31st century BC Chr.
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The 31st century BC Chr. Began v on 1 January 3100 product. And ended on December 31, 3001 BC. This corresponds to the period 5050 to 4951 before today or the interval 4451 to 4393 radiocarbon years .
Age / Epoch
- Subboreal (3710-450 BC).
- Late Neolithic in Central Europe (3500 to 2800 BC) and Nordic Middle Neolithic in Northern Europe (3300 to 2350 BC)
- Pre-palace period in Crete .
Events / developments
- The early phase of the Stonehenge complex, with a circular earth wall and a moat, was dated to approx. 3100 BC. Dated.
- 31st century BC Chr .:
- In Egypt people write on soapstone and similar materials.
- The first document, undoubtedly written in Sumerian , is found in Jemdet Nasr .
- Around 3100 BC Chr .:
- Kiš is founded in Mesopotamia .
- Around 3085/3080 BC Chr .:
- In the Nile Valley of predynastic Egypt , two kingdoms were formed, Lower Egypt in the Nile Delta and Upper Egypt . At the end of the 4th millennium, both kingdoms became around 3085 BC. United by Pharaoh Narmer / Menes , founding of Memphis as the capital. The Egyptian empire extends to Sinai . The rulers are buried in mastabas , the forerunners of the pyramids .
- 3050 BC Chr .:
- The world's oldest living tree, a long-lived pine ( Pinus longaeva ), is beginning to grow in the White Mountains of California .
Personalities
Pharaohs of Egypt
- Hedju-Hor (around 3200/3150 BC)
- Ni-Hor (around 3220 to 3175 BC)
- Double falcon (around 3230/3100 BC)
- Hat Hor (around 3210/3100 BC)
- Crocodile (around 3160/3100 BC)
- Scorpio II (around 3025 BC, but also dated around 3200 or around 3100 BC)
- Ka (around 3020 BC, but also around 3125 BC)
First dynasty:
- Narmer (around 3100/3000 BC, but also 3185/3150 to 3125 BC)
- Hor Aha (3000 to 2980 BC, also 3125 to 3100 BC)
- Djer (2980 to 2960 BC, also 3100 to 3055 BC)
- Wadji (2960 to 2930 BC, also 3055 to 3050 BC)
- Meritneith - wife of Wadji
- Den (2930 to 2910 BC, 3050 to 2995 BC)
Note: The years of reign of the pharaohs cannot be precisely determined in this century. Therefore, these are approximate estimates. The dates of the 1st dynasty are also very different.
Inventions / discoveries
- Around 3100 BC Chr .:
- Numerical script in Mesopotamia and a little later in Egypt (around 3000 BC)
- Around 3000 BC Chr .:
- First clear evidence of the Egyptian game of Senet (possibly dating back to 3500 BC).
Archaeological cultures
Cultures in North Africa
- Capsia (9000 to 3000 BC) in Algeria and Tunisia
- Tenerife (5200 to 2500 BC) in the Ténéré desert with Gobero site
- In Nubia from 3200 BC An organized society, which, however, lasted until 2600 BC. Remains a vassal of Upper Egypt
- In Egypt the Naqada III period (3200 to 3050/3000 BC) is coming to an end
- Naqada-III b1 (3120-3080 BC)
- Naqada-III b2 (3080 to 3050 BC)
- 0th Dynasty (3120 to 3080 BC)
- The early dynastic period (and thus the 1st dynasty ) begins around 3080 BC. A
Cultures in Mesopotamia and the Middle East
- Late Uruk period in Mesopotamia ( Sumer ) (3400 to 3000 BC), in which an urban way of life first developed . Uruk was the leading city in Sumer at that time. Temple building in Eanna District. Stable city foundations next to Uruk in Eridu , Ur , Lagaš , Nippur , Šuruppak , Marad , Kiš , Sippar and Adab .
- Beginning of the Jemdet-Nasr period (3100 to 2900 BC) in Mesopotamia, which leads from the Uruk period to the early dynastic period .
-
Iraq :
- Nineveh - Nineveh-4
- Tappa Gaura - Gaura 9
-
Iran :
- Jiroft culture (4000 to 1000 BC)
- Schahr-e Suchte I (3200 to 2800 BC).
-
Proto-Elamites (3200 to 2700 BC)
- Tappe Sialk IV (3500 to 3000 BC)
- Tepe Yahya IV C (3400 to 3000 BC), Proto-Elamite
- Susa III (3100 to 2900 BC)
-
Syria :
- Tell Brak (6000 to 1360 BC)
- Tell Chuera (5000 to 1200 BC)
- Tell Hamoukar (4500 to 2000 BC)
- The Mardikh I phase (3500 to 3000 BC) comes to an end in Ebla
- Turkey :
Cultures in East Asia
-
China :
- The Laoguantai culture (6000 to 3000 BC) in Shaanxi and the
- Dadiwan culture (5800 to 3000 BC) on the upper yellow river disappear towards the end of the century
- Yangshao culture (5000 to 2000 BC), central and northern China: Miaodigou phase - (approx. 4000 to 3000 BC)
- Hongshan Culture (4700-2900 BC), Northeast China
- Dawenkou culture (4100 to 2600 BC), along the Yellow Sea
- End of the Beiyinyangying culture (4000 to 3000 BC) on the lower Yangtze and the
- Miaozigou culture (3500 to 3000 BC) in Inner Mongolia towards the end of the century
- Yingpu culture (3500 to 2000 BC) in Taiwan
- Liangzhu culture (3400/3300 to 2200 BC) in southeast China
- Nuomuhong culture (3300-2900 BC), Qaidam basin
- Longshan culture (3200 to 1850 BC) on the middle and lower Yellow Rivers
- Karuo culture (3200 to 2000 BC) in China and Tibet
-
Japan :
- End of the early Jōmon period - Jōmon III (4000 to 3000 B.C.) - and beginning of the Middle Jōmon period - Jōmon IV (3000 to 2000 B.C.)
-
Vietnam :
- Đa-Bút culture (4000 to 1700 BC)
Cultures in South Asia
-
Indus Valley :
- Amri culture (4th and 3rd millennium BC)
-
Indus culture : Ravi aspect of the Hakra phase of Harappa I (3300 to 2800 BC)
- Kalibangan I (3500 to 2800 BC)
- Kot Diji (3400 to 2650 BC)
-
Balochistan :
- Mehrgarh : Period V (3250 to 3000 BC)
- Nal culture (3800 to 2200 BC)
Cultures in North Asia
- Afanassjewo culture (3500 to 2500 BC) in southern Siberia ( Altai region)
- Glaskovo culture (3200 to 2400 BC) in Siberia, Mongolia and Southeast Russia
Cultures in Europe
-
Northern Europe :
- Boat ax culture (4200 to 2000 BC) in Scandinavia and the Baltic States
-
Northeast Europe :
- Neman culture (7000 to 3000 BC) in Poland , Lithuania and Belarus
- Pit ceramic culture (4200 to 2000 BC - radiocarbon method : 5600 to 2300 BC) in Norway , Sweden , the Baltic States, Russia and Ukraine
- Rzucewo culture (5300 to 1750 BC) in the Baltic States and Poland
- Narva culture (5300 to 1750 BC) in Estonia , Latvia, and Lithuania
-
Eastern Europe :
- Disappearance of the Kurgan cultures (5000 to 3000 BC) in Kazakhstan , Russia and Ukraine at the end of the century
- Yamnaya culture (3600 to 2300 BC) in Russia and Ukraine
- Kura Araxes culture (3500/3000 to 2000/1900 BC) in the Caucasus
- Fatyanovo culture (3200 to 2300 BC) according to Anthony
- Esero culture (3300 to 2700/2500 BC) in the Eastern Balkans
-
Southeast Europe :
- Coţofeni culture (3500 to 2500 BC) in Romania
- Cycladic culture in Greece (3200 to 1100 BC), early Cycladic phase
- Crete - Early Minoan pre- palace period according to Warren and Hankey (1989) - FM I (3650/3500 to 3000 BC) According to Manning (1995), however, the beginning of FM I is much later, namely at 3100/3000 BC. Chr .; in the low and high dating it occurs as early as 3300 BC. Chr.
-
Central Europe :
- Funnel Beaker Culture (Northern Central Europe) - 4200 to 2800 BC Chr.
- Baden culture (3500 to 2800 BC) in Austria , Hungary
- Cham culture - Bavaria , Czech Republic , Austria - 3500 to 2700 BC Chr.
- Wartberg culture in northern Hesse - 3500 to 2800 BC Chr.
- Horgen culture (3500 to 2800 BC) in Switzerland and southwest Germany
- The Salzmünder culture (3400 to 3000 BC) in Germany disappears towards the end of the century
- Remedello culture (3400 to 2400 BC) in northern Italy
- Vlaardingen culture (3350 to 1950 BC) in the Netherlands
- Walternienburg-Bernburg culture (3200 to 2800 BC)
- Havelländische culture (3200 to 2800 BC) in East Germany
- Gaudo culture (3150 to 2300 BC) in southern Italy
- Beginning of the spherical amphora culture (3100 to 2700 BC) in Central Europe (up to Ukraine)
-
Western Europe :
- Grooved Ware Culture in Great Britain and Ireland (3400 to 2000 BC)
- Skara Brae on the Orkney Islands (around 3180 BC to 2500 BC)
- Peterborough Ware (3400 to 2500 BC) in Great Britain
- Chassey-Lagozza-Cortaillod culture (4600 to 2400 BC) in France, Switzerland and Italy
- Seine-Oise-Marne culture (3100 to 2000 BC) in northern France and Belgium
- Almería culture (3250 to 2550 BC) in southeastern Spain - Almería I
-
Megalithic cultures :
- France (4700 to 2000 BC)
-
Iberian Peninsula (4000 to 2000 BC)
- Los Millares (3200 to 1800 BC)
- Malta : Saflieni phase (3300 to 3000 BC) - north temple of Ħaġar Qim (3600 to 3000 BC), temple of Tarxien (3250 to 3000 BC)
- Sardinia : Ozieri culture (usually 4300/4000 to 3200 BC, later dating from 3200 to 2800 BC)
- England : In Stonehenge (Stonehenge 1) the earth wall is built around 3100 BC. Excavated
- Grooved Ware Culture in Great Britain and Ireland (3400 to 2000 BC)
Cultures in america
-
North and Central America :
- Archaic period . Establishment of mounds in the eastern forest areas from 4000 BC. Chr.
-
South America :
- Chinchorro culture (7020 to 1500 BC) in northern Chile and southern Peru
- Ecuador : Valdivia culture (3950 to 1750 BC)
- Peru : Norte Chico culture (3500 to 1800 BC)
- Colombia : San Agustín culture (3300 BC to 1550 AD)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Horst Schwartz and Sabine Neumann: Kreta. DuMont Reiseverlag, 2000, ISBN 3-7701-3445-1 , p. 1896
- ^ Carmen Galenschovski: Crete. Baedeker, 2005, ISBN 3-8297-1089-5 , p. 38
- ^ Francesco Raffaele: Dynasty 0 . In: AH . tape 17 , 2003, p. 99-141 .
- ^ Alan Gardiner: La civiltà egizia . Einaudi, Turin 1997, ISBN 88-06-13913-4 .
- ^ Franco Cimmino: Dizionario delle dinastie faraoniche . Bompiani, Milan 2003, ISBN 88-452-5531-X .
- ^ Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton: Ancient Egyptian Chronology . Brill Academic Publishers, 2006.
- ↑ Gebhard J. Selz: Sumerians and Akkadians: History, Society, Culture . CH Beck, 2005, ISBN 3-406-50874-X , pp. 31 .
- ↑ Gebhard J. Selz : Sumerians and Akkadians: History, Society, Culture . CH Beck, 2005, ISBN 3-406-50874-X , pp. 41 .
- ^ David W. Anthony: The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World . Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 2007, ISBN 978-0-691-05887-0 , pp. 308 .
- ^ Warren, P. and Hankey, V .: Aegean Bronze Age Chronology . Bristol Classical Press, Bristol 1989, ISBN 0-906515-67-X .
- ^ Manning, S .: The Absolute Chronology of the Aegean Early Bronze Age . In: Archeology, Radiocarbon and History . Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield 1995.
Web links
Commons : 31st century BC Chr. - collection of pictures, videos and audio files