Free State of Braunschweig

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Free State of Braunschweig
coat of arms flag
Coat of arms of the Free State of Braunschweig Flag of the Free State of Braunschweig
Situation in the German Reich
Weimar Republic - Brunswick (1925) .svg
Arose from Duchy of Brunswick
Incorporated into Lower Saxony
Today (part of): Lower Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt
Data from 1933
State capital Braunschweig
Form of government Parliamentary democracy
Consist 1918-1945
surface 3690 km²
Residents 512,989
Population density 139 people / km²
Reichsrat 1 vote
License Plate until 1945 : B
until 1947 : BRA
map
Map of the Free State of Braunschweig (brown; excluding Thedinghausen exclave) 1918–1942

The Free State of Braunschweig replaced the Duchy of Braunschweig after the November Revolution in 1918 . The member state of the Weimar Republic (1919-1933) received its republican constitution in January 1922. On May 4, 1922, the Antrick cabinet (a coalition of the SPD and USPD ) resigned. This was followed by the Jasper II cabinet (SPD, DDP, DVP, USPD) and the Marquordt cabinet (DVP, DNVP). From December 1927 to October 1930 a single SPD government (Cabinet Jasper III) ruled .

In the state election on September 14, 1930, the NSDAP received 22.2 percent of the vote (after 3.7% in the election on November 27, 1927). The DVP refused to form a grand coalition; on October 1, 1930, the state parliament elected (with the votes of the civil unity list ) a coalition government made up of the DNVP and NSDAP. This government ("Ministry Küchenthal" under Werner Küchenthal ) held office until May 7, 1933. The NSDAP appointed the Minister for the Interior and Education ( Anton Franzen until July 27, 1931; from September 15, 1931 Dietrich Klagges ). On February 25, 1932, Adolf Hitler was given a state office in Braunschweig at the instigation of the NSDAP. This gave Hitler German citizenship , which was a prerequisite for running for the presidential election in 1932 .

During the time of National Socialism , in April 1937, the country and Anhalt came under a Reich governor ( Rudolf Jordan ). In 1941 there were border corrections with the Prussian hinterland. After the Second World War, the British military government set up a provisional government in Braunschweig. Braunschweig and Oldenburg became part of Lower Saxony , which was formed on November 1, 1946 .

prehistory

In 1235, Emperor Friedrich II transferred the Brunswick property to the grandson of Henry the Lion , Otto the Child , as the newly created Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg . Through the division of inheritance, it was divided into various sub-states, under which the Principality of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel emerged as early as the 14th century , which in the 15th / 16th centuries roughly corresponded to the later Duchy of Braunschweig. However, it was lost through the Napoleonic occupation on October 28, 1806 and was defeated on July 9, 1807 to the Kingdom of Westphalia , to which it belonged until 1813 .

Duchy of Brunswick (1814–1918)

After the Congress of Vienna and the dissolution of the Kingdom of Westphalia, the Duchy of Braunschweig was restored as a sovereign state in the German Confederation . In its boundaries it corresponded roughly to the boundaries of the Principality of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel in 14/15. Century. The area of ​​the duchy was divided into several areas and not contiguous. In addition to a larger core area between Aller and Harz, smaller areas between Harz and Weser, around Calvörde , in the Upper and Lower Harz and near Bremen belonged to the duchy.

After there had been uprisings against the young Duke Karl II in 1830, a representative state constitution was introduced under his successor Wilhelm in 1832. This introduced a chamber system and granted the ruling prince a fixed budget. The Duchy of Braunschweig lived through a phase of neutrality until Wilhelm's death. Without a legitimate heir, the duchy was ruled by regents before the Welfs of the Hanoverian line took the throne. The last duke from 1913 to November 8, 1918 was Ernst August von Hannover (III) .

November Revolution

After the naval order of October 24, 1918 had led to sailors' uprisings in Kiel and Wilhelmshaven, the sailors swarmed to all major German cities in the days that followed. In the course of November 6, 1918, the first sailors from Kiel and Wilhelmshaven reached Braunschweig. The next day there was a large demonstration and almost the entire Braunschweig garrison defected to the rebels. On the afternoon of 8. November 1918 a forced deputation led by August Merges the abdication of Duke Ernst August .

Socialist Republic of Braunschweig

After the duke's abdication, a workers 'and soldiers' council took over political leadership. On November 10, 1918, a sole government of the USPD was proclaimed by the Workers 'and Soldiers' Council. The “Socialist Republic of Braunschweig” was proclaimed and August Merges was unanimously elected as its first president on the proposal of Sepp Oerter , who in turn became chairman of the “Council of People's Commissars”.

On November 24, 1918, the workers 'and soldiers' councils were re-elected, but with a very low turnout. At the beginning of December, the representatives of the USPD and SPD decided to lead a joint election campaign on the basis of the Erfurt program in the coming municipal and state elections. However, the SPD said goodbye to the meeting of the joint electoral commission on December 4th. On December 6th, the first meeting of the new workers 'and soldiers' councils took place, about a third each of which was made up of supporters of the SPD, the USPD center and the USPD left and the Spartakusbund .

The Braunschweig State Parliament was elected on December 22, 1918 . Although it had been the dominant political force up until then, the USPD only won 14 out of 60 seats, the MSPD (under Heinrich Jasper) 17, while the two bourgeois parties, the “Landeswahlverband” and the German People's Party (DVP) had a total of 29 seats .

In the city of Braunschweig, the USPD was the strongest party with 33.4%.

State election result 1918
MSPD 27.7% - 17 seats | State electoral association ( DVP , ZENTRUM , Welfen , DNVP and others) 26.2% - 16 seats | USPD 24.3% - 14 seats | DDP 21.8% - 13 seats

Northwest German Republic

On January 7, 1919, there was a mass demonstration in support of insurgent Spartakists in Berlin . On January 20, 30,000 people demonstrated in Braunschweig against the murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht . The mood in the city gradually escalated and the tone towards Berlin became more and more radical. The “Council of People's Representatives” planned the establishment of a “Northwest German Republic”, which should consist of ten socialist free states. Negotiations about it failed, however, from the outset.

On February 22, 1919, a coalition government consisting of the USPD and MSPD was formed under the chairmanship of Sepp Oerter, and the state parliament passed the provisional constitution, which made parliament the bearer of all state power and thus expressed a clear decision in favor of parliamentary democracy .

Free State of Braunschweig

Siege of the city

Heinrich Jasper

On April 9, 1919, the Spartacists called a general strike in Braunschweig . One of the consequences of the strike was that in large parts of Germany there were significant supply problems with food and coal. Public life in the city came to a standstill. On April 13, 1919, the Reich government (Prime Minister Gustav Bauer , SPD) imposed a state of siege on the Free State of Braunschweig.

On April 17, 1919 about 10,000 men of the Maercker Freikorps marched into the city. Merges initially fled to Berlin, while Oerter stayed in Braunschweig. The Oerter government was immediately removed and the state workers' council dissolved. Maercker and Jasper were negotiating the formation of a new government for Braunschweig. On April 30th, the Braunschweig state parliament elected a new government, which was formed by a coalition of MSPD, USPD and DDP . Heinrich Jasper became the new Prime Minister. On May 10th, Maercker withdrew with his troops, as public order had been restored in the city and state of Braunschweig. On June 5, the Reich government lifted the state of siege for Braunschweig.

Kapp putsch

Almost a year after the Freikorps troops had withdrawn, the Kapp Putsch took place in Berlin on March 13, 1920 , which failed after just 100 hours, but also had political and social effects in Braunschweig; u. a. There was a general strike in 141 Braunschweig companies and incidents similar to civil war with injuries and deaths. In the end, the Jasper government resigned and there were new elections. On June 16, 1920, the Second Braunschweig State Parliament was elected. The winners of the elections were USPD and BLWV , MSPD and DDP suffered heavy losses. On June 22nd, a new government was elected under Prime Minister Sepp Oerter (USPD).

State election result 1920
State electoral association (see above) 37.3% - 23 seats | USPD 37.3% - 23 seats | MSPD 14.8% - 9 seats | DDP 9.5% - 5 seats | KPD 1.1% - 0 seats

After Oerter resigned in 1921, the state parliament re-elected a USPD / MSPD government on November 25, 1921, this time under the leadership of Prime Minister August Junke .

Establishment as a free state

Parliament building in Braunschweig

On January 6, 1922, the first Braunschweig constitution came into force; Braunschweig was now a free state. However, the USPD / MSPD government already lost its majority in the following state election on January 22, 1922. Only with the help of the two KPD votes was there a left majority in the state parliament. When a motion to express confidence in the government failed to find a majority in the state parliament on May 4, the government ( Antrick cabinet ) resigned. A new government made up of the MSPD, DDP and DVP was formed on May 23, and Heinrich Jasper ( Cabinet Jasper II ) was again Prime Minister .

On September 13, 1923, based on the Republic Protection Act, the NSDAP , which had founded local groups in Wolfenbüttel and Braunschweig the previous year, was banned. However, this ban was not enforced consistently. In January 1924, Sepp Oerter joined the NSDAP, which was represented in the state parliament for the first time in this way.

In February 1924 the DNVP initiated a successful referendum to dissolve the state parliament; the referendum does not occur because the parliament dissolves before himself. In the state elections on December 7th, the bourgeois parties won a majority. The Marquordt Cabinet ( DNVP , DVP, Economic Unit List , Welfen and NSFB ; in office from December 24, 1924 to December 13, 1927) was created under Gerhard Marquordt (DVP ). In the state elections on November 27, 1927, the SPD achieved 46.2 percent of the vote and got 24 of the 48 seats. On December 14th, a sole government of the SPD ( Cabinet Jasper III ) was constituted.

In the state parliament elections on September 14, 1930, the NSDAP rose from 3.7 percent three years earlier to 22.2 percent of the vote. The SPD lost 5.2 percentage points, so that there was no longer a left majority in the state parliament. Ernst Zörner (NSDAP) was elected President of the State Parliament with 20 to 17 votes on September 30th, and a new right-wing government was elected the next day with the same majority. The civil unified list consisted of DNVP, DVP, center and WP and together with the NSDAP formed the government with Werner Küchenthal as Prime Minister and the National Socialist Anton Franzen as Minister of State for the Interior and National Education.

As a result, a struggle of right-wing forces began against the SPD and KPD. Teachers were fired, professors were retired, and leaflets and posters directed against NSDAP actions were banned. The local elections on March 1, 1931 then resulted in an SPD / KPD majority in the city of Braunschweig. Thereupon the KPD initiated a successful referendum to dissolve the state parliament in the same month, but there was no referendum.

In September 1931 the controversial Interior Minister Franzen had to resign due to a perjury affair. He was succeeded on September 15, 1931 by the National Socialist Dietrich Klagges . Under his leadership, the administration, police and education system in the state of Braunschweig were changed by replacing district directors, school councils, teachers and judges in line with the NSDAP. After teachers were laid off, there were strikes in public schools. Following calls for a strike, the SPD newspaper Volksfreund was banned for three weeks.

On October 11, 1931, the NSDAP, DNVP and Stahlhelm formed the short-lived Harzburg Front . On 17./18. On October 100,000 SA men marched in Braunschweig. Street fighting broke out (2 dead and 61 injured).

From March 14, 1933, the KPD and SPD saw themselves unable to continue participating in state parliament sessions due to the continuing persecution of their functionaries. On April 4, 1933 , the Landtag was re-established on the basis of the provisional law to bring the states into line with the Reich following the results of the Reichstag election of March 5th . After the regional association of the DNVP had joined the NSDAP, only the 33 members of the NSDAP parliamentary group took part in the constituent session of the new state parliament on April 29, 1933. Klagges reported to Hitler the “first purely National Socialist parliament in Germany”. On May 6, 1933 he became Prime Minister ( Klagges Cabinet ).

The last session of the Braunschweig Landtag took place on June 13, 1933. On October 14, 1933, the state parliament was automatically dissolved as a result of the dissolution of the Reichstag; no new formation came about.

Relations with Adolf Hitler

In 1932 there was only one possibility for Hitler to obtain German citizenship in good time before the next elections for Reich President, namely through the Free State of Braunschweig. Besides the state of Oldenburg , this was the only state of the Weimar Republic in which the NSDAP not only co-governed, but was also able to promote the “naturalization of the Führer” through the NSDAP State Minister for the Interior and Public Education Dietrich Klagges and Prime Minister Werner Küchenthal (BEL). As a government representative of the Free State, Dietrich Klagges received the direct commission of the NSDAP party leadership to “naturalize” Hitler. Goebbels noted in his diary on February 4, 1932: "It is intended to appoint the Führer in Braunschweig as an associate professor."

At first, Klagges tried to get Hitler an extraordinary professorship for the chair “Politics and Organic Society” at the Technical University of Braunschweig, which was constructed for this purpose . The amateurishly executed measure soon became public knowledge and failed due to the opposition from the university management and the educated middle class - the plan had to be dropped. Klagges had exposed Hitler to public ridicule and achieved exactly what the NSDAP had tried to prevent by all means: Hitler's reputation was damaged - not only in Braunschweig.

In a second attempt, the DVP MP Wessels suggested that Hitler get a position in the Braunschweig embassy at the Reichsrat in Berlin.

With the support of various politicians of the Free State, among them again Klagges, but also the NSDAP President of the Braunschweig Landtag Ernst Zörner , who offered Hitler a bogus residence as a subtenant in Braunschweig, this second attempt finally succeeded: On February 26, 1932, Hitler was sworn in, with which at the same time he became a German citizen and was finally given the opportunity to run for the presidential election. Obviously, this also exhausted his work for the Braunschweig embassy in Berlin. Incidentally, on March 1, 1932, the Landtag of the Free State of Braunschweig approved the government council position requested by the State Ministry of the Interior and thus concluded Hitler's naturalization.

Nothing is known of any further exercise of his official duties towards the state of Braunschweig. Only seven months later, in October 1932, Hitler applied for indefinite leave, because “the ongoing political battles” would not allow him “to fulfill [his] service assignment in the near future”. Because the public, as well as the opposition politicians in the Braunschweig Landtag, did not know what the "government councilor" Hitler had done for the Land of Braunschweig, the opposition requested several work results. Finally, it became known in public that on January 26, 1933 - just four days before Hitler was appointed Reich Chancellor - the Braunschweig Chamber of Accounts had scheduled an examination of the remuneration paid to Hitler and the services he had provided for it.

On February 16, 1933, the now incumbent Chancellor, Adolf Hitler, requested in a short telegram to be released from the Brunswick civil service - which was granted to him immediately "with immediate effect". Some historians now doubt whether Hitler actually ever officially acquired German citizenship. Hitler's “guest performance” in Braunschweig was short-lived. Even before 1932 he was seldom in the city, after that a fifth and last time, namely on July 17, 1935, when he visited the uncovered grave of Henry the Lion in Braunschweig Cathedral and the Lehndorf housing estate.

Synchronization during the National Socialist era (1933–1945)

Immediately after Hitler came to power, work began on abolishing the statehood of the states of the German Reich. The provisional law on the alignment of the federal states with the Reich of 1933, the second law of alignment of 1933 and the law on the reconstruction of the Reich of 1934 served as the legal basis .

As part of this synchronization , the previous member states became districts, which were presided over by a Reich governor. Braunschweig was combined with Anhalt to form a governor district. The seat of the Reich Governor was Dessau. Reich governor was Wilhelm Loeper until 1935 , Fritz Sauckel from 1935 to 1937 and Rudolf Jordan from 1937 to 1945 .

On May 6, 1933, Loeper appointed Dietrich Klagges as Braunschweig Prime Minister, who held this office until 1945 and shaped the history of the Free State of Braunschweig under National Socialism.

Change of territory in 1941

Territorial development of the state of Braunschweig and the surrounding area from October 1, 1932 to September 17, 1945

The urban district of Goslar and the district of Goslar with the cities of Vienenburg and Salzgitter came from the Prussian province of Hanover to the state of Braunschweig in 1941 in exchange for the previously Brunswick district of Holzminden ( Salzgitter law ). In the following year, the city of Watenstedt-Salzgitter was re-established from Brunswick and Prussian (Hanover Province) areas. On the western border of the country, the exclaves of Ölsburg , Neuölsburg and Bodenburg / Östrum as well as the Brunswick part of Woltorf were also given to the province of Hanover in 1941 , which in turn provided the communities of Wartjenstedt , Binder , Rhene , Baddeckestedt , Groß Elbe , Klein Elbe , Gustedt , Groß Heere , Klein Heere as well as a part of the district of Sillium handed over to the state of Braunschweig. Further changes resulted from the straightening of the border with the Prussian province of Saxony in the course of the Great Rift , through which the state of Braunschweig lost Hesse and the Braunschweig part of Pabstorf and received Hornburg , Isingerode and Roklum in return . In this way, a more closed Braunschweig territory could be created at that time, but the development of the city of Watenstedt-Salzgitter with the “Hermann Göring Works” was the main motive for this change of area implemented during the war.

The changes in the state were also carried out by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Braunschweig and were not reversed after 1945. In contrast, the Braunschweigische Landessparkasse is still represented in the Holzminden area today.

Administrative division

When the new city regulations of the Free State of Braunschweig came into force on November 15, 1924, on April 1, 1925, the city of Braunschweig left the Braunschweig district and became an independent city.

resolution

Association for the State of Lower Saxony

Location of the state of Braunschweig in the British zone of occupation, 1946

Between April 6 and 23, 1945, the state of Braunschweig was occupied by troops of the Western Allies. In July 1945 the eastern part of the Blankenburg district and the Calvörde exclave of the Helmstedt district became part of the Soviet zone of occupation (SBZ). In return, the country received a slight increase through the incorporation of the Prussian community Preußisch Offleben into the Brunswick community of Offleben , with which a division of the contiguous village was avoided. On April 24, the British military government appointed Hubert Schlebusch, former SPD member of the Reichstag, as Prime Minister of Braunschweig. As early as September 17th, the head of the military government, General John Lingham , announced the Prime Minister Schlebusch and Tantzen (Oldenburg) as well as the Hanoverian President Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf that the province of Hanover and the two countries should be merged.

On September 29, 1945, a state treaty was signed between the three states, which provided for the establishment of a community ministry called the state government for imperial tasks in Lower Saxony . The British military government did not approve this treaty because it did not want to allow the countries to organize their own affairs in this form.

On November 15, 1945, the Hanover-Oldenburg-Braunschweig District Council was constituted, which Bremen also joined on December 20 . On February 15, 1946, the Zone Advisory Council based in Hamburg was set up and its first meeting took place on March 6. On April 1, 1946, Kopf approached the British Military Government with a memorandum calling for the British Zone to be divided into three areas. The Lower Saxony part should include Braunschweig. In May 1946, Oldenburg presented an alternative proposal that called for a state called Weser-Ems.

With the ordinance No. 46 of the British military government of August 23, 1946 “concerning the dissolution of the provinces of the former Prussia in the British zone and their re-establishment as independent states”, the state of Hanover received its legal basis.

On November 23, 1946, the British military government approved the unification of several states to form the new state of Lower Saxony :

Braunschweig administrative district

Within the state of Lower Saxony, the remaining (essential) area of ​​the former Free State of Braunschweig was continued as one of a total of two administrative and six government districts under the name Braunschweig Administrative District .

It comprised the independent cities of Braunschweig , Goslar and Salzgitter (the name of this city was still Watenstedt-Salzgitter at that time) and the districts of Braunschweig , Gandersheim , Goslar , Helmstedt and Wolfenbüttel as well as the district of Blankenburg , whose new district was Braunlage in the Harz Mountains.

The district of Braunschweig until then (and also after the formation of the administrative district of Braunschweig) until 1972 included the exclave Thedinghausen near Verden, about 150 km away, shortly before Bremen . This area has belonged to the Verden district since 1972 .

Braunschweig administrative district

After the completion of the district reform in Lower Saxony in 1978, the administrative district of Braunschweig was considerably enlarged at the expense of the neighboring districts of Hildesheim and Lüneburg in particular and is now referred to as the Braunschweig administrative district. At the end of 2004, all district governments of Lower Saxony were dissolved and the administrative districts abolished.

Repeal of pre-constitutional constitutional law

On November 10, 2011 the Lower Saxony state parliament passed a law amending the law on the State Court of Justice and repealing pre-constitutional constitutional law, repealing the "Constitution of the Free State of Braunschweig of January 6, 1922 in the version of Article II of the law of September 22, 1933 ( Nds. GVBl. Sb. II p. 5) ".

politics

State election results

election day SPD DVP 1 USPD DDP 2 KPD DNVP 3 NSDAP 4
December 22, 1918 27.7 26.2 24.3 21.8 DVP
May 16, 1920 5 14.8 37.3 37.3 9.5 1.0 DVP
January 22, 1922 19.8 38.0 27.6 10.7 4.0 DVP
7 December 1924 6 37.4 17.2 5.3 4.5 18.5 3.4
November 27, 1927 7 46.2 14.3 4.6 4.7 9.4 3.7
September 14, 1930 41.0 26.0 3.0 6.8 DVP 22.2
March 5, 1933 30.5 1.4 8.8 7.6 49.0
Footnotes

1 DVP: 1918, 1920 and 1922: regional electoral association ( DVP , DZP , DNVP , 1922 also Völkische ), 1924 and 1927: DVP, 1930: civil unity list (DVP, DZP, DNVP, business associations), 1933: DVP
2 DDP: 1818 bis 1924: DDP, 1927: DDP and Bauernbund, 1930: DDP
3 DNVP: 1924 and 1927: DNVP, 1933: KFSWR (DNVP, LB , Sth )
4 NSDAP: 1924: NSFB , 1927: National Socialist Workers' Party, 1930 and 1933: NSDAP
5 1920: DVP: 37.32%, USPD: 37.31%
6 1924: in addition: Economic unified list: 8.3%, Braunschweigisch-Lower Saxony party (Welfen): 3.2%
7 1927: in addition: Business association of the middle class: 8th , 1%, home and landowners: 4.4%

Presidents and Prime Ministers

  • November 10, 1918 to February 22, 1919: August Merges , USPD (President of the Council of People's Representatives in Braunschweig)
  • February 22 to April 16, 1919 (thereafter executive until April 30, 1919): Sepp Oerter , USPD
  • April 30, 1919 to June 22, 1920: Heinrich Jasper, SPD (Prime Minister)
  • June 22, 1920 to November 24, 1921: Sepp Oerter, USPD
  • November 25, 1921 to March 28, 1922: August Junke , USPD
  • March 28 to May 22, 1922: Otto Antrick , SPD (executive)
  • May 23, 1922 to December 24, 1924: Heinrich Jasper, SPD
  • December 24, 1924 to December 14, 1927: Gerhard Marquordt , DVP
  • December 14, 1927 to October 1, 1930: Heinrich Jasper, SPD
  • October 1, 1930 to May 5, 1933: Werner Küchenthal , DNVP
  • May 5, 1933 to April 13, 1945: Dietrich Klagges , NSDAP (appointed Prime Minister)
  • approx. April 13, 1945 - approx. April 23, 1945: Gerhard Marquordt (appointed by the military government)
  • April 24, 1945 to January 1946: Hubert Schlebusch , SPD (appointed by the military government)
  • January 1946 to December 9, 1946: Alfred Kubel (appointed by the military government)

Reich Governor

Reich governor for Anhalt and Braunschweig based in Dessau:

Presidents of the administrative district, regional presidents, government representatives

After the state of Braunschweig was absorbed into the new state of Lower Saxony and the administrative district of Braunschweig was constituted, the heads of the authority ranked as President of the Lower Saxony administrative district of Braunschweig as such (colloquial as "administrative president ").

With the conversion of the administrative district to the - at the same time enlarged - administrative district of Braunschweig , the heads of its authority, the district government of Braunschweig , assumed the rank of district president from 1978 .

After the abolition of the government district and the associated dissolution of the district government at the end of 2004, a ministerial councilor now resides as head of the Braunschweig government agency , a regional branch of the Lower Saxony state ministries, in the building of the former state ministry at Bohlweg 38 in Braunschweig.

coat of arms

The state coat of arms shows the silver Sachsenross in the red field.

The national colors are blue-yellow (Constitution of January 6, 1922, Article 1).

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Constitution of the Free State of Braunschweig (1922). verassungen.de, accessed on January 30, 2017 (full text).
  2. ↑ a b c d Events 1918–1933 The Free State of Braunschweig Events 1918–1933 , on gonschior.de
  3. ↑ The State Ministry in the legislative period of the 6th Landtag , on gonschior.de
  4. ↑ Ulrich Menzel : Hitler's naturalization in the Free State of Braunschweig and its consequences (pdf)
  5. ↑ City Chronicle Braunschweig
  6. ↑ Ordinance No. 55 - Education of the State of Lower Saxony ( Memento of the original dated May 14, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . According to Article VIII, the regulation came into force on November 1, 1946; According to Article I, four previously existing Länder lost their independence as Länder and [became] parts of a new Land […] Lower Saxony @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.niedersachsen.de
  7. ^ Waldemar R. Röhrbein (2006): 1946 - Restoration of the state of Hanover and establishment of the state of Lower Saxony. ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.heimatbund-niedersachsen.de
  8. ↑ The Free State of Braunschweig State Election 1918 , on gonschior.de
  9. ^ Ernst-August Roloff : Braunschweig and the state of Weimar. Politics, economy and society 1918–1933. (= Braunschweig workpieces. Publications from the city's archive, library and museum. Volume 31) Waisenhaus-Druckerei, Braunschweig 1964, pp. 68–72.
  10. ↑ Bernd Rother : The Social Democracy in Braunschweig 1918–1933. Dietz, Bonn 1990, ISBN 978-3-8012-4016-5 , pp. 105-109.
  11. ↑ The Free State of Braunschweig State Election 1920 , on gonschior.de
  12. ↑ The Free State of Braunschweig State Election 1922 , on gonschior.de
  13. ↑ The Free State of Braunschweig. Referendums and referendums
  14. ↑ The Free State of Braunschweig State Election 1924 , on gonschior.de
  15. ↑ The Free State of Braunschweig State Election 1927 , on gonschior.de
  16. ↑ it was confirmed with 23 SPD votes and 2 KPD votes. The other MPs abstained.
  17. ↑ Braunschweiger Zeitung (ed.): How brown was Braunschweig? Hitler and the Free State of Braunschweig. Braunschweig 2003, pp. 21-23.
  18. ↑ Networked memory: Hitler as a councilor ( topography of the National Socialist tyranny in Braunschweig )
  19. ↑ Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Gerhard Schildt (Ed.): Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. A region looking back over the millennia. Braunschweig 2000, p. 1001.
  20. ↑ Ordinance on territorial adjustments in the area of ​​the Hermann-Göring-Werke Salzgitter
  21. ^ State of Braunschweig. Retrieved June 10, 2019 .
  22. ↑ City Chronicle Braunschweig. Entries for the period from 1920 to 1929. Retrieved June 10, 2019 .
  23. ^ Community directory Landkreis Haldensleben, number 37 , description by Dietrich Kuessner, Chapter 14, "The historical border between Prussian and Braunschweigisch-Offleben"
  24. ^ Waldemar R. Röhrbein (2006): 1946 - Restoration of the state of Hanover and establishment of the state of Lower Saxony. ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , P. 4. The memorandum was entitled On the delimitation and administrative structure of a future state of Lower Saxony @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.heimatbund-niedersachsen.de
  25. ↑ Article 1 (Law on the Dissolution of District Governments) of the Law on the Modernization of Administration in Lower Saxony of November 5, 2004
  26. ↑ Lower Saxony Law and Ordinance Gazette. (5321) No. 27/2011 of November 17, 2011, p. 414