Architecture in Essen

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article or section needs to be revised. Details should be given on the talk page. Please help to improve it , and then remove this flag.

Essen, 1572
Essen, 1898
Food, today

The article Architecture in Essen describes the architecture in the different epochs of the more than 1000-year history of the city. Essen goes back to the women's monastery at Burgplatz , founded in 845 . In addition to the Essen monastery, there was the Werden monastery founded by Liudger around 800 . In the 14th century, Essen was raised to a free imperial city by Emperor Charles IV . From 1900 onwards, services were provided in Essen that were "not inferior to the developments in the well-known metropolises of Berlin, Munich and Hamburg at the same time."

In the first decades of the 20th century, the growing industrial city of Essen was the "fourth largest city in the Kingdom of Prussia ."

After the old mayor of Essen, Hans Luther, was replaced by Franz Bracht in 1924 and an economic upswing set in in 1925, the “curia” of the women's monastery located on Burgplatz was replaced by Ernst Bodes Baedekerhaus and Blum-Haus as part of a “long overdue inner city renovation” .

In 1930 the global economic crisis and emergency regulations of the Reich government formed the reason for an "abrupt end to the lively construction activity".

In the 1990s, "important masterpieces of early modernism" were demolished, although there had been a state monument protection law since 1980.

Pre-Romanesque

The octagon of the Essen Minster is pre-Romanesque . The once three-aisled hall church of St. Clemens in Werden from the middle of the 10th century can also be classified into this era . It was located within a circular rampart from the 9th-11th centuries. Century, was demolished in 1817 and its foundations later exposed. It has been a ground monument since 1986. The westwork of the St. Ludgerus Church in Werden, which dates from around the 10th century, also belongs to the pre-Romanesque period.

Romanesque

The Stenshofturm , also known as the Romanesque House , is now located on the grounds of the Grugapark . It is a medieval residential tower from the first half of the 12th century. This makes it the oldest preserved secular building in Essen.

After a fire in the St. Ludgerus Church in Werden in 1256, it was redesigned as a three-aisled basilica in the Romanesque style. The St. Lucius Church , which is also in Werden , is now ascribed to the Romanesque.

The Essen market church was essentially Romanesque. The central nave with the built-in west tower and partly the north aisle were built in the Romanesque style, but the latter was changed in the 15th century. The Romanesque church tower rested on heavy walls. In the tower hall there was a groin vault , in the corner were small corner pillars with fighters . The Romanesque tower hall was only connected to the central nave through an opening - a low round arch. The pillars of the Romanesque building were formerly formed by two jumbled rectangles with services placed in the corners. The tower was five stories and showed on the top floor on each side of four by vertical pilasters separate and arched Friese closed aperture . The middle ones were equipped with arched windows.

The collegiate church Maria in der Not in Stoppenberg was founded by the abbess Swanhild . The building is a Romanesque, three-aisled pillar basilica made of Ruhr sandstone . It was completed in the middle of the 12th century.

Various castles were also built in the 13th century, Burg Altendorf , Burg Luttelnau and Neue Isenburg .

Gothic

Gothic cloister in Essen Minster

In addition to the Gothic cloister, the Essen Minster has the oldest Gothic hall choir.

A Gothic secular building from around 1440 was Essen's oldest town hall . This was a two-story stone building with a turret and stepped gable in the Gothic style. The facade to the market square was decorated with Gothic figures of the city saints Cosmas and Damian and Maria. The building was demolished in 1840.

St. Johann Baptist is a Gothic religious building . It was built in 1471 and is a three-nave, Gothic hall construction. The building consists of large coal sandstone blocks of almost square shape and is covered with three pitched roofs.

Another Gothic sacred building was the Holy Spirit Chapel of the Hospital of the Holy Spirit on Kopstadtplatz from the 14th century.

Baroque

Werden monastery , gatehouse of the former abbey, entrance to the courtyard, (1794)

The Fürstin-Franziska-Christine-Stiftung is a Baroque building from 1765–1769 : “The elongated three-storey building made of sandstone with a baroque church between the two residential wings was built from 1765 to 1769 [...] above the central axis, which is also projected as a risalit is the tail gable of the church, above which there is a turret with a lantern-crowned tail hood [...] Baroque architecture, especially the chapel ”.

The baroque style gatehouse of the Werden monastery, completed in 1794, is two-story and three-part and is divided into columns and an attic with the following Latin inscription:

“Reaedificato ampliato exorna-toque prius utut oportet coenobio (1785); vestibulum hoc bello proprius saeviente bernardus abbas erexit (1794) ”

The three-storey facade of the main building of the Werden monastery shows a narrow central risaliten . There is a coat of arms in the tail gable . The portal structure is supported by two pillars. There is also a Romanesque relief that is 50 cm high and 1.55 meters long. It depicts a lion chasing a deer.

The Capuchin monastery, consecrated in 1746, is one of the baroque sacred buildings . The monastery church was aisled and equipped with a barrel vault . The long sides were each designed with four windows. A niche could be seen in the west gable above the portal. In this niche was the life-size figure of Mary with baby Jesus. The child held a spear with which it pierced the serpent under its mother's feet. The number 1746 could be read on the gable. The monastery was consecrated in 1288 by the Essen canon Heinrich de Kettwig, which is why it was originally called Kettwig Monastery. The baroque high altar, the two side altars and some other relics from the monastery church are in the current church of the Elisabeth Hospital .

The high altar of St. Ludgerus Church in Werden is designed in the Baroque style : a two-storey structure from around 1700 rises above a Romanesque, stone cafeteria in the Baroque style with black and gilded wood and a rich gold frame. The upper part shows a representation of Saint Ludgerus as a central image . Above it is the coat of arms of Abbot Ferdinand von Erwitte, held by two lions . The two-storey structure is supported by pilasters and winding columns with Corinthian capitals. The piece is flanked by Ludgerus and Charlemagne. In the top there is a good central medallion with Mary enthroned in clouds. In the curved openwork gable is the figure of Jesus with the globe between two kneeling angels.

The baroque interior of the Essen Minster is now in St. Johann Baptist and dates from around 1700: A high altar with a large structure, which is crowned by the figure of the risen Jesus. The center image shows a crucifixion between two pairs of twisted columns. The high altar is adorned by the saints Nepomuk and Joseph, which stand on consoles. The choir stalls originally consisted of ten seats each, adorned with lions' heads and festoons and created in 1699 by Georg Dollar in Münster.

classicism

Town hall around 1840 ( classicism ).
Villa Hill .

At the beginning of the 19th century, Essen was still a "modest country town" with barely 4000 inhabitants and 729 residential buildings, which owed its importance to the monastery.

In Essen, new coal depots were opened at the end of the 1830s and the steel industry became important. The place increasingly developed into an important industrial and commercial city. Between 1841 and 1853, up to 500,000 tons of coal were transported annually on the Ruhr with the help of Ruhr shipping . The Cologne-Minden Railway , newly built between 1845 and 1847, was the first railway to cut the Rhenish-Westphalian mining district from west to east and make Essen an industrial metropolis. At the end of the 1840s and the beginning of the 1850s, new mines with machine operation "increased coal production by a factor of one". At the beginning of the 1860s, Essen ended its existence as a farming town and became a "first-rate industrial center". Essen now had 40,000 inhabitants and entire streets were built where there was once arable land.

Examples of classicism in Essen are the Essen town hall (1840/43) and the Huffmann house (1830) at Heckstraße 75 in Werden. The east facade is strictly symmetrical and shows an attached tympanum . The Villa Hügel was designed in 1870/1873 according to drafts by the architects Eduard Schwarz and Julius Rasch "in a classicistic design language based on Victorian models ".

historicism

Neo-Gothic

Among the secular buildings in the style of the Gothic Revival which was one third of Essen City Hall . Another secular neo-Gothic building was the main administrative building Krupp by the architect Robert Schmohl , which was demolished in 1976.

The following Christian sacred buildings were designed in the neo-Gothic style: the Pauluskirche , the Friedenskirche , the Lutherkirche , the St.-Dionysius-Kirche , the St.-Georg-Kirche , the St.-Gertrud-Kirche , the St.-Hubertus-Kirche , the St. Laurentius Church , the St. Laurentius Seniors' Foundation and the Evangelical Church in Essen-Werden .

Neo-romance

Neo-Romanesque churches are the Erlöserkirche , the Herz-Jesu-Kirche and the Kreuzeskirche .

Neo-renaissance

The Carl-Humann-Gymnasium in Steele was built in the style of the neo - renaissance in 1902/1904 based on the models of the northern renaissance .

An example of the Nordic Renaissance was the Essen railway administration building , completed in 1898 based on a design by the royal government builders Behrendt and Jaffke: “In the Essen administration building, however, attempts were made to use the sensible, homely architectural forms of the Renaissance style based on the Dutch style [...] with our state buildings we are now trying to express the German feeling in German architecture. "

The same goes for the Realgymnasium at Heinickestrasse 10 , which was completed in 1899 based on a design by the architect Dietrich: “The school building is generally in the form of the modern Renaissance, with some echoes of other styles, as is the case with the new railway headquarters building. The front is made of light red facing bricks with a base of Niedermendiger basalt. The window frames, as well as the ornamental decorations, are made of Cordeler sandstone. The central risalit is particularly richly decorated. Eight medallions are attached under the large Aula windows, which show the relief portraits of famous representatives of literature and science, by Kepler, Humboldt, Schiller, Goethe, Lessing, Shakespeare, Gauss and Liebig. "

Werden town hall was built in 1912 according to designs by the architects Karl Großkopf and Johann Kunz and shows "architecture based on Renaissance models."

Following models of the Italian Renaissance , the city ​​theater was built in 1892 based on designs by Heinrich Seeling : "Modern Renaissance with echoes of Greek antiquity"

The bank building of the Essener Credit-Anstalt was also built "in the Italian Renaissance style with Ionic columns providing an impressive sight." Peter Zindel built it, "with the architect Alfred Gould assisting him as a specialist in Italian Renaissance ."

Orientalism

A variant of historicism was the erection of buildings in the Moorish style . For example the synagogue on II. Weberstrasse (today Gerswidastrasse), which was built in 1868–1870 “in the Moorish-Oriental style”. In 1937 the now secular building was demolished. The Jewish sacred building had “oriental style influences”, had four domes and was “one of the first historicist buildings in Essen”.

Modern from 1900

At the beginning of the 19th century, Essen was still a "modest country town" with barely 4000 inhabitants and 729 residential buildings, which owed its importance to the monastery. Around 1900 it was now a large city with over 300,000 inhabitants and over 16,000 apartments and its population ranks seventh among the major cities in Prussia.

Modernism in Essen was shaped by Reform Style , Expressionism and New Building : "The Essen architecture of those years seems almost prototypical for the development from the Reform Style through Expressionism to New Building." The segments of Essen Modernism can be recognized in the works of the following architects: Ernst Bode , Edmund Körner , Georg Metzendorf and Alfred Fischer .

Reform architecture

Reform architecture: Haus Heinemann
Reform-oriented networks in matters of urban development

In Essen, the Association of German Architects, founded in 1903, and in particular the German Werkbund founded in 1907, were active and present, which continued the already existing approaches of the reform movements inspired by John Ruskin . The DWB was even active in Essen as a "culturally eminently formative initiative [...] beyond political party affiliation and also beyond professional and / or economic milieus". These included Max Burchartz , Joseph Enseling , Will Lammert , Albert Renger-Patzsch , Elisabeth Treskow , Anke Oldenburger , Josef Geller , Alfred Fischer , Edmund Körner , Georg Metzendorf , Philipp Rappaport , Robert Schmohl , Josef Rings , Wilhelm Girardet , Gustav Krupp von Bohlen and Halbach , Hans Luther .

The Moltkeviertel was built “according to the principles of reform architecture”. One of the examples of reform architecture (“in the manner of the reform style”) is the Emschergenossenschaft building , which was built in 1910 according to a design by the architect Wilhelm Kreis .

In the reform architecture, the Althoff department store was based on designs by the architects Kreis u. Schäfer (1912) built. It was abandoned for the construction of the Limbecker Platz shopping center in 2008.

The building for the state building trade school was completed in the “reform style” based on designs by the architect Edmund Körner in 1911 in the Moltkeviertel: “Its design language is characterized by the reformist transition style with elements of classicism and art nouveau.” Here, Körner overcame the eclecticism of historicism - “ the overflowing and mixing of historical building quotations ”. Although the building is made of the modern building material concrete, it was given individual shape features of stately architecture, such as stone cladding and large column arrangements, for representational purposes. The mighty tower and the facade are decorated with sculptures by Joseph Enseling . Two giants depicting allegories of building flank the main portal.

The Goethe-Gymnasium was built in 1912 with "exterior and interior architecture in the reform style" based on designs by Hans Tietmann and Karl Wolff as well as Laurenz Lander and Otto Herold. Several sculptures by Joseph Enseling can be seen on the facade and in the entrance area.

The teachers' seminar, which was completed in 1914 based on a design by Albert Erbe, is a “brick building in the reform style” .

The Elisabeth Hospital was also built in 1913 according to designs by the architects Otto Krämer and Peter Sistenich “in the style of reform architecture”.

In 1912, the ceramic house was built as a separate business and exhibition building for the ceramic center, based on a design by the architect Alfons Stinnesbeck . During the construction, however, they kept to regional building materials and methods (“as in the old days!”) As well as to regional architects (“it has also gained a real central importance for the general ceramic arts and crafts in the mentioned provinces”).

The Salomon-Heinemann-Haus , built in 1913/1914 based on designs by Edmund Körner, with its colored, glazed, figural ceramic reliefs and medallions on the facade "illustrates the idea of ​​the reform style of using regional building materials".

Edmund Körner was a “reform architect” and stood “between tradition and avant-garde”. He managed the transition from a “historically shaped architecture from the prewar period to an objectively emphasized, expressive design after 1910”: His “ Byzantine -looking Essen synagogue (1913)” was built “based on historical models”, such as the Hagia Sophia (“Orientations in Christian church architecture ”) and adorned with Art Nouveau decor. The building was shaped by the monumental style of reform architecture . The building was also shaped by the architecture of the homeland security .

The Eickhaus, completed in 1915, with its double curly, high pagoda roof , which has not been preserved, was built on the basis of historical models and is part of “traditionalist architecture”, which was adorned with Art Nouveau decor: “The main model of the front building [are] probably the corner pavilions of the baroque prince-bishop's residence in Bonn , whose tail roofs, as in the case of Pillnitz Castle, go back to the reception of East Asian architecture ”. Great importance was attached to monumentality: “The shape of the roof and facade design created the impression of a shortened perspective and make the building appear much higher than the specified 16 m to the eaves”.

traditionalism

Art in architecture - Baedekerhaus (1927/1928), monolith-like sculpture by Joseph Enseling , female allegory symbolizes art.

In 1920, Essen was still essentially an “arable town”, consisting of a “chaotic, wild growth of old half-timbered and Wilhelminian-style buildings”. On Kettwiger Strasse , Essen's historic north-south axis opposite the Essen Minster on Burgplatz, there were still the private villas of the aristocratic canons (“curia”). As a result of the rapid expansion of the city through incorporations and the construction of the city ring by Erich Zweigert and Robert Schmidt , the historic old town should now also be adapted to "big city dimensions".

After the old mayor of Essen, Hans Luther, was replaced by Franz Bracht in 1924 and an economic upswing set in in 1925, a “long overdue urban renewal” could take place. The extensive city center project on Essen's Burgplatz was faced with the difficult task of harmoniously connecting old (Essen Minster) and new buildings. In a competition for the design of the Burgplatz, in which almost 80 architects took part, the architects Körner, Metzendorf and Schneider proposed a cultural forum on Essen's Burgplatz with museums, theaters and other cultural buildings. Bode had refused a seat in the jury and had participated in the competition himself. After the competition ended, the idea of ​​a cultural forum was given up in favor of a new business center on Burgplatz. The city administration then left the redesign of the Burgplatz to the head of the Building and Urban Settlement Office, the Building Secretary Ernst Bode, who was responsible for the artistic management of the entire Burgplatz design.

The "Kurien" located on the Burgplatz in Essen have now been replaced by new buildings by Ernst Bode (Baedekerhaus and Blum-Haus). Bode's “ bookstore (1927/1928) and textile department store (1925)” show a relationship between “ traditionalism and modernity ”. Both facades show a rustic cladding made of roughly hewn shell limestone. In the proportions and material of the façades, both buildings are based on the Stuttgart School as well as Paul Bonatz and his façade of the Stuttgart Central Station . The houses are an example of the so-called new monumentality; a recourse by traditionalist architects to the monumental style around 1900, which has been cultivated since the second half of the 1920s. In a 1929 retrospective of new architecture, the Baedekerhaus and Blum-Haus were described as "essential contributions to Essen's urban architecture" of the 1920s. They are regarded as buildings “in the area of ​​tension between traditionalism and avant-garde”, like the designs “in partly monumental to partly modern distinct forms” for the Essen park cemetery (1924) by Ernst Bode.

Emil Jung represented a “semi-modern conception of architecture”. His buildings are an example of the “architectural-historical position between tradition and modernity” Jung's buildings with their “quarry stone facades [...] show clear regional references in terms of form and materiality”. In 1937, Jung created the St. Joseph Essen-Kettwig church building with a quarry sandstone facade, the St. Stephanus church building in 1953 with columns and arcades, the Bishop's House from 1955–1956 and the S. Ignatius church building in 1960.

For the cladding of the Burggymnasium Essen (1952), Horst Loy based himself on the shell limestone facade of the Blum House and Baedeker House on Burgplatz. The school building was "clad with shell limestone to match the other representative buildings on Burgplatz."

  • traditionalism

  • Byfang , former school building (1900)

  • Blum House (1925)

  • St. Joseph Essen-Kettwig; 1937

  • Bishop's House, 1955/1956

  • Burggymnasium , 1952

  • St. Stephanus Essen-Holsterhausen.

Brick Expressionism (1920s)

Expressionist art in construction - Will Lammert , head of the Essen stock exchange
Expressionist art in construction - Will Lammert, Mother Earth , 1926 (destroyed) at the Südwestfriedhof consecration hall

In the first decades of the 20th century, the growing industrial city of Essen was the "fourth largest city in the Kingdom of Prussia". Buildings with a “brick architecture with crystalline, triangular and exaggerated acute-angled shapes” ( brick expressionism ) were created.

In the period after the end of the occupation of the Ruhr (1925) and the Great Depression (1929 ff.), The city had "simply exhausted itself with ambitious buildings". Public buildings at central locations in the city had "turned out to be blatantly undersized" during the hectic growth trend [...]. In the 1920s, Essen and the Reichspost had to organize a competition for independent architects for a new building for the main post office because the previous building, built in 1903, had proven to be too small. The main post office , which was completed in 1924 in the Expressionist style based on designs by Wilhelm Hoeltz , has numerous triangular shapes "with blind openings at ground level with triangular gables [...] its central axis is emphasized by a triangular bay window clad in ashlar".

Another example of Expressionism is the south-west cemetery , which was completed in 1926 according to a design by Ernst Bode , especially the " parabolic arcade arches [are] typical of Expressionism of the 1920s." The facade of the consecration hall was decorated with a large relief by Will Lammert , the mother Represented earth . The work of the communist sculptor Lammert was destroyed as degenerate art. In the consecration hall there is a 12 meter high relief picture that shows the blessing Christ on the altar wall.

The Church of the Holy Guardian Angels in Frillendorf is a Christian sacred building in the style of "brick expressionism" . This was completed in 1925 according to plans by the architect Edmund Körner.

The water tower , completed in 1925 based on designs by Edmund Körner, is also an example of “brick expressionism”.

The Essen Stock Exchange , which was completed in 1925 based on designs by Edmund Körner, is an example of Expressionism. According to Watzlawik, typical expressionist design elements are "triangular motifs". Due to its triangular bay windows on the façade, the stock exchange has an "expressive face". According to Watzlawik, this is a stylistic similarity to the Chilehaus . Other “expressionist decor of the exterior” were the “jagged crown” of the head building ”and the arcade with its octagonal shell limestone supports in the form of“ crystal-shaped capitals ”, which supported the“ tall, angularly pointed ”arched reveals stepped with bricks. Artists like the sculptor Will Lammert and painter Jan Thorn Prikker designed the building.

In 1926/27, according to plans by Josef Rings, the large exhibition and festival hall was built on Nobertstrasse, a clinkered reinforced concrete building that was constructed as a three-aisled basilica. The facade showed acute angles. In 1929 the Grugapark was connected to it. In the post-war period, a "butterfly-like [r]" structure of the Grugahalle was built on the foundations of the blasted building , which represents an "architectural and historical value as a newly emerging building type". The Grugahalle shows stylistic similarities with Roland Rainer's Wiener and Bremer Stadthallen , especially with the roof construction and the rise of the grandstands.

"Triangle gable" and "motif of the triangle absorbing brick textures" are the hallmarks of the expressionist administration building of the Ruhrverband , Kronprinzenstrasse 37. The building was built in 1922–1928 based on designs by architects Georg Metzendorf and Jacob Schneider . After being damaged in the war, the house was rebuilt by Fritz Schupp in 1947 .

New Building / New Objectivity (1918–1933)

New building / new objectivity: Deutschlandhaus .
Cube as a structure: Jewish mourning hall

Between 1918 and 1933, Essen was regarded as the “secret architecture capital”. According to Krüssmann, Essen was underestimated as the capital of architecture because none of the architects had found the "radicalism of Erich Mendelsohn or Walter Gropius ". Mendelsohn's organic architecture in concrete was known for its “Mendelsohn swing”. The German-Jewish architect worked in Essen's Moltkeviertel, where he created a “remarkable building”: the Jewish Community's youth home, built from 1930 to 1933, which was sacked in 1938 and then demolished. The building complex consisted of a single-storey, semicircular porch and a four-storey cube behind it. Today the New Synagogue is located in its place .

Curves on Christian sacred buildings can be found on the Corpus Christi Church. Concave and convex curves shows the Hochtief house on. The head building is inwards, the left wing of the building is arched outwards. Mendelsohn's curves can be found in particular on the Germany House built by Jakob Koerfer in 1929 .

An example of a building "in the style of New Objectivity" is the building of the Allgemeine Bauverein Essen AG (Allbau), which was completed in 1928 according to a design by Ernst Knoblauch . The two rounded corners were each decorated with a monumental sandstone sculpture by Will Lammert . The figures were supposed to represent "builders", but were viewed by the population as interpreted as the Allbau directors Haag and Riehm. The figures were destroyed as "degenerate art" in the Third Reich.

Various monumental sculptures also adorned the Ruhrkohlehaus (1936): Barbara and Bergmann and Steilelager as well as an Enseling sculpture.

The Lazarettstraße hospital, the predecessor of the Alfried Krupp Hospital Rüttenscheid , was built in 1937 based on a design by the architect Emil Jung . The corners of the four-story building are rounded.

The Regionalverband Ruhr building was built in 1929 based on designs by Alfred Fischer . Simple, elegant curves, facade with ledges and ribbon windows that emphasize the horizontal.

The Gemar [k] house at Gemarkenstrasse 35 in Holsterhausen , built in 1930 based on a design by Hans Schäfer , shows stylistic similarities to the hospital on Lazarettstrasse. The building contained the Gemar-Filmpalast with 1,150 seats.

The administrative building Regionalverband Ruhrgebiet at Kronprinzenstraße 35, built in 1929 based on designs by Alfred Fischer, is an example of the “avant-garde tendencies of the 'New Building'.” The building features the “motif of the rounded corner.” Stylistically, the house is much larger Related to the Hans-Sachs-Haus in Gelsenkirchen . The Gelsenkirchen building had a decisive influence on the Essen building and is considered to be the predecessor building. An architecture exhibition described the Essen period from 1921 to 1933 as an era of “visions in stone”. According to Krüssmann, two sacred buildings represented exemplary modern architecture in Essen. Otto Bartning's Church of the Resurrection and his Melanchton Church with a semicircular finish in Holsterhausen. The church, built in 1931, consisted of 20 meter high steel girders with 660 lead-glazed window fields by Elisabeth Coester in between .

Cube as a structure

Edmund Körner's private house and studio from 1928 illustrates “the transition from expressionistic design [...] to the New Objectivity, which was influenced by the Dutch group de Stijl .” Several two- or three- story building cubes are interlocked.

The Stadtbad Altenessen , built in 1930 based on a design by Ernst Bode, consists of several cubic structures.

The Jewish mourning hall at the Parkfriedhof was completed in 1931 according to designs by Ernst Bode and Hermann Finger and shows “several cuboids staggered one inside the other.” It was the last building plan implemented in Essen by Ernst Bode, who worked as a building department in Essen until 1934 .

Third Reich (from 1933)

Freikorps Memorial
Former Gau memorial, Essen, Emil Fahrenkamp on the southwest cemetery in Essen-Fulerum .

After the seizure of power , there was an "artistic and creative exodus ": representatives of the Essen Jewish bourgeoisie, who were known as patrons and donors and were active in the construction industry, left Essen: Salomon & Anna Heinemann, Simon Hirschland family, Gustav Blum family (1879–1935) , Fritz & Frida Levy , Levi Freudenberg and the Alfred Grundmann family. The Burkhardt bank became the Hirschland Bank. The “new” banking district on Lindenallee featured magnificent buildings belonging to the Jewish fellow citizens. The Simon Hirschland Bank building, built according to plans by Carl Moritz in 1910, was the “seat of a private bank that was highly influential in the industrial development of the city”. Hirschland's clientele included Essen business greats Alfred Krupp , Johann Dinnendahl , Wilhelm Theodor Grillo and Mathias Stinnes . The textile houses Blum and Grundmann (“largest specialty shop in Germany for women's and fur fashion”) became “Loosen” and “ Boecker ”. The Blum House pioneered the modernization of the medieval Burgplatz in Essen.

The five important planners ("Big Five") who worked in Essen in the 1920s were ousted from the profession: Georg Metzendorf , Edmund Körner , Alfred Fischer , Ernst Bode and Robert Schmidt . Georg Metzendorf was the subject of legal proceedings in 1934 because of “cultural Bolshevik tendencies” and died in the same year. Because Edmund Körner was involved in the construction of the Essen synagogue, he was banned from building the “Gau Essen” in 1933 as a “Jew friend”. His continued work was entirely due to his connections in the USA, especially his relationships with Henry Ford from the time the Cologne Ford works were being built and with Hans Luther , the former Lord Mayor of Essen and later German ambassador to the USA. After the seizure of power in 1933 Fischer was first given leave of absence. This was followed by a retirement. In 1940 his son Heinz died as a soldier. In 1934 Ernst Bode was “ pushed out of office as building department” by the new rulers . One reason for this was that Bode had also built a Jewish mourning hall in the Essen park cemetery. The mayor, Theodor Reismann-Grone , appointed by the National Socialists , wrote about Bode's departure: "It is not a great loss for the city [...] of urban planning he [Bode] understands almost nothing". Robert Schmidt and Georg Metzendorf planned the Margarethenhöhe Garden City Estate . His memorandum on the preservation of forests in the Ruhr coal district found its way into the Reich law on the development of residential areas . Schmidt resigned from the administrative service in 1932 and died in 1934.

The Rheinisch-Westfälische industrial area was the largest and densest economic zone in Germany. Essen was important from an economic and political point of view; business tycoons and politicians who hoped for financial support from the economy met here. The Essen Rhine-Westphalian coal syndicate “under the leadership of Hitler's friend” Emil Kirdorf was represented in Berlin. Alfred Hugenberg - "press czar and Hitler sponsor" - was director at Krupp . According to the municipal constitution law of 1933, Essen became the "Gau capital Ruhr-Emscher". Ernst Bode was replaced in 1934 by Sturm Kegel , Head of Construction. The NS Gauleitung resided in the "Thomae House", which had a monumental "Hall of Honor for Fallen Party Fighters" built with monoliths made of Ruhr sandstone in the former Glückaufhaus built by Ernst Bode . The "Freikorps-Ehrenmal" consisting of monoliths made of Ruhr sandstone was built in 1934 based on a design by Paul Dietzsch . The Gau-Ehrenmal on the south-west cemetery in Fulerum was built in 1938 based on designs by Emil Fahrenkamp . The destroyed building consisted of an elongated cube flanked by monolithic arcades. The facade was decorated with rustication and several reliefs (eagle with outstretched wings and two swastikas ). Above the entrance area was the inscription: "The dead of the movement".

Post-war period (from 1948)

Grillo Theater (reliefs, Herbert Lungwitz )

In the post-war period, reconstruction began again in 1948 and Essen had a third “boom in construction and urban development”. Here, however, those planners who had replaced Ernst Bode and Edmund Körner in the Third Reich were represented in management positions, according to the building department, Sturm Kegel .

The Amerikahaus Ruhr has echoes of the “monumental '1000-year-old' aesthetic” . The building, which was completed in 1952 according to plans by Hermann Gehring at Kennedyplatz 7, shows in its architecture "still clear heroic elements of the Nazi era". The Amerikahaus Ruhr shows oversized columns without any static function, colonnades, courtyard-like outdoor areas and "heroically abstract reliefs" by Herbert Lungwitz ("Taming the Minotaur" as well as "Allegories of Beauty and Music" and "Allegory of Peace and Interpersonal Harmony"). Herbert Lungwitz also created the reliefs on the theater as part of the "Unwrinkling of the Grillo Theater", which was rebuilt in 1950 according to designs by Wilhelm Seidensticker and received monumental, monolithic columns without any static function on the facade. "Away with the pathos of heroic exaggeration, Away with the Wilhelminian-style ornamental overload! ”was the justification for the removal of the historic facade of the Essen City Theater in 1950.

The Essen Regional Court at Zweigertstrasse 52 in Rüttenscheid , built in 1950/1956 according to plans by the Essen government master builder Alfred Pegels, shows elaborate reliefs in the entrance area, including the creation of the tablets of Moses and several eagles with outstretched wings.

Béton brut / brutalism / exposed concrete

A work in exposed concrete (French: Béton brut : exposed concrete) is the St. Suitbert Church in the Essen district of Überruhr-Holthausen . The sacred building, built between 1964 and 1966 according to a design by the architect Josef Lehmbrock , was inaugurated in April 1966. Another fair-faced concrete building was the Church of St. Raphael in the Bergerhausen district of Essen, built between 1964 and 1965 and demolished in 2012 .

Other buildings in exposed concrete can be found in Holsterhausen: The Lukaskirche was built according to plans by the architect Reinhold Jerichow and inaugurated on February 26, 1961. The profanation took place at the end of 2008. The building was converted into a multi-generation house. The Melanchthon Church, also located in the Holsterhausen district, is an exposed concrete building built between 1970 and 1972 according to plans by Peter Voigtländer.

In addition, the Church of Reconciliation in the Rüttenscheid district, which was built in 1964 and inaugurated on May 3, 1964.

  • Buildings in exposed concrete

  • Melanchthon Church in Holsterhausen

  • St. Suitbert in Überruhr

  • Lukaskirche in Holsterhausen

  • St. Raphael in Bergerhausen

  • Reconciliation Church in Rüttenscheid

Organic architecture

Organic building : Aalto theater

The Aalto Theater in the southern quarter is an example of organic architecture that was completed in 1988 based on designs by Alvar Aalto . The building shows an asymmetrical, curved, undulating facade side.

Contemporary architecture

Q1, Thyssenkrupp headquarters

In 2010 the Thyssenkrupp headquarters , consisting of six Thyssenkrupp AG office buildings , were built in Essen according to the design of the architects Chaix & Morel et Associés and JSWD Architects and Partners. The Q1 building is the headquarters of the group and is a gate-like, 50-meter-high building in the shape of a cube . The Q2 forum is the conference center where the board of directors meets.

literature

  • Paul Clemen : The art monuments of the city and the district of Essen (= The art monuments of the Rhine province, Vol. 2, 3). Schwann, Düsseldorf 1893 ( digitized version )
  • Georg Dehio , edited by Claudia Euskirchen, Olaf Gisbertz, Ulrich Schäfer: Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. North Rhine-Westphalia I Rhineland . Deutscher Kunstverlag , Munich / Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-422-03093-X .
  • Axel Föhl: Architecture Guide Ruhr Area. Reimer, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-496-01293-1 .
  • Arno Grassnick, Kurt Westhoff,: Old farm and town houses in Essen. Bacht, Essen 1985, ISBN 3-87034-036-3
  • Georg Humann : The works of art of the cathedral church to eat. Düsseldorf 1904.
  • T. Kellen (editor of the Essener Volkszeitung): The industrial city of Essen in words and pictures. History and description of the city of Essen. At the same time a guide through Essen and the surrounding area. Essen Ruhr 1902, printed and published by Fredebeul & Koenen. on-line
  • Richard Klapheck : The new synagogue in Essen ad Ruhr. Built by Prof. Edmund Körner. (= The architecture of the 20th century. Special issue. 13, ZDB -ID 544317-9 ). Wasmuth, Berlin 1914, digitized .
  • Holger Krüssmann : Architecture in Essen 1900–1960. Klartext-Verlag, Essen 2012, ISBN 978-3-8375-0246-6 , (edited by Berger Bergmann and Peter Brdenk).
  • Bettina Meyer, Roman Skarabis (ed.): Ruhr area architecture. Architecture guide present and future. Signs + Space, Münster 2011, ISBN 978-3-00-030569-6 .
  • Tourist association for the city and district of Essen e. V. (Ed.): Essen. Ready to work! Happy to rest! Dedicated to visitors to the city by the tourist association for the city and district of Essen. HL Geck, Essen 1913.
  • Sigrid Watzlawik : Visions in Stone - Modern Building in Essen 1910–1930 (= Essen historically. Volume 3. Editor Nobert Beleke ). Nobel Verlag GmbH, Essen 1998, ISBN 3-922785-49-2 .
  • Robert Welzel: Forays in Essen. From house to house through nine centuries (= Essener Streifzüge. Volume 2). Klartext Verlag , Essen 2016, ISBN 978-3-8375-1625-8 .
  • Robert Welzel: Forays in Essen. Departure to Art Nouveau (= Essener Streifzüge. Volume 3). Klartext Verlag, Essen 2018, ISBN 978-3-8375-2034-7 .
  • Various booklets of the Rheinische Kunststätten ( complete directory ).

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Watzlawik, p. 5 and p. 6.
  2. ↑ Watzlawik, p. 4.
  3. ↑ Watzlawik, p. 33.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g Krüssmann, p. 25
  5. ↑ Watzlawik, p. 7.
  6. ↑ Watzlawik, p. 7.
  7. ↑ Excerpt from the list of monuments of the city of Essen, St. Clemens ; accessed on June 8, 2015
  8. ↑ Excerpt from the list of monuments of the city of Essen, Romanische Haus , accessed on June 8, 2015
  9. ↑ Clemen, pp. 57-58.
  10. ↑ a b The Essen town halls. A historical picture sheet on Essen.de.
  11. ↑ Clemen, p. 55.
  12. ↑ Extract from the list of monuments of the city of Essen
  13. ↑ Extract from the list of monuments of the city of Essen
  14. ↑ Clemen, p. 103.
  15. ↑ Clemen, pp. 103f.
  16. ↑ Clemen, p. 58.
  17. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 90, No. 33 [Elisabeth Hospital, architects Otto Krämer / Peter Sistenich, built in 1913, location: Huttrop, Moltkestrasse 61.]: “The original baroque furnishings”.
  18. ↑ On the 300th birthday of the founder. (PDF; 3.7 MB) (No longer available online.) Fürstin-Franziska-Christine-Stiftung, May 16, 1996, archived from the original on April 1, 2013 ; Retrieved December 6, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ffc-stiftung.de
  19. ↑ Clemen, p. 93.
  20. ↑ Clemen, p. 56.
  21. ↑ Unless otherwise stated, the following section follows the chapter on the size development of food in Essen. Ready to work! Happy to rest! ... on p. 34f.
  22. ^ Tourist office , Essen. Ready to work! Happy to rest! ... , pp. 31, 34.
  23. ↑ Unless otherwise stated, the following section follows the chapter From Essen's Past in Essen. Ready to work! Happy to rest! ... on p. 31f.
  24. ^ Tourist office , Essen. Ready to work! Happy to rest! ... , p. 32.
  25. ^ Tourist office , Essen. Ready to work! Happy to rest! ... , p. 32.
  26. ↑ Extract from the list of monuments of the city of Essen
  27. ↑ Extract from the list of monuments of the city of Essen
  28. ↑ Kurt Westhoff et al., Pp. 179f.
  29. ↑ Extract from the list of monuments of the city of Essen
  30. ↑ Excerpt from the list of monuments of the city of Essen : "It is a solid, plastered building laid out on a polygonal ground plan with 2-3 storeys in historical design."
  31. ↑ School history on Carl-humann.de: "The building was designed in the style of the" German Renaissance ", as it was estimated at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century:"
  32. ↑ Kellen, p. 156.
  33. ↑ Waechtler, p. 37: “The building of the Royal Railway Directorate on Bismarckplatze is executed in a modern Renaissance style ; The stairwell and the conference room are remarkable. "
  34. ↑ Kellen, pp. 143-144.
  35. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 85 [Essen-Werden town hall, architects Karl Großkopf / Johann Kunz, built in 1912, location: Werden, Werdener Markt 1]
  36. ^ Tourist office , Essen. Ready to work! Happy to rest! ... , p. 17.
  37. ↑ Kellen, p. 93.
  38. ↑ Kellen, p. 99.
  39. ↑ Kellen, p. 101.
  40. ↑ From the history of the Jewish community in the German-speaking area. Essen (North Rhine-Westphalia) on jewische-gemeinden.de
  41. ↑ a b Monument Path. Synagogue in Gerswidastraße , on media.essen.de
  42. ^ Tourist office , Essen. Ready to work! Happy to rest! ... , pp. 31, 34.
  43. ↑ Unless otherwise stated, the following section follows the chapter on the size development of food in Essen. Ready to work! Happy to rest! ... on p. 34f.
  44. ↑ a b Krüssmann, p. 26 [From Reform to New Building]
  45. ↑ Unless otherwise indicated, the following section follows the chapter Reform-oriented networks in matters of urban development by Krüssmann on p. 20f.
  46. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 23
  47. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 17.
  48. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 73, no. 16 [Ermschergenossenschaft, architect: Wilhelm Kreis, built in 1910, location: Südviertel, Kronprinzenstraße 24.]
  49. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 87, No. 30 [Althoff department store, architects: Wilhelm Kreis, Philipp Schäfer, built in 1912, location: center, Limbecker Straße]
  50. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 81, No. 24 [building trade school, architect: Edmund Körner, built in 1911, location: Südviertel, Robert-Schmidt Strasse 1–3.]
  51. ↑ Extract from the list of monuments of the city of Essen
  52. ^ Watzlawik, p. 82.
  53. ^ Watzlawik, p. 82.
  54. ↑ cf. Watzlawik, p. 82.
  55. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 83, No. 26 [Goethegymnasium, architects: Hans Tietmann / Karl Wolff / Laurenz Lander / Otto Herold, built in 1912, location: Bredeney, Ruschenstraße 1.]
  56. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 92, no. 35 [teacher seminar, architect: Albert Erbe, built in 1914, location: Huttrop, Seminarstrasse 9-13.]
  57. ^ Krüssmann, p. 90, no. 33 [Elisabeth Hospital, architects Otto Krämer / Peter Sistenich, built in 1913, location: Huttrop, Moltkestrasse 61.]
  58. ^ A b Eduard Berdel: The "Ceramic Central" in Essen . In: Interior decoration: my home, my pride; the entire art of living in pictures and words , 1913, pp. 273–282. ( online )
  59. ↑ Extract from the list of monuments of the city of Essen
  60. ↑ Extract from the list of monuments of the city of Essen
  61. ↑ Watzlawik, p. 86.
  62. ↑ Watzlawik, p. 86.
  63. ↑ Watzlawik, p. 86.
  64. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 91 [Synagogue, architect Edmund Körner, built in 1913, location: center, Steeler Straße 29 / Edmund-Körner-Platz 1]
  65. ↑ Jewish history of Essen
  66. ↑ Klapheck, p. 5: "Monumental Building"
  67. ↑ Klapheck, p. 6: "The protection of the local place and landscape is also the main condition for a synagogue".
  68. ↑ a b excerpt from the list of monuments of the city of Essen
  69. ↑ Extract from the list of monuments of the city of Essen
  70. ^ Krüssmann, p. 91 [Eick-Haus, architect: Georg Metzendorf, built in 1915, location: center, Kettwiger Straße 1]
  71. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 87, No. 30.
  72. ↑ Unless otherwise indicated, the following section follows the chapter A general plan for the center of Krüssmann on p. 24f.
  73. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 24.
  74. ↑ Watzlawik, p. 33.
  75. ↑ a b c Krüssmann, p. 26.
  76. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 121 [Badedekerhaus, architect Ernst Bode, built in 1928, location: center, Kettwiger Straße 35]
  77. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 99 [Parkfriedhof, architect Ernst Bode, built in 1924, location: Huttrop, Am Parkfriedhof.]
  78. ↑ a b excerpt from the list of monuments of the city of Essen
  79. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 158, No. 101 [Heroldhaus, architect: Emil Jung, built in 1955, location: center, Kennedyplatz 3]
  80. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 199.
  81. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 139, no. 82 [St. Josef in front of the bridge, architect: Emil Jung, location: Kettwig, Heiligenhausener Straße 2]
  82. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 144, no. 88 [St. Stephanus, architect: Emil Jung, built in 1953, location: Holsterhausen, An St. Stephanus 2]
  83. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 177, no. 120 [St. Ignatius, architect: Emil Jung, built in 1960, location: Holsterhausen, An St. Ignatius 10]
  84. ↑ Excerpt from the list of monuments of the city of Essen ( Memento of the original from January 4, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. '; offline  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cliolink.de
  85. ↑ Watzlawik, p. 4.
  86. ↑ Watzlawik, p. 4.
  87. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 39.
  88. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 33.
  89. ↑ Extract from the list of monuments of the city of Essen
  90. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 107, No. 50. [Main post office, architect: Wilhelm Hoeltz, built in 1924, location: center, Hachestraße 2.]
  91. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 110 No. 53 [Südwestfriedhof, architect Ernst Bode, built in 1926, location: Fulerum, Fulerumer Straße 15.]
  92. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 108 [Church of the Holy Guardian Angels, architect: Edmund Körner, built in 1925, location: Frillendorf, Auf der Litten 67.]
  93. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 102, No. 45. [Water tower Frillendorf, architect: Edmund Kröner, built in 1925, location: Frillendorf, Ernestinenstraße 253.]
  94. ↑ Watzlawik, p. 18.
  95. ↑ Watzlawik, p. 18.
  96. ↑ Watzlawik, p. 22.
  97. ↑ a b c Watzlawik, p. 20.
  98. ↑ cf. Krüssmann, p. 107, No. 50. [House of Technology (HdT), architect: Edmund Körner, built in 1925, location: center, Hollestrasse 1.]
  99. ↑ Rings, Josef (Heinrich) -Grugahalle ( Memento of the original from May 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at Karlsruhe Institute for Building and Art History @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / kg.ikb.kit.edu
  100. ↑ Rings, Josef (Heinrich) -Grugahalle photo at Karlsruhe Institute for Building and Art History
  101. ↑ a b excerpt from the list of monuments of the city of Essen
  102. ↑ Watzlawik, p. 65.
  103. ↑ Watzlawik, p. 65.
  104. ↑ cf. Watzlawik, pp. 60–65 [Ruhrhaus, Kronprinzenstrasse 37, architects: Georg Metzendorf and Jacob Schneider, construction period: 1922/1928].
  105. ↑ Unless otherwise stated, the chapter New Building / New Objectivity follows the chapter Secret Architecture Capital Essen by Krüssmann on p. 33f.
  106. ↑ a b c d Krüssmann, p. 33 [Secret Architecture Capital Essen].
  107. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 34 [Jewish youth center (Erich Mendelsohn) […].].
  108. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 132, no. 75 [St. Corpus Christi, architect: Ludwig Becker, built in 1932, location: Bochold, Wüstenhöferstraße 56]
  109. ↑ Krüssmann, S. 141, No. 84 [Hochtief-Haus, Architects: Kurt Bucerius, Theodor Kleemann, built in 1938, location: Südviertel, Rellinghauser Straße 53]
  110. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 641.
  111. ^ Krüssmann, p. 122, No. 65 [Deutschlandhaus, architect: Jacob Koerfer, built in 1929, location: center, Lindenallee 10]
  112. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 119, No. 62 [Allbauhaus I, architect: Ernst Knoblauch, built in 1928, location: center, horse market 5.]
  113. ↑ With the Allbau, the Einheitspreis AG moved in ( Memento of the original from May 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , July 12, 2013 at Lokalfieber.de  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / Lokalfieber.de
  114. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from May 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / Lokalfieber.de
  115. ^ Günter Streich: The exchange of black diamonds. Ruhr coal in Essen - history and stories , Essen 1996, p. 69.
  116. ^ Günter Streich: The exchange of black diamonds. Ruhr coal in Essen - history and stories , Essen 1996, p. 86.
  117. ↑ Drawing - Ruhrkohlehaus Essen ( Memento of the original dated May 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on Auberg.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.auberg.de
  118. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 119, No. 62 [Lazarettstraße hospital, architect: Emil Jung, built in 1937, location: center, Lazarettstraße 7.]
  119. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 125, no. 68 [Lazarettstrasse hospital, architect: Alfred Fischer, built in 1929, location: Südviertel, Kronprinzenstrasse 35.]
  120. ↑ Extract from the list of monuments of the city of Essen
  121. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 22
  122. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 129 No. 72 [Gemarhaus, architect: Hans Schäfer, built in 1930, location: Holsterhausen, Gemarkenstraße 35]
  123. ↑ GEMAR house image on duven.de
  124. ↑ Gemar-Haus picture on derwesten.de
  125. ↑ "A stroke of luck that this building is still standing" , March 29, 2014
  126. ↑ Watzlawik, p. 68.
  127. ↑ Watzlawik, p. 69.
  128. ↑ cf. Watzlawik, p. 69.
  129. ↑ vgk, Watzlawik, p. 70.
  130. ↑ Unless otherwise stated, the following section follows the chapter Lost Architectural Precious Objects by Krüssmann on p. 34f.
  131. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 34f.
  132. ^ I. Wittig: Otto Bartning work database. - Melanchthon Church (converted steel church) on http://www.otto-bartning.de
  133. ↑ Essen-Holsterhausen: former Melanchthon Church (1928)
  134. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 113 [private house and studio Körner, architect Edmund Körner, built in 1928, place Huttrop, Moltkestrasse 50]
  135. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 119, no. 62 [Stadtbad Altenessen, architect: Ernst Bode, built in 1930, location: Altenessen, Altenessener Straße 393.]
  136. ↑ Extract from the list of monuments of the city of Essen
  137. ↑ Extract from the list of monuments of the city of Essen
  138. ↑ Extract from the list of monuments of the city of Essen
  139. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 131 [Jewish funeral hall Parkfriedhof, architects Ernst Bode, Hermann Finger, built in 1931, location: Huttrop, Schulzstraße (at the Parkfriedhof)]
  140. ↑ Unless otherwise indicated, the following section follows the chapter Mental and physical clear-cutting by Krüssmann on p. 41f.
  141. ↑ Krüssmann, pp. 39-40.
  142. ↑ a b Former Gau memorial  in the German Digital Library
  143. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 42
  144. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 25
  145. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 75, No. 18.
  146. ↑ The Grundmann merchant family - escape with a prefabricated house on WAZ.
  147. ↑ a b c d e f g Krüssmann, p. 42.
  148. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 42.
  149. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 42.
  150. ↑ Ute Reuschenberg: Peter Friedrich Schneider (1901–1981). Architect of armaments and reconstruction on the Rhine and Ruhr. An approximation. In: Preservation of monuments in the Rhineland , Volume 30, 2013, No. 1, p. 15.
  151. ↑ cf. Krüssmann, p. 42.
  152. ↑ Unless otherwise stated, the following section follows the chapter on reparations, inflation, and Ruhrkampf von Krüssmann on p. 23 f.
  153. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 24.
  154. ↑ Essen then and now
  155. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 24.
  156. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 38.
  157. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 38.
  158. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 38.
  159. ↑ Krüssmann, pp. 39-40.
  160. ↑ Former Gau-Ehrenmal, Essen, Emil Fahrenkamp on bildindex.de
  161. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 40.
  162. ↑ Krüssmann on p. 43
  163. ↑ a b Krüssmann, p. 47.
  164. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 143, no. 86 [Amerikahaus (Europahaus), architect: Hermann Gehring, built in 1952, location: center, Kennedyplatz 7]
  165. ↑ German Architecture Forum> Architecture, Urban Development and Construction: Regional Topics> Essen: Then and Now : "1951–1952 Amerika-Haus Ruhr - Europahaus - Kennedyhaus ( Hermann Gehring )"
  166. ↑ a b German Architecture Forum> Architecture, Urban Development and Construction: Regional Topics> Essen: then and now : "1951–1952 Amerika-Haus Ruhr - Europahaus - Kennedyhaus ( Hermann Gehring )"
  167. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 142, No. 85 [Grillo-Theater, architect: Heinrich Seeling, built in 1892, location: center, Theaterplatz 11]
  168. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 51
  169. ↑ Krüssmann, p. 142 [Grillo-Theater, architect: Heinrich Seeling, built in 1892, location: center, Theaterplatz 11]
  170. ↑ Justice Center Essen on architektur-Bildarchiv.de. Note: Click on the reliefs and a very large image of the individual reliefs will appear.
  171. ↑ s. Wulf Mämel: Chronicle of the events. In: Dietmar N. Schmidt (Ed.): Alvar Aalto's theater in Essen. 1988, p. 195f.