18]

Connecticut Hall

Ironically, the oldest building on campus, Connecticut Hall (built in 1750), is in the Georgian style and appears much more modern. Georgian-style buildings erected from 1929 to 1933 include Timothy Dwight College, Pierson College, and Davenport College, except the latter's east, York Street façade, which was constructed in the Gothic style.

The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, designed by Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, is one of the largest buildings in the world reserved exclusively for the preservation of rare books and manuscripts.[19] It is located near the center of the University in Hewitt Quadrangle, which is now more commonly referred to as "Beinecke Plaza." The library's six-story above-ground tower of book stacks is surrounded by a windowless rectangular building with walls made of translucent Vermont marble, which transmit subdued lighting to the interior and provide protection from direct light, while glowing from within after dark.

The sculptures in the sunken courtyard by Isamu Noguchi are said to represent time (the pyramid), the sun (the circle), and chance (the cube).

Alumnus Eero Saarinen, Finnish-American architect of such notable structures as the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal, and the CBS Building in Manhattan, designed Ingalls Rink at Yale and the newest residential colleges of Ezra Stiles and Morse. These latter were modelled after the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano — a prototype chosen for the town's pedestrian-friendly milieu and fortress-like stone towers. These tower forms at Yale act in counterpoint to the college's many Gothic spires and Georgian cupolas.[20]

Notable nonresidential campus buildings

Notable nonresidential campus buildings and landmarks include:[21]

Yale's secret societies, whose buildings (some of which are called "tombs") were built both to be intensely private yet ostentatiously theatrical, display diversity and fancifulness of architectural expression, include:

The Elizabethan Club, while not a secret society, nevertheless attracts many of Yale's social elite, especially those with literary or artistic interests. It boasts the largest endowment of any organization at Yale, and has in its collection of first editions a Shakespeare Folio, several Shakespeare Quartos, a first edition of Milton's Paradise Lost, and many other literary treasures. Membership is competitive and by invitation only.

Campus life

Yale has no student union, and this has been cited as a cause of the lack of unity within Yale as a whole, with community centering around the undergraduate residential colleges.[22]

Residential colleges

Main article: Yale College

Yale has a system of 12 residential colleges, instituted in 1933 through a grant by Yale graduate Edward S. Harkness, who admired the college systems at Oxford and Cambridge. Each college has a carefully constructed support structure for students, including a Dean, Master, affiliated faculty, and resident Fellows. Each college also features distinctive architecture, secluded courtyards, and facilities ranging from libraries to squash courts to darkrooms. While each college at Yale offers its own seminars, social events, and Master's Teas with guests from the world, Yale students also take part in academic and social programs across the university, and all of Yale's 2,000 courses are open to undergraduates from any college.

Residential colleges are named for important figures or places in university history or notable alumni; they are deliberately not named for benefactors.

Residential Colleges of Yale University:[23]

  1. Berkeley College, named for the Rt. Rev. George Berkeley (1685–1753), early benefactor of Yale.[24]
  2. Branford College, named for Branford, Connecticut, where Yale was briefly located.[25]
  3. Calhoun College, named for John C. Calhoun, vice-president of the United States.[26]
  4. Davenport College, named for Rev. John Davenport, the founder of New Haven. Often called "D'port".[27]
  5. Ezra Stiles College, named for the Rev. Ezra Stiles, a president of Yale. Generally called "Stiles," despite an early-1990s crusade by then-master Traugott Lawler to preserve the use of the full name in everyday speech. Its buildings were designed by Eero Saarinen.[28]
  6. Jonathan Edwards College, named for theologian, Yale alumnus, and Princeton co-founder Jonathan Edwards. Generally called "J.E." The oldest of the residential colleges, J.E. is the only college with an independent endowment, the Jonathan Edwards Trust.[29]
  7. Morse College, named for Samuel F. B. Morse, inventor of Morse code. Also designed by Eero Saarinen.[30]
  8. Pierson College, named for Yale's first rector, Abraham Pierson.[31]
  9. Saybrook College, named for Old Saybrook, Connecticut, the town in which Yale was founded.[32]
  10. Silliman College, named for noted scientist and Yale professor Benjamin Silliman. About half of its structures were originally part of the Sheffield Scientific School.[33]
  11. Timothy Dwight College, named for the two Yale presidents of that name, Timothy Dwight IV and Timothy Dwight V. Often abbreviated as "T.D."[34]
  12. Trumbull College, named for Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of Connecticut. [35]

In 1990, Yale launched a series of massive renovations to the older residential buildings, whose decades of existence had seen only routine maintenance and incremental improvements to plumbing, heating, and electrical and network wiring. Renovations to many of the colleges are now complete, and among other improvements, renovated colleges feature newly built basement facilities including restaurants, game rooms, theaters, athletic facilities and music practice rooms.

The Yale administration is currently evaluating the feasibility of building two new residential colleges.[36]

Sports

File:YaleBowl-WalterCampGate1.JPG
The Walter Camp Gate at the Yale Athletic Complex.

Yale supports 35 varsity athletic teams that compete in the Ivy League Conference, the Eastern College Athletic Conference, the New England Intercollegiate Sailing Association, and Yale is an NCAA Division I member. Like other members of the Ivy League, Yale does not offer athletic scholarships and is no longer competitive with the top echelon of American college teams in the big-money sports of basketball and football. Nevertheless, American Football was largely created at Yale by player and coach Walter Camp, who evolved the rules of the game away from rugby and soccer in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the Yale Bowl (the nation's first natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex, and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world.[37]

October 21st, 2000 marked the dedication of Yale's fourth new boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing. The Richard Gilder Boathouse is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father Richard Gilder '54, who gave $4 million towards the $7.5 million project. Yale also maintains the Gales Ferry site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the prestigious Yale-Harvard Boat Race. Yale crew is the oldest collegiate athletic team in America, and today Yale Rowing boasts lightweight men, heavyweight men, and a women's team. All of an internationally competitive caliber.

The Yale Corinthian Yacht Club, founded in 1881, is the oldest collegiate sailing club in the world. The yacht club, located in nearby Branford, Connecticut, is the home of the Yale Sailing Team, which has produced several Olympic sailors.

Ingalls Rink by Eero Saarinen, thin-shell and tensile structure

Mascot

The school mascot is "Handsome Dan," the famous Yale bulldog, and the Yale fight song (written by Cole Porter while he was a student at Yale) contains the refrain, "Bulldog, bulldog, bow wow wow." The school color is Yale Blue.

Yale athletics are supported by the Yale Precision Marching Band. The band attends every home football game and many away, as well as most hockey and basketball games throughout the winter.

Yale intramural sports are a vibrant aspect of student life. Students compete for their respective residential colleges, which fosters a friendly rivalry. The year is divided into fall, winter, and spring seasons, each of which includes about ten different sports. About half the sports are coed. At the end of the year, the residential college with the most points (not all sports count equally) wins the Tyng Cup.

Student life

Yale College students come from a variety of ethnic, national, and socio-economic backgrounds. Of the 2006-07 freshman class, 9% are international students, while 54% went to public high schools.[38] Minority students are visible and active in numerous cultural organizations, several cultural houses, and campus events.

Yale is also an open campus for the gay community. Its active LGBT community first received wide publicity in the late 1980s, when Yale obtained a reputation as the "gay Ivy," due largely to a 1987 Wall Street Journal article written by Julie V. Iovine, an alumna and the spouse of a Yale faculty member. During the same year, the University hosted a national conference on gay and lesbian studies and established the Lesbian and Gay Studies Center.[39] The slogan "One in Four, Maybe More; One in Two, Maybe You" was coined by the campus gay community. While the community in the 1980s and early 1990s was very activist, today most LGBT events have become part of the general campus social scene. For example, the annual LGBT Co-op Dance attracts gay as well as straight students. The strong programs at the School of Music, School of Drama, and School of Art also thrive.

Campus cultural life features many concerts, shows, recitals, and operas.

Student organizations

Main article: List of Yale University student organizations

There are a large number of student organizations.

The Yale Political Union, the oldest student political organization in the United States, is often the largest organization on campus, and is advised by alumni political leaders such as John Kerry and George Pataki.

The university hosts a variety of student journals, magazines, and newspapers. The latter category includes the Yale Daily News, which was first published in 1878 and is the oldest daily college newspaper in the United States, as well as the weekly Yale Herald, first published in 1986. Dwight Hall, an independent, non-profit community service organization, oversees more than 2,000 Yale undergraduates working on more than 60 community service initiatives in New Haven. The Yale College Council runs several agencies that oversee campus wide activities and student services. The Yale Dramatic Association and Bulldog Productions cater to the theater and film communities, respectively.

The campus also includes several fraternities and sororities. The campus features at least 18 a capella groups, the most famous of which is The Whiffenpoofs, who are unusual among college singing groups in being made up solely of senior men. A number of prominent secret societies, including Skull and Bones, Scroll and Key, Wolf's Head, and Elihu are composed of Yale College seniors.

New Haven

New Haven has experienced major economic growth in the past couple of decades, turning it into a state cultural center and hub for travel. In the past decade, technology and biotech firms and investment by Yale have put a new face on this colonial city. In 2003, New Haven was selected as an All-America City, in recognition of its immigrant neighborhoods, city parks, and blocks of old mansions, quaint stores and big chains, and one of the world's pre-eminent universities.

Yale students run for alderman, work in City Hall, and launch non-profit organizations. Yalies go to Toad's Place to hear bands like Built to Spill and Rufus Wainwright, enjoy cheap martinis at Hot Tomatoes, or buy home-brewed beer and brick-oven pizza at BAR; and visitors check out exhibits at the Peabody Museum before taking in a show at the Shubert Theater.

The area's quality of life attracts businesses and residents who are unaffiliated with the university. For example, hedge funds are moving east from the world's hedge-fund capital of Greenwich. Downtown New Haven's luxury apartments draw thousands of young professionals who reverse-commute to high-paying corporate jobs in more suburban parts of Connecticut. The city has become a center for architecture firms, due in part to Eero Saarinen, whose firm moved to New Haven in the early 1960s, and younger colleagues including Cesar Pelli, and the "alumni" of his New Haven firm have started firms of their own in the city.

Yale people of note

Nineteen Nobel laureates are affiliated with the university.

Benefactors

Yale has had many financial supporters, but some stand out by the magnitude of their contributions. Among those who have made large donations commemorated at the university are:

Notable alumni

Main article: List of Yale University people

All U.S. presidents since 1989 have been Yale graduates, namely George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton (who attended the University's Law School along with his wife, New York Senator Hillary Clinton), and George W. Bush. Vice President Dick Cheney attended Yale, although he did not graduate. Many of the 2004 presidential candidates attended Yale: Bush, John Kerry, Howard Dean, and Joe Lieberman.

Other Yale-educated presidents were William Howard Taft (B.A.) and Gerald Ford (LL.B). Alumni also include several Supreme Court justices, including current Justices Clarence Thomas and Samuel Alito.

Additional famous alumni are noted in the List of Yale University people, including Nobel Laureates, Pulitzer Prize winners, statesmen, politicians, artists, athletes, activists, and numerous others.

Notable professors

Main article: List of Yale University people

Staff and labor unions

Much of Yale University's staff, including most maintenance staff, dining hall employees, and administrative staff are unionized. Yale has a history of difficult and prolonged labor negotiations, often culminating in strikes. There have been at least eight strikes since 1968, and the New York Times wrote that Yale has a reputation as having the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S.[40] Yale's unusually large endowment further exacerbates the tension over wages. Yale has been accused of failing to treat workers with respect, in addition to the usual concerns over wages[41]. In a 2003 strike, however, more Union employees were working than striking. [42] There are currently at least three unions of Yale employees. [43]

Miscellany and traditions

  • Yale's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus. Actual students rarely do so.[48]
  • The college is, after normalization for institution size, the tenth-largest baccalaureate source of doctoral degree recipients in the United States, and the largest such source within the Ivy League. [49]

Campus safety

In the 1970s and 1980s, poverty and violent crime rose in New Haven, dampening Yale's student and faculty recruiting efforts.[citation needed] In 1991, junior Christian Prince was slain on Hillhouse Avenue, resulted in a brief decline in applications and leading Yale to boost the size of its police force, transfer secondary police responsibilities to an expanded security force, and install emergency blue phones around campus.[50] Yale also began to make payments-in-lieu-of-taxes to the city ($2.3 million in 2005; $4.18 million in 2006).

Between 1990 and 2006, New Haven's crime rate fell by half, helped by a community policing strategy by the New Haven police and Yale's campus became the safest among the Ivy League and other peer schools.[51] In 2002–04, Yale reported 14 violent crimes (homicide, aggravated assault, or sex offenses), when Harvard reported 83 such incidents, Princeton 24, and Stanford 54. The incidence of nonviolent crime (burglary, arson, and motor vehicle theft) was also lower than most of its peer schools.

In 2004, a national non-profit watchdog group called Security on Campus filed a complaint with the Department of Education, accusing Yale of under-reporting rape and sexual assaults.[52][53]

Murders or attempted murders involving Yale students or faculty include:

  • In 1974, Yale junior Gary Stein was killed in a robbery. Melvin Jones was convicted in the case and spent fifteen years in prison.
  • In 1977, Yale student Bonnie Garland was killed by her former boyfriend, Yale graduate student Richard Herrin, while she was sleeping in her parents' house in Scarsdale, New York, where he was visiting. The support of the Yale Catholic community for the perpetrator caused great controversy.[54]
  • On June 24, 1993, computer science professor David Gelernter was seriously injured in his office in Arthur K. Watson Hall by a bomb sent by serial killer Ted Kaczynski ("The Unabomber").
  • In 1998, student Suzanne Jovin was stabbed to death in a wealthy neighborhood two miles (3 km) from the central campus. Allegations that her thesis advisor was a suspect led to the end of his career at Yale, but the crime remains unsolved.

The Yale Campus has been the site of three bombing incidents. In addition to that carried out by the Unabomber, mentioned above, on May Day in 1970, during the New Haven Black Panther trials, two bombs were set off in the basement of Ingalls Rink. No injuries resulted, and the perpetrators were never identified. On May 21, 2003, an explosive device went off at the Yale Law School, damaging two classrooms. The latter crime has not been solved, and no motive has been discerned; the bombing occurred while the nation was under an elevated terror alert, and while the university was involved in difficult labor negotiations. The homes of at least two former employees were searched, but no arrests have been made in the case.

Yale in fiction and popular culture

Further information: List of Yale University people § Fictional, and Yale in popular culture

Points of interest

See also

Books on Yale

Secret Societies

  • Robbins, Alexandra, Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power, Little Brown & Co., 2002; ISBN 0-316-73561-2 (paper edition).
  • Millegan, Kris (ed.), Fleshing Out Skull & Bones, TrineDay, 2003. ISBN 0-9752906-0-6 (paper edition).

Notes and references

  1. ^ a b "Yale Endowment Grows 28%, Topping $22 Billion". New York Times. 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-27. Cite error: The named reference "endowment" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ http://world.yale.edu/about/index.html
  3. ^ About Yale: "Facts." Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  4. ^ Yale University: "Some Facts & Statistics About Yale University." Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  5. ^ op. cit.
  6. ^ Yale Alumni Magazine: "Preparing for Yale's Fourth Century." Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  7. ^ "Listen, Elis'![sic] Hear You Not These Joyful Sounds? Songs of Victors at the Revere. Over Three Hundred Cheer for Harvard." The Boston Daily Globe, December 9, 1890, p. 7. (Story about a Revere House celebration of a Harvard football victory over Yale).
  8. ^ Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1920), This Side of Paradise, chapter 2: "half-a-dozen seats were kept from sale and occupied by six of the worst-looking vagabonds that could be hired from the streets... At the moment in the show where Firebrand, the Pirate Chief, pointed at his black flag and said, “I am a Yale graduate—note my Skull and Bones!”—at this very moment the six vagabonds were instructed to rise conspicuously and leave the theatre with looks of deep melancholy and an injured dignity. It was claimed though never proved that on one occasion the hired Elis were swelled by one of the real thing."
  9. ^ Kanya Balakrishna (November 20, 2006). "Five Elis win Rhodes". Yale Daily News. Retrieved 2006-12-31., "Four Yale undergraduates and one student from the Graduate School are among the 32 students around the country to receive Rhodes scholarships this year.
  10. ^ Mark Alden Branch (February 2003). "The Ten Greatest Yalies Who Never Were". Yale Alumni Magazine. Retrieved 2006-2-26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  11. ^ Yale Daily News: "Admission rate rises." Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  12. ^ a b Yale Daily News: "Diverse class of 2010 arrives in Elm City." Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  13. ^ Assorted pictures of Yale's campus. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  14. ^ About the Yale Art Gallery. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  15. ^ Yale Herald: "Donor steps up to fund CCL renovations." Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  16. ^ Vanderbilt Hall
  17. ^ Phelps Hall
  18. ^ Silliman College
  19. ^ Beinecke Rare Book Library: "About the Library Building." Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  20. ^ Assorted pictures of Ezra Stiles College. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  21. ^ Further architectural data is online at http://www.facilities.yale.edu/Campus/Campus.asp
  22. ^ [1] Josh Westlund, "The Outer Space heads out of this world", Yale Herald Online. (1997)
  23. ^ Yale University: "Undergraduate Residential Life." Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  24. ^ Berkeley College Home Page
  25. ^ Branford College Home Page
  26. ^ Calhoun College Home Page
  27. ^ Davenport College Home Page
  28. ^ Ezra Stiles College Home Page
  29. ^ Jonathan Edwards College Home Page
  30. ^ Morse College Home Page
  31. ^ Pierson College Home Page
  32. ^ Saybrook College Home Page
  33. ^ Silliman College Home Page
  34. ^ Timothy Dwight College Home Page
  35. ^ Trumbull College Home Page
  36. ^ Yale Daily News: "Study on expansion accelerates." Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  37. ^ Yale Herald: "House of Payne gets ready for the new millennium." Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  38. ^ Yale Factsheet
  39. ^ The New York Times: "After Dispute, Yale Planning A Conference on Gay Studies."
  40. ^ [2]
  41. ^ [3]
  42. ^ http://www.yale.edu/opa/newsr/03-09-12-02.all.html
  43. ^ http://www.yaleunions.org/
  44. ^ Yale University: "A Framework for Campus Planning." Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  45. ^ The New York Times, June 18, 1940
  46. ^ The New York Times, May 30, 1886.
  47. ^ Singing the Blues at Yale by Thomas Toch. US News & World Report, June 8, 1992.
  48. ^ "Yale's Tallest Tales" by Mark Alden Branch, Yale Alumni Magazine, March 1998.
  49. ^ [4] "Baccalaureate Origins Peer Analysis 2000, Center College."
  50. ^ Yale Daily News: "In hindsight, a tragic death prompted a paradigm shift." Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  51. ^ Office of Post-Secondary Education: "Security search." Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  52. ^ Yale Daily News: "Panel questions way University handles sex crimes." Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  53. ^ Yale Daily News: " Yale may not report all crimes." Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  54. ^ The Yale Murder: The Compelling True Narrative of the Fatal Romance of Bonnie Garland and Richard Herrin, Peter Meyer, The Killing of Bonnie Garland: A Question of Justice, Willard Gaylin
  55. ^ University of Georgia: "The Rise of Intercollegiate Football and Its Portrayal in American Popular Literature." Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  56. ^ The text of Frank Merriwell at Yale is published online by Project Gutenberg http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11115/11115-h/11115-h.htm
  57. ^ Forbes Fictional Fifteen: "C. Montgomery Burns." Retrieved April 9, 2007.

External links

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