Red fox fur

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Red fox skins

Red foxes are found on all continents with the exception of Antarctica. The variety of races and the diversity of the skins is correspondingly large.

The article deals with the red fox fur as a commodity and the products made from it, in addition to the fur of the European red fox, the species and varieties assigned to red foxes in the fur industry .

Are not covered here, the color varieties cross fox , platinum fox , silver fox fur and Golden Iceland .

history

Verdon Gorge ; re-enacted prehistoric scene with red fox hat (alopecis)

Over the millennia one can understand the coexistence of cult fur clothing and hunter's fur camouflage, it also determines the character of the fur costumes of antiquity. Famous in antiquity was the alopecis , a Thracian fox fur hat from what is now Romania and Bulgaria. It is depicted on various vase paintings, a tail hung behind, two studded ear flaps were on the sides and there was a high bow on the cap.

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The economic use and cultural reception of the desert fox or fennec go back far into human history. In the Neolithic Regenfeld site near Dachla , around 7000 year old fennec bones were found, which prove their use as food. The fennec can already be found in pre-dynastic times on an ivory tablet from the grave of Scorpion I , who ruled ancient Egypt in the Naqada III period (approx. 3200 BC) . Even in ancient Egyptian times, attempts were probably made to domesticate the fennec in order to use it as a supplier of meat and fur; the hieroglyph shown there shows three fennec skins tied together. Later it was sold by Arab hunters to the population of oases who used it in a similar way.

In the early Middle Ages , red fox skins, also known as land foxes , were used in the fur industry . However, they were not considered to be particularly valuable and were mainly used by the common people for hats, sleeves , blankets and footmuffs , but also for warm fur linings for coats and jackets, then often separated into back and dewlap, with the belly side with its long soft side Hair and the pretty drawing was more popular and expensive than the back fur.

Red fox skins did not belong to the class of noble skins . So there was among Cologne Skinning the "Buntwerk- or gray workmen" that the valuable sables , marten skins , squirrel skins and ermine skins were allowed to process the "lambs words" where the lower fur species like fox furs, Kaninfelle and sheepskins were reserved. In the Middle Ages estimated highest skins delivered ermine and sable, followed marten, beaver, lynx, white, black fox fur , blue fox fur and the fur of the imported Edelrotfuchses. The lower classes wore the skins of the red-brown squirrel, the common land fox, as well as deer, deer, hare and sheepskin. The remnants of the different types of fur were also processed together, the name " Allerleirauh " for this product used for fur lining and for external trimmings is only known to us from the Grimm fairy tale.

The Hanseatic League was the first to trade in red fox skins in the 14th century. Deliveries were mainly made from Russia.

The importance of the red fox fur in the fur trade began in 1776 when the Hudson's Bay Company began sending fur from Alaska and Canada to London auctions . They were equivalent to beaver pelts in exchange for Native American people . In the beginning there were only a few skins, but over the years it has become one of the most important commercial and manufacturing articles in the international fur industry.

In 1762 it was stated for the use of the various fur parts of the red fox, most of which came from Poland: “The pale throats are cut out for our hussar officers to serve. The backs and sides are used for food, the tail for ruff for country folk in winter ” .

  • Red fox-lined men's cape (Italy, late 1547)

  • Red fox gentleman's muff (England, around 1705)

  • Self-portrait Johann Zoffany with a red fox collar and very realistically depicted, somewhat worn fox cuffs (around 1776)

  • Madame Molé-Reymond with red fox muff (1786)

In Leipzig, before 1900, the red fox skins, separated into dewlaps and backs, were pre-made into so-called "feed" before they were sold to the furriers for further processing . About 2/3 of the dorsal fur remained on the dewlaps. At that time, many furs also went to the Orient from the fur trade center in Leipziger Brühl . Before that, the tails and paws were cut off and sold separately, the tails for boas, the paws for the production of fox-claw food as far as China, where they were put together to make sheets of fur the size of a jacket. Turkey was also a buyer for the particularly red American foxes, which were not so popular elsewhere at the time. The narrow back strips mostly went to Greece, the dewlaps to Russia. In Russia, where most European land foxes were traded around 1900, it was customary anyway to process the fox parts individually, for example separately into necks, throats, dewlaps and claws. This had the advantage that pieces with the same hair length always came together harmoniously.

  • Fur tails (here red fox and marten) as a typical accessory for fools
    (Pieter Bruegel the Elder: Die Krüppel , 1598)

  • Schwenninger Fools with Red Fox Tail Whips (2014)

The tobacco shop Emil Brass boasts that his father was the first to produce foxtail boas in 1872. However, a natural history from the 17th century already reports on the fox tail: it was often tied around the neck on winter trips, but it was also used “to sweep the dust off paintings.” In the last decade of the 19th century, people from Leipzig Specialty shops deliver around 60,000 to 100,000 fox tails a week in the various colors of the then prevailing tail fashion. Up to thirty followers belonged to a “decent” set, and the boadreher also wanted to use fox ware in addition to squat and hare fur . At that time , a thousand whole foxes were dipped in the colors required for tails and quickly cut into turn-ups in order to be twisted into tails. Fuchs was the trading slogan, Fuchs did the main business in the furrier shop and Fuchs was the master of the fur dye house. Better types of tails were used with preference on foot pocket trimmings. Cut into strips, they were also stapled on canvas for lining, even if this work cannot be called too solid . An idea that was picked up again by a Scandinavian company in the 1980s. Only now you cut noble fox skins into very narrow strips, sew them, often in pretty patterns, onto lining materials and thus achieve beautiful effects with astonishingly little fur material.

On the left the fox major of the Düsseldorf student union Burgundia with his identification mark, the red fox tail (2016)

Another furrier textbook mentioned 1914 fox tails as a badge of many round tables usual 'pub' tails', not to mention the " Fuchs majors " in the fraternity and his " stark Little Vixen ," whose youthful head to the outer feature desired ingenuity adorn the "Fuchs colors" ...! In some Swiss connections, the fox major wears a fox fur crossed across the lady's ribbon in addition to the fox tail on the headgear. In 1895, jewelry for harnesses and as an electricity generator is mentioned as a use that is no longer in use in our country today . By the way, until the import ban on domestic cat skins at the beginning of 2010, cat skins were still used in Germany to detect electrical charges , plastics and other things, for example at technical inspection associations and at schools.

Automobile driver's red fox coat, Paris (1900)
Ágost Egerváry Potemkin (1858–1930): Lady with a red fox necklace

Until about the 1940s - but especially from the 19th century to the golden 1920s - small items made of fur, such as sleeves , scarves, fur stoles , collars, etc., but above all also fur necklaces , that are scarves in the shape of fur with heads, played , Paws and tails, a significant role in fashion. Here, "the dyed country fox was a sought-after item for trimmings because it nestles well because of its softness" (For the production of a red fox necklace, see → Pelzkollier # How to work a red fox necklace ).

Shortly before the end of the Second World War, the Scandinavian actress Kristina Söderbaum came to German cinemas with the film “ Opfergang ”. At the time, hardly any woman could fulfill the dream of her apparently impressive red fox coat , but between the end of the war and the currency reform in 1945/1948 it became the big fashion hit , along with American nylon stockings .

In 1864, according to the fur trader Lomer, 100,000 German land foxes came onto the market every year; by 1911, according to his colleague Brass, it was a quarter of a million. Around 1923/24 Brass calculated the world production of red fox fur at around 2.7 million pieces. Around the same amount, 2.5 million is the name of the "IPA" in 1930, the legendary international fur exhibition in Leipzig in the fur industry. In 1950 the total is given as 1.15 million. Around 1968 it was assumed that the amount was lower, << “definitely around 30%” - since the European and Australian, but then also the American, yields of red fox skins have since declined sharply. The Soviet Union exported ... 396,000 red foxes in 1938, ... 110,000 in 1960 and only 70,000 in 1965. >> As far as they are known, later information is given for the individual varieties.

Video of the International German Red Fox Award 2016

The red fox was so common in Germany “that its annual tithe through hunting and catching - which calculated from 1939 to 1945 according to Müller-Using, z. B. comprised 350,000 pieces - hardly noticeable traces in today's inventory ” . After the officially prescribed stalking, which was mainly carried out in the 1970s to 1980s, was restricted due to the rabies transmitted by foxes, the fox populations, which had meanwhile decreased considerably, increased again. However, the fur used by the red foxes killed is only used to a very limited extent in Germany. In order to promote the use of red fox skins, the International German Red Fox Award was presented for the first time in 2011 as part of the international design competition of the German furrier trade with the support of a hunter newspaper , which has been repeated annually since then. As of 2019 A similar competition is taking place in Austria.

  • From Central European red fox skins (2020)

  • Jacket, sheared and colored differently

  • Short overall, sheared

  • Beanbag

  • Inner lining, cross processing

  • Men's jacket, camouflage, sheared

Appearance

Coat made from fur of German red foxes at a fashion show in Gelsenkirchen (1983)
Red fox fur in customs: fur devils of the village guild Bad Saulgau (2006)

Typical is the fox and brick red color, the often black or brownish yellow interspersed upper side of the body, the white throat, the white breast and the white tip of the tail. However, the colors are unlimited, even between the European darker fire and carbon Fuchs , the lighter black grouse or gold fox and the black-bellied Moor Fuchs there are significant differences. In addition to the red color, which gives it its name, there are shades from pale red to deep dark to flame red, from pale yellow, sand and clay colors, gray-yellow, beige, etc. In the fur industry, it is said that “ no two fox fur is the same ”. Hardly any other fur animal shows such differences in length, density and fineness of its hair. The winter fur in particular is geographically and individually very variable, the red fox is the mammal with the largest number of different origins.

The hairs are short to long, silky to coarse, mostly dense. The undercoat is fine and soft; generally dense to very dense (stocky). The back has the longest hair, the hair is much shorter on the sides up to the dewlap. Sometimes there is a frill-like hanging on the neck. Many pelts have bald patches on the chest. They come from dams that removed the hair on their teats while they were suckling.

The length of the hair and how lush and soft the fur is depends on the climatic conditions in the landscape. In the north the hair is thick, it is long, soft, silky, in the south the hair growth is sparse, the hair shorter and coarser. The length of the awn is 69 mm in the fur of northern origin, that of the underhair on average 52 mm, in Central Asia 48 and 35 mm. The skins from Yakutia are particularly soft. The so-called agouti ring, a light-colored ring below the tip of the black hair, is typical of red fox hair. A strong frosting of the hair is often a sign of the fur of an old fox in winter fur. The beginning of the hair change also depends on the geographical location, it starts earlier and earlier towards the north and east. Accordingly, the winter fur develops there earlier, which is then only removed again later in spring.

The spring hair change first affects the neck and shoulders, and then slowly moves onto the trunk. The neck and neck are then often almost or completely bare, but the back fur from winter is still densely matted. Often the whole body is directly affected by the hair change, sometimes so much that the skin is completely bare, especially on the legs and flanks. The undercoat and top coat often come off in more or less matted tufts.

With its dark color, the red fox's first youthful dress is similar to that of the silver or black fox. The color of the first summer dress is more similar to the coat of the adult fox.

The shelf life coefficient for the silky varieties, including Alaska, Canada, Labrador, North Scandinavians, North Russians, fine Siberians or Kamchatka, was assumed to be 40 to 50 percent, for the coarser varieties 50 to 60 percent. When fur animals are divided into the hair fineness classes silky, fine, medium-fine, coarse and hard, the hair of the noble red foxes (Alaska, Northern Canada, Labrador, Northern Sweden, Finns, Laplanders - Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yenisei, Yakuts, Okhotsk) , Kamchatka; Mongols) as fine, that of the South American fox (the finer varieties) as medium and that of the land fox as coarser.

The coat sizes are as different as the colors. They range from 60 to 100 cm plus 35 to 40 cm tail length down to the desert fox ( fennec ) with 38 to 40 cm and a tail of 18 to 31 cm.

Subspecies and varieties

Reversible vest made of red fox sponges (2010)

Illustrations of different origins can be found at the end of the article.

Even with the European-Asian breeds, the fur trade, together with the Asian steppe foxes, distinguishes almost forty different varieties: “ All of this is a red fox among foxes, which is neither cross, silver, black, white, blue, putty, or gray fox or of South American origin ". Occasionally, however, the fur trade also classifies kit and gris foxes as well as North American "prairie foxes" under the red foxes. The South American foxes, which are usually erroneously referred to as "jackals" (jackal foxes), are also traded as South American red foxes (1988). In general, the tobacco trade calls all canine-like predators from South America foxes.

The following is a list of the origins with their characteristics, it essentially follows Franke / Kroll, " which, however, cannot claim to be complete ".

A. Europe

The red foxes from Central and Western Europe are known as land foxes .

The country fox fur is 60 to 90 cm long, and the tail is 25 to 50 cm long. The dense undercoat is slightly wavy; light gray to dark gray at the bottom, reddish and yellowish to gray-white in the upper area. The awns are strong; gray in the lower part, yellow-red to rust-red above. In the upper part of the hair there are often yellowish to white-gray rings, especially in the rear area of ​​the fur. The neck, shoulders and middle of the fur usually have a darker, more intense red. Throat, dewlap and the inside of the paws are white, white-gray, gray to yellow-brownish. The thin-haired paws have a black stripe on the top; the sole is only thin and hairy flat. The tail is thick and bushy; the tips of its awns are black; the tip of the tail is white.

Coat made of 24 German land foxes, range of hunters (1999)
White-spotted fur in the lower hair,
probably from the Rhineland
combed up pump section
All the fur
Shorn, white-spotted red fox jacket (from a furrier in the Rhineland, 2013)
Breeding gold fox skins (2009)

Specially designated color varieties are:

  • Burnt or cabbage fox : dark, with a blackish-gray underside.
  • Black fox or gold fox: light red color, breast and belly side white.
  • Bog fox : with a black belly.
  • Silver fox : black, silvered to different degrees (see silver fox fur ).
  • Platinum fox : Mixture of white, dark to black, also silvery hair (see platinum fox fur ).
  • Cross or spotted fox : hybrid between red and silver fox (see cross fox fur ).

The best German red fox skins came from Pomerania , Mecklenburg , Holstein and Bavaria , the Bavarian mountain foxes are especially valued, allegedly the Rhineland and neighboring France provide lower quality; the fur lexicon, on the other hand, names the "Rhineland fox " as a beautiful, full-haired fox . From Switzerland came skins that were even better than those from Germany. In 1814 it says: “ We get yellow fox hides from Switzerland; they go to the Turkey, and are particularly sought after for serves. "

  • Western Europe ( Pyrenees Peninsula, France)
Small to medium in size; mostly flat, coarse in the hair. Reddish to gray-brown. - French foxes: leather mostly on the outside. - Spain: Small, light yellowish, steppe fox character. Predominantly broadly spanned.
  • Northwest Europe (England, Ireland)
Medium-sized; half smoke , red; Irish larger and particularly strong in the hair. Delivery open.
  • Southern Europe
Italy : flat, smaller; Apennines foxes smoke well; light reddish; Steppe fox character. The fur is strongly mixed with whitish-gray ringed awns.
Danube , Balkans and Adriatic regions : Medium in size; half smoke; partly silky, partly coarse; red-gray. The light yellowish-gray skins from Turkey were the best known, some of which came from Asia Minor .
Bessarabia , Moldova , Transylvania : Medium in size; flat; partly silky; pale red to yellow-red.
Carpathian Mountains : Large; smoke; long-haired, silky; pale red.
Greece, Macedonia : Small to medium size; flat, coarser; gray-brown. Greek foxes are among the least valuable European varieties.
  • Central Europe

Medium to large pelts; half smoke to smoke; silky to coarse; reddish, partly traded as land foxes. The so-called Podolian foxes from southern Poland and the Ukraine have the character of a steppe, as they come from there.

  • Northern Europe

Long-haired; silky to coarse; pale red to deep red:

Lapland (Finland) : Best quality.
Norway : Smaller, but very silky.
Sweden : Very tall, especially from central and southern Sweden, but coarser hair.
Russia : Different qualities and sizes; silky to coarse; yellowish red to dark red.
Among the fine-haired Russian fox was expected, the Livonian and Estonian foxes as well as from the Baltic landscape Kurland .
B. Australia

The Australian red fox is comparable in type to the English. The annual production was 400,000 skins around 1988, since then the demand has decreased considerably. The skins are sold without paws, cut open and air-dried.

C. Asia
1. Soviet Union (Asian parts)
Coat made of Mongolian red foxes, winning part of a model competition (approx. 1990)
Siberia : Medium to large in size; smoke; silky; yellowish reddish; mostly stretched wide, making the skins appear smaller. The brownish skins are called Chernoburi (black brown); A brownish silver fox type is also commercially available under the same name.
Starting from the west ( Urals ), the qualities and colors gradually become more valuable towards the east. The best quality come from Eastern Siberia .
Kamchatka : Medium in size; smoke, silky; flame red (also called Ogniowka = fire fox). In addition to Alaska , Northern Canada and Labrador, the finest occurrence.
Jakutski and Tomsky : Medium in size; particularly silky; dark red.
Tobolsky : Very big; very smoke; coarser; red.
Yenisiski : A bit lighter, very silky.
Lensky : Same size and smoke; but less silky; red.
Amursky : large; hard-haired; red with gray tips, partly pale red.
Sabaikalsky : large; smoke; less silky; bright red.
Altaisky : Smaller; less smoke; pubescent; light red to very pale.
West Siberian : Large; less smoke; rough; bright red.
East Siberian : Large; almost black-brown; the fur is sold as “chernoburi”.
Semipalatinsker : Medium in size; smoke; silky; very bright, Mongolian.
Ferganaer : small; smoker; pubescent; light yellow and gray.
Tashkenter : Very small; very flat; medium silky; light gray.

In 1911 Brass still found the Kargan fox (Vulpes carganus), “ which occurs frequently in Central Asia and the steppe areas of southwestern Siberia. It is pale yellowish, the belly white, the tail small but soft, almost whitish, mixed with individual black hairs. The claws yellowish-gray, also mixed with black hair. Over 150,000 of these skins are sold, but many skins are also consumed locally, as Russia exports several hundred thousand of these Karganer tails every year. The current value is approx. 8 Mk. Each. “Werner mentions two years later that Kargan foxes were processed in significant quantities by Chinese furriers who lived near Irbit , and that the tails were particularly sought after at the time because they could be dyed in the fantasy colors and then in the Colors of marten, sable and Isabella to be processed by tail twists into new, luscious tails. The term Karganer-Fuchs, also the Latin name, is apparently no longer in use.

Pre-made tablets made from Mongolian foxes
The Russian standard names 38 traditions (provenances):
1. Kamchatka   9. Sabaikalsky 17. Vologdasky 25. Central 33. Cubans
2. Ochotsky 10. Mongolians 18. Bashkirs 26. South-Central 34. Donets
3. Jakutsky 11. Tomsky 19. Kazan 27. Middle Volga 35. North Caucasians
4. Lensky 12. Altaisky 20. North-West 28. South Volga 36. Armenians
5. Jennisseisky 13. West Siberians 21. Semipalatinsker 29. Western 37. Semiretschensky
6. Tobolsky 14. North Urals 22. Orenburg 30. Northern Ukrainians 38. Tashkenter
7. Primorsky 15. West Urals 23. Kazakhstan 31. Central Ukrainians
8. Amursky 16. Northern 24. North-Central 32nd South Ukrainians

The Russian supply in 1987 was 8,000 skins, some of which came from farms.

2. Other Asia
Arabia : Very small and flat.
Turkey : Small to medium-sized, particularly flat, light yellowish (desert character) or light gray.
Armenia , Erzerum , Anatolia : Large; pubescent; yellow-brown, also gray.
Afghanistan : Partly quite long-haired; light yellow. Afghan foxes are very small, not more than 50 cm long, with a tail 35 to 41 cm long. However, Sillero-Zubiri specifies a head body length of up to 80 centimeters for the males and 76.5 centimeters for the females. According to Geffen, the foxes in the United Arab Emirates are significantly larger than the individuals in Israel, with an average length of 74.4 centimeters for the males and 71.1 centimeters for the females. According to Sillero-Zubiri 2009, the length of the tail is 26 to 35.5 centimeters in males and 29 to 35 centimeters in females, and 33 to 41 centimeters according to Geffen 1994.
Kazakhstan : Small; flat; silky; light gray.
Mongolia : Large; depending on the origin, smoky, silky; light yellow to gray. The most popular are from Western Mongolia. The West Mongolian fox is similar to the good Russian Altheisky, it is just a little fluffier and not as strong in the hair. In the past, Western Mongolian pelts were often sold without front paws, a major shortcoming at a time when fur necklaces , fur shawls with paws, head and tail were very fashionable. The locals made hats out of their paws, or they had to hand them in when they picked up their premium. Eastern Mongolian pelts are smokers, they are also quite strong, they mostly still had their front paws.
Tibet, Bengal , India : Small; flat; silky; pale yellow to gray-yellow or light gray.

The Kingfox or Bengal fox is the most common species in all of the Indian suburbs ; from a zoological point of view, he is not a red fox. At 50 to 55 cm, it is much smaller than the red fox, and the tail is around 25 to 35 cm long. Compared to other Indian foxes, the fur is particularly silky. The color is light to dark gray, the underside white, the legs yellowish brown. The almost full-length tail is very bushy, it ends in a black tip. Only small amounts came into the trade, which were mostly sorted into the assortments of other foxes.

China : Large to Medium Size; Because of the different origins, very different in quality, partly Mongolian. Large; silky; yellow to gray; partly flat, partly hard-haired. The skins from southern origins resemble our small land foxes; reddish.
Manchuria : Redder than the yellowish Mongolian foxes. Smoke and fairly strong hair.

Gris fox skins (gray fox), kit fox skins and corsak fox skins are covered in other articles.

D. North America
A trapper combs the red fox fur for sale ( Brooks Range , Alaska ca.1981)

As with the Asian red foxes, the darkest, thickest fur of the North American red fox comes from the northern, more wooded areas, the lighter, more yellowish from more southern areas. North American foxes are similar in size to the Holstein and Mecklenburg land foxes, in some cases they are larger. The typical characteristics are the thick, woolly hair on the soles and the black stripes on the paws.

Alaska , Labrador , Halifax (Nova Scotia) : Large; very smoke; silky; all red shades to light pale, dewlap and sides lighter. In addition to the Kamchatka red foxes, the finest qualities come from here.
New York State , Pennsylvania , Ohio , Minnesota , Wisconsin : Slightly flatter; smaller; from dark to medium red.
Dakota, Montana : Lighter to yellow; taller and smoker.
The Northeastern Virginia Fox is large; smoke; silky; golden yellow. Virginian designates, as with some other types of fur, only the earlier trade route.
Middle and Southern States .
Magellan Fox Mantle (ca.1990)
E. South America

In the case of the South American foxes , the quality, according to the location in the southern hemisphere, the better ( smoker ) the more southern the occurrence.

As mentioned above, the term “South American foxes” covers the skins of all canine-like predators, and they are sometimes also referred to as “jackal” foxes. A distinction is made zoologically:

The head-torso length is 65 cm, plus the almost 30 cm long tail. Back and sides gray with black stripes on the center line. Tail top with black stripe and black tip. He is not traded. It used to be called "Azara fox", but this one belongs to the group of foxes (see below).
72 to 100 cm long, plus the tail 25 to 35 cm. Gray-brown with black stripes on the back and tail; lower half of the limbs dark brown to black. Thick, short hair. Not in the trade.
73 to 74 cm long, short, 10 to 15 cm long tail; Back and sides brown-reddish, head and neck slightly lighter yellowish, hind limbs dark brown, tail brown or blackish. Young animals are solid black. Also not in the trade.
It is considered the best provenance, the fur is very silky, but with a somewhat woolly character. The back is gray with a black stripe in the middle line of the body and the sides of the legs are reddish, a dark brown spot in the hollow of the knee, black tip of the tail. After the maned wolf, it is the largest wild dog in South America with a body length of 52 to 120 cm and a tail length of 30 to 51 cm.
The back and sides are gray, mottled black or mottled, the legs yellowish-red with a brown spot on the hollow of the knee. The front and rear paws are white and yellowish above, brown or black below. The head-trunk length is about 65 cm; the fur is similar to that of the jackal. For the first time around 1900, larger quantities came onto the market, 5000 to 6000 skins from Argentina. The trade names for the fur and the sub-varieties are: "Pata amarilla", "Aguarachai", "Cordoba Fox", "Entre Rios Fox", "Pampas fox", "Provincia Fox" (is also used for the Maikong ), "San Luis Fox ”,“ Azara Fox ”and“ Zorro des pais ”.
The animal, which is widespread in Argentina, south of the pampas fox, has a gray-yellowish fur with some black hair on the back. Dewlap and throat are white, the tail length is about 35 cm. The ears are strikingly long at 7.5 to 8.0 cm.
Its hard-haired fur is gray, on the outer sides of the legs more yellowish, the underside of the snout, a spot above the anal gland and the tip of the tail are black. In some males, an indistinct dark line of eel runs down the back. Partial melanism is common in this species, so that larger areas of the fur in individual animals can appear black. The head-trunk length is 58 to 71 cm, the tail length 25 to 35 cm.
  • Maned fox (maned wolf)
It is considered to be the most beautiful of all South American wild dogs, but its fur is not commercially available. The head-torso length is up to 107 cm, the tail length 39 cm. Back and sides are reddish brown to reddish yellow, the throat is pure white, the legs are black "boots"; there is a black mane on the back.

The maned fox is in Appendix II of the Washington Convention on Endangered Species , as is the Argentine gray fox, the pampas fox and the Tierra del Fuego.

The magellanic foxes are considered to be the best provenance (Tierra del Fuego, Patagonian foxes). They are among the largest foxes in South America; are very silky, but have a somewhat woolly appearance. Although not red, but light gray with black and silvery awns, they are traded as red foxes. The origins of Corduba and Provincia are large, hard-haired, and jackal-like. Chubut, Santa Cruz are significantly smaller, but silky.

The total annual number of South American foxes was estimated at half a million pelts in 1988.

F Africa
Head of a fox necklace made of Cape fox

African foxes , or the species listed here, zoologically belonging to the wild dogs, are hardly in the trade due to their thin and short hair:

  • The Cape fox is the only real fox and the smallest canine in southern Africa. It is also known as the Chama fox, Kama fox, or silverback fox.
The head-trunk length of the fox, which comes from Ethiopia and eastern Sudan, is around 100 cm, the tail is around 30 cm long. The fur is red-brown, throat and chin are colored white. The snout is elongated and fox-like. After two rabies epidemics, it was assumed in 2008 that only 500 animals of the species were still alive.
The Rüppellfuchs from the arid regions of North Africa and the Middle East is a lot smaller and slimmer than the local red fox, above all it has larger ears and relatively longer legs. Its fur is silver-gray to brownish on top, sand-colored or beige on the sides and whitish on the underside. There are also very light-colored specimens (the older the animals, the lighter the fur. Animals over five years old can be almost white). The white tip of the tail and a dark spot on the side of the snout that extends to the eye are characteristic. The head-trunk length is 40 to 52 centimeters, the tail length about 25 to 40 centimeters, on average the females are slightly smaller than the males. The rear foot length is on average 10 to 11 centimeters, the ear length 94 to 98 millimeters.
The pale fox from northern Africa is similar to the Cape fox . The legs and ears are quite long, the ears rounded at the tips. The basic color of the steppe dweller is light sand-colored, legs and occasionally the back are reddish brown. The underside, face and insides of the ears are lighter, sometimes almost white. In contrast to the roughly equal sized Rüppellfuchs, the pale fox has a black tip of its tail. The head-trunk length is about 40 cm, the tail is about 25 cm long.
  • Kamafuchs or Cape foxes from Cape Country , to Angola and Southern Rhodesia , not in Kruger Park. The back and top of the long, bushy tail are silver-gray, the head and legs pale yellow, characteristic are the large ears. After Brass, skins were only rarely sold, but from what was then German South West Africa ( Namibia ), “ but often the“ body ” made by the natives from the skins of this fox ”.
  • Fennec or desert fox from North Africa from the Sahara and neighboring areas as well as parts of the Sinai Peninsula . He is the smallest and most petite of all wild dogs. The fur is only 36 to 41 cm long, the tail 18 to 31 cm. The longest ears of all fox relatives are characteristic. Compared to other African fox species, the fur is longer-haired, woolly and soft; cream yellow with a slight rust brown tinge on the back or almost pure white. The dewlap is white; the face mask white with brown stripes. The tail is bushy with a coarse, black-brown tuft at the end. The fur was hardly traded (as of 1988), but is still offered to tourists in northern Africa.
  • Spoon fox or bat-eared fox , in its distribution area it is best placed with the Cape Fox, who but smaller ears and an even bushier tail has to be confused. The head-trunk length is 46 to 66 cm, plus 23 to 34 cm of tail. The hair of the undercoat is gray with white tips and about 3 cm long; the outer hairs are black with a white tip, they measure about 5.5 cm. The face shows a black mask drawing that is reminiscent of the raccoon .

Fox skins are partly closed, with the hair facing inwards or outwards, and also cut open in the dewlap. Red fox skins are used to make all kinds of fur clothing and blankets, mainly for trimmings, flat types are also occasionally pre-made into panels and then also used for lining.

Raw assortments for red foxes

Wine keeper from Tyrol with a floral headdress with two fox tails (19th century)

Around a third of the red foxes are auctioned, raw, at auctions (as of 1988), the rest goes on the open market. The auction goods are sorted into different qualities and types.

1. The Russian standard range
I. variety = pure flawless skins     II. ./. 25% = damaged and defective grade II
I. ./. 10% = very slightly defective of the I. kind II. ./. 50% = severely damaged type II
I. ./. 25% = damaged or defective type I. III. variety = so-called half (flat, strongly green leathered)
I. ./. 50% = severely damaged of the I. variety III. ./. 10% = slightly defective grade III
II. variety = Transition, ie slightly green-leather skins,
but perfect in the leather and hair		 III. ./. 25% = damaged or defective type III
II. ./. 10% = slightly defective grade II IV. variety = Rinds, very flat (summer skins)
Boys from Bashkiria with red fox hats (2011)
2. The Chinese red fox range

I. variety, II. Variety, III. Strain, low

3. The Mongolian fox range

About like the Russian one, but the sorting is much worse.

4. The German Fuchs range
Skulls = Selected (selected goods)
Prima white-leather = I. variety; perfect
Prima green leatherige = I. variety; slightly green leather
Three quarters = II. Variety; green leather (transition skins)
Half = III. variety
Quarter = IV. Variety
Rinds = Flat summer skins
slightly damaged
Damaged
shot
Standard range of Canadian and American foxes as well as the rest of the European red and hybrid foxes (crosses of red and silver foxes)
Come here: depends on the country
Sorts: I, I & No. 2, II, III, IV, slightly, damaged (slightly damaged), damaged (defective), pieces (skin part, weft), bastard
Colours: ex dark to ex pale
Sizes: XL (over 35 ″), LGE (30–35 ″), MED (27–30 ″), SMALL (under 27 ″)
Delivery: mostly closed, hair facing outwards

Refinement

The "lace" of fox skins (approx. 1904)

The →  fur finishing of red fox skins was developed into great artistry in the 1920s and 1930s. In addition to tipping into silver fox imitations, red foxes were "refined" into blue foxes. Since then, however, the fundamentals of finishing and tanning processes have improved significantly. In the past, the principle that a fox hide must never come into contact with water or any other liquid medium applied to the dressing of foxes. The cleaning was done exclusively by lautering with wood flour and knocking . This meant that the dirt, grease and matting, which are particularly significant in the red fox, could only be removed very imperfectly, so that the end product still had the smell of "game" to it . Modern finishing has the means to largely eliminate these deficiencies with wet processes. With reinforcing and fining processes, badly colored red foxes can now be improved in color. In the case of jackal-colored skins, the color nuances are changed more from gray to gray-blue through beauty. Weakly colored red foxes are improved by the addition of organic red components in the red component, which is particularly effective with Australian red foxes.

Red fox skins are processed in natural or colored fur, depending on requirements and fashion. If they are colored, mostly for stocking purposes, one can distinguish three color groups:

  • Colors that are used to try to imitate noble fox species, after which the imitation has the same color as possible, but not the fullness and hair length of the breeding noble fox species.
These include silver fox, cross fox and blue fox colors , the Kamchatka blend color and the so-called Mongolian bleaching . For the silver fox color, lighter red foxes are suitable, in which the hair already has too many white-gray to white awning tips after the pump . In the first half of the 20th century, good results were also achieved with “ tipping ” , in which bright guard hairs were glued into the colored red fox fur. Among other things, white badger hair, and recently goat hair, were used for this.

  • Red fox coat, colored green (Switzerland, 2011)

  • Red fox jacket, sheared (Switzerland, 2011)

Almost all red foxes are suitable for cross fox colors, especially those furs that already have a particularly pronounced, dark cross markings on the neck and shoulders.
Blue fox colors were also successfully dyed in various tints on red fox skins at the height of fox and long hair trimmings. All land foxes are suitable for the dark blue fox without exception. For light blue fox colors you already need light fox skins that are completely flawless in hair and leather so that they can withstand the bleaching process that precedes the dyeing.
For the Kamchatka red fox color, which was created around 1950, completely smoky, full-awn red fox skins are used.
Likewise for the Mongolian bleaching , the imitation of Mongolian foxes, for which only good, healthy, if possible smoky skins are suitable.
A special role among the fox colors played the Alaskafarbe , in which one also red foxes colored, the product was as Alaskafuchs or Sittkafuchs commercially. The initial coloring comes from FA Sieglitz & Co. in Leipzig-Lindenau. The appearance is similar to the black fox, which is a silver fox without silvering, i.e. without the silvery curling of the guard hairs. After dyeing, some of the Alaskan foxes were sharpened like a silver fox.
  • Colors used to mimic other types of fur.
Red fox skins of various origins are mainly dyed in sable, marten and skunk colors. All red fox skins are suitable for the dark skunk colors, the light foxes are suitable for dark marten colors, and for light marten colors they must also be of very good quality so that they can survive the bleaching.
  • Fashion colors, often coordinated with the current trend colors in the textile industry.
In the 1950s, a reference book following listed invented or fashion colors for Rotfuchsfelle: Beige - or sand color , amber , ivory , Isabella , fashion Brown , Black , Navy Blue , Dark Blue , slate blue , nightshade , Patagonischblau , silver blue , pigeon blue , slate and platinum .
Are suitable
Bright foxes for Isabella.
Good light colors (because of the bleach) for fashion brown, Isabella, beige and sand.
Selected, suitable for amber, ivory and beige.
Almost all for navy blue, dark blue, slate blue, nightshade and Patagonian blue (the more beautiful the skins, the better the result).
Only the bright Mongolian, Turkish and Persian foxes for pigeon blue, slate, platinum (are also bleached before dyeing).

In times when sheared and plucked furs were current, foxes were sheared again and again for this look without any major commercial success. The Swedish master furrier Gösta Svedbergh had red foxes of various origins plucked and sheared and dyed brown and black in 1942. He patented the process for the furs he called “Svedfox” in various countries. Another technical term for sheared foxes was seal fox, although it was hardly used. Today, as with other types of fur, shorn fox skins are usually given the suffix “velvet” or “soft” instead of “seal”, meaning velvet fox or soft fox . In the case of red foxes, shearing can create a very beautiful look that is similar to the phantom beaver . The recommended shear height was around 12 to 14 millimeters.

Red fox tail, self-deprecating attribute of the manta ray drivers (2020)

Processing, use

Like all fox skins, the red fox skin is still preferred for trimmings and smaller accessories, including waistcoats, but also for coats and jackets, depending on the fashion. As a very warm inner lining, it is rarely used in the age of heated cars and trains. With the first wave of long-hair fur fashion in the first quarter of the 19th century, due to the increased price, the era of mostly eight- to ten-skin car covers made of this material ended. In the 1990s, when red fox skins were again cheap, the fox blanket experienced a small renaissance as an attractive living accessory. While the red fox fur has always been used almost exclusively for women's fur, it has also found its way into men's fashion to a lesser extent: in the Middle Ages as an inner lining, later as a hunting muff and today as a trim or hood trimming.

Working on an inner lining from fox sponges (1895)

As with most types of fur, every part of the fur is processed by the red fox. The light belly sides, which often sloping down during processing, are used to make foxwamment panels, the barrels are used to make fox paw panels, incorrectly also called fox claw panels, the term claw should actually be reserved for the lamb extremities. These semi-finished products are then preferably processed into inner linings, but also into coats, jackets, vests and other things. The main place for the recycling of the fur residues in Europe is Kastoria in Greece as well as the smaller town Siatista, which is located nearby . Hood trimmings are made from the tails, they also serve as eye-catching key or bag tags, either in full length or as a pompom . In the 1970s, a fox's tail was a symbol for “ chubby ” Opel Manta drivers who used it to decorate their car antennas. Even a bonanza bike wasn't actually complete without a red fox tail at the same time.

For small pieces of fur, the red fox fur can be stretched (“ pointed ”) in any desired shape with its leather, which is very quick when tanned when it is damp .

  • Fuchs galonizing with leather strips for a necklace

  • Air gallooning of a red fox skin

  • Red fox cape in the air (2014)

For processing into longer jackets or coats, the skins are either placed in rectangles on top of and next to each other or left out . In the working technique of skipping , cutting and sewing, while reducing the width of the fur, create stripes in the length of the garment.

The Galonieren is actually less suitable because of the case coming to light dark hair lower, for red foxes. When galonizing, either narrow leather strips are used in the thicker back fur, or with air galonizing, the skin is stretched out with short, staggered incisions in the moist state and dried. In both cases there is an increase in area. For the use of wider leather strips, the term feathers has become common, according to the resulting pattern.

For an ungalonized red fox jacket the length of a fur, around nine to 15 fur is required for clothing size 40, and around 22 to 28 fur for a coat, whereby the material consumption can vary considerably depending on fur size, model and fashion.

  • Red fox fur leftover recycling

  • Semi-finished product from head pieces

  • Trim made of head pieces (around 1530)

  • Pillows made from paws on a red fox blanket

  • Arrow quiver made of paws for Western friends (Germany, 2011)

Origin (images)

  • Afghan fox

  • Afghan red fox

  • Amberfuchs (a red fox mutation, breed)

  • American red fox
    left west, right east

  • Andean jackal, "Tierra del Fuego"

  • Argentine gray fox

  • Argentine gray fox (Mendoza)

  • Argentine gray fox (Santa Cruz)

  • Maikong left female, right male (middle South American otter ).

  • Australian red fox

  • Brazilian battle fox

  • Bulgarian red fox

  • German red fox, dark mutation

  • Central Chinese red fox

  • European red fox

  • Mainland and island gray fox skins

  • Indian pearl fox

  • Indian red fox

  • Iranian red fox

  • Yugoslav red fox

  • Lapland red fox

  • Spoondog (africa)

  • Magellan Fox

  • Mongolian red fox

  • Pampas foxes

  • Russian red fox

  • Swedish red fox

  • Siberian red fox
    left central, right northwest

  • Syrian red fox

  • Turkish red fox

  • Canadian red fox

Numbers and facts

  • 1929
For around the 1928/1929 season, a price comparison, tanned, distinguishes furrier assortments (white and silver foxes are listed for comparison):
Asian trimmings 14 to 20 marks
Collar foxes, German, gef. best 75 to 85 marks
Collier foxes in light colors, best 100 to 140 marks
Noble foxes, necklace ware best 200 to 240 marks
White foxes , necklace ware best 300 to 385 marks
Silver foxes, breeding goods, the best necklace 1000 to 1500 marks

Untanned red fox skins, in the quality “East Prussia prima” achieved 27.50 to 45.00, “mountain fox heads” 50.00 to 65.00 Reichsmarks.

  • Before 1945 the maximum price for red fox skins was:
Labrador, Alaska 125 RM; best American 70 RM, -; colored 70 RM
Nordic red foxes: natural RM 88; colored 85 RM
Land foxes: natural or colored RM 88; 60 RM; 45 RM; 25 RM.
  • 1950s, quote: There were times when B. At the beginning of the fifties, when the normal red fox was right at the bottom in terms of fur. You could buy a raw hide for 50 pfennigs .

annotation

  1. ↑ The specified comparative values ​​( coefficients ) are the result of comparative tests by furriers and tobacco shops with regard to the degree of apparent wear and tear. The figures are ambiguous; in addition to the subjective observations of shelf life in practice, there are also influences from tanning and finishing as well as numerous other factors in each individual case. More precise information could only be determined on a scientific basis. The division was made in steps of 10 percent each. The most durable types of fur according to practical experience were set to 100 percent.

See also

Commons : Red Fox Skins  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Red Fox Skin Clothing  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Fox fur processing  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: red fox fur  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ B. Brentjes: fur and fur costumes of antiquity. In: Das Pelzgewerbe , Vol. XIX New Series, No. 2, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin et al. 1968, pp. 31–34.
  2. ↑ de.wikivoyage.org: Regenfeld . Last accessed January 15, 2018.
  3. ↑ Bollig & Bubenzer 2008 , pp. 132-133.
  4. ↑ Manlius 2010 , p. 191.
  5. ↑ Wallen 2006 , p. 144.
  6. ↑ Friedrich Lorenz: Small fur geography. Alexander Duncker Verlagbuchhandlung, Leipzig 1939, p. 10.
  7. ↑ Reinhold Stephan, Bochum: On the history of the smoking goods trade in antiquity and the Middle Ages and the development of the Russian-Asian region from 16.-18. Century. Inaugural dissertation University of Cologne 1940, pp. 38–39. Table of contents . Secondary source : H. Loesch: The Cologne guild documents up to 1500 . 2 vol., Bonn 1907, vol. I, p. 307 ff.
  8. ↑ Reinhold Stephan (see there), p. 68: Primary sources Konrad Bahr: Trade and traffic of the German Hanseatic League in Flanders during the 14th century . Leipzig 1911, pp. 139-143. J. Kulischer: General economic history of the Middle Ages and modern times . Munich, Berlin 1928/1929, 2 volumes. Russian Economic History , Vol. I, p. 276.
  9. ↑ The Kirschner. In: JS Halle: Workshops for today's arts , Berlin 1762, see p. 310
  10. ↑ a b c d e Heinrich Hanicke: Handbook for furriers. Published by Alexander Duncker, Leipzig 1895, pp. 35–40.
  11. ↑ a b Jury Fränkel : Rauchwaren-Handbuch. Self-published, 1960, pp. 25-27.
  12. ^ Richard Davey: Furs and Fur Garments. The International Fur Store , London and The Roxburghe Press , Westminster 1895 ?, p. 81.
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g Emil Brass : From the realm of fur. Publishing house of the "Neue Pelzwaren-Zeitung and Kürschner-Zeitung", Berlin 1911
  14. ↑ a b c d Fritz Schmidt : The book of the fur animals and fur. FC Mayer Verlag, Munich 1970
  15. ↑ a b c H. Werner: The furrier art. Publishing house Bernh. Friedr. Voigt, Leipzig 1914, p. 76.
  16. ↑ Paul Cubaeus, "practical furriers in Frankfurt am Main": The whole of Skinning. Thorough textbook with everything you need to know about merchandise, finishing, dyeing and processing of fur skins. A. Hartleben's Verlag, Vienna, Pest, Leipzig 1911, p. 32.
  17. ^ Marie Louise Steinbauer, Rudolf Kinzel: Marie Louise Pelze. Steinbock Verlag, Hannover 1973, p. 153.
  18. ↑ Fritz Schmidt : The book of the fur animals and fur. FC Mayer Verlag, Munich 1970, p. 186. Primary source A. Franke. In: The Fur Industry , 1968.
  19. ↑ In Pelzmarkt , Deutscher Pelzverband (ed.): International design competition of the German furrier trade. P. 11 (The sponsor of three red fox skins per participant was the trade journal Wild und Hund ).
  20. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Christian Franke / Johanna Kroll: Jury Fränkel ’s Rauchwaren-Handbuch 1988/89. 10. revised and supplemented new edition, Rifra-Verlag Murrhardt, pp. 143–150. The structure of this article largely follows "the Fränkel", the most comprehensive and up to 2011 last work on fur animal science from the perspective of the tobacco industry. Not every single piece of information used has been marked.
  21. ↑ a b c Prof. Dr. sc. nat. Dr. med vet. hc Heinrich Dathe, Berlin; Dr. rer. pole. Paul Schöps, Leipzig with the collaboration of 11 specialists: Fur Animal Atlas. VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986, p. 24, pp. 135-141.
  22. ↑ a b K. Toldt, Innsbruck: Structure and natural coloration of the hair coat of wild mammals. Verlag Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kleintier- und Furztierzucht, Leipzig 1935, pp. 114–118, 121–130, 133, 137
  23. ↑ Dr. Paul Schöps; Dr. H. Brauckhoff, Stuttgart; K. Häse, Leipzig, Richard König , Frankfurt / Main; W. Straube-Daiber, Stuttgart: The durability coefficients of fur skins in Das Pelzgewerbe , Volume XV, New Series, 1964, No. 2, Hermelin Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin, Frankfurt / Main, Leipzig, Vienna, pp. 56–58.
  24. ↑ Paul Schöps, Kurt Häse: The fineness of the hair - the fineness classes . In: Das Pelzgewerbe Vol. VI / New Series, 1955 No. 2, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Leipzig, Berlin, Frankfurt am Main, pp. 39–40
  25. ↑ Jochen Sager: The red fox . In: Die Pelzwirtschaft Heft 7, July 15, 1982, p. 20.
  26. ↑ a b c d e f g h Friedrich Lorenz: Rauchwarenkunde. Self-published, Berlin 1958, p. 72.
  27. ↑ Alexander Tuma: Pelz-Lexikon. Fur and rough goods. XXI. Tape. Verlag Alexander Tuma, Vienna 1951. Keyword "Renargette"
  28. ^ Prof. D. Johann Heinrich Moritz Poppe: Johann Christian Schedels new and complete goods lexicon. Fourth, improved edition. Verlag Carl Ludwig Brede, Offenbach am Mayn 1814. First part, keyword Fuchs .
  29. ↑ Eli Geffen: Vulpes cana (Carnivora: Canidae) . In: Mammalian Species . tape 462 , 1994, pp. 1–4 ( full text PDF; 525 kB).
  30. ^ Claudio Sillero-Zubiri: Blanford's Fox Vulpes cana. In: Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 1: Carnivores. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2009. ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1 .
  31. ^ A b Richard König : An interesting lecture (lecture on the trade in Chinese, Mongolian, Manchurian and Japanese tobacco products). In: Die Pelzwirtschaft No. 47, 1952, p. 50.
  32. ↑ Federal Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forests (ed.): Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommen recognition manual . Leaves Dusicyon gymnocerus gymnocerus , Dusicyon gymnocerus antiquus , 1985.
  33. ^ A b Serge Larivière, Philip J. Seddon: Vulpes rueppelli . Mammalian Species 678, pp. 1-5. Online PDF , doi : 10.1644 / 1545-1410 (2001) 678 <0001: VR> 2.0.CO; 2
  34. ↑ JG Wood: The Uncivilized Races of Men in All Countries of the World, Vol. 1 . JB Burr Publishing Co., Hartford, 1877 p. 223. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
  35. ↑ www.iucnredlist.org The IUCI Red List of Species Threatend. Vulpes zerda (Fennec Fox) (after personal observation by F. Cuzin) (English). Last accessed on November 12, 2016.
  36. ^ Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, Michael Hoffmann, David W Macdonald: Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs: Status Survey and Conservation. IUCN 2004, p. 183ff.
  37. ↑ Jonathan Kingdon: East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa, Volume 3, Part a: Carnivores. University of Chicago Press 1989, pp. 54ff.
  38. ↑ Jochen Sager: The red fox . In: Die Pelzwirtschaft issue 7, July 15, 1982, pp. 20-22.
  39. ^ Philipp Manes : The German fur industry and its associations 1900-1940, attempt at a story . Berlin 1941 Volume 4. Copy of the original manuscript, p. 399 ( → table of contents ).
  40. ↑ Without an author: "Svedfox", a new fox refinement . In: "Der Rauchwarenmarkt", XXXI. Vol. 9/10, Leipzig February 26, 1943, p. 6
  41. ↑ Jochen Sager: Troubles . In: Die Pelzwirtschaft 11/1989, CB-Verlag Carl Boldt, December 5, 1989, p. 4.
  42. ↑ Bonanza wheels: Porn switch and fox tail on einestages.spiegel.de (accessed December 1, 1911)
  43. ^ Kurt Nestler: Tobacco and fur trade. Dr. Max Jänecke Verlagbuchhandlung, Leipzig 1929, pp. 105–106.
  44. ^ Friedrich Malm, August Dietzsch: The art of the furrier. Fachbuchverlag Leipzig 1951, pp. 60–61.
  45. ↑ A. Ginzel: The red fox and its role in the tobacco trade . In: Pelzwirtschaft No. 3, March 31, 1987, CB-Verlag Carl Boldt, Berlin