List of German capitals
The following list relates to the history of the Federal Republic of Germany and its predecessor states.
history
In the Frankish Empire and the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation , there was no capital . Central functions were exercised in different places, a central imperial metropolis did not develop - unlike e.g. B. Paris for France .
German states as a whole
- North German Confederation and German Empire , 1867–1945, capital: Berlin
- German Democratic Republic , 1949–1990: Capital of the German Democratic Republic : East Berlin
-
Federal Republic of Germany :
- Bonn , de facto federal capital from 1949 to 1990 (formally only seat of government). In addition to Bonn, applicants for the federal capital were Frankfurt am Main , Kassel and Stuttgart ; on November 3, 1949, Bonn was designated the "provisional seat of the federal organs" by the German Bundestag . From 1990 to 1999 Bonn was the seat of government, since then the first official seat of several federal ministries, the second seat of four constitutional organs and the seat of over 20 federal authorities ; officially federal city since April 28, 1994 .
- Berlin, the federal capital since 1990 (in the Basic Law since 2006), since 1999 also the seat of parliament and government in accordance with the capital city resolution of 1991.
Capitals of German states after 1815
- Altenburg : until 1918 Duchy of Saxony-Altenburg , until 1920 Free State of Saxony-Altenburg
- Arolsen : Principality of Waldeck until 1918 , Free State of Waldeck until 1929
- Berlin : Kingdom of Prussia until 1918 , Free State of Prussia until 1933, State of Prussia until 1945, and since then State of Berlin
- Bernburg (Saale) : until 1863 Duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg
- Braunschweig : until 1918 Duchy of Braunschweig , until 1933 Free State of Braunschweig , until 1946 State of Braunschweig
- Bremen : Free Hanseatic City of Bremen
- Bückeburg : until 1918 Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe , until 1933 Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe, until 1946 State of Schaumburg-Lippe
- Coburg : Duchy of Saxony-Coburg-Saalfeld until 1826 , Free State of Coburg from 1918 to 1920
- Darmstadt : until 1918 Grand Duchy of Hesse , until 1933 People's State of Hesse , until 1945 State of Hesse
- Dessau : until 1863 Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau , until 1918 Duchy of Anhalt , until 1933 Free State of Anhalt , until 1945 State of Anhalt
- Detmold : until 1918 Principality of Lippe , until 1933 Free State of Lippe, until 1947 Land Lippe
- Dresden : Kingdom of Saxony until 1918 , Free State of Saxony until 1933, State of Saxony until 1952, Free State of Saxony since 1990
- Düsseldorf : since 1946 state of North Rhine-Westphalia
- Ebersdorf : until 1846 Principality of Reuss-Ebersdorf
- Erfurt : 1948 to 1952 State of Thuringia , since 1990 Free State of Thuringia
- Frankfurt am Main : Free City of Frankfurt until 1866
- Freiburg im Breisgau : 1946 to 1952 State of Baden
- Gera : until 1918 Principality of Reuss Younger Line , 1919 Free State of Reuss Younger Line, until 1920 People's State of Reuss
- Gotha : until 1918 Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , until 1920 Free State of Gotha
- Greiz : until 1918 Principality of Reuss older line , until 1919 Free State of Reuss older line
- Halle : 1947 to 1952 Saxony-Anhalt
- Hamburg : Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg
- Hanover : Kingdom of Hanover until 1866 , State of Hanover from 1945 to 1946 , since then Lower Saxony
- Hechingen : until 1849 Principality of Hohenzollern-Hechingen
- Hildburghausen : until 1826 Duchy of Saxony-Hildburghausen
- Homburg : until 1866, Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg
- Karlsruhe : until 1918 Grand Duchy of Baden , until 1933 Democratic Republic of Baden , until 1945 State of Baden
- Kassel : until 1866, Electorate of Hesse
- Kiel : until 1866 Duchy of Holstein , since 1949 Schleswig-Holstein
- Köthen : until 1863 Duchy of Anhalt-Köthen
- Lobenstein : until 1824 Principality of Reuss-Lobenstein
- Lübeck : Free Hanseatic City of Lübeck until 1937
- Luxembourg : Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (was a member of the German Confederation until 1866)
- Maastricht : 1839 to 1866 Duchy of Limburg (member state of the German Confederation)
- Magdeburg : since 1990 State of Saxony-Anhalt
- Mainz : since 1946 state of Rhineland-Palatinate
- Meiningen : until 1918 Duchy of Saxony-Meiningen , until 1920 Free State of Saxony-Meiningen
- Munich : Kingdom of Bavaria until 1918 , Free State of Bavaria until 1933, State of Bavaria until 1945, and since then Free State of Bavaria
- Neustrelitz : until 1918 Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz , until 1933 Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, until 1934 State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Oldenburg : Grand Duchy of Oldenburg until 1918 , Free State of Oldenburg until 1933, State of Oldenburg until 1945, Free State of Oldenburg until 1946
- Potsdam : 1947 to 1952 and since 1990 State of Brandenburg
- Ratzeburg : until 1865 Duchy of Saxony-Lauenburg
- Rudolstadt : until 1918 Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt , until 1920 Free State of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
- Saarbrücken : 1920 to 1935 Saar area (under administration of the League of Nations ), until 1947 Saarland (as a member state of the German Empire), until 1957 Saarland (under French administration), since then Saarland (as the Land of the Federal Republic of Germany)
- Schleiz : until 1848 Principality of Reuss-Schleiz
- Schwerin : to 1918 Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin , until 1933 State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, until 1934 Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and 1945 Country Mecklenburg , and 1947 Country Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Mecklenburg to 1952, since 1990 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
- Sigmaringen : until 1819 Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
- Sondershausen : until 1918 Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen , until 1920 Free State of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
- Strasbourg : 1871 to 1918 Reichsland Alsace-Lorraine
- Stuttgart : until 1918 Kingdom of Württemberg , until 1933 People's State of Württemberg , until 1945 Württemberg, until 1952 State of Württemberg-Baden , since then State of Baden-Württemberg
- Tübingen : 1947 to 1952 Land Württemberg-Hohenzollern
- Vaduz : Principality of Liechtenstein (was a member of the German Confederation until 1866)
- Weimar : until 1918 Grand Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach , until 1920 Free State of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach, until 1948 State of Thuringia
- Vienna : until 1918 empire Austria (until 1866 with its countries Bohemia, Illyria [only Gorizia and Gradisca, Carinthia, Carniola, Trieste], Moravia, Austria above the Enns, Austria under the Enns, Salzburg, Silesia, Styria, Tyrol and Vorarlberg Part of the German Confederation)
- Wiesbaden : until 1866 Duchy of Nassau , since 1945 State of Hesse
literature
- Jens Kirsch: Capital. On the essence and change of a national symbol . LIT, Münster 2005, ISBN 3-8258-8593-3 .
swell
- ↑ Wolfgang Behringer, Gabriele Clemens: History of the Saarland, Munich 2009.
Map with all linked sites: