Boeckingen
  district of Heilbronn |
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|---|---|
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| Coordinates | 49 ° 8 ′ 0 ″ N , 9 ° 11 ′ 0 ″ E |
| surface | 11.353 km² |
| Residents | 23,232 (Dec 2017) |
| Population density | 2046 inhabitants / km² |
| Incorporation | Jun 1, 1933 |
| Post Code | 74080 |
| prefix | 07131 |
Administration address |
Großgartacher Strasse 61 74080 Heilbronn |
With around 21,300 inhabitants, Böckingen is the largest and oldest district of Heilbronn after the core city . The place is on the left bank of the Neckar , southwest of the Heilbronn city center. From the 14th to the 19th century, Böckingen belonged to the imperial city of Heilbronn as an imperial town, but from December 4, 1919 until it was incorporated into Heilbronn on June 1, 1933, it had town charter itself .
geography
Böckingen is located on the left bank of the Neckar, southwest of the Heilbronn core city. The surrounding towns are Heilbronn , Sontheim , Horkheim , Klingenberg , Leingarten , Frankenbach and Neckargartach , clockwise , with the exception of Leingarten, all of which are districts of Heilbronn.
The historic center of Böckingen is located in the south of the populated area, approximately at the level of the branch of the Neckar Canal from the Neckar oxbow. The place has recently expanded significantly to the north and west through commercial areas and new housing estates such as the residential areas Haselter , Kreuzgrund , Längelter , Schollenhalde and Schanz , but also to the southwest, such as the residential areas Jockele and Kappelfeldle . The division of the district into the two parts of Old and New Böckingen, which are separated by the S4 railroad tracks, an adjoining allotment area and the marshalling yard, is not official, but is common.
Up until the 14th century, Böckingen lay directly on the banks of the main river Neckar. During a flood in 1333 , the main stream paved a new path further east, today's Neckar oxbow lake. The former course of the river, which was partly dry, formed the Böckinger See , which was drained further in the second half of the 19th century and completely filled in with the rubble of the almost completely destroyed place after the Second World War. Today only Seestrasse is evidence of the lake . The Utz name " pirate " of the Böckingen population goes back to it.
history
Early settlement
The first traces of settlement in Böckingen date from around 4000 BC. BC The fertile Neckar meadows may have given rise to settlement.
Around 85/90 AD, the Romans built the Heilbronn-Böckingen fort belonging to the Neckar-Odenwald-Limes near Böckingen , which was first precisely located in 1886 and later verified by excavations. In 1677 a Roman altar stone was found in Hetensbach at the "Guckulimoor" with the following inscription: CAMPESTRIB [VS] / EX VOTO / C [AIVS] SANCTINVS / GAI FIL [IVS] QVIR [INA] / AETERNVS PR [AEPOSITVS] or PR [ AEFECTVS]. Translated, the inscription means: The goddesses of the parade ground according to his vows Gaius Sanctinius Aeternus, son of Gaius from the Quirin tribe, commander. The mastres campestres, the patron goddesses of the auxiliary riders, were worshiped. Campestres comes from campus and refers to the parade ground in the troop camp. Publius Nasellius Proclianus, centurion of the 8th Augustinian Legion, commander of the 1st cohort of the Helvetii, had three altar stones set up in Böckingen, of which the altar stone for Mithras was found near the sun well. The other two, Fortuna , who took the altar stone for consideration, and the Phytic Apollo , were no longer found. Other Roman inscription stones are now in the Antiquarium in Stuttgart. The investigation of the Roman facilities in Böckingen goes back to the late 19th century. On October 14, 1897, the route commissioner for Limes research, Major a. D. Steimle to dig after the castrum in the district of Böckingen. The place of his excavations were the Böckingen swamp and stone fields.
In post-Roman times, Böckingen initially belonged to the Alemannic settlement area. The name of the place is in the oldest documents Backingen or Beckingen and probably goes back to an Alemannic tribal prince Baco. Alemannic graves from the 4th and 5th centuries were found south and southwest of the Roman fort and thus in the north of Böckingen. In 1950, 1960 and 1961 four Alemannic graves were discovered during construction work on Forchenweg. In two richly furnished women's graves there were, for example, a rider's brooch and a bronze buckle or a clasp with a horned animal head at the end of the fibula foot. As early as 1895, when the marshalling yard was being built, a Franconian-Alemannic row graveyard with rich gifts was found in the Klammenäckern . The weapons included, for example, a lance , a shield hump and a damascene spathe , which probably ended up in private collections or on the art market. The graves belonged to two farms in Böckingen, which were north of the Sun Fountain creek on Heidenrain and further south on the Klammenäcker .
After the defeat of the Alamanni against the Franks in 496, the area came into their possession in the course of the Franconian conquest . Franconian row graves were found on the Zigeunerstock corridor in the south of Böckingen, on Klingenberger Strasse across the Haggassengärten corridor and on the Schollenhalde . In a 75 × 80 meter row grave field on the gypsy stick from the 6th and 7th century, 160 burials were counted, 119 grave goods from 47 graves were secured.
First mention
The place was first mentioned in the Lorsch Codex in a deed of donation dated July 25, 767. In addition to Böckingen, this deed also mentions Frankenbach , Schluchtern and Biberach , and vineyards in the area of the donated lands are also mentioned. In total, Böckingen is mentioned eight times in documents from the 8th and 9th centuries in the Lorsch Codex, and a church is also mentioned: In 795 Morlach, probably a Gaugraf des Kochergaus, gave away a basilica in Böckingen.
In the early Middle Ages, in addition to the actual village, the village of Klingenberg , which was separated out around 1400 , the village of Hetensbach or Hetenesbach or Heitingesbach , which was mentioned in a document in the 8th century and disappeared at the latest in 1496, and the place Rühlingshausen , to which today only a field name 3 , 2 km to the southwest near Klingenberg.
In 1140 the Hirsauer Codex first mentions the family of the Lords of Böckingen , who, due to the identity of the coats of arms, presumably had relatives with the Lords of Neipperg and whose castle in Böckingen was probably located on a hill in the area of today's Hofstattstrasse .
The Lords of Böckingen were originally ministerials in the service of the Counts of Calw and then later rose to the lower nobility. The family had the bailiwick rights in Böckingen to three quarters from the Counts of Württemberg and a quarter from the Counts of Eberstein .
Böckingen comes to the imperial city of Heilbronn
Although the Böckingen local nobility only died out with Eberhard II von Böckingen (1526–1550) in the male line, the widow of Konrad II, Gertrud von Remchingen (1297–1342), and her son Johann II (1333–1342) already sold 1366) as well as his wife the castle and three quarters of the Vogtei zu Böckingen to the city of Heilbronn. In 1431 the city also acquired the last (formerly Ebersteinsche) district.
In the future , the place was headed by a bailiff who was determined solely by the council of the imperial city (and that was almost exclusively the Heilbronn patricians ).
In the late Middle Ages, the Heilbronn Klarakloster , the Schöntal Abbey and the Heilbronn Teutonic Order also owned property in the form of courtyards, undeveloped farmsteads and house squares .
Time of the Peasants' War and the Reformation
Böckingen was the home village of the Black Courtwoman and of Jäcklein Rohrbach , well-known leader of the peasants in the German Peasants' War . Rohrbach was responsible, among other things, for the Weinsberg bloody deed in 1525, which seriously damaged the reputation of the farmers and incited the nobles to take revenge against the farmers. After the uprising was put down, Böckingen was partially burned down as a punishment for being Rohrbach's home village. Jäcklein Rohrbach and the Böckinger Schultheiss were burned alive.
In 1530 the Reformation was introduced in Böckingen from Heilbronn . A town hall in Böckingen was first mentioned in 1544.
The town's castle was probably gone by the middle of the 16th century at the latest. Until the 19th century the place had a purely rural-village structure. A ditch is mentioned as a fortification in 1427, around 1600 the place was fortified with a fence and gates, and in 1684 with an earth wall. The development of the place consisted mostly of rural courtyards of different sizes. The main traffic axis of the place was the east-west axis the Schafhausgasse (today: Stedinger Straße ), which however lost its central function during the later growth of the place and is now only an access route for residents.
Independent municipality from 1803
In 1802/03 the main Reichsdeputationsschluss was issued , through which the imperial city Heilbronn lost its imperial freedom and came to Württemberg . Böckingen and the other three villages that previously belonged to Heilbronn were raised to independent communities, and serfdom was abolished. The chronicle of 1803 says: “ The four villages of the city now enjoy the same rights as subjects of His Highness as the inhabitants of the city: each village forms its own commune under a mayor ”. The municipality of Böckingen belonged to the Oberamt Heilbronn .
In 1811 the Cucculimur , the last remnant of the Roman settlement in the south of Böckingen, is demolished. The reason for this is the chaussing of the road to Brackenheim.
In 1827 the place was still predominantly rural. The settlement area essentially extended between today's Stedinger Strasse and Seestrasse. The main crops of the Böckingen farmers were spelled , barley , angersen and potatoes . An initial structural change was brought about by the onset of industrialization in nearby Heilbronn, where the medieval city limits were overcome through construction work and numerous factories were built. The building boom in Heilbronn in the early 19th century created a need in particular for bricklayers, stone masons and carpenters, and the newly established Heilbronn factories also provided work. That is why around the middle of the 19th century not only did many Böckingen people learn a building trade or work as day laborers in Heilbronn, but also many foreigners who settled in Böckingen to work in Heilbronn.
From farming village to workers' community
Between 1820 and 1920 the population increased tenfold, from 1100 to 11,300 inhabitants. The construction of the Württemberg Northern Railway from Stuttgart to Heilbronn to the east of Böckingen in the 1840s also brought with it the influx of workers. Böckingen changed from a farming and vineyard village to a workers' community, the development of the place quickly expanded to the north and south. The Frankenbacher Straße (today: Klingenberger Straße ) as a north-south connection gradually became the most important traffic axis of the place, later the parallel Weststraße (today: Ludwigsburger Straße ) was added.
Since it was not possible to establish industry in Böckingen, the community did not benefit from the growth, but rather had to bear its burdens. Finally, there were also social problems, as the number of the mostly poor new citizens soon outweighed the traditional rural population. The traditional population was rather hostile to the new citizens. At the time of increased emigration to America in the middle of the 19th century, it was not the poorest who left Böckingen, but rather middle-class people who left their hometown, which had become strange to them. The parish reports of the local pastors, including Karl Georg Haldenwang , who worked in Böckingen in the 1850s , give impressive descriptions of the social conditions. On September 21, 1862, there was also a major fire in Böckingen. Significant numbers of jobs offered only after 1872 the Böckinger brick factory on the Böckinger Wartberg and from the 1890s Schuchmann'sche brewery in the midst of the town, the railway depot and lying on Böckinger district Güterbahnhof Heilbronn in the angle between the Northern Railway and the Kraichgaubahn to which Böckingen had received a connection in 1878.
In 1873 a site plan was submitted which provided for a grid-shaped, largely rectangular road network along Weststrasse and Frankenbacher Strasse. The local building statutes of 1881 provided for mostly two to two and a half storey workers' houses. These were mostly built by contractors using bricks from the local brickworks. On May 29, 1896, the connection to the Heilbronn gasworks was agreed to cover the energy demand. The waterworks in Böckingen was inaugurated on June 18, 1900.
The rapid population growth also called for the construction of several schools. Until 1878 the school in the old town hall was sufficient, the Friedenstrasse school and a little later the Weststrasse school , inaugurated on May 2, 1900, had to be built on it. An expansion of the Weststrasse School was due as early as 1906 and in 1912 another school building, the Alleenschule (today's Grünewald School) with another 20 classrooms was built. The avenue school was named after the avenue that led from Böckingen across the sun fountain to the north (today's northern Ludwigsburg and Grünewaldstrasse). At the time of its construction, the schoolhouse marked the northern edge of the settlement. The new cemetery was also laid out on the northern outskirts in 1905 after the shunting operations on the railway systems had an unfavorable effect on the conditions in the old cemetery at the Pankratius Church, which was expanded several times .
Because of the lack of industrial settlement, the community lacked money. The Böckingen mayor Karl Rein sought financial support from the city of Heilbronn as early as 1892 and suggested that Böckingen be incorporated into Heilbronn, but this was not yet ready for a decision. On July 6, 1903, the mayor's office was transferred to the clerk Adolf Alter (1876–1933) in the course of an investigation against Rein, which was later found to be irrelevant . He was elected mayor the following year and in 1929 was made honorary citizen of Böckingen . The establishment of a pharmacy in Böckingen, after none had existed there before, became an early concern . Against the resistance of Heilbronn pharmacists, he pushed for the construction of the later Adler pharmacy . For many of the communal building projects implemented by 1933, Adolf Alter was then able to obtain grants from the city of Heilbronn and the district government, since the Böckingen workers' community would not have been financially able to carry out these projects.
A census of December 1, 1905 showed a population of 8658 inhabitants and was therefore one of the municipalities of the 1st class (4000 to 10,000 inhabitants). Furthermore, Böckingen was classified as a workers' community , as more than 20% of the residents worked outside the community. As part of the financial equalization scheme, a workers' community also received funds.
On the morning of December 1, 1905 at 8 a.m., the Böckingen journeyman baker Mogler was beheaded with a guillotine in the courtyard of the Heilbronn Regional Court (today Deutschhof). The reason for the execution was robbery and murder. Mogler was convicted of three murders, of the baker Bühlinger, his wife and the child.
On July 28, 1906, a municipal code was issued, according to which a new regulation and classification of the municipalities according to the population took place. The census of December 1, 1910 showed a population of 10,441.
In 1915 the Heilbronn municipal council announced that it would financially support Böckingen as “its largest residential community”.
Transport connection to Heilbronn
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The Böckingen stop was opened on October 19, 1901. The Böckingen community donated an amount of 13,000 marks for this purpose.
On October 15, 1903, an automobile transport company was founded to operate a line from Böckingen to Heilbronn, which ceremoniously opened the Heilbronn-Böckingen automobile connection with the Böckinger Omnibus on August 27, 1905 on the Heilbronn market square. The Böckinger Omnibus was supposed to run in the regular service between Böckingen and Heilbronn and had 16 seats. The omnibus was a copy from Berlin and owned by the Neue Automobilgesellschaft Berlin , which also drove this route. However, at the beginning of 1906, operations were stopped. In 1909 the bus service was resumed, this time with 24 seats. The operation was stopped again after three months.
In 1910 the Gleislose Bahn Heilbronn – Böckingen GmbH was founded in Böckingen, which began operating a trolleybus line based on the Mercédès-Électrique-Stoll system on January 11, 1911 between the Heilbronn Neckar bridge and Böckingen . Heilbronner Straßenbahn AG then took on the commercial and operational management of the Böckinger trolleybus. Operation on the Neckarbrücke-Bahnhof-Großgartacher Straße-Böckingen line ended on October 31, 1916, as the connection was not accepted by passengers. Many complained about the deep potholes. A tram line from Heilbronn to Böckingen was not set up until 1926.
City law 1919
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On December 4, 1919, the parish of Böckingen was raised to the status of town by the district government. The basis was a census from October 8, 1919, which showed a population of 11,044. The new township without any industry of its own, however, continued to suffer from inadequate trade taxpayers and poor financial resources on the part of the state.
The city of Böckingen therefore planned to build an industrial siding and submitted its plans to the Reichsbahndirektion Stuttgart for approval. Such a railway connection was seen as "the prerequisite for the settlement of large and efficient industrial companies" , since "the settlement of such a taxable industry is a vital issue for the local township" . Planning provided for an industrial siding that should have been built from the flood bridge to the west in the direction of today's Neckartalstrasse . A second plan concerned an industrial siding for the industrial site in the lower field . The railway tracks were to be crossed under the industrial track at the sun well crossing and at today's Heidelberger Strasse and crossed Landwehrstrasse. The Böckinger industrial track was to merge with the track of today's Neckargartacher Straße. In January 1925, the request from the city of Böckingen was rejected by the railway. The railway itself proposed a branch off the Heilbronn-Eppingen railway line as an industrial track. The costs should be 100,000 RM. On July 23, 1925, the Böckingen municipal council commissioned the land surveying office to make plans. In February 1925, the city of Böckingen decided to take part in a foreign loan from the Württemberg City Council in the amount of 327,600 RM to finance the industrial track, the loan being due on November 1, 1944. On December 15, 1925, however, it was noted at the Böckingen municipal council meeting "that the construction of the industrial track system at [...] the time of the general economic slump was not recommended and [...] a corresponding pension from this system [...] could not be expected" . For this reason, the industrial siding was ultimately not built. With the 327,600 RM, Böckingen financed the connection to the Heilbronn tram in 1926 . In 1925/26 the Friedenstrasse School was converted into the new town hall, which replaced the old town hall on Rathausgasse (today: Rathausstrasse).
In 1926, 2,800 Böckingers worked in Heilbronn. The municipality of Böckingen had to build apartments for the residents, ensure the water supply, provide gas and electricity, build new roads and promote the construction of schools. Due to the lack of financial resources, the Böckinger mayor, Adolf Alter, applied to the state on February 5, 1927 for an extraordinary financial grant of 300,000 marks, which was supposed to balance the 1926 budget. This motion was rejected on February 12, 1927 by 33 votes to 29 with four abstentions.
In the mid-1920s, mayor Alter unsuccessfully demanded incorporation into Heilbronn due to the poor financial situation. He summed up: "Our poor town of Böckingen, residential community in the rich industrial city of Heilbronn, is treated like an enemy, like a leper."
The number of unemployed in the city of Böckingen rose from 769 in 1926 to more than 1000 unemployed in 1930 when the Heilbronn AG construction company closed its brickworks in Neckargartach and Böckingen.
Incorporation to Heilbronn in 1933
On March 29, 1930, a municipal ordinance was issued that made compulsory incorporation possible if there was a public need for it. The Böckingen local council then submitted an application to the state of Württemberg for compulsory incorporation, which President Dr. Eugen Bolz at the plenary session of the state parliament on March 16, 1932 advocated that Böckingen could not perform the tasks of a medium-sized town due to the small amount of tax income. However, the city of Heilbronn asked the state government not to initiate any direct incorporation.
On March 22nd (according to another source on May 22nd) 1932, a state law was passed to secure the budget of the municipality of Böckingen. Accordingly, the decisions could the Böckinger municipal council by a commissioner to supervise the municipalities of Heilbronn and Sontheim well blocked by the opposition. The commissioner had the authority to issue instructions for any kind of resolutions of the Böckingen municipal council. The report of the commissioned city administrator Kübler from 1933 reports that on July 8, 1932 no budget resolution could be reached in the Böckingen municipal council because the one hundred percent increase in the citizen tax demanded by Kübler was unanimously rejected by the Böckingen municipal council. In August 1932, Kübler succeeded in lowering the basic support rates in Böckingen, following a decision in Heilbronn and implementing it in the same way in Böckingen. He also contradicted the introduction of welfare rates and the requirement rates for unemployed and crisis support recipients, as they existed in the municipality of Heilbronn.
On December 1, 1932, a large number of unemployed people were waiting in front of the Böckingen town hall to attend the council meeting. They announced that the commissioner had to leave the Böckingen town hall, otherwise the entire Böckingen council could go.
Stadtschultheiß Adolf Alter died on January 6, 1933. His office was no longer filled. On April 23, 1933, Heinrich Valid was appointed State Commissioner for the municipalities of Böckingen and Heilbronn. The new state commissioner stated: " During the duration of this regulation, in which the powers of the Heilbronn municipal council and the Böckingen municipal council are combined in my hands, I am therefore authorized to unify the two municipalities through a declaration of will that I am entitled to ".
On May 19, 1933, the State Commissioner issued an order "on the unification of the municipality of Böckingen with the municipality of Heilbronn" , which was approved on May 27, 1933 by the supervisory authority. A ceremony took place on May 31, 1933, the incorporation was announced in the Government Gazette for Württemberg No. 28 on June 1, 1933.
The further structural expansion of the town, which was interrupted by the First World War, was continued by the Böckingen city council in the 1920s with the planning of building areas in the Haselter , Schollenhalde and Steinäcker areas , mainly to the north. From 1935 the Ernst-Weinstein-Siedlung (named after a Stuttgart SA man who was stylized as a martyr by the Nazi rulers) was built. The settlement, named today after the gain Kreuzgrund , with its generously dimensioned parcels and the houses of the “Volkswohnhaus Ensle” type, was intended for self-catering.
Pogrom Night 1938
In the November pogrom of 1938 at 1:25 a.m. and 1:40 a.m., the Nazis devastated the house of the Jewish doctor for the poor, Ludwig Essinger, with granite paving stones. There was also shooting. Furthermore, the Nazis devastated the Protestant town rectory and then the Protestant clubhouse. Later the houses of former KPD members were the target of the Nazis, such as the house of Hermann Weidner at 2:45 a.m., August Reinhardt at 2:50 a.m. and the house of the former KPD councilor Wilhelm Kärcher.
Pastor Schreiber protested at various instances against the "act of terror" on the rectory and the YMCA building. The protest had no consequences. In January 1941, the Württemberg Minister of the Interior informed the Upper Church Council that the search for the perpetrators had been unsuccessful. Pastor Schreiber was transferred to Talheim near Mössingen and later to Asperg in late 1941 after further statements critical of the regime.
Second World War
The place was badly damaged in several air raids on Heilbronn and Böckingen and a total of 339 Böckingen people were killed.
In the first air raid on Sunday, September 10, 1944, the old town center in particular was destroyed, with over 40% of the dead in five streets. Most Böckingers died in Stedinger Strasse with 51 people, in Friedenstrasse with 34 people, in Ludwigsburger Strasse with 24 people, in Klingenberger Strasse with 24 people and in Seestrasse with 16 people. In the same week, the parish council approved 10,000 RM for the victims, 1,000 RM from the children's church fund. On Thursday, September 14, 1944, 281 Böckingen citizens were buried in the cemetery on Heidelberger Strasse as part of a party funeral at which the district leadership was present. On Sunday, September 17, 1944, a church burial was to take place in the cemetery at 3 p.m. in the afternoon. On Saturday, September 16, 1944, the Lord Mayor Valid only allowed the time between 8 a.m. and 12 p.m. for the funeral service. Due to the Sunday services, the mourners only had the time at 11 a.m. for a possible church burial in the cemetery, although this time was considered the most dangerous by the Böckingers due to the daily air raids. Therefore a church burial did not take place.
In the air raid on December 4, 1944, the Augustenstrasse in Böckingen in particular was destroyed. The last air raid on Böckingen took place on January 20, 1945.
In addition to the 339 dead in the air raids, 621 Böckingen soldiers were killed at the front and 173 Böckingen soldiers were missing. Accordingly, the number of victims of the Second World War in Böckingen totaled 1137 people.
On 2/3. April 1945, the 100th Infantry Division under General Wilhers A. Burress was in the Hohl to get to the village of Böckingen, when the former KPD councilor Wilhelm Kärcher met them with a white cloth. After Kärcher had explained to the troops that Böckingen was surrendering and that there were no more German soldiers in Böckingen, the Americans moved into the village via Heckenstrasse without any further victims. Before the troops reached Böckingen, however, the concentration camps were closed and the concentration camp prisoners went through Böckingen to Union Square.
After the end of the war, two American prisoner-of-war camps were set up in the district of Böckingen in May 1945, one of which was closed again at the end of July, while camp PWTE-C-3 on the Trappenhöhe (the later residential area of Schanz ) was one of the largest American transit camps in southwest Germany and up to Was traversed by up to two million prisoners in 1947. The last remnants of the camp were only removed in 1961 in advance of the development of the area.
The social democrat, chief accountant and city councilor Hermann Waiblinger was appointed mayor of Böckingen after the end of the war. Together with the former KPD councilor Wilhelm Kärcher, he led the reconstruction of Böckingen. As part of the denazification , the verdict chamber of the internment camp in Ludwigsburg sentenced the former local group leader and factory owner Wilhelm Wolf to four years in a labor camp on May 26, 1948.
present
The Second World War considerably delayed several projects that were planned in connection with the incorporation of Böckingen into Heilbronn. This includes, above all, the creation of further settlement areas, so that in the post-war period the focus was not only on the reconstruction of the heavily damaged town center, but also on the creation of new building areas in the north of the district. Only very few buildings in the center of the village could be repaired after the end of the war, so that the townscape was characterized by simple buildings from around 1950. In 1951 the tram to Böckingen was replaced by the Heilbronn trolleybus , which ran until 1960 .
Around 1970 the residential areas Schanz-Süd and Schanz-Nord were built in the northwest of Böckingen, which were planned for 5,000 to 6,000 inhabitants. Around that time, the north of Böckingen also developed into a preferred location for business settlements. The commercial areas Böckingen-Nord and Böckingen West were created in the northeast of Böckingen along Neckargartacher Strasse and on the Neckar Canal , in the northwest outside on the B 293 to Leingarten.
In the incorporation agreement of 1933, the city of Heilbronn committed itself to building a sufficient and modern gym. Based on the model of the community center building program of the State of Hesse, the Böckingen community center was built as a multi-purpose hall with a stage, youth rooms and gastronomy, while the sports hall needs of the local clubs were built at about the same time on the former site of the Schuchmann'schen brewery after the previous architectural competition Large sports halls at the school center on Kraichgauplatz and at the Heinrich-von-Kleist-Realschule was covered. The new construction of Neckartalstrasse , which brought significant traffic calming for the town center, was followed by a reorganization concept for the old town center in the course of the 1970s, which turned it into a traffic-calmed zone.
The previously undeveloped areas east of the Böckinger water tower were built over with a residential area, while the former brick premises stretching west of the water tower was converted into a brickworks park by 1995 .
Religions
Protestants
Böckingen is historically influenced by Protestants, as the place was reformed in 1530 starting from Heilbronn . The Protestant Pankratius Church goes back to the original church of the place and was essentially rebuilt in 1900 to its present form. The Church of the Resurrection , the first church of the Protestant parish of the post-war period, was built according to plans by the Böckingen architect Gerhard Bauer and inaugurated on May 3, 1959. The Böckingen Reconciliation Church was completed in 1996 as the newest church in the Protestant parish.
Catholics
In 1900 there were 8,000 inhabitants in Böckingen, 600 citizens of the Catholic faith who belonged to the Catholic parish Peter and Paul zu Heilbronn . On December 31, 1901, Böckingen became an independent parish with branches in Frankenbach, Klingenberg, Nordheim and Nordhausen. The Kilian's Church of the Catholic parish was completed in 1902 and named after Saint Kilian. A Marienkirche, the first branch church of the Catholic parish, was built according to plans by the Böckingen architect Gerhard Bauer and inaugurated on August 15, 1953 in Nordheim. The Holy Cross Church in Kreuzgrund, the second Catholic church in Böckingen, was built according to plans by the government architect Dr. Rudolf Gabel built by Ensle and inaugurated on July 18, 1954. On December 22, 1974, the Frankenbacher Johanneskirche was consecrated as another branch church. On November 1, 1980, the parish was divided. St Kilian includes the Böckinger part south of the Heilbronn-Karlsruhe railway line with Klingenberg, Nordheim and Nordhausen. The northern part with Frankenbach belongs to the newly founded parish Heilig Kreuz. The Holy Cross Church was later replaced by a new building that was inaugurated on December 8, 1991 according to plans by the Stuttgart architects Perlia, Schliebitz and Schwarz.
Others
There was no Jewish community in Böckingen, only a few Jews who belonged to the Heilbronn Jewish community lived there . The community list from 1937 lists two people of Jewish faith in Böckingen, including the doctor Dr. Ludwig Essinger , who worked in the Israelite Asylum Sontheim .
There was a Methodist chapel in Böckingen since 1898 . After its destruction in 1944, the Methodist Church of Christ was consecrated on December 4, 1949.
Due to the influx of large numbers of people from Islamic countries in recent decades, there is now a significant proportion of Muslims among the population.
politics
coat of arms
The coat of arms of Böckingen shows a black ibex in gold, which could have come from the local city nobility. There were two noble families in Böckingen.
A city nobility from Böckingen is mentioned for the first time in a Schönthal document from 1279, the name Conradus advocatus de Beckingen is mentioned. In 1454 a Junker Konrad von Böckingen zu Heilbronn is mentioned, whose son Eberhard then became a member of the Heilbronn council. The coat of arms of this nobility shows, similar to the coat of arms of the Counts of Neipperg, three black rings in a golden shield. According to the description of the upper office, there was a second Böckingen city nobility, who had a goat in their coat of arms. Benz von Böckingen , husband of Sifride von Lauffen, had a buck in his coat of arms, owned a farm in Heilbronn in 1324 and became a citizen there in 1350. This Benz von Böckingen died on February 24, 1376. His descendants Volmar and Hartmud the Böckingen were also citizens of Heilbronn. Up until the High Middle Ages, the von Böckingen family even acquired a certain supra-regional importance. A Bechtolf von Böckingen was a burgrave in Alzey in the 14th century. A seal from the 18th century with the inscription Insigel des Dorf Böckingen shows the ibex standing upright. The official stamp of the Böckingen city school also shows this buck.
traffic
With the stops at Sun Fountain , Vocational School Center and Böckingen West , Böckingen has three stops on the Kraichgau Railway . Until 1971 there was also a stop of the Frankenbahn here . The railway depot was closed in 1997. Today the South German Railway Museum Heilbronn is located here. After partial closure, only local rail freight traffic in the Heilbronn region will be handled via the Heilbronn marshalling yard .
The B 293 runs through Böckingen . Since 1965, an extension of the Saarlandstrasse, which runs past the Kreuzgrundsiedlung , has been discussed, which should create the connection to the B 293 between Böckingen and Frankenbach and thus relieve the local centers of Böckingen and Frankenbach from through traffic. Several citizens' initiatives have been formed against the expansion planned from 2007, fearful of a deterioration in the quality of life due to the expansion and the significant increase in heavy goods traffic on the B 293 (Großgartacher Strasse) since the introduction of the truck toll .
Buildings and cultural monuments
The Böckinger water tower was built in 1929 and is the town's landmark. To the west of this is the Ziegeleipark , opened in 1995 , the 148,000 m² former site of the Böckingen brickworks .
The Böckingen community center was built as a community center on the site of the former Schuchmann'schen brewery southwest of the Pankratius Church according to plans by the Braun-Keppler-Stieglitz architects and inaugurated on April 4, 1975. The Utz name "pirate" is thematized with the pirate fountain by Dieter Läpple in front of the community center. The community center was conceived as the new town center after the old Böckingen town center went down in the Second World War and the village square created during the reconstruction (with a memorial stone for the victims of the air raid of September 10, 1944 in 2004) never fulfilled a functional purpose.
The Friedenstrasse School was built in 1878 and converted into the town hall in 1925/26. The building was rebuilt in a simplified form after the destruction of World War II. Earlier town halls in Böckingen were located elsewhere. Opposite the building is the black courtiers sculpture by Dieter Klumpp from 1986.
The Böckinger Fort is a largely overbuilt ground monument, of which only a restored north gate can be seen.
Pirate fountain in front of the community center
Peace Street School
Black court lady
There are several churches in Böckingen. The Protestant Pankratius Church by the old cemetery is the only remaining historical parish church in the village. In the 13th century, in addition to the Pankratius Church , the Chapel of St. Nicholas and the Chapel of Our Lady Sorrow are mentioned. After the Second World War, other Protestant churches were built: the Church of the Resurrection (1959) on Sonnenberg and the Church of Reconciliation (1996) in Kreuzgrund.
The first church of the Böckingen Catholics was the Kilianskirche (1902), there is also the catholic parish church Heilig Kreuz (1991) in Kreuzgrund. The Evangelical Methodist Christ Church (1949) is on Ludwigsburger Strasse and the Böckinger Friedhofskapelle (1905) in the cemetery on Heidelberger Strasse .
The Protestant parsonage at the Pankratiuskirche and the Catholic parsonage at the Kilianskirche are under monument protection.
Catholic Kilian's Church
Cemetery chapel
Catholic Parish Church of the Holy Cross
Due to the severe war damage, the town center has only a few other historical buildings apart from the restored church, such as the Adler pharmacy , which opened on January 12, 1906 in Schuchmannstraße and the Gasthaus Lamm in Stedinger Straße. Historic school houses in Böckingen are those of the Alt-Böckingen elementary school and the Grünewald school , both of which were built around 1900 as the town grew rapidly.
The Protestant kindergarten, the railway children's school, which was inaugurated on Grossgartacher Strasse in 1904 , was destroyed in World War II, but the Protestant kindergarten inaugurated on November 17, 1907 at Weststrasse 6 (today Ludwigsburger Strasse 93) still exists .
The former facilities of the Böckingen train station and the railway depot ( Süddeutsches Eisenbahnmuseum Heilbronn ) can be visited.
Gasthaus Lamm
Primary school Alt-Böckingen
Former depot
Half-timbered buildings have only survived in Böckingen in a few cases, including the homestead at Seestrasse 27 in the core from the 16th century, the building Seestrasse 35, the large house with a gate passage in Rathausstrasse. 8 around 1800 and the craftsman's house in Heuchelbergstr. 4 .
Seestr. 35
Rathausstrasse 8th
Heuchelbergstr. 4th
Numerous historical buildings in Böckingen are brick buildings with decorative exposed masonry made of bricks from the former Böckingen brickworks. These include the buildings Eppinger Str. 47 , 49 , Eppinger Str. 51 , Eppinger Str. 64 , Eppinger Str. 66 , Eppinger Str. 68 , Eppinger Str. 72 , Friedrichstr. 30 , Großgartacher Str. 21 , Großgartacher Str. 23 , Großgartacher Str. 82 , Heckenstr. 27 , Klingenberger Str. 105 , Klingenberger Str. 139 , Klingenberger Str. 153,155 , Bahnbetriebswagenwerk 1 and Querstr. 9 .
Listed villas in Böckingen are Villa Maas , Villa Scheuerle and Villa Heuchelbergstr. 89 .
Klingenberger Str. 105
Grossgartacher Str. 82
Villa Maas
Culture
- In 1975 inaugurated community center all kinds take place of events, at the same time it is home to a branch of Heilbronn town library and a youth center.
- Numerous associations shape the cultural life in town. Particular mention should be made of the Heilbronn-Böckingen minstrel and fanfare train founded in 1962, the Böckingen pirate fanfare corps founded in 1977 , the Union Böckingen sports club founded in 1908 , and the Heilbronn arbor , which organizes the Böckinger Seefest .
education
Böckingen has several schools. The Grünewaldschule and the Alt-Böckingen elementary school are pure elementary schools , the Elly-Heuss-Knapp elementary and secondary school with Werkrealschule and the Fritz-Ulrich-Schule are combined elementary and secondary schools with Werkrealschule , a Baden-Württemberg peculiarity that the acquisition the secondary school leaving certificate. Secondary schools are also the Heinrich-von-Kleist-Realschule and the general education Elly-Heuss-Knapp-Gymnasium Heilbronn . The special school type is represented by the Neckartalschule special needs school , the vocational school with the Christiane-Herzog-Schule (domestic and agricultural district vocational and vocational school) and the Andreas-Schneider-Schule (commercial school of the Heilbronn district). In the past, there were also other schools, especially for girls and young women, such as the Friedenstrasse School , which was also known as the girls 'school or the girls' school house , and the household and women's work school .
Personalities
Honorary citizen
- 1908: August Mogler (born April 20, 1845 in Böckingen; † January 15, 1910 there), building contractor and commander of the volunteer fire department. Honorary citizen in recognition of his services to the fire extinguishing system.
- 1918: Ernst Welsch (born June 10, 1866 in Aalen; † April 13, 1944 in Bad Cannstatt), Protestant pastor from 1901 to 1918. Honorary citizen in recognition of his services to welfare work and the school system for young children.
- 1919: Karl Maas (born July 24, 1874 in Eglosheim; † June 18, 1958 in Bad Cannstatt), medical advisor. Honorary citizen in recognition of his services to welfare, especially during the war.
- 1925: Gustav Hanselmann (born May 20, 1860 in Gnadental, † December 4, 1944 in Weilimdorf), senior teacher. Honorary citizen in recognition of his 40 years of service in schools.
- 1924: Eduard Wilhelm Bader (born March 1, 1858 in Horkheim, † September 15, 1926 in Böckingen), principal school principal
- 1929: Adolf Alter (born October 5, 1876 in Lampoldshausen; † January 6, 1933 in Heilbronn), city school council of Böckingen. Honorary citizen in recognition of his work for the Böckingen community.
- 1931: Rudolf Zeller (born June 19, 1867 in Ebhausen; † April 19, 1937 in Stuttgart), Protestant pastor. Honorary citizen in recognition of his great services to church and school.
Sons and daughters of Böckingen
- Ernst Jakob Renz (1815–1892), circus director
- Karl Rein (1853–1913), mayor in Böckingen until 1903
- Karl Bartenbach (1881–1949), naval officer, vice admiral of the Navy and naval advisor in Finland and Argentina
- Heinrich Eyth (1882–1964), manager, director of Zeiss Ikon AG in Stuttgart
- Emil Straub (1886–1941), teacher and sculptor
- Hermann Rombach (1890–1970), painter and illustrator
- Robert Carle (1892–1952), painter, modeller and sculptor
- Richard Rombach (1902–1973), painter and cultural worker
- Alfred Mogler (1904–1991), humorist
- Otto Rombach (1904–1984), writer
- Friedrich Schwend (1906–1980), sales manager for Operation Bernhard
- Walter Maisak (1912–2002), artist
- Erwin Fuchs (1914–2006), politician (SPD local association Böckingen), cultural mayor of Heilbronn
- Friedrich Löchner (1915–2013), author and chess player
- Alfred Finkbeiner (1923–1992), sports official
- Manfred Tripps (1925–2010), art historian and local politician (CDU local association Böckingen)
- Helmut Barth (* 1929), pianist and music professor
- Werner Schweikert (1933–2005), entrepreneur and collector
- Ernst S. Steffen (1936–1970), writer
- Klaus Zwickel (* 1939), union official, former chairman of IG Metall
- Karl-Heinz Losch (1942–2012), architect and figure skating world champion
- Dieter Fingerle (* 1944), world roller figure skating champion
- Achim Späth (* 1953), sports official
- Joachim Veyhelmann (* 1953), member of the state parliament (CDU) of the Hessian state parliament since 2013
- Dieter E. Klumpp (* 1955), sculptor
- Mario Kay Ocker (* 1960), pianist and conductor
Other people associated with the location
- Werner Baumann (1925–2009), artist and holder of the Federal Cross of Merit, in Böckingen since 1971
- Ruth Baumann (1925–1994), textile artist, lived in Böckingen for a long time
- Hanns Blaschek (1907–1989), administrative officer and artist, lived in Böckingen for a long time
- Rudolf Breitschmid (* 1915), musician, lived in Böckingen
- Fred Danner , cutlery designer, lived in Böckingen
- Ludwig Essinger (1881–1942), Jewish doctor for the poor in Böckingen
- Max Gauß (1868–1931), Catholic clergyman, temporarily in Böckingen
- Albert Großhans (1907–2005), politician (SPD local association Böckingen), honorary citizen of the city of Heilbronn
- Karl Georg Haldenwang (1803–1862), Protestant pastor and social reformer, was pastor in Böckingen from 1850
- Rut Hanselmann (* 1928), artist, lived temporarily in Böckingen
- August Hornung (1867–1927), member of the Böckingen municipal council and the Württemberg state parliament (SPD and USPD)
- Friedrich Jäger (1871–1933), opera and concert singer, lived temporarily in Böckingen
- Bettina Neumann , artist, lived in Böckingen in the 1970s
- Hermann Rau (1927–2014), church musician, lived in Böckingen
- Wilhelm Rieth (1897–1987), businessman, at times drawing teacher in Böckingen
- Johann Rudolf Schlegel (1729–1790), Protestant pastor, temporarily in Böckingen
- Helmut Schmolz (1928–2006), Heilbronn archive director, lived in Böckingen
- Dieter Spöri (* 1943), politician (SPD), belongs to the local SPD association in Böckingen
- Karl Tscherning (1875–1952), architect, built many buildings in Böckingen
literature
- Peter Wanner (Red.): Böckingen am See. A district of Heilbronn - yesterday and today. (= Publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn. Volume 37). Heilbronn City Archives, Heilbronn 1998, ISBN 3-928990-65-9 .
- Julius Fekete, Simon Haag, Adelheid Hanke, Daniela Naumann: Monument topography Baden-Württemberg. Volume I.5: Heilbronn district. Theiss, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1988-3 .
- Description of the Oberamt Heilbronn. Published by the State Statistical Office. Stuttgart 1903.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Heilbronn Info Population Numbers . Retrieved September 14, 2018 .
- ↑ Ursula Koch: Alamannen in Heilbronn: Archaeological finds of the 4th and 5th centuries. 1993, pp. 12-14.
- ↑ Minst, Karl Josef [transl.]: Lorscher Codex (Volume 4), Certificate 2748, July 25th 767 - Reg. 195. In: Heidelberger historical stocks - digital. Heidelberg University Library, p. 221 , accessed on January 5, 2018 .
- ↑ List of places for the Lorscher Codex, Böckingen , Archivum Laureshamense - digital, Heidelberg University Library.
- ↑ Werner Heim: The local devastation of the Heilbronn district. In: Jahrbuch des Histor. Heilbronn Association. 22, 1957, p. 65 ff.
- ↑ Frank Buchali: Encyclopedia of castles in the lowlands. Heilbronn 2008, ISBN 978-3-00-007056-3 , p. 164 ff.
- ↑ a b Monument topography Heilbronn. 2007, p. 155.
- ↑ Böckingen am See. 1998, p. 322.
- ^ Chronicle of the city of Heilbronn. Heilbronn City Archives, Heilbronn 1895–2004. Volume I, ISBN 3-928990-65-9 , p. 335.
- ↑ Böckingen am See. 1998, p. 125.
- ↑ Böckingen am See. 1998, p. 137.
- ↑ Böckingen am See. 1998, p. 125ff.
- ↑ Helmut Schmolz, Hubert Weckbach (ed.): Heilbronn with Böckingen, Neckargartach, Sontheim. The old city in words and pictures. Volume 1. (= publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn. 14). Konrad, Weißenhorn 1966, No. 63: The Böckingen “Gleislose Straßenbahn” at the terminus Neckarbrücke, between 1911 and 1914.
- ↑ Böckingen am See. 1998, p. 173.
- ↑ Böckingen am See. 1998, p. 307.
- ↑ Böckingen am See. 1998, p. 177.
- ↑ Böckingen am See. 1998, p. 178.
- ↑ Böckingen am See. 1998, p. 195.
- ↑ Böckingen am See. 1998, pp. 195/196.
- ↑ Böckingen am See. 1998, p. 196.
- ↑ Böckingen am See. 1998, p. 204.
- ↑ a b Böckingen am See. 1998, p. 199.
- ↑ Böckingen am See. 1998, p. 217.
- ↑ Hans Franke: History and Fate of the Jews in Heilbronn . Heilbronn 1963, p. 302 ff.
- ↑ Oberamtsbeschreibung Heilbronn, p. 161: Noble gender .
- ↑ Coat of arms section after Eberhard Gönner: Wappenbuch of the city and the district of Heilbronn with a territorial history of this area. (= Publications of the State Archives Administration Baden-Württemberg. 9). Stuttgart 1965.
- ↑ Carsten Friese: Neue Saarlandstrasse “never so close”. In: Heilbronn voice . July 22, 2006.
- ^ Joachim Friedl: Lawsuit against the expansion of the Saarlandstrasse. In: Heilbronn voice . January 10, 2007.
- ↑ The Böckingen-Großgartacher Straße small child care association was responsible for this kindergarten. In 1907 the railway children's school had 165 children. On September 20, 1908, a newly built building at Großgartacher Strasse 39 for a kindergarten was inaugurated as a railway children's school . The kindergarten with 180 to 200 children was looked after by two sisters from Heppach. Furthermore, the building of the railway children's school was also used by the Protestant community on Großgartacher Strasse as an interim church and community center. The imposing building with a hipped roof and large neo-Romanesque portal was destroyed in 1945. See social institutions, services and organizations. In: Böckingen am See. A district of Heilbronn - yesterday and today. (= Publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn. 37). Heilbronn City Archives, Heilbronn 1998, ISBN 3-928990-65-9 , p. 309.
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