Geology of the Central Bohemian Uplands

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Central Bohemian Uplands, view from the south west of Litoměřice
Location of the Central Bohemian Uplands

The geology of the Central Bohemian Uplands is dominated by mainly basic tertiary volcanic rocks of the Egergraben , which penetrate the sunken, variscan- fold crystalline basement of the Bohemian massif and are deposited on it. There are also relics of post-Variscan volcanism and Cretaceous sedimentation.

Cultural effects of the landscape relief

Crossing at the Schreckenstein, Adrian Ludwig Richter (1837)
Bohemian Landscape with Milleschauer, Caspar David Friedrich (around 1810)

The Bohemian Central Uplands with its numerous cone mountains is one of the striking mountain landscapes in Central Europe. Its mountain landscape, the thermal baths and the small towns on its northern edge have played and still play a remarkable role over the past three centuries. The Bohemian Central Uplands and the cutting Elbe River with its unusual scenic charms exerted remarkable influences on art and intellectual life in a variety of ways .

In the epochs of the Enlightenment and Romanticism, the perception of the landscape was particularly expressive. With his painting Die Überfahrt am Schreckenstein (1837) Adrian Ludwig Richter left an admirable testimony to the romantic river landscape of the past near Aussig . Caspar David Friedrich painted the Bohemian landscape with the Mileschauer (1824) and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe recorded the Bořeň ( Borschen bei Billin, 1810 ) with a wash ink drawing . His artistic and scientific interest in this mountain region is probably inseparable. The geologically shaped landscape features have been masterfully handed down through painting and related art forms of the present. Since then, the region has changed significantly in many areas.

Regional painters such as Alois Gustav Schultz, Karl Quarck, and Felix Bibus recorded their impressions of the landscape with numerous works. An important collection of paintings, which provide a versatile artistic testimony to the historical surface design in the region, is located in the Museum of the Leitmeritz . The striking landscape even had its influence on the music when Richard Wagner was originally inspired by the late Gothic ruins of Schreckenstein and the Hohen Wostrey above, including the surrounding scenery, for the Tannhäuser opera .

Important stages in geoscientific exploration

In older literature, especially before around 1850, the name Bohemian Central Uplands is rarely found. The common name was Mittelgebirge . On the map of Bohemia drawn up by Johann Criginger in 1568, it is already shown as a low mountain range . The Latin form Montes Medii has been handed down from the Bohemian writer Bohuslav Balbín in 1679 .

The beginnings

Friedrich Carl Watterich von Watterichsburg notes a remarkable assessment of the mountains in his concise dictionary of regional studies of the Kingdom of Bohemia (Prague 1845): From a geognostic point of view, the entire low mountain range belongs to the volcanic trap formation , which in terms of external beauty and internal peculiarity with the most interesting mountains of these Kind in Scotland, France & Italy can be compared with honor.

In the 19th century the term Leitmeritz low mountain range appears, as Friedrich Katzer described it in detail in his work Geology of Böhmen . This name corresponds with the Leitmeritzer Kreis, a former administrative district. In addition to the Duppauer and Semiler Mountains, he assigned it to an entire Bohemian Cone Mountains and in this context reports that Karl Kořistka divided the Leitmeritz Central Mountains into three areas in 1869 . These were a south-westerly, north-easterly and north-westerly group, which were distinguished from one another by the Elbe Valley and the Bielatal. The term Leitmeritzer Mittelgebirge was also used by German geologists , for example by H. Engelhardt.

August Emanuel Reuss

The early geological descriptions of this region include the work of August Emanuel von Reuss . In his Geognostic Sketches from Bohemia (Prague 1840-44) he describes the geology in the vicinity of Teplitz and Bilin . His father, a former Werner student and later Bergrat as well as princely Lobkowitz'scher well doctor Franz Ambrosius Reuss (1761-1830), dealt more with the mineral springs and posthumously appeared in 1844 (2nd edition) his treatise The Thermen von Teplitz .

In Bilin there was a princely Lobkowitz mineral cabinet , which is one of the earliest collections from this region ( Ferdinand von Lobkowitz ). Prince August Longin von Lobkowitz (1797–1842), President of the Imperial and Royal Court Chamber for Minting and Mining, commissioned Friedrich Mohs with geognostic trips throughout the empire to pick up minerals and other items in the collection. In 1837 this task took him to Bohemia, where he first visited the collection of the patriotic museum and then traveled on to Teplitz to meet Alexander von Humboldt . Together they went from Teplitz to Freiberg in Saxony.

Early map recordings and individual studies

Ferdinand von Hochstetter

The first systematic geological map recordings (manuscript maps 1: 28.800) of the Bohemian Central Uplands were made between 1856 and 1858 under the direction of the Imperial Geological Institute by Ferdinand von Hochstetter and Johann Jokély in the area between Komotau and Leitmeritz. When Hochstetter was selected for the Novara expedition , Jokély took over the receiving region between Leitmeritz and Tetschen as a section geologist on March 24, 1857. In the following year he carried out mapping work as far as Bohemian-Leipa and the Schluckenau region .

The Prague mineralogist and petrographer Emanuel Bořický examined the volcanic rocks of the Bohemian Central Uplands around 1877 and made great contributions in this field. His work enabled the volcanic rock types occurring in the region to be recorded in detail, classified and their mineralogical composition comprehensively described for the first time. Hundreds of thin sections were created within this work .

Very early on, Eduard Reyer, a geologist from the Imperial and Royal Geological Institute , expressed the opinion that some phenomena can be traced back to singular volcanic events, for example the Rongstocker (Roztoky nad Labem) intrusions . He reported on this in his 1879 essay on the tectonics of the volcanoes of Bohemia .

The weathering products of basalts and phonolites and the floors above the Cretaceous Plänerschichten the southern slopes of the Bohemian Uplands between Egertal and Lobositz were the end of the 1880s, object of study by Jos. Hanamann, the director of the agricultural chemical research station in Lobositz. The soils from the Teplitz plan layers together with the superposed marls form a calcareous, clayey and sandy substrate. His findings promoted understanding of the fertile nutrient content and the unfavorable hydrogeological conditions on the south-south-west slope of the low mountain range.

In 1897, Eduard Suess examined the Teplitz thermal springs and the tertiary coal deposits around Brüx .

The most outstanding field and mapping work in the Bohemian Central Uplands was carried out by Josef Emanuel Hibsch . He has been teaching natural science subjects at the Royal Bohemian Agricultural Academy in Tetschen-Liebwerd since 1880 and, from 1881, devoted all of his work to geological and geographical exploration of this mountain range. Hibsch's cartographic and geological survey began in 1891. Between 1896 and 1932, twenty map sheets (1: 25,000) with the respective explanatory reports were published. The later works were created with the assistance of Anton Senger, F. Seemann, H. Michel and G. Irrgang. Hibsch's professional reputation was so great that his explanatory reports of the State Geological Institute (Státní Geologický Ústav) published after 1918 were published in German. The associated cards were, however, bilingual. This final section of the publication was particularly successful thanks to the direct support of Cyrill Purkyně, the first director of the then Czech State Geological Institute. Later explorations and new mappings in the Bohemian Central Uplands by Czech geologists build on the work of Hibsch.

Later mapping work and individual studies

Later Čeněk Zahálka mapped the southern part of the Bohemian Central Uplands and published his work in 1938. Among the more modern investigators of the area are Jaroslav Domas, V. Klein, Otakar Shrbený and Jaroslav Valečka, who did geological mapping on a scale of 1: 50,000 in the 1970s and 1980s made significant contributions. It is also worth mentioning that work on map sheets (scale 1: 25,000) that remained unfinished in the 1970s is worth mentioning.

The most recent comprehensive results, especially on volcanism in the region, include the studies published in 1987 and 1988 by Lubomír Kopecký, who is widely regarded as an expert on volcanic rocks .

geomorphology

View from the sloping Bohemian Central Mountains over the North Bohemian Basin to the Ore Mountains
View from Mount Wostrey (Ostrý) to the south into the flatter low mountain range

In terms of its geomorphological classification, the Central Bohemian Uplands are part of the Krušnohorská subprovincie .

It is surrounded by striking landforms. On the northern edge, the North Bohemian Basin stretches from southwest to northeast , on the opposite side of which the Erzgebirge ridge clearly rises. Its height jump is considerable and is about 760 meters ( Pramenáč Mountain - Elbe near Ústí). On this side, the 25-kilometer-wide basin, the continuation of the Egergraben , in the direction of the Ore Mountains, shows a clear boundary line. On the side of the Bohemian Central Uplands, the transition is less pronounced.

In the west, the flat Egertal separates the Bohemian Central Uplands from the gentler mountains of the Duppau Mountains . It comes from the Egergraben at Postoloprty ( Postelberg ) to the southwestern edge and leaves it again at Koštice . In the south, the lower and flat plains of the Bohemian Chalk extend towards Prague. In the northeast there is a direct transition to the Elbe Sandstone Mountains , which on the Czech side is referred to as Bohemian Switzerland . The Lusatian Mountains connect to the far east and then the Daubaer Schweiz further south-east . Put simply, the Central Bohemian Uplands stretch between the cities of Louny ( Laun ) and Česká Lípa ( Bohemian Leipa ).

The height relief is clearly structured. At Děčín ( Tetschen ) is one of the lowest points with 122 m and the mountain Milešovka ( Milleschauer ) reaches the highest value with 836.6 m. The numerous cone mountains are particularly striking. In the part to the west of the Elbe, the cone mountains are the dominant relief feature. East of the Elbe, they recede in favor of massive bulges. On the northern flank, the former landforms have been greatly changed over a large area by a post - mining landscape . This meant that Cretaceous and Quaternary deposits were lost. a. had an effect on the water balance. The over 150-year-long mining of brown coal has greatly influenced the shape of the landscape at the foot of the Bohemian Uplands in this region and reshaped not only in geomorphological aspects.

Over the past 250 years there have been different opinions about the extent of the Central Bohemian Uplands. With the increase in knowledge about geotectonic and geomorphological relationships in this area, the volcanic mountain landscape between Chomutov ( Komotau ) in the west and Nový Bor ( Haida ) and Česká Lípa in the east is assigned this term. According to this definition, it is an area of ​​1200 square kilometers. The landscape protection area established in 1976 takes up 1063 square kilometers.

Geological structure

In the subsoil of the Bohemian Central Uplands lies an old crystalline base, consisting of orthogneiss (two mica), further paragneiss , migmatites and granulites . These complexes are largely covered by later rock formations and only visible in very few places. One of these locations can be seen at Porta Bohemica near Velké Žernoseky , and another near the town of Bílina . Serpentinized peridotites can be detected in the southwestern part . You are responsible for the secondary deposit of the Bohemian garnet from Třebenice .

The basement under the Central Bohemian Uplands is considered part of the Bohemian Massif and is located at the contact points of three units of the Variscides . From the north the Saxothuringian borders on the mountains, which in turn are separated from the Teplá-Barrandian by the Litoměřice fault . In the north-eastern area, the Lugikum zone comes up with a metamorphic phyllite subsoil.

Paleozoic

During the Carboniferous (359-299 million years) and Permian (299-251 million years) period, the region experienced particularly intense volcanic activity. The ejected products are now only present as erosion residues in some places in the area. During this volcanism, rhyolite tuffs ( ignimbrites ) formed, which are representative in the Teplice area and in the Wopparner valley ( Opárenské údolí ) and extend to the Bílinatal . These structures, which are barely visible on the surface, are interpreted as the remains of a very large, collapsed volcanic basin. In the north-eastern part of the Central Bohemian Uplands, the remains of an old limnic basin (lake) can be found through deep boreholes , the sediments of which are over 600 meters thick and cover an area of ​​around 300 square kilometers.

Mesozoic

With the beginning of the Upper Cretaceous (about 100 million years ago) there was a worldwide rise in sea levels. The regions in the area of ​​what would later become Bohemia that were eroded by weathering suffered a slow flooding with shallow water zones during this sea ​​transgression . In the area of ​​the Bohemian Central Uplands only very few island-shaped elevations protruded from this water surface. As a result, there was thick sediment deposits during Turoniums and Coniaciums from which the Cretaceous Weißenberger- ( Bila hora ), Iser ( Jizera ), Teplitzer- ( Teplice ) and Priesener ( Březno ) emerged layers. They are made up of changing deposition horizons of marl rocks , clayey limestones and calcareous claystones . Some of them are called planers (Czech: opuka). There were islands in the Chalk Sea near Teplice and Bílina. As a result (turonium) this led to a differentiated sediment sequence of the shallow water limestone with shell remains of various types of mussels and conglomerates in depressions on the former seabed. During the flattening phase of the Chalk Sea, up to 200 meters thick sand layers with clay deposits formed in the area of ​​the Central Bohemian Uplands. These are the conclusion of the Cretaceous sedimentation in the Bohemian Basin, only preserved here in larger contiguous units and no longer represented in other parts of the country. After the sea retreated, erosion-related processes began on the meanwhile dry and relatively flat landscape.

Cenozoic

The mill shower in winter
The manor house rock near
Kamenický Šenov on the border with the Lusatian Mountains
Basalt column formation on the Vrkoč in the Elbe Valley

The beginning of the Tertiary Age (about 65 million years ago, according to modern nomenclature, the Paleogene ), was marked by continued weathering of the relief of this region. The humid and warm climate at that time played an important role. Fluvial sediments formed in the area of ​​former watercourses. On the terrain surfaces, a set silicification which are at a crust of tertiary quartzites resulted. These are now considered Žitenice - and Skalice - quartzites called because they are represented more significantly at source.

The effects of tertiary volcanism along the Eger Rift Valley and the subsequent erosion of the terrain caused by weathering led to the formation of the relief that we can see today as the Bohemian Central Uplands. This volcanism ran along a tectonic zone, which is now considered to be the aftereffect of the Alpid mountain formation . In this fissure-like disturbance , magma masses penetrated and led to a selective or flat elevation of the existing rock structures. These processes were by no means uniform in the area of ​​the Central Bohemian Uplands. The manifestations include dome-like bulges created by Lakkolites , lava outflows , intrusion masses in supply channels and maars from explosive ejections. In the area of ​​the trench depression to the Erzgebirgspultscholle, lavas came into contact with bodies of water and generated hyaloclastites in the form of volcanic debris, which was widely distributed in the water due to the turbulence that began. The result was mixed sediments from volcanic, calcareous-sandy and many organic components (plant remains , animal fossils ). These processes created considerable backfills in the rift basin.

The geological structure varied further when a shield volcano slowly formed due to the alternating deposits of explosive and discharged products . Renewed intrusions penetrated these deposits. These volcanic processes mainly produced andesites , basalts , phonolites and tephrites as well as numerous volcanic breccias with a broad mineral composition. Through parallel and later onset of rearrangements of the existing material as well as contact with the older sediment deposits, further types of rock were created. The Bohemian Central Uplands is one of the most diverse geological complexes in Central Europe.

Neogene

The deep cut from the Elbe river in the Bohemian Central Mountains

The conical shape of many mountains in this region, which is typical today, was initially not widespread. Only the erosion of near-surface layers by long-lasting climatic influences, mainly in the subsequent Neogene period (see also Quaternary ), exposed many chimney fillings and some laccoliths, which then began to shape the striking landscape. These processes continue to the present day.

The changing warm and cold times play a special role . The associated erosion can be found as debris deposits in some places. Aeolian sediments form a special form of secondary deposits . These occur primarily in the east of the Bohemian Central Uplands as loess layers , as the wind, which comes primarily from the west, whirled up fine particles in the western mountain areas and deposited them further east on the mountain slopes facing the wind direction.

During the Quaternary era, the Elbe stream cut its river bed 100 meters deep. Gravel terraces from this process accompany him and the valleys of the tributaries. These sediments are distributed over the valley slopes at different altitudes depending on the time they were formed.

Minerals

Minerals that formed from the molten volcanic lavas are typical of the Bohemian Central Uplands. They are therefore mainly found as crystalline inclusions in these rocks. They include members of the amphibole group (hornblende), andesine , chabazite , leucite , magnetite , nepheline , olivine and sanidine . Calcite , cordierite , epidote , grossular and wollastonite are found in the contact zones . The occurrence of aragonite in crystalline form on the Číčov ( Spitzberg ) is remarkable .

In phonolithic laccolite bodies, which are common in the Bohemian Central Uplands, mainly analcime , apophyllite , natrolite and thomsonite , more rarely grossular and hibschite, occur. The natrolite is found in cavities as a crystalline, stalky coating.

Very few areas of the mountain range are mineralized . The Roztoky ( Rongstock ) complex is an important location for this . In this monzodiorite body, which is criss-crossed by lamprophyric rock , some ores have formed through former hydrothermal processes , which at times formed the basis of sporadic mining. It is a sulphidic mineralization with a paragenesis (association) of lead - zinc - copper - silver - tellurium minerals.

A special feature of the Central Bohemian Uplands is the occurrence of pyropes and other rare minerals in three diluvial deposits between Měrunice and Třebenice. These gravel zones extend to the Egerlauf, but are only more strongly enriched with pyropes in their upper areas.

Hydrology

The Elbe in Ústí nad Labem not far from Schreckenstein Castle (on the right in the picture)

The Bohemian Central Uplands are drained to the North Sea by the large watercourses Labe ( Elbe ) and Ohře ( Eger ) and via the ancillary systems from Bílina ( Biela ) and Ploučnice ( Polzen ). It forms a natural barrier for the supra-regional waterway network in northern Bohemia and other parts of the Czech Republic, which only allows runoff via the Egergraben and the Elbe Gorge in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains.

The Elbe is heavily regulated by barrages and bank reinforcements and has thus been made more advantageous for shipping. The natural course of the river has only remained almost untouched in a few places, for example near Malé Žernoseky .

In the east of the Central Uplands, south of Česká Lípa, there is a pond landscape in which surface water from north-east Bohemia is naturally retained by the barrier of the Bohemian Uplands. It begins at the village of Stvolínky ( Drum ) and ends outside the region near Doksy ( Hirschberg ). It is finally drained in a northerly direction through the Robečský potok ( Robitz brook ) into the Polzen river. This pond landscape is now a nature and bird sanctuary. A second and smaller pond area exists near Nový Bor.

There are only a few larger bodies of water in the Bohemian Central Uplands. They are located on its edge, for example in Úštěk ( Auscha ), near Litoměřice ( Leitmeritz ) and in the North Bohemian Basin near Teplice and Duchcov ( Dux ), some of which were created by open-cast coal mining .

The mineral springs at the northern foot of the mountains are of particular interest . Tunnels and boreholes were created to collect the water. This made it possible to develop natural crevice systems in the subsoil or particularly highly water-bearing layers in the sediment sequences. Due to significant mining interventions in lignite extraction on the northern edge of the Bohemian Central Uplands, some wells and natural springs have been lost in various ways since the 19th century.

Important mineral raw materials

The Bohemian Central Uplands are relatively rich in minable rock deposits and only have marginal ore deposits.

swell

Historic spa facilities of Bad Sauerbrunn in Bílina, Bořeň in the background

Numerous mineral springs have become known in the area of ​​the Central Bohemian Uplands. Few of them have gained importance beyond geological concerns. The best known for having the old spring spas Teplice (thermal water) and Bílina ( sorrel ).

Main article: Teplice

The Teplitz-Schönau thermal water comes from a system of fissures in the Rotliegend - porphyries overlaid by tertiary clays . Sources can also be found in the hydrothermally changed chalk deposits near Schönau. The current delivery depth is 55 meters and the temperature of the water is around 42 ° C. In the chemical analysis of the water, sodium and calcium dominate with significantly lower proportions. The most important anions are bicarbonate - sulphate - and chloride - ion . The temperature is explained by two phenomena. On the one hand, it is a question of still warm deep foci and on the other hand, the sinking of groundwater to greater depths.

The Biliner Franz-Josef-Quelle has a temperature of only 11 ° C and is particularly rich in sodium and calcium. The anions are mainly hydrogen carbonate, sulfate and chloride ions.

The Brüxer Sprudel had to give way to the coal mine after its commercial use was discontinued in 1898. It was located in the corridor The Lake Meadow , west of the city of Most , on the northern edge of the Komořany u Mostu community .

Bitter water can be found to a small extent in the western part of the area near Sedlec ( Sedlitz ), Zaječice u Bečova ( Saidschütz ) and Bylany u Mostu ( Püllna ). They come from early Tertiary marls . The Saidschützer Bitterbrunn (Zaječická hořká voda) is bottled as medicinal water to a small extent .

Natural stones

Hand-made plaster (basalt, quartzite) in Postoloprty
Church in Libčeves , built from the region's Cretaceous sandstone

The most important occurrence of quarried natural stones is the volcanic rocks. Quarries can be seen in numerous places, often on hilltops and mountain slopes. The majority of these served and still serve to extract gravel. Over the long period of their dismantling, their respective suitability for road and path construction emerged. Some deposits are therefore no longer used.

In the past, basalts and phonolites were used for paving and masonry production. To a lesser extent, tertiary quartzites were also cut into paving stones. The specific problem with this use is the high strength and unfavorable cleavability of these rocks, which naturally set quantitative limits on their use.

Old paving of this type can still be found, for example, on the marketplaces of Litoměřice and Postoloprty. In a few cases, basalt columns cut to uniform lengths can be found as foundation masonry in buildings in the region. However, this type of construction only occurs very rarely.

Masonry made of sandstone and types of tarpaulin is very common on many old rural structures. In urban buildings in the region, they are often not recognizable through the plaster . These two rocks originate from countless mining sites in the surrounding Cretaceous layers, which can hardly be found today. With a lot of skill, they were hammered out and moved into the buildings. In some cases there is a transition between sandstone and plan. Depending on the mineral composition and structural features, these building blocks are very good or less weather-resistant.

The stratification of the camps, which was particularly pronounced with the planner, was a welcome opportunity for the builders of the past to make extensive use of this stone. This property made it much easier to use on buildings.

Lime extraction

Some plans were burned to building lime. They came into question if their lime content was sufficiently high and the clayey and pebbly components, on the other hand, were only low.

The Čížkovice ( Tschischkowitz ) lime works is well known , the developed deposit of which is lithostratigraphically referred to as Hundorf limestone (Teplice layers / teplické souvrství). There are mining sites, for example, at Teplitz, Leitmeritz and Wrbitschan north of Kladno .

Brown coal

The lignite deposits only extend to a small extent to the area of ​​the Bohemian Central Uplands. In the 19th century, some brown coal deposits were dismantled around Verneřice ( Wernstadt ) and Hlinná ( Hlinnay ). Larger deposits can be found in the adjacent North Bohemian Basin . The early phase of lignite mining in this region began in underground mining with countless small shafts. As the mining technology progressed, there was a transition to open-cast mining.

literature

  • Manfred Blechschmidt / Klaus Walther : Bohemian walks. Travel between Cheb and Ústí nad Labem . Leipzig (Brockhaus) 1978
  • Walter Carlé: The mineral and thermal waters of Central Europe. Geology, chemism, genesis . Stuttgart (Wiss. Verlagsgesellschaft) 1975, ISBN 3-8047-04611
  • V. Cajz et al .: České Středohorí. Geologická a přírodovědná mapa Prahe (Český geologický ústav) 1996. ISBN 80-7075-238-6
  • Ivo Chlupáč et al .: Geologická minulost České Republiky . Praha (Academia) 2002. ISBN 80-200-0914-0
  • Friedrich Katzer: Geology of Bohemia . Prague (I. Taussig) 1902

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Paul Partsch: Geognostic sketch of the Austrian monarchy with regard to coal-bearing formations . In: JB dkk geol. Reichsanstalt, Vol. 2, 1851, Vienna (Wilhelm Braumüller), p. 103
  2. Zdeněk Kučera / Michal Hájek / Jana Chladná / Kateřina Rafflerová: School Nature Trail Borschen. Information board 2 Bohemian Central Uplands on old maps . (no date, approx. 2005)
  3. Friedrich Katzer: Geology of Bohemia . P. 1350
  4. August E. Reuss / Joseph Rubesch: The petrifications of the Bohemian chalk formation . Second department, Stuttgart (Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung) 1846
  5. ^ Claudia Schweizer: Science Policy in the Mirror of Spiritual Succession. On the correspondence from Friedrich Mohs to Franz-Xaver Zippe from the years 1825-1839 . In: Reports of the Federal Geological Institute, Vol. 71, Vienna 2007 ISSN  1017-8880 , p. 17
  6. W. Haidinger: Johann Jokély . Obituary. In: Verh. D. geolog. Reichsanstalt. 12. Vol. 1861/62, p. 261
  7. J. Loeschner, G. Ritter von Hochberger (ed.): Official report on the seventh and thirtieth meeting of German natural scientists and doctors in Karlsbad in September 1862. Karlsbad 1863
  8. Jos. Hanamann: About the chemical composition of various soil and rocks in Bohemia and about their agronomic value. Prague (Fr. Řivnáč) 1890
  9. ^ Zdeněk Kukal: Address of a Czech Geologist dedicated to the 150 Years Jubilee of the Geological Survey of Austria (Federal Geological Institute) . In: Dep. D. Geolog. BA Vol. 56/1, Vienna (Geolog. Bundesanstalt) 1999, pp. 45–56.
  10. ^ Hermann Michel: Prof. Dr. Josef Emanuel Hibsch. His life and his work . Reichenberg (Sudeten German Institute for State and Folk Research) 1941.
  11. ^ Josef Svoboda: Ústřední ústav geologický ČSSR 1919-1969 . Praha (Academia Praha) 1969, p. 88
  12. ^ Ivo Chlupáč et al .: Geologická minulost České Republiky . Pp. 326-328
  13. ^ L. Kopecký: Mladý volcanism Českého masívu. Structures geologická a volkanologická study . In: Geologie a hydrometalurgie uranu. (Volume 11/3, 11/4, 12/1, 12/2, 12/3, 12/4) Stráž pod Ralskem 1887-1988
  14. V. Cajz et al .: České středohoří. Geologická a přírodovědná mapa
  15. ^ JE Hibsch: Explanations of the geological overview map of the Bohemian Central Uplands and the immediately adjacent areas . Tetschen (self-published) 1926
  16. Friedrich Katzer: Geology of Bohemia . Pp. 1401-1422
  17. Walter Carlé: Mineral and Thermal Waters , p. 277
  18. ^ Walter Carlé: Mineral und Thermalwässer , pp. 276–279, 281–282