Bashkortostan

Subject of the Russian Federation Republic of Bashkortostan Республика Башкортостан Башҡортостан Республикаһы flag coat of arms Federal district Volga surface 142,947  km² population 4,072,292 inhabitants (as of October 14, 2010) Population density 28 inhabitants / km² Capital Ufa Official languages Bashkir , Russian Ethnic composition Russians (36.1%) Bashkirs (29.5%) Tatars (25.4%) Chuvashes (2.7%) (as of 2010) Acting head Radiy Khabirov Founded March 23, 1919 Time zone UTC + 5 Telephone prefixes (+7) 347xx Postcodes 450000-453999 License Plate 02, 102 OKATO 80 ISO 3166-2 RU-BA Website www.bashkortostan.ru

Coordinates: 54 ° 3 '  N , 56 ° 36'  E

Bashkortostan ( Bashkir Башҡортостан / Baschqortostan ; Russian Башкортостан / Bashkortostan , officially the Republic of Bashkortostan , Bashkir Башҡортостан Республикаһы / Baschqortostan Respublikahy , Russian Республика Башкортостан / Respublika Bashkortostan ) or unofficially Bashkiria (Russian Башкирия ) is a republic ( federal subject ) with sovereignty in the eastern part of the European Russia . The republic belongs to the Volga Federal District .

geography

Bashkortostan is located on the extreme eastern edge of Europe, west of the Ural Mountains in the Volga federal district . It borders the Perm region and Sverdlovsk Oblast to the north, Chelyabinsk Oblast to the east, Orenburg Oblast to the south, Tatarstan to the west and Udmurtia to the northwest .

The land, in the east (southern Urals) up to over 1500 m high, gradually slopes down towards the west. The highest peaks are Jamantau (1640 m), Bolshoi Iremel (1582 m) and Bolshoi Schelom (1427 m). The most important rivers are the Belaja , a tributary of the Kama and the Ufa . The largest lake is the Aslykul with an area of ​​23.5 square kilometers. Bashkortostan belongs in the north-western part to the climatic zone of the subcontinental climates, in the south to the winter-cold wet steppe climates. A continental boreal climate prevails in the Urals. Temperatures averaged around 20 ° C (40 ° C in extreme) in summer and around −13 ° C (−40 ° C in extreme) in winter. The average annual precipitation is about 430 mm, in the Urals it is about 800 mm. In the territory lies the Bashkir sapovednik .

population

Ethnic groups

The titular nation are the Bashkirs , a Turkic people who have exclusive rights of self-determination in the Republic of Bashkortostan. However, these are only a minority in their own republic. The population was 4,072,292 people at the 2010 census, including Russians , Bashkirs and Tatars as large ethnic groups. Then there are the Tschuwaschen and the Mari with over 100,000 people . Emigration tendencies to their home countries have caused the formerly important ethnic groups of Ukrainians , Belarusians and Germans to shrink noticeably.

A point of contention between the Bashkirs and the Tatars is the actual size of the two ethnic groups. The Bashkirs claim that the Teptyars are actually Bashkirs who were forced to use the Tatar language. The Tatars, on the other hand, claim that in the Bashkir areas the Tatar minority is being pressured to state that it belongs to Bashkir and that their number is therefore much larger. As a result of this dispute and the increasing number of mixed marriages, the number of those who do not want to give any information about their nationality is growing rapidly (2002: 4,366; 2010: 97,572 people).

As recently as 1990, the share of the Bashkirs in the population of Bashkiria ( Bashkir ASSR ) was only around 20% - compared to 37.5% Russians and 27.5% Tatars. In the Bashkir capital, Ufa, around 30% of the population are Tatars.

• Ethnic groups in Bashkortostan according to the 2002 census
• 

  Proportion of Russians

• 

  Share of the Bashkirs

• 

  Proportion of Tatars

• 

  Share of Mari

• 

  Share of Chuvashes

The official languages ​​are Russian and Bashkir .

Ethnic group	VZ 1926		VZ 1939		VZ 1959		VZ 1970		VZ 1979		VZ 1989		VZ 2002		VZ 2010 2
	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%
Bashkirs	625.845	23.5%	671.188	21.2%	737.711	22.1%	892.248	23.4%	935.880	24.3%	863,808	21.9%	1,221,302	29.8%	1,172,287	29.5%
Russians	1,064,707	39.9%	1,281,347	40.6%	1,418,147	42.4%	1,546,304	40.5%	1,547,893	40.3%	1,548,291	39.3%	1,490,715	36.3%	1,432,906	36.1%
Tatars	621,158 1	23.3%	777.230	24.6%	768,566	23.0%	944.505	24.7%	940.436	24.5%	1,120,702	28.4%	990.702	24.1%	1,009,295	25.4%
Tschuwaschen	84,886	3.2%	106,892	3.4%	109,970	3.3%	126,638	3.3%	122,344	3.2%	118.509	3.0%	117,317	2.9%	107,450	2.7%
Mari	79,298	3.0%	90.163	2.9%	93.902	2.8%	109,638	2.9%	106,793	2.8%	105,768	2.7%	105,829	2.6%	103,658	2.6%
Ukrainians	76.710	2.9%	92,289	3.1%	83,594	2.5%	76.005	2.0%	75,571	2.0%	74,990	1.9%	55,249	1.3%	39,875	1.0%
Udmurten	23,256	0.9%	25.103	0.8%	25,388	0.8%	27,918	0.7%	25.906	0.7%	23,696	0.6%	22,625	0.6%	21,477	0.5%
Mordwinen	49,813	1.9%	57,826	1.8%	43,582	1.3%	40,745	1.1%	35,900	0.9%	31,923	0.8%	26,020	0.6%	20,300	0.5%
Belarusians	18,281	0.7%	23,761	0.8%	20,792	0.6%	17,985	0.5%	17,393	0.5%	17,038	0.4%	17.117	0.4%	11,680	0.3%
German	6,448	0.2%	6,030	0.2%	12,817	0.4%	12,104	0.3%	11,316	0.3%	11,023	0.3%	8,250	0.2%	5,909	0.1%
Other	15,434	0.6%	27,140	0.9%	27,140	0.8%	23,985	0.6%	24,848	0.6%	27,365	0.7%	49.210	1.2%	147,455	3.6%
Residents	2,665,836	100%	3,158,969	100%	3,341,609	100%	3,818,075	100%	3,844,280	100%	3,943,113	100%	4,104,336	100%	4,072,292	100%
1 461,871 Tatars, 135,960 mishaires, 23,290 tiptarians and 37 kerasies 2 97,572 people could not be assigned to any ethnic group. These people are probably distributed in the same proportion as the ethnically assigned residents.

religion

The majority of the population of Bashkortostan professes Sunni Islam , alongside Orthodox , Protestant and Catholic Christians. Bashkortostan is the largest and most populous Muslim republic, see Islam in Russia . The number of Muslims is slightly larger than in Tatarstan . Ufa is the seat of the Grand Mufti Talgat Tajuddin and the Central Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Russia ( Zjentralnoje duchownoje uprawlenije mussulman Rossii ; ZDUM), the successor organization to the "Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the European Part of the Soviet Union and Siberia" ( Duchownoje upsko Ravleniast Musulman e ; DUMES).

However, the Muslim community of Bashkortostan is divided. Only the minority of Muslims belong to the jurisdiction of the ZDUM. Most Muslims are subject to the jurisdiction of the "Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Republic of Bashkortostan" ( Duchownoje uprawlenije Musulman Respubliki Bashkortostan ; DUM RB), which was founded in 1992 as a split from DUMES and is a member of the Russian Mufti Council of Rawil Ismagilowitsch Gainutsch . Its chairman and mufti was Nurmuchamet Nigmatullin . The ZDUM founded its own "Regional Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Bashkortostan" ( Regionalnoje duchownoje uprawlenije Musulman Baschkortostana ; RDUM B) on the territory of the republic in 1994 , which is divided into various Muchtasibates . It is headed by Muxammed Tajuddin, the son of Talgat Tajuddin. In 2000, of the 545 Muslim organizations in Bashkortostan, 315 were under the jurisdiction of the DUM RB, and 230 were under the jurisdiction of the ZDUM.

Catholic parishes exist in the city of Ufa and the village of Alexejewka. They belong to the diocese of St. Clement in Saratov .

history

In today's Bashkortostan, the Magna Hungaria , the homeland of a Magyar tribe, is believed to be related to the Hungarians and Bashkirs. In fact, four of the seven Hungarian tribal names (Yeney / Jenö, Djurmati / Gyarmat, Tamyan / Tarján, Girei / Ker) still exist in Bashkiria. Information about the Bashkirs in the southern Urals dates back to the 10th century. Ibn Fadlan mentions the people of the "Basqort" in his travelogue. Around 1220 Genghis Khan subjugated the Bashkir tribes, and the Magyars living there were finally destroyed. The Bashkirs remained under the rule of the Golden Horde until the mid-16th century .

After Russia captured the Kazan Khanate in 1552 , the Bashkir peoples gradually turned to the neighboring empire in the west, mainly because they saw a great threat in migrating nomadic peoples who repeatedly attacked the country from the east the military superpower Russia could protect. In the years from 1554 to 1557, all of the Bashkir tribes gradually joined Russia. A monument erected by the Russian state in the capital Ufa , the monument Druzhby (translated Monument of Friendship ) commemorates the "eternal friendship" between the Bashkir and Russian people, commemorates this at least partially voluntary connection . Ufa itself was founded in 1574 as a fortress and at that time the easternmost fortification in Russia.

Russia granted the Bashkirs extensive autonomy, freedom of religion and property rights based on succession. The Bashkirs made their fighting skills available to Russia in various wars - as a comrade in the campaign of Kuzma Minitsch Minin and Dmitri Michailowitsch Poscharski they liberated Moscow from the Poles in 1612, and under Peter the Great they stormed the city of Azov in 1697 in the fight against the Ottomans . They also fought on the side of Russia in the Great Northern War . In the Wars of Liberation , they helped the Russian army to repel Napoleon (e.g. they besieged Hamburg in 1814). A memorial stone near the Russian Church in Leipzig and a special memorial for the Bashkir regiments on the Völkerschlachtdenkmal in Leipzig still bear witness to this today .

At the beginning of the 17th century, the Russian nobility began to settle in Bashkiria, building castles and factories. When the taxes and the scope of the work obligations increased by the Russians and moreover attempts were made to Christianize the Muslims of Bashkiria, the resentment grew in the population. The latter asked the central administration for help in several petitions, and when this did not materialize, there were several smaller uprisings that were put down - for example in 1616, 1645, 1662–1664, 1681–1684, 1704–1711. On February 11, 1736 there was a decree that allowed the nobles to acquire Bashkir land. During the uprisings of 1735-1740, the forced baptized Bashkirs Toigildy Schuljakow in 1738 and Kissjabika Bairjassowa in 1739 were burned at the stake as apostates in Yekaterinburg .

The reason for the great uprising was the repression of Russia against the Jaizk (Ural) Cossacks in 1772. All the peoples of Bashkortostan supported this uprising, and so it culminated in the peasant uprising of 1773-1775 under the leadership of the Don Cossack Yemeljan Pugachev . Bashkortostan's hero in this uprising was the Bashkire Salavat Yulayev , who fought on the side of Pugachev and called for the freedom of Bashkiria and friendship between the Bashkirs and Russians. His name and life story were condemned by the Russian authorities after his capture. Today a large city in Bashkortostan is named after him, and his equestrian figure adorns both the state coat of arms of Bashkortostan and the city of Ufa in the form of a large monument.

Map of the countries of the Orenburg and Ural Cossack army (blue), as well as the Bashkir Cossack army (red) in 1858

The tsarist empire , terrified by the dimensions of the uprising, changed its policy a little with regard to the autonomy of the Bashkir peasants, but in general it remained with the suppression. In the course of land reforms, the territories of the Russian governorates were redistributed, and the Bashkirs lost a large part of their lands to neighboring regions as well as to the Russian nobility and the Orthodox Church. At the beginning of the 20th century, they only owned 20% of their original territory. A manifesto dated February 19, ^Jul. / March 3, 1861 ^greg. dated and the fortress rights, which had always curtailed civil rights, abolished, became a milestone in the social development of Bashkiria. The economy was now slowly beginning to take on capitalist forms.

From 1855, the Bashkiro-Meshcheryak Army (also Bashkir Cossack Army) was set up in Bashkiria - an irregular formation, similar to the Cossack armies on the territory of the Orenburg province, which consisted of a Bashkir army and a Meshcheryak army and later also the Teptyar regiments of the mentioned provinces in its structure.

In 1865 the Ufa governorate was established , which was to last until 1917.

Territorial development of the Bashkir ASSR

In the confusion after the October Revolution the end of 1917, Bashkortostan declared under Zeki Velidi Togan for autonomously . The area initially only included the eastern part of the former Ufa governorate as well as smaller areas of the Orenburg , Perm and Samara governorates and was therefore also called "Little Bashkiria".

In early 1919, Bashkortostan became the first ethnic autonomy to join the Russian SFSR (RSFSR). After different names were initially in use, sometimes at the same time, from the 1930s onwards, only the “ Bashkir Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic ” (Bashkir ASSR) became official. From 1919 to 1922 Sterlitamak was the capital of the autonomy. In 1922 the territory expanded to include the area known as “Greater Bashkiria” and thus approximately to the size it is today. With the acquisition of the city of Ufa, it became the capital. Smaller areas, partly exclaves in the surrounding administrative units, were later separated from the Bashkir ASSR.

The ecological situation of Bashkortostan is described as precarious because of considerable environmental pollution, especially as a result of accidents in the chemical industry.

In 1988, a section of the Tatar Center was formed in Bashkortostan , which advocated the independence of the country and a cultural unity between the Tatars living in the country and those in Tatarstan , Chuvashia and Siberia .

With the collapse of the Soviet Union , Bashkortostan was granted extensive autonomy rights.

politics

After the end of the Soviet Union, Bashkortostan was ruled by Murtasa Rakhimov . His son Ural Rakhimov, as chairman of the board of the “Bashkirski Kapital” holding, controls the majority of shares in all large, profitable companies in the oil sector, such as B. Bashneft . According to the Russian business magazine "Finans", Rakhimov's son Ural was one of the 33 richest oligarchs in Russia in 2009 with a fortune of 1.4 billion US dollars.

On July 15, 2010, Rakhimov was deposed because of the increasing allegations of abuse of office by the Russian President Dmitri Medvedev . The official business of President Bashkortostan was then taken over temporarily by Rustem Chamitow . The Assembly of Representatives confirmed this in office on July 19, 2010.

In the regional elections in Russia in 2019 , Radiy Khabirov was elected as the new president.

economy

Bashkortostan is one of the richest republics of Russia, which is mainly due to the well-developed infrastructure. The area has its own oil and petrochemical industry . The largest petrochemical complex in Europe is located north of the capital Ufa.

The second largest bus manufacturer in Russia, NefAZ , is located in Neftekamsk , around 270 km north of Ufa .

The state-owned airline Air Bashkortostan was founded in 2006, but operations were suspended again in 2013. The Bashkirian Airlines , which was founded in 1991, has logged 2,007 bankruptcy in May and is set to air operations.

Administrative division and largest cities

→ Main article : Administrative division of the Republic of Bashkortostan

The Republic of Bashkortostan is divided into nine districts and 54 rajons . The capital of the republic is the metropolis of Ufa (Bashkir Öfö ). Other major cities are Sterlitamak , Salawat , Neftekamsk and Oktjabrski . There are a number of other medium-sized mining and industrial centers such as Belorezk , Tuimasy , Ischimbai , Kumertau , Sibai , Meleus and Belebei . There are a total of 21 cities in the republic (one of which is "closed" , Meschgorje ) and two urban-type settlements ( Prijutowo and Tschischmy ).

Biggest cities

Surname	Russian	Bashkir	Residents (October 14, 2010)
Ufa	Уфа	Өфө	1,062,319
Sterlitamak	Стерлитамак	Стәрлетамаҡ	273,486
Salawat	Салават	Салауат	156.095
Neftekamsk	Нефтекамск	Нефтекама	121,733
Oktyabrsky	Октябрьский	Октябрьский	109,474

See also : List of cities in the Republic of Bashkortostan

literature

• Roman A. Silantjew : Islam w sovremennoj Rossii, enziklopedija . Algoritm, Moscow, 2008. pp. 191-198.
• Jörn Grävingholt: Pseudo-democracy in Russia. The case of Bashkortostan (= German Institute for Development Policy [Hrsg.]: Studies . Volume 4 ). DIE, Bonn 2005, ISBN 3-88985-284-X (262 pp., Hu-berlin.de [PDF; 1,2 MB ; accessed on November 11, 2019]).

Web links

Commons : Bashkortostan  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Official website of Bashkortostan
• Republic unofficial website. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on November 8, 2007 . 
• Viktoria Gonschorek: Russia's vastness - The Republic of Bashkortostan. Culture portal Russia 

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Administrativno-territorialʹnoe delenie po subʺektam Rossijskoj Federacii na 1 janvarja 2010 goda (administrative-territorial division according to subjects of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2010). ( Download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
2. ↑ ^{a b} Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Tom 1. Čislennostʹ i razmeščenie naselenija (Results of the All-Russian Census 2010. Volume 1. Number and distribution of the population). Tables 5 , pp. 12-209; 11 , pp. 312–979 (download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
3. ↑ Nacional'nyj sostav naselenija po sub "ektam Rossijskoj Federacii. (XLS) In: Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Rosstat, accessed on June 30, 2016 (Russian, ethnic composition of the population according to federal subjects , results of the 2010 census). 
4. ↑ ? Башкортостан или Башкирия / Юлдаш Юсупов - Проект ЗАМАН - первая некоммерческая информационная площадка в Башкортостане, которая объединяет людей науки и культуры .
5. ↑ Можно ли говорить "Башкирия", и оправдан ли гнев части жителей республики по этому поводу? / Аделина Минибаева .
6. ↑ Population of the Russian territorial units by nationality 2010 (Russian) http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_etn_10.php?reg=44
7. ↑ Cf. Silantjew: Islam w sowremennoj Rossii . 2008. pp. 192, 194.
8. ↑ Cf. Silantjew: Islam w sowremennoj Rossii . 2008. p. 195.
9. ↑ Cf. Silantjew: Islam w sowremennoj Rossii . 2008, p. 196.
10. ↑ БСЭ т.4 1950 год стр 347
11. ↑ Jonathan D. Smele: Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926 . tape 2 . Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, ISBN 1-4422-5280-4 , pp. 179 .
12. ^ The Encyclopedia Americana . tape 30 . Grolier, Danbury 1984, ISBN 0-7172-0115-5 , pp. 310 .
13. ^ Ryszard Kapuściński: Empire. Soviet forays . Eichborn, Frankfurt am Main 1993, ISBN 3-8218-4707-7 , And tomorrow: Bashkir uprising, p. 213–224 (p. 216): “The nature here was magical, densely forested mountains, six hundred rivers and streams, a thousand lakes. Countless animals, all imaginable types of four-legged friends, swarms of nimble birds, clouds of busy bees. Until the chemistry came. Bashkortostan was transformed into a chemistry training ground, a center of the chemical industry of what was then the USSR. Clouds of smoke covered the sky, the air was laden with dust, the rivers stank of phenol. "
14. ↑ Bornefeld: Number of Russian billionaires halved. In: Russian Monopoly - The Russian Oligarchs. February 17, 2002, accessed August 21, 2019 (blog). 
15. ↑ Президент досрочно отправил в отставку главу Башкирии Рахимова и наградил его висосим орденом Рахимова. (The president prematurely dismissed the head of state of Bashkiria Rakhimov and awarded him the highest Russian medal). NEWSru.com , July 10, 2010 (Russian). 
16. ↑ Республика Башкортостан. Official website of Bashkortostan. Retrieved August 21, 2019 (Russian). 
17. ↑ Хабиров по результатам обработки 100% бюллетеней победил на выборах главы Башкирии. September 9, 2019, accessed May 27, 2020 (Russian). 
18. ↑ Альфия Кутлуева: В Уфе прошла инаугурация Радия Хабирова на должность Главы Башкортостана. In: РБК. September 19, 2019, accessed May 27, 2020 (Russian). 
19. ↑ Hans-Jürgen Wittmann: Russian Republic of Bashkortostan expands oil and gas processing. Germany Trade and Invest, November 24, 2017, accessed on August 21, 2019 .