History of Ukraine (since 1991)
This article covers the history of Ukraine as an independent state since December 1991. For the full history of Ukraine see here .
1991
Efforts for independence, which existed all the time and had their center in western Ukraine in Lviv, led to renewed state independence of Ukraine after perestroika in 1991 in the course of the dissolution of the Soviet Union .
In the wake of the failed August coup in Moscow , the Verkhovna Rada passed a formal declaration of independence on August 24, 1991, which provided for a referendum to be held on December 1, 1991.
On October 22, 1991, the Supreme Soviet of Ukraine passed a law to form Ukrainian armed forces of around 420,000 soldiers and a national guard of 30,000 soldiers. Three days later, the extensive economic reform was approved, which provided for the privatization of real estate, the release of prices and a land and financial reform.
On December 1, 1991, the Ukrainians decided in a referendum with 90.3% of the votes cast for independence from the Soviet Union. In the Crimea , too , over half of the residents voted for independence. In the first direct election of the President of Ukraine with a turnout of 84%, Leonid Kravchuk prevailed with 61.6% of the vote against Vyacheslav Chornovil with 23.2% of the vote. On December 2, 1991, the Ukraine was recognized by Russia , Poland and Canada . On December 5, 1991, the Ukrainian parliament finally terminated the 1922 Treaty on the formation of the Soviet Union. Three days later, the Ukrainian government signed the agreement between Russia, Belarus and Ukraine on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) , to which eight other states joined.
In 1991 the Ukraine had an area of 603,700 km² (world rank 44) and around 52.2 million inhabitants (world rank 22).
After the referendum and the declaration of independence, as well as joining the CIS, many structures and laws familiar from the Soviet Union were initially retained. The election programs of many parties, which extended well into the national democratic bloc, contained proposals for partially contradicting forms of property (socialist and capitalist).
A move away from the Soviet Union in public space happened more quickly in western Ukraine, some of which had only been part of the Ukrainian Soviet republic since the Second World War , than in the center or in the east. Within a short time, streets were renamed, monuments dismantled and other symbols removed from the streetscape. In other parts of Ukraine symbols such as “Soviet stars” or “ hammer and sickle ” were to be seen in many places until the end of the 20th century.
This was also evident in the field of elections. In the spring of 1994 elections, for example, individual constituencies with names such as “Moscow constituency”, “Lenin constituency” or “Spartak constituency” appeared in the official election documents, which was due to the influence of socialist forces at the level of the local commissions . Even under President Leonid Kuchma , who campaigned for a new constitution , there was a juxtaposition of Soviet names and symbols and those that were to revive the Ukrainian tradition and make a commitment to the new state visible.
Two further examples show how long the transformation process turned out to be:
- Shortly after Ukraine gained independence, the "Lenin Museum" was given a new name and was renamed the "Ukrainian House". It was not until 2000, 9 years later, that the square in front of the Ukrainian House, which had been named after the communist youth organization Komsomol, was given its new name: Europa-Platz
- It was not until the spring of 2000 that the hammer and sickle disappeared from the parliament building, and parliament decided to dissolve districts that still bore Soviet names.
On the other hand, the symbolism on the coins and bills of the new currency, the hryvnia, was clearly visible to everyone and daily . When they were designed, they went back to pre-revolutionary sizes. In 1996, important personalities in Ukrainian history were depicted, such as the Grand Duke of the Kiev Empire , as well as Hetman Ivan Masepa and the pioneer of the Ukrainian nation-state Mychajlo Hruschewskyj .
The direct economic losses and expenditures as a result of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster still burden Ukraine in 1991 with a share of 22.3% of the state budget.
1992
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On January 2, 1992, President Leonid Kravchuk ordered all formerly Soviet troops stationed on the territory of Ukraine, including the Black Sea Fleet , to be subordinate to Ukrainian command. Only the strategic military units were excluded. After independence, Ukraine became the third largest nuclear power in the world from the legacy of the Soviet Union with 130 ICBMs UR-100N (NATO code name: SS-19) and 46 RT-23 (NATO code name: SS-24) .
On January 17, 1992, the Federal Republic of Germany established diplomatic relations with Ukraine.
On February 26, 1992, the Supreme Soviet of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of Crimea decided to rename it to the "Republic of Crimea".
On March 26, 1992, a presidential decree ordered the return of all Ukrainian conscripts from Armenia, Azerbaijan and Moldova by May 20, 1992.
After lengthy negotiations, the Verkhovna Rada passed a law on April 22, 1992, by a large majority, granting Crimea rights of autonomy. The Supreme Soviet of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of Crimea declared the new Republic of Crimea to be independent on May 5, 1992, but the Constitution of the Republic of Crimea, announced the following day, described it as part of Ukraine. The government in Kiev had declared the Crimea's declaration of independence to be unconstitutional. On May 21, 1992, the independence of Crimea was withdrawn.
On April 23, 1992, Ukraine signed a Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea from Pollution (Bucharest Convention) , which comes into force in 1994.
By the beginning of May 1992, the 2,600 tactical short-range missiles previously stationed in Ukraine were transported to Russia, which are to be destroyed by the year 2000. On May 21, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR issued a statement describing the cession of Crimea to Ukraine in 1954 as illegal.
On June 1, 1992, the parliamentary speakers of Crimea and Ukraine agreed on a special economic status for Crimea and the continued existence of the peninsula in Ukraine.
On June 30, 1992, the Ukrainian parliament passed a law with 246 votes against 4, which gives the Crimea the greatest possible autonomy . Thereafter, the Crimean peninsula is an autonomous part of Ukraine and the areas of foreign policy, defense and monetary policy remain with Ukraine. The autonomous Crimea was given the right to shape foreign economic relations, social and cultural policy independently and can only dispose of the natural resources (e.g. natural gas). An annexation of Crimea to another country requires the consent of the Ukrainian parliament and the Crimean parliament. The stationing of armed forces requires the approval of the Crimean Parliament.
In the middle of the year, prices for food, including butter and milk, were released. The transition currency introduced in 1992 ( coupon Karbowanez / купоно-карбованець ), which suffered from hyperinflation due to the economic crisis during this period, was to be replaced by the currency hryvnia from 1993 onwards . Until then, the Karbowanez was the currency alongside the ruble. The mean annual rate in 1992 was 135 coupons for one German mark .
On July 3, 1992, the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine ( Ukrainian Рада національної безпеки і оборони України , abbreviation RNBO) was founded as a state body of Ukraine. The council was initially created under the name of the National Security Council . Its duties are regulated in Article 107 of the Constitution of Ukraine . According to the Ukrainian constitution, the task of the RNBO is to advise the president of the country on questions relating to internal and external security policy. However, the Council also regularly deals with matters that lie outside traditional security and defense policy, such as domestic and energy policy.
On August 2, 1992, Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk and Russian President Boris Yeltsin agreed in the conflict over the Black Sea Fleet that the two states would form a joint command over the approximately 380 ships and boats of the Black Sea Fleet for a transitional period until 1995.
The government-in-exile of the People's Republic of Ukraine dissolved in Munich in September 1992 . Before that, on August 22, 1992, the last president of the Ukrainian government-in-exile, Mykola Plawjuk , handed over the insignia of the People's Republic of Ukraine to the new, democratically elected President Leonid Kravchuk and at the same time recognized Ukraine, founded in 1991, as the legal successor of the People's Republic of Ukraine.
On October 1, 1992, Parliament expressed mistrust to the incumbent Prime Minister Witold Fokin after disputes over the economic reforms with 295 votes against 6. The day before, Fokin had already announced his resignation. Walentyn Symonenko took over the post on a provisional basis . On October 13, 1992, Parliament elected Leonid Kuchma, proposed by President Kravchuk, as the new Prime Minister by 316 votes to 23 . Kuchma represented a slow transition to a market economy . On October 27, 1992, Kuchma was re-elected in parliament by 296 votes to 62 and 11 abstentions.
On November 13, 1992, Ukraine left the Soviet ruble due to hyperinflation and cashless payments were switched to the transition currency Karbovanets. In cash transactions, coupons were issued as a parallel currency to the ruble. On November 19, 1992, Kuchma's reform program to stabilize the economy, secure a minimum standard of living and secure energy supplies was passed in parliament with 308 votes to 16, from which the prime minister received special powers to implement the reforms for an initial period of six months .
Due to a shortage of electricity, Unit 3 of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was brought back online on October 16, 1992 and Unit 1 on December 13, 1992 .
1993
On January 2, 1993, prices were largely released, including the prices of many foods that Prime Minister Kuchma had set by decree on December 26, 1992. This led to considerable resistance in parliament. On January 26, 1993, the parliament rejected the economic reforms of Kuchma in a resolution with 267 votes against 6 and called for the introduction of price controls for milk and sugar as well as the withdrawal of a decree on the privatization of land.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspected the Chernobyl nuclear power plant from March 7 to 17, 1993 because of the risk of collapse of the provisional protective shell ( объект «Укрытие» ) made of reinforced concrete, which is usually referred to as a "sarcophagus" and as a result of the nuclear disaster of April 1986 in November 1986. The original plan was to take the nuclear power plant offline by the end of 1993. However, the Ukrainian government refused due to energy shortages.
In May 1993 only 100 of the 68,000 state-owned companies had been privatized. On May 20, 1993, Parliament rejected the renewal of the special powers of Prime Minister Leonid Kuchma by 354 votes against 6 and voted the next day with 212 votes against 90 for special powers in economic matters for President Leonid Kravchuk.
On June 6, 1993, the government ordered a massive increase in the price of electricity and heating as well as an increase in rents. On July 7, this led to an indefinite strike by miners in the Donbass coalfield , which expanded to around 250 mines and was joined by numerous industrial workers in eastern Ukraine . In eastern Ukraine, there were increasing political demands for autonomy for the mining region.
President Leonid Kravchuk and Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed a further agreement on June 17, 1993 in Moscow on the Black Sea Fleet, which is mainly stationed in Crimea . According to this, the fleet of around 300 ships and boats as well as the buildings and port facilities will each be split half in 1995. According to the agreement, the Black Sea Fleet is to be jointly managed and financed until 1995 and will be under the joint command of the Presidents of Russia and Ukraine. The two government delegations also signed a free trade agreement on the same day .
After the visit of the Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin to Kiev on June 24, 1993, a bilateral economic agreement was signed, which also fixes reduced prices for natural gas deliveries from Russia.
On July 2, 1993, the Ukrainian government officially announced the renunciation of nuclear weapons in a declaration of principle . Ukraine should be free of nuclear weapons in the future.
The then German Chancellor Helmut Kohl visited the Ukraine on 9/10. July 1993 and signed several bilateral cooperation agreements in the fields of economy, transport, environmental protection, reactor safety and science in Kiev.
After July 15, 1993, the reduction of stationed on Ukrainian territory intercontinental ballistic missiles of the type UR-100N (NATO reporting name SS-19) had begun the missiles were brought for scrapping to Russia. The warheads initially remained in Ukraine until the successor status of the Russian Federation with regard to the Soviet Union with regard to its nuclear weapons was internationally clarified. Ukraine demanded security guarantees for its country and financial support from the nuclear powers in order to renounce nuclear weapons.
During a two-day visit by Federal Defense Minister Volker Rühe to Kiev on August 16, 1993, an agreement on cooperation in military and security policy was signed.
On September 3, 1993, the Russian President Boris Yeltsin and the Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk agreed in Yalta to return all strategic nuclear weapons to Russia. In return, Russia supplies uranium for the Ukrainian nuclear power plants . The previous agreement on the Black Sea Fleet has been revised. The two presidents agreed to sell Ukraine's 50% stake in the Black Sea fleet to Russia. The naval base in Sevastopol in the Crimea, located on Ukrainian territory, was leased by Russia. Corresponding lease payments in favor of Ukraine are offset against Ukraine's debts to Russia. This decision by Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk was heavily criticized in parliament.
Prime Minister Leonid Kuchma announced his resignation on September 21, 1993, after Parliament had again rejected further special powers for him to implement economic reforms. The next day, the non-party Juchym Swjahilskyj , who advocated a controlled economy , was appointed his acting successor . On September 27, 1993, President Leonid Kravchuk took over government by decree.
1994
On January 14, 1994, the Presidents of Russia (Boris Yeltsin), Ukraine (Leonid Kravchuk) and the United States of America ( Bill Clinton ) signed the trilateral agreement on the destruction of the 176 former Soviet ICBMs stationed on Ukrainian territory , giving it non-nuclear status Ukraine was finally confirmed. In return, Ukraine received security guarantees from the Russian Federation and the USA after joining the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . This included the recognition of their independence , sovereignty and territorial integrity, as well as a commitment not to use nuclear weapons against them. Ukraine received around 1 billion US dollars as compensation for the uranium contained in the nuclear warheads . The trilateral agreement was ratified by the Ukrainian parliament on February 3, 1994, but accession to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was initially rejected.
Shortly afterwards there were attempts to annex the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, which belongs to Ukraine, to Russia. On the peninsula of Crimea on 16 and 30 January 1994's presidential elections were conducted in which Yuri Meshkov interspersed with 72.9% of votes against Nikolai Bagrov. Meshkov from the Russian bloc declared himself president and sought to join Crimea to Russia. The government in Kiev declared the elections in Crimea illegal. In the elections to the regional parliament of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea on March 27 and April 10, 1994, the Russian bloc, led by Yuri Meshkov, won 54 of the 98 seats. At the same time, a referendum was held for greater independence for the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, in which 90% of the participants were in favor. President Leonid Kravchuk declared the Crimean referendum invalid.
All-Ukrainian elections for March 1994 had been announced since 1993. In order to enable a parliamentary election according to democratic standards, the electoral process and the party system were reorganized. The Communist Party of Ukraine , like the Socialists, was officially re-admitted in autumn 1993. The disputes over the new majority electoral system and its individual provisions - especially the minimum voting participation of 50 percent - showed the still strong role played by forces of the former Soviet system. They managed to diminish the role of the parties and to have the election candidates nominated by work collectives, as in Soviet times.
In the first ballot on March 27, 1994, the turnout was 75.6% with around 38 million eligible voters. 5833 candidates applied in 450 constituencies, around 89% of whom were independents who worked as officials in regional and local administrations, company directors and heads of collective farms . Around 11% of the candidates were organized in one of the 29 parties running for election. After the first ballot, however, the electoral law only allowed 49 of the 450 seats in parliament to be filled. After the runoff elections (between the two candidates with the most votes) on April 2 and 3, 1994 in 34 electoral districts, a further 24 seats were awarded and for the majority of 377 parliamentary seats there were further runoffs on April 9 and 10, 1994 a turnout of around 67%. A further 263 of 377 seats were allocated. In the last rounds of increasingly lower voter turnout on July 24, 1994, July 31, 1994 and most recently on August 7, 1994, additional seats were awarded. The Verkhovna Rada thus had 395 members. Further by-elections on November 20, 1994 and new elections in three constituencies showed that all seats in the Ukrainian parliament had not been allocated until the end of 1994.
In addition to slight irregularities and the disappearance of an election campaign leader, the election observers of the OSCE noted that, by and large, the parliamentary election was proceeding properly. In the elections, the “independents” won 170 seats. The Communist Party of Ukraine (KPU) won 86 seats in the elections, the Peasants' Party of Ukraine (SelPU) 18 seats, and the Socialist Party of Ukraine (SPU) 14 seats. The largest opposition party Narodnyj Ruch Ukrajiny (NRU; Ukrainian People's Movement) received 20 seats, the Ukrainian Republican Party (URP) 8 seats, the Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists (KUN) 5 seats, the Interregional Block for Reforms (MBR) 5 seats and the other parties 12 seats. The Verkhovna Rada initially elected Oleksandr Moros as speaker of parliament. Nine parliamentary groups were formed in the new parliament. The strongest faction with the communists had 88 seats and was supported by the Socialist faction with 26 seats and the peasant parties of Ukraine with 36 seats. Several independent MPs from eastern Ukraine also supported the communist faction.
On April 15, 1994 there were renewed negotiations on the Black Sea Fleet . Ukraine reached an agreement with Russia that the remaining Ukrainian share of around 300 ships and boats in the fleet would be reduced from 50% to around 15 to 20%. Thus, this stake of 30 to 35% was also sold to Russia. In addition, negotiations took place on the use of the naval bases in the Crimea. Russia demanded the sole right to use the naval base in Sevastopol .
President Kravchuk declared in May 1994 that there were no longer any RT-23 (SS-21) ICBMs and that a total of 240 nuclear warheads had been brought to Russia for destruction.
“Many Ukrainian politicians are expressing their skepticism about the country's ability to ensure its own security. They claim that none of the main factors of national security - military strength, economic power, and a high degree of political and economic integration into the world economy - are present today. The deeper the crisis in Ukraine deepens, the more clearly it is defined as the greatest threat to the country's security - of direct foreign policy relevance. One of the most acute problems in Ukraine is its almost total dependence on energy imports from Russia. "
On May 20, 1994, the regional parliament of Crimea decided to reinstate the constitution of the previous Republic of Crimea from May 6, 1992. After that, Crimea was designated as part of Ukraine, but relations between Crimea and Ukraine were to be regulated like those of sovereign states. The next day the Verkhovna Rada demanded that the decision be withdrawn immediately. On June 1, 1994, under pressure from the government in Kiev, the regional parliament of Crimea repealed all decisions regarding independence.
On June 16, 1994, the former member of the Central Committee of the CPSU and then Vitaly Massol , who was not party to the party, was appointed the new Prime Minister of Ukraine, who advocates closer ties to Russia. Massol was Prime Minister of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1987 to 1990 .
In the presidential elections on June 26, 1994, with a turnout of 70.37% among 37.6 million eligible voters, incumbent Leonid Kravchuk received 37.68% of the vote, former Prime Minister Leonid Kuchma 31.25%, and Parliamentary President Oleksandr Moros 13.99 % and four other candidates together 13.57% of the vote. Subsequently, a runoff was again required, in which on July 10, 1994, with a turnout of 71.63%, Kuchma surprisingly prevailed with 52.14% of the votes against Kravchuk with 45.06% of the votes. Kuchma received the most votes from eastern and southern Ukraine , while Kravchuk received the most votes in western Ukraine .
Leonid Kuchma was sworn in as the new President of Ukraine on July 19, 1994. By means of two further decrees, he effectively took over the leadership of the government (executive branch), thereby ousting the Prime Minister Vitaliy Massol and subordinating the councils in the administrative areas directly to the President. On July 8, 1994, NATO included Ukraine in its Partnership for Peace program.
In the same month on July 29, the parliament, which was predominantly dominated by communist and socialist parties, decided to suspend privatization.
On August 2, 1994, President Kuchma announced that the US had committed $ 700 million in grants but had only paid out $ 6 million. A few days later, on August 8, 1994, President Leonid Kuchma placed the government under his direct control by means of a second decree. Although Prime Minister Massol now had no influence, he did not officially resign from his office until March 1, 1995. Kuchma justified this step with urgent economic reforms for the country.
Kuchma announced a new constitution for Ukraine , which would not come into force until 1996, as well as a currency reform and wanted to intensify the fight against organized crime .
On September 7, 1994, the Crimean Parliament in Simferopol decided to restrict the powers of the President of Crimea again and to give him a representative role, without the right to form a government. A related law was passed on September 29, 1994 by 68 votes to 14. Previously, President Yuri Meshkov tried to dissolve parliament on September 11, 1994. The Prime Minister of Crimea, Yevgeny Subarov, appointed by Meshkov, resigned on September 15, 1994.
On September 21, 1994, the previous Republic of Crimea became the Autonomous Republic of Crimea . Anatoly Franchuk from the People's Party (NP) became the new chairman of the Council of Ministers on October 6, 1994.
On October 11, 1994, President Kuchma announced his program for market economy reforms, which provided for trade liberalization, the freeing up of state-regulated prices and a faster privatization of the former state-owned enterprises. In foreign trade, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) should have priority.
On October 26, 1994, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) granted Ukraine its first loan of SDR 249 million, or around US $ 371 million, under the System Transformation Facility (STF) .
On November 1, 1994 in Ukraine, prices were released and state subsidies were cut and canceled for many goods. State price caps have been set for food such as bread and baby food as well as for electricity and heating and for rents. The government reached an agreement with Turkmenistan to reschedule debts of US $ 1 billion from natural gas supplies.
In mid-November 1994, President Kuchma ordered the arrest of former Prime Minister Yuchym Svyahilskyi , who is said to have evaded over 25 million US dollars during his provisional tenure. Svyahilskyi left the country and lived in Israel until 1997. In addition, for the first time in Ukraine, by decree of the president, private land ownership was permitted as part of an agricultural reform.
On November 16, 1994, parliament ratified accession to the Non-Proliferation Treaty with 301 votes to 8, with 13 abstentions . Legal validity should only take place if the nuclear powers, the USA , Russia , Great Britain , France and the People's Republic of China gave Ukraine security guarantees. This included recognizing their independence , sovereignty and territorial integrity, as well as renouncing a policy of economic pressure.
On 22./23. November 1994, President Kuchma visited the United States and signed a charter of American-Ukrainian partnership, friendship and cooperation with US President Bill Clinton in Washington . The United States also granted Ukraine economic aid of $ 900 million.
On December 5, 1994, Ukraine joined the Non-Proliferation Treaty with Belarus and Kazakhstan without reservation. On the fringes of the CSCE summit on the same day in Budapest, the instruments of ratification of the START I disarmament agreement were exchanged between the presidents of the USA, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan, and the START I treaty, signed on July 31, 1991, came into effect on May 5, 1991. In effect from December 1994. Russia, the United States and Great Britain gave guarantees of security and de jure affirmed the inviolability of the borders and the territorial integrity of Ukraine.
Finally, on December 22, 1994 , the World Bank supported the country with a loan of around US $ 500 million.
1995
President Kuchma rescinded the privatization of state-owned companies, which was forbidden by parliament in July 1994, by decree, and on January 2, 1995 the state began to issue privatization vouchers that could be exchanged for shares in state-owned companies. A first wave of privatization of around 8,000 companies was planned.
On January 24, 1995, in Moscow, Kuchma signed a trade and economic agreement with Russian President Boris Yeltsin.
On March 17, 1995, the Ukrainian Parliament repealed the Constitution of Crimea and abolished the office of President of Crimea. The autonomy status within Ukraine was basically retained. A criminal investigation has been launched against the deposed President of Crimea, Yuri Mershkov , for “violating the Constitution and the laws of Ukraine”. A few days later, on March 22, the pro-Russian regional parliament of the Crimea expressed its distrust of the Prime Minister of the Crimea, Anatoly Franchuk, appointed by President Kuchma, and elected Anatoly Drobotov as prime minister.
On March 24, 1995, the governments of Ukraine and Russia agreed to restructure Ukraine's debt to Russia for $ 4 billion, including $ 1.5 billion for natural gas and oil supplies.
On April 1, 1995, President Kuchma placed Crimea under his direct control by decree and reinstated Anatoly Franchuk as chairman of the Crimean Council of Ministers. In future, the appointment of the Crimean government would require the approval of the Ukrainian President, who thus effectively suspended the Crimean autonomy.
On April 9, 1995, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) granted a loan of 997 million SDR (approx. 1.5 billion US dollars) after fulfilling conditions for the restructuring of the state budget of Ukraine . On 10 June 1995, a further payment was made as part of the transition economy (systemic transformation facility, STF) over 249 million SDR (US $ 374 million). US President Bill Clinton visited Ukraine in mid-May and met on 11/12. May 1995 in Kiev with President Kuchma. At the end of May 1995 a joint military maneuver took place near Lviv (Lemberg) as part of the bilateral charter between the USA and Ukraine .
As part of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), a meeting of representatives of Ukraine and Crimea took place from May 1st to 15th, 1995 in Locarno, Switzerland. As a result of the talks, the Crimean parliament suspended the planned constitutional referendum on May 31, 1995. In return, the Ukrainian parliament decided not to dissolve the Crimean parliament.
On June 9, 1995, Russian President Boris Yeltsin and President Kuchma agreed in Sochi that the Sevastopol naval base would remain the base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet and that the Crimean military infrastructure could be used by Russia.
Finally, on August 22, 1995, President Kuchma ordered the restoration of partial autonomy for Crimea, pending the establishment of a new Ukrainian constitution. The appointment of the chairman of the Crimean Council of Ministers was again made by the Crimean Parliament, but only in consultation with the Ukrainian President.
1996
On February 1, 1996, an interim agreement between the European Union and Ukraine came into force, which put the trade-related areas of the partnership and cooperation agreement into effect.
In June 1996 the Verkhovna Rada, the Ukrainian parliament, passed the new constitution of Ukraine . The first steps on the path to democratization have been taken. Nevertheless, the new provisions of the first electoral law (after independence in 1991) showed some pitfalls. The electoral law required the absolute majority of those eligible to vote in the constituencies to participate. This provision led to a series of by-elections and an ongoing understaffing of the "Supreme Council".
At the suggestion of President Kuchma, Pavlo Lazarenko was elected Prime Minister of Ukraine on June 28, 1996 . In July 1996, Lasarenko survived an assassination attempt when a remote-controlled bomb exploded near his car in Kiev.
In a speech to the Parliamentary Assembly of the WEU in June 1996 , President Kuchma stated on the foreign policy orientation of his country :
“The strategic goal of our country is integration into the European and Euro-Atlantic structures. Ukraine hopes to be understood in its intention to establish a gradual, partnership-based cooperation with the EU, WEU and NATO , and to be active in shaping the new European security architecture. Our full EU membership is our priority and does not follow fashion or political romanticism, but that is our profound pragmatic decision, because it is the EU that will shape the image of Europe in the 21st century. "
Kuchma implemented currency reform in his first term. In September 1996, the new currency, the hryvnia, was introduced, the value of which at that time was roughly one DM . By acting as an independent national bank, inflation could be greatly reduced and the value of the new money kept relatively stable. Even when the rate of the Russian ruble plummeted dramatically in the summer of 1998, the Ukrainian monetary authorities were able to devalue the hryvnia in a controlled manner. During the ruble crisis in 1998, inflation was 20% compared to 1994 when it was 900%. At the same time, the government was able to increase exports, which also slowed inflation. Accompanying this was a great reduction of the black barter of foreign exchange associated, bringing additional revenue to the state.
1997
On July 9, Ukraine signed at the NATO summit in Madrid in 1997 , the NATO-Ukraine Charter , a military partnership agreement. According to this, Ukraine undertakes, by decision of the North Atlantic Council, to take part in military operations within the framework of a network of multinational armed forces , which are either carried out with a mandate from the UN Security Council or are under the direction of the OSCE .
In the summer of 1997, Prime Minister Pavlo Lazarenko lost President Kuchma's confidence and finally resigned on July 2, 1997. Corruption allegations were made against him. His successor from June 19, 1997 to July 16, 1997 was Vasyl Durdynez and from July 16, 1997 Valery Pustowoitenko .
1998
The experience of voting on the Constitution and the 1994 election resulted in further changes in the electoral system. In the second parliamentary election in spring 1998, the number of necessary ballots and the number of parties was reduced to eight, due to a four percent hurdle.
In the Verkhovna Rada , which was elected in March 1998 , there was a strong alliance of the left parties - Communists, Socialists, Progressive Socialists and Peasants' Party - which, however, were unable to form a parliamentary majority in the current and the following year. The process of turning to the EU and NATO was slower.
In June 1998 the first meeting of the Cooperation Council between the European Union and Ukraine took place and on October 16, 1998 the first EU-Ukraine summit took place in Vienna (Austria). Leonid Kuchma emphasized that he expected a signal of long-term EU accession prospects for his country. Kuchma called on the EU to start concrete negotiations with Ukraine on the creation of a free trade agreement.
Since the receipt of a strategic bomber fleet was already beyond the limits of the disarmament negotiations, Ukraine began on 13 November 1998 the scrapping of the 15 bombers of type Tu-95MS the location Usyn and the destruction of 575 cruise missiles of the type Ch-55 . Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, there have been 19 Tupolev Tu-160s at the Pryluky Air Force Base with Ukrainian insignia. Cut off from deliveries of spare parts from Russia, the flight hours worked fell rapidly. In addition, the Ukrainian air force personnel did not have sufficient resources to master the complicated and fault-prone technology.
When ten Ukrainian Tu-160s were scrapped, Russia reacted, as only six Tu-160s remained in the Russian Federation after the end of the Soviet Union. The incumbent Russian President Vladimir Putin managed to deliver the three Tu-95MS, eight Tu-160 and the associated 575 cruise missiles in the winter of 1999/2000 against the offsetting of old debts from gas deliveries from Ukraine. These eight Tu-160s were of particular interest to the Russian armed forces , as they still had 80 to 90 percent of their operating time at the time. In Ukraine, a single Tu-160 remained in a museum on the Poltava base .
1999
The opposition party Narodnyj Ruch Ukrajiny , which with 46 members formed the second largest faction in parliament, split in February 1999. At the party congress they expressed their distrust of their party leader Vyacheslav Chornovil. Tschornowil then announced that he would found a new parliamentary group with 18 members of parliament. He died in a traffic accident a month later.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) refused Ukraine further loans in October 1999 because of insufficient economic reforms in the agricultural and energy sectors and persistently high subsidies for municipal tariffs. In autumn 1999 Ukraine could no longer pay its foreign debts.
In the presidential elections in October and November 1999 Leonid Kuchma was confirmed in office. In the first round, Kuchma received 36.5 percent of the vote, and the chairman of the Communist Party of Ukraine , Petro Symonenko , reached 22.2 percent of the vote. 11 other candidates together achieved 41.3 percent. In the runoff election in November 1999, Kuchma was able to prevail with 56.3 percent against Symonenko with 37.8 percent of the vote. During the first ballot, strangers carried out a hand grenade attack in Kryvyi Rih on the presidential candidate of the Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine (PSPdU) Natalija Vitenko , whom she survived. 30 other people were also seriously injured. The police arrested the Russian Sergei Ivanchenko who was an election worker for the socialist presidential candidate Oleksandr Moros .
In December 1999, the previous head of the national bank proposed by Kuchma, Viktor Yushchenko, was appointed prime minister by 296 of the 450 members of parliament. He secured a stable parliamentary majority of liberals, centrists and right-wing parties. At the turn of 1999/2000 the balance of power changed in favor of the government. Liberals, centrists, national democratic and right-wing parties concluded a non-factional alliance after negotiations by Leonid Kravchuk (1st President of Ukraine) and voted out the parliamentary president Olexander Tkachenko , appointed by the socialists .
Ukraine abolished the death penalty in December 1999 after the Constitutional Court ruled it illegal.
2000
In 2000, industrial production in Ukraine increased by 12.9% and gross domestic product by 6 percent. Viktor Yushchenko presented a balanced budget and was able to reduce foreign debt from 12.4 to 10.2 billion US dollars. Yushchenko carried out an agrarian reform. By April 2000 the kolkhozes were dissolved; the farmers received a share of land transferred. As a result, production increased significantly in this economic sector. For the first time, Ukraine achieved a positive trade balance . For the first time since independence, the state's pension debts could be fully paid off, although the number of pension recipients had doubled since 1993.
In a constitutionally highly controversial referendum initiated by Leonid Kuchma in April 2000, almost 89% of the electorate voted in favor of strengthening the office of president, curtailing parliamentary powers and restricting parliamentary immunity. Kuchma also planned to downsize the Ukrainian parliament from 450 to 300 members. In a new bicameral parliament, the members of the first chamber should continue to be elected by parliamentary elections. The second chamber should consist of members appointed by the president himself. The opposition accused President Kuchma of wanting to build a dictatorship with a sham parliament. Even before the vote, the Council of Europe threatened to suspend Ukraine's membership, but had a Ukrainian delegation assure itself that the constitutional restriction of immunity would be implemented. The constitutional court allowed the implementation under conditions and with the participation of the parliament.
In November 2000, Ukraine received back the funds blocked by Switzerland amounting to the equivalent of DM 13.4 million for embezzlement and money laundering by former Prime Minister Pavlo Lasarenko .
2001
At the beginning of 2001, the Verkhovna Rada passed a law that threatened managers of all types of property with imprisonment or fines for failure to pay wages.
Changes also took place in the field of the energy market. The share of electricity deliveries paid for immediately could be increased significantly, and the state also pays electricity bills for state institutions.
Kuchma's reputation was damaged by a recorded conversation between him, his interior minister and the head of the presidential administration. Because of the tape, Kuchma came under direct suspicion of being involved in the murder of the critical journalist Heorhiy Gongadze . The exact circumstances of Gongad's death in September 2000 are still unclear.
During Viktor Yushchenko's tenure as Prime Minister of Ukraine until May 2001, Yulia Tymoshenko was his deputy with responsibility for the energy sector. Their job was to reform the country's corrupt energy sector. She was dismissed from office by President Kuchma in January 2001 and she was subsequently persecuted by the Ukrainian authorities. In 2001, Tymoshenko and her husband were remanded in custody for several weeks because of EESU business practices. In Russia she was also being tried for bribery of the military, which is why she was on Interpol's search list in December 2004 .
On February 1, 2001, several thousand supporters of the "Ukraine without Kuchma" movement took to the streets and called for the president to resign. On the same day, fifteen well-known Ukrainian politicians founded the “Forum for National Salvation”. The aim of these politicians was the transformation of Ukraine from a presidential to a parliamentary republic. H. the powers of the President should be reduced to representative tasks.
At a meeting in the industrial city of Dnipropetrovsk on February 12, 2001 with his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin , Kuchma agreed on closer cooperation in the defense and space industries . At the beginning of March 2001 there was another large demonstration against the president in Kiev. In a street battle with the security forces there were 200 arrests, it is estimated that almost 20,000 participants, including the leader of the Una-Unso party (“Ukrainian National Assembly - Ukrainian National Self-Defense”), and numerous demonstrators are injured.
At the end of April 2001, the communists introduced a motion of no confidence in parliament, and the Ukrainian parliament (Verkhovna Rada) expressed its distrust of Prime Minister Viktor Yushchenko's government. In addition to the communists, who made up the largest group in parliament, the Social Democrats, the Labor Party and various smaller parties voted in favor of voting out. At the end of May, the Ukrainian parliament elected the candidate Anatoly Kinach, proposed by President Leonid Kuchma, as the new prime minister with 239 out of 400 members present (the parliament had 450 members in total).
Yushchenko had already come under political pressure in the second half of 2000, and President Kuchma moved more and more away from him. Prime Minister Yushchenko was voted out of office in 2001 by a parliamentary vote of no confidence, in which communist politicians who were loyal to the coachmaker formed a majority. This also broke the anti-communist majority coalition in parliament. Yushchenko's successor as Prime Minister was temporarily Anatoly Kinach , followed by Viktor Yanukovych .
2002
2003
During the Iraq war in 2003, Ukraine participated in the coalition of the willing and sent 1,650 soldiers with military equipment to Iraq. With its contingent, the country had the sixth largest troop strength in occupied Iraq. It was under the territorial jurisdiction of Poland. At the moment there are only 34 Ukrainian officers left in Iraq, as the entire contingent, as well as the troops of many other countries, have since been ordered back.
Russia is building a dam to the controversial Ukrainian island of Tusla , Ukraine is sending troops.
2004
See 2004 presidential election in Ukraine
The political changes are described in the article Orange Revolution , the work of the youth organization Pora! in article of the same name.
2005
In a speech to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe on January 25, 2005 in Strasbourg , President Viktor Yushchenko stated that the Western orientation and the associated membership in the European Union was Ukraine's strategic goal. Yushchenko confirmed this in a speech to the German Bundestag on March 8, 2005 :
“I hope that by 2007 we can conclude negotiations on the conclusion of a European Association Agreement that will open the way to membership… We welcome the position of our partners who are proposing to the European Union a new perspective for relations with Ukraine to work out. These are important signals - we see them as support for our plans. I am sure that Germany will not be long in coming to recognize the European perspective for Ukraine. For us, the path to the European Union opens up the possibility of realizing the full potential of our country. "
On February 25, 2005, Ukraine and the EU signed a bilateral action plan that lasted until 2008 and replaced the 1994 partnership agreement. This action plan offered no prospect of accession, but included the convergence of the Ukrainian legal system with EU law, compliance with human rights , the creation of a market economy and stable political development. It also envisaged the start of a dialogue on the creation of a free trade area between the EU and Ukraine, although the prerequisite for this was Ukraine's admission to the WTO .
The Russian-Ukrainian gas dispute began in March 2005 when Russia redefined the conditions for transit transports of natural gas via Ukrainian territory to Western Europe and the price Ukraine should pay for natural gas imports in favor of a market-oriented pricing policy. Because Ukraine refused to agree to the new terms and conditions and a contract for 2006 did not last until the end, Russia stopped gas exports to Ukraine on January 1, 2006. This briefly led to delivery bottlenecks in various European countries. Numerous political observers assumed that Russia had taken these steps because of Ukraine's rapprochement with the West. Another reason given was that the president and his party's popularity with the Ukrainian people should be harmed before the spring 2006 elections. Russia is also trying to take control of the Ukrainian pipelines. Russia noted that the increase in gas prices was purely economic and not political. In the case of Belarus , which purchased Russian natural gas at a price of only US $ 48, Russia referred to a completely different situation in terms of ownership of the Belarusian pipeline system and associated land. In order to maintain an extremely reduced price, Belarus handed its management system under the control of a Russian-led consortium. A similar deal was offered to Ukraine by Gazprom , but Ukraine turned it down.
The first government under Yulia Tymoshenko , the Tymoshenko I cabinet , was elected by the Ukrainian parliament on February 4, 2005 with a large majority. President Viktor Yushchenko dismissed the entire cabinet in early September 2005, alleging that officials were corrupt . This was followed by the Jechanurow cabinet , which lasted until early January 2006.
The Ukrainian President turned to the EU about problems with border controls . As a result, on November 30, 2005, the EU signed an agreement with Ukraine and Moldova to support border controls for Moldova and Ukraine . EUBAM was closed in response to a joint letter from the Presidents of Moldova and Ukraine, Vladimir Voronin and Viktor Yushchenko . In this letter of June 2, 2005, Voronin and Yushchenko had asked the European Union for additional support in the management - both border surveillance and customs - of the entire common border. On October 7, 2005, a joint agreement on the Border Assistance Mission was signed.
2006
At the beginning of 2006, the Ukrainian company Naftohas agreed new, more favorable terms with the Russian supplier.
The government under President Yushchenko has repeatedly proclaimed the goal of integrating Ukraine with the West and striving for the country to join the EU. See: Ukrainian EU accession .
In the first parliamentary election after the Orange Revolution on March 26, 2006, the party of the previous President Yushchenko only reached third place, Viktor Yanukovych's party received the most votes and Yulia Tymoshenko's list came in second. First of all, in June 2006 a new coalition between the Julija Tymoshenko bloc , the People's Union “Our Ukraine” and the Socialist Party was resolved. Tymoshenko was to become prime minister again, and the previous prime minister, Yuri Jechanurov, was to be the new speaker of parliament. This coalition broke up shortly afterwards.
In the weeks that followed it became increasingly clear that only a coalition from the People's Union of Our Ukraine with Viktor Yanukovych's Party of Regions could achieve a stable majority. After tough negotiations, the parties agreed on a common government. On August 2, 2006, President Yushchenko announced that he would propose his former rival Yanukovych for the post of prime minister. With the coalition agreement between Yanukovych and Yushchenko, the four-month government crisis in Ukraine was initially over. Yanukovych was confirmed by a majority in parliament on August 6th.
2007
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In April 2007, President Viktor Yushchenko dissolved the Ukrainian parliament that had emerged from the elections in March 2006 and scheduled new elections for September 30, 2007 . A few days before the ballot, the Russian ambassador to Kiev, Viktor Chernomyrdin, announced that if Yulia Tymoshenko were elected prime minister, the price of gas for Ukraine would rise significantly. On October 2, the state-owned Russian gas company Gazprom announced that Ukraine still had debts to pay for gas it had supplied and issued an ultimatum for debt repayment by the end of October. The Party of Regions, headed by Yanukovych, was again the strongest force in the elections, but this time came to an agreement with the second-placed Tymoshenkos bloc . On December 18, 2007, the new parliament elected Julija Tymoshenko as the new Prime Minister, who then formed her second cabinet .
2010
Please refer:
- Presidential election in Ukraine 2010
- Azarov I cabinet
- Criminal proceedings against supporters of Yulia Tymoshenko
Since May 2010 there have been several criminal proceedings in Ukraine against important supporters of Yulia Tymoshenko and Tymoshenko himself. These were viewed internationally in political and media circles as a systematic political measure following Tymoshenko's election defeat as president and the takeover of power by the Party of Regions in early 2010 . Mainly they were charged with abuse of office or power. With regard to these criminal proceedings, there have been a number of appeals from the European Union , the USA , Russia , civil rights organizations , Ukrainian society in the country itself and in the diaspora : Attention is always paid to the political component of these criminal proceedings. However, the prosecutor of Ukraine claims that "the political component" is missing.
2011
On January 13, 2011, Bohdan Danylyschyn , the former economy minister in the Tymoshenko government, was granted political asylum in the Czech Republic . He was arrested in Prague in October 2010 on the basis of an international arrest warrant requested by Ukraine and has been in custody ever since.
On January 19, 2011, the Prime Minister of the Government of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Vasyl Jarty ( PR ), wrote an open letter to the Chairman of the Representation of the Crimean Tatars (Mejlis), Mustafa Abduldschemil Jemilev , asking him to convince the Crimean Tatars to to release arbitrarily appropriated land again. If he didn't succeed, the question would be settled with the help of the security forces.
On February 1, 2011, the Ukrainian parliament passed an amendment to the constitution with 310 votes, in which the equalization of the electoral terms of the members of parliament at national and local level was set at five years. In addition, the next parliamentary elections have been set for October 2012 and the next presidential election for March 2015. On February 9, 2011, 54 MPs called on the Constitutional Court to review the constitutionality of the vote on the extension of the legislative period.
2012
See parliamentary election in Ukraine 2012
Since October 2010, the European Union has been negotiating a partnership with Ukraine without direct membership. At the end of March 2012, the EU decided to initial the Association and Free Trade Agreement in order to maintain its influence on developments in Ukraine. However, it should only be signed or enacted if the Ukrainian judiciary stops taking action against Tymoshenko and other opposition politicians. The negotiated agreement itself has been described in media reports as the most far-reaching that the European Union has ever negotiated with a non-member.
However, it was also pointed out that the agreement required the Ukraine to adapt, for which the country was barely equipped.
2013
Due to the active influence of Russian President Putin in late 2012 and early 2013, negotiations on the partnership between Ukraine and the EU stalled. In response, Lithuanian President Dalia Grybauskaitė declared in July 2013 at the start of the Lithuanian EU Council Presidency in 2013 that Lithuania was keen to sign the Association Agreement in November 2013 at the EU summit in Vilnius.
In August 2013, Putin stated that if the agreement with the EU was signed, Russia would implement “protective measures”. The import controls on Ukrainian goods were tightened by the Russian side. In this context, the Ukrainian Prime Minister Mykola Azarov called on Russia to tolerate the early signing of the Association Agreement with the EU.
After months of tug-of-war over the signing, in which the EU made the release of Tymoshenko from prison or the departure of Tymoshenko for medical treatment abroad, the Ukrainian government decided on November 21, 2013 to "freeze" the agreement with the EU . According to a decree, the "suspension of the preparatory process" was ordered in order to "safeguard national security interests and revitalize economic relations with Russia and prepare the domestic market for relations on an equal footing with the EU".
Yanukovych said that Ukraine was not changing its EU course, but that the country is striving to ensure that its national interests are taken into account. At the moment, Ukraine is not ready to conclude the association agreement for economic reasons, but it is possible to sign the association agreement with the EU in spring 2014. Before that, however, a number of current problems in trade with Russia must be resolved. Yanukovych went on to say that no one would be able to divert Ukraine from the European path. The "freezing" of the deal sparked demonstrations and protests known as " Euromaidan " against the policies of the Ukrainian authorities.
2014
From February 18, 2014 , the Euromaidan protests in Kiev , which had been ongoing since the end of the previous year, escalated into bloody clashes that claimed more than 80 lives.
On February 21, 2014 the then President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych on the government side and Vitali Klitschko from the UDAR party , Oleh Tjahnybok from the All-Ukrainian Association "Svoboda" and Arseniy Yazenjuk from the All-Ukrainian Association "Fatherland" signed the agreement on the settlement of the Crisis in Ukraine , which was supposed to bring about a settlement of the conflict and which the foreign ministers of Germany, France and Poland as well as a representative of Russia had previously negotiated with the stakeholders involved in several days of talks.
Just one day later, on February 22, 2014, the Ukrainian parliament declared President Yanukovych, who had fled to eastern Ukraine and later to Russia a few hours earlier , to be deposed. Yulia Tymoshenko , who had been detained for more than two years , was released the same day. On the same day, Oleksandr Turchynow was also elected President of Parliament.
On February 23, 2014, Oleksandr Turchynov, who had just been elected President of Parliament the day before, was elected as the new interim President of Ukraine.
On February 26, 2014, the “ Maidan Council ”, an amalgamation of the leading groups of the protest movement, agreed on Arseny Yatsenyuk as a candidate for the post of prime minister of a transitional government and on a number of candidates for his cabinet. The following day, Yatsenyuk was elected head of government and then formed his cabinet . Presidential elections were scheduled for May 25th .
During the Crimean crisis , in the course of which the Parliament of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea with 78 of 81 members present, adopted a declaration of independence on March 11, 2014, the separation from Ukraine was in fact initiated even before a planned referendum. 19 MPs did not take part in the vote. In addition, the pro-Russian government, led by Sergei Aksjonow, ordered the nationalization of ships, boats and facilities of the Ukrainian naval forces stationed in the Crimea . On April 21, Russia returned 13 of the 70 Ukrainian warships to Ukraine. The ships were handed over to the Ukrainian crews in neutral waters and transferred to Odessa.
The events of February 2014 in Kiev and the Crimean crisis grew into a war / crisis in Ukraine in 2014 , during which eastern and southern oblasts of Ukraine became involved in armed conflict. Petro Poroshenko emerged victorious in the first round of the presidential elections that took place on May 25th . His inauguration took place on June 7, 2014. On September 5, the Minsk Protocol was signed, which aims to end the war that has been going on since April 2014.
On December 2, 2014, a coalition government that had formed after the parliamentary elections at the end of October was set up. Arseniy Yatsenyuk was confirmed as Prime Minister.
2015
The first quarter was marked by the ongoing war , in particular the battle for Debaltseve and the Minsk II ceasefire agreement . The further decline in the national currency made economic problems for the country, which so far has only escaped bankruptcy through international financial aid .
In May 2015, the Ukrainian government passed a law that would remove all references to the Soviet Union from the public. This includes place, street and factory names as well as monuments. a. Lenin , Dzerzhinsky , Kirov and Komsomol monuments were dismantled and a total of about 3% of all inhabited localities in Ukraine were renamed in 2016.
2016
On April 10, Prime Minister Yatsenyuk announced his resignation as a result of a government crisis. On April 14, the Verkhovna Rada elected Volodymyr Hroysman to succeed him.
2018
Incident off the Crimea in 2018
2019
After the actor Volodymyr Selenskyj the first round of voting on 21 April on 31 March 2019 ballot of the presidential election in Ukraine clearly won, he was introduced on May 20, 2019 in Kiev in the office of President. After the early parliamentary elections on July 21, 2019, in which the party of Ukrainian President Sluha Narodu won an absolute majority, the newly elected parliament met for the first time on August 29, 2019 and elected Oleksiy Honcharuk as the new prime minister.
A phone call between American President Donald Trump and the Ukrainian President, in which Trump put Zelenskyj under pressure and called for an investigation into his political rival Joe Biden and his son, who previously worked for a Ukrainian gas company, led to the Ukraine affair and an impeachment trial against Donald Trump .
2020
Prime Minister Oleksij Hontscharuk resigned from his position on March 4, 2020 and his successor Denys Schmyhal presented his new cabinet on the same day.
Relations with the European Union
See also
Individual evidence
- ^ Andreas Kappeler: Brief history of the Ukraine. CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-58780-1 , pp. 252-253.
- ↑ Офіційний курc українського карбованця щодо іноземних валют (середній за період) 1992–1995 роки. (No longer available online.) In: National Bank of Ukraine. Archived from the original on October 22, 2008 ; Retrieved March 2, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Prime Minister Lazarenko survives the attack unharmed . FAZ from July 18, 1996.
- ↑ Ukrainian Prime Minister submits his resignation . Die Welt of July 3, 1997.
- ↑ Ukraine and the European Union - a relationship with considerable tolerance for frustration , published September 1999 . Author: Christian Wehrschütz
- ↑ Martina Helmerich, Uwe Klußmann: UKRAINE: With money and grenades . In: Der Spiegel . No. 42 , 1999 ( online ).
- ↑ How Julia Tymoshenko stylized herself as Joan of Arc. In: The press. May 5, 2012.
- ↑ Interpol is chasing Tymoshenko. In: Focus. December 7, 2007.
- ^ Regular Elections: Results of voting. (No longer available online.) Central Election Commission (Ukraine), 2002, archived from the original on March 3, 2016 ; accessed on September 17, 2016 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Участь Збройних Сил України у миротворчих операціях
- ↑ Ukraine: "We consider ourselves Europeans" . In the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . January 25, 2005.
- ↑ Speech by the Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko in the German Bundestag on March 9, 2005 ( memento of the original from March 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Cafebabel.com: "Negotiations on Ukraine's accession to the EU could begin in 2010" ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. October 17, 2005.
- ↑ Documentation: Investigations and judgments against former members of the Tymoshenko government and high officials , Ukraine dossier, Ukraine analyzes. Compiled by Judith Janiszewski , October 31, 2011.
- ↑ Nico Lange: Habemus Julia! Julia Tymoshenko is the new Prime Minister of Ukraine . Konrad Adenauer Foundation , Ukraine, December 19, 2007.
- ↑ Tymoshenko's confidante in the grip of justice. Since President Yanukovych took office, a wave of arrests has rolled through the country . Into Die Welt , January 2, 2011.
- ↑ The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Resolution “The Functioning of Democratic Institutions in Ukraine”, January 26, 2012 ( Memento of the original of December 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Plenary debates. Thursday 9 June 2011 - Strasbourg. Ukraine: Yulia Tymoshenko and other members of the previous government (debate)
- ↑ Resolution of the European Parliament of October 27, 2011 on current developments in Ukraine
- ↑ Konrad Schuller: The list of power. Yulia Tymoshenko speaks of “selective justice” in Ukraine . In FAZ , January 25, 2011.
- ↑ Nikolas Busse : Association Agreement: EU approaches Ukraine . In Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , March 29, 2012.
- ↑ EU and Ukraine The double dilemma ; The March 26, 2013 standard .
- ↑ Yanukovych sends a signal to the EU ; Wiener Zeitung from April 8, 2013.
- ^ Lithuania as an EU bridge builder , Lausitzer Rundschau from July 1, 2013.
- ↑ Putin's “Trade War” against Kiev , Die Presse, August 20, 2013.
- ↑ Azarov: Moscow must accept Ukraine's rapprochement , Die Presse, August 28, 2013.
- ↑ EU loses battle for Ukraine , Die Presse of November 21, 2013.
- ↑ at NRCU from November 28, 2013 ( memento of the original from December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ RIA Novosti, November 25, 2013
- ↑ «You have to stay until the end». Basler Zeitung , February 23, 2014, accessed on February 23, 2014 .
- ^ Claudia Ehrenstein, Sascha Lehnartz, Florian Kellermann: Ukraine: The diplomatic coup of Frank-Walter Steinmeier. In: The world . February 22, 2014, accessed February 23, 2014 .
- ↑ Ukraine: Yanukovych loses power - Tymoshenko is free. In: Reutlinger General-Anzeiger . February 22, 2014, accessed February 23, 2014 .
- ↑ Kiev under the control of the opposition. In: Spiegel Online . February 22, 2014, accessed April 30, 2014 .
- ↑ Interim president elected - Turchinov is to lead Ukraine until the election. February 23, 2014, accessed April 30, 2014 .
- ↑ Before daunting tasks: struggle for the new government. Neue Zürcher Zeitung , February 26, 2014, accessed on April 13, 2014 .
- ^ Rudolf Hermann: Restless Crimea as an unwelcome challenge. Yatsenyuk's cabinet in Kiev confirmed. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . February 28, 2014, accessed May 3, 2014 .
- ↑ Yazenjuk is to become Prime Minister of Ukraine , Rheinische Post on February 26, 2014.
- ^ Spiegel Online: Before the referendum on joining Russia: Crimea formally declares itself independent from March 11, 2014.
- ↑ Stuttgarter Nachrichten: Crimean government wants to confiscate Ukrainian ships from March 11, 2014.
- ↑ Russia returns 13 out of 70 navy ships in Crimea to Ukraine indian.ruvr.ru Russian Radio, January 17, 2013, 3:16 pm, accessed April 23, 2014.
- ↑ Central Electoral Commission of Ukraine - Voting Results of the 2014 Presidential Election ( Memento of the original from May 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; last accessed on May 28, 2014 (Ukrainian)
- ↑ "Petro Poroshenko sworn in as the new president" on time online.de ; Retrieved June 7, 2014.
- ^ Second Yatsenjuk cabinet on Ukraine News of December 2, 2014.
- ↑ Results of the presidential elections in Ukraine 2019. Online vote counting in Ukraine-Pravda from March 31, 2019, accessed on April 1, 2019 (Ukrainian)
- ↑ Results of the presidential elections in Ukraine 2019 (second ballot) on the website of the Central Electoral Commission of Ukraine on April 21, 2019; accessed on April 21, 2019 (Ukrainian)
- ↑ Volodymyr Selenskyj-New Ukrainian President dissolves parliament on spiegel.de ; accessed on May 20, 2019.
- ↑ tagesschau.de: Ukraine affair over Trump - First steps for impeachment proceedings. Retrieved November 9, 2019 .
- ↑ Frankfurter Rundschau: Impeachment: Donald Trump suddenly speaks of a second phone call. Retrieved November 9, 2019 .
- ↑ New Prime Minister of Ukraine voted in the time of 4 March 2020; accessed on March 5, 2020
- ↑ Schmyhal presented the composition of his cabinet at rbc.ua on March 4, 2020; accessed on March 4, 2020 (Ukrainian)
