History of the Hanseatic City of Lübeck
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The history of Lübeck can be traced back to 700 AD, when the previous settlement Liubice was founded. The Middle Ages in Lübeck were shaped by the Hanseatic League .
Temporal overview
- 819: First Slavic castle in Alt-Lübeck at the confluence of the Trave and Schwartau
- 1072: The name "Liubice" is mentioned in the chronicle of the historian Adam von Bremen .
- 1138: Destruction of old Lübeck, inner Slav power struggles
- 1143: Count Adolf II von Schauenburg founds the German city of Lübeck on the peninsula between Trave and Wakenitz as a modest commercial settlement next to a Slavic settlement.
- 1158: Count Adolf II leaves the Buku hill (today's Lübeck city center) to Duke Heinrich the Lion , who creates Lübeck there a second time.
- 1226: The north German princes and cities are able to shake off Danish supremacy, Emperor Friedrich II grants Lübeck the privilege of imperial freedom . Lübeck becomes a free imperial city and is to be subordinate to the head of the empire forever. The provision remains in force for 711 years until 1937.
- 1227: North German princes and cities, including Lübeck, finally defeat Prince Waldemar in the Battle of Bornhöved . In gratitude, the Dominican monastery is founded in Lübeck on the site of the former royal castle (Burgkloster).
- 1358: First Hanseatic League in Lübeck. The expression “cities from the German Hanseatic League” is documented for the first time. The Hanseatic League as an organizational form emerged gradually, not through a founding act.
- 1367–1370: Second victorious war against King Waldemar , concluded with the Peace of Stralsund and the safeguarding of Hanseatic privileges and economic interests in the north.
- 1563–1570: Nordic Seven Years War (Lübeck with Denmark against Sweden), the city's last honorable but unsuccessful sea war, ended by the Peace of Stettin
- 1669: Last Hanseatic Day held in Lübeck. Lübeck, Hamburg and Bremen remained the heirs as Free and Hanseatic Cities until the 20th century.
- 1810: Forced annexation to the French Empire, beginning of the Lübeck French period
- 1813: Handover of the city to Crown Prince Bernadotte from Sweden (Allied).
- 1815: Lübeck becomes a member of the German Confederation .
- 1866: Joined the North German Confederation.
- 1871: The Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck becomes a member state of the Reich.
- 1897: In the course of the increase in the army, Lübeck receives its own 3rd Hanseatic regiment
- 1911: Lübeck becomes a big city.
- 1933: Removal of the Senate, abolition of the citizenship, government by proxy of the NSDAP, joint "Reich Governor" for Lübeck and Mecklenburg with headquarters in Schwerin
- 1937: Abolition of the freedom of the Reich in Lübeck, incorporation into the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein
- 1942: On March 28, large parts of the old town are destroyed by bombs.
- 1945: Lübeck is occupied by British troops without a fight.
- 1987: UNESCO declares Lübeck a World Heritage Site - the first cultural monument of its kind in the Federal Republic.
- 1993: Lübeck celebrates 850 years of the Hanseatic City of Lübeck
Early settlement and origin of the city name
Numerous barrows from the Neolithic Age in and around the city, such as the Pöppendorfer stone grave in the Waldhusener Forest and the large stone grave in Blankensee, still bear witness to the first settlement after the Vistula Ice Age .
Slavic settlement began in eastern Holstein around 700 AD, after previous Germanic inhabitants had migrated to the west. The place Liubice ("the lovely one"), created around the time of Charlemagne (748-814), was north of Lübeck's old town island between today's Teerhofinsel and the confluence of the Schwartau with the Trave. As an important ground monument , it has been examined through detailed excavations. The Pöppendorfer Ringwall also belongs to this time . Since the 10th century Liubice was next to Oldenburg in Holstein (Starigard) the most important settlement of the Abodrites . The settled in Mecklenburg and Liubice dynasty of the Nakoniden was in constant armed conflict with the Liutizen . Liubice was probably fortified like a castle at this time. After the castle was founded dendrochronologically in 819, Liubice was first mentioned around 1076 by Adam von Bremen , who also reported the stoning of Ansverus in 1066 near Einhaus . In 1093 the Christian nakonide Heinrich took over the rule of the Abodrites and made Liubice his residence. After his death in 1127 the village was burned down by the Ranen . The origin of the city name was proven by Wilhelm Ohnesorge .
German colonization and Lübeck Castle
In its current location on the Buku hill , the site of a former Wendish castle between Trave and Wakenitz, the city of Lübeck was re-established in 1143 by Count Adolf II von Schauenburg and Holstein as the first German port on the Baltic Sea after the original settlement was destroyed in 1138 was. He built a castle with a wood and earth wall , which was mentioned in 1147 by Helmold von Bosau . A well for the time around 1155 could be determined by means of excavations from modern times.
Adolf had to cede the castle complex to Heinrich the Lion in 1158 when he had aroused his discontent by interfering in the Danish controversy for the throne. In addition to Lübeck, this territorial prince also founded cities such as Munich and Schwerin and is therefore considered to be the "most powerful German territorial prince of the Middle Ages". Heinrich was particularly interested in the Slavic areas: The rise of Lübeck began with the incorporation of the Bay of Lübeck into the regnum Teutonicum . Already in 1134 Lothar von Süpplingenburg privileged Baltic Sea traders and advertised Liubice, which was in competition with Schleswig . Later, after being destroyed by the Holsten and reestablished by Count Adolf II, Liubice was raised to the rank of town and henceforth called Lubeke. After Lubeke burned down again in 1157, Heinrich the Lion assigned the merchants a new place to found a town, which, however, turned out to be impractical, as this place, which nowadays can no longer be precisely located, was not accessible by large ships. Heinrich therefore entered into negotiations with Count Adolf and finally, after many promises, achieved the handover of the burned remains of Lubekes. According to a report by the chronicler Helmold von Bosau, the merchants returned to the old location and gave up the unfavorable location.
With Lübeck, the typical medieval city was moved across the Elbe to the Baltic Sea. Lübeck was therefore one of the first cities east of the Elbe to offer a permanent market for merchants, and the re-established city clearly distinguished itself from its predecessor city and competitor Schleswig thanks to the legal security for merchants from the regnum Teutonicum. Lübeck thus gained in attraction for Low German merchants. Von Bosau's chronicle also describes the recruitment of northern European merchants to frequent the port of Lübeck or even to come to Lübeck permanently. It is said about Heinrich the Lion and Lübeck: “The Duke [...] sent messengers to the main places and empires of the north, [...] and offered them peace so that they would have access to free trade in his city of Lübeck. There he also certificated a coin, a customs duty and extremely respectable city liberties. From that time on, life in the city flourished and the number of its residents multiplied. ”The re-establishment of the Travestadt also took place in an economically up-and-coming period, and Heinrichs Lübeck was founded as a German port city by the German merchant, who was previously only tolerated To offer the Baltic region a better starting point: “From the start, Lübeck was much more than just a new city and a port - it was the whole Baltic Sea.” Not only shorter distances to the Baltic Sea were the decisive advantage, above all German merchants were allowed to do so from now on to run your own ships. Lübeck's merchants were able to penetrate the existing trade in Schleswig-Gotland-Novgorod. Lübeck prospered right from the start and from then on many people went to the Travestadt. Lübeck also formed an important and commercial lucrative city connection with Hamburg by land, thus further reducing Schleswig's importance.
In the beginning Lübeck also competed directly with Bardowick and Lüneburg , but at the latest since the transfer of the diocese from Oldenburg to Lübeck in 1163 (1160 Bishop Gerold von Oldenburg asked Heinrich the Lion to move the diocese to Lübeck. 1163 the first cathedral in Lübeck was consecrated ) Lübeck's regional importance was outstanding.
After Heinrich's fall, the castle became imperial from 1181 to 1189, then again ducal-Saxon until 1192 and in 1217 by King Waldemar II of Denmark. After his defeat in the Battle of Bornhöved (1227) , the castle monastery was built in its place , into which Dominican monks moved.
The time of the Hanseatic League until the Peace of Stralsund
Beginnings
After a fire in 1157, Lübeck was rebuilt by Heinrich the Lion , who gave up his town of Bardowick for this purpose . In 1160 Lübeck received the Soest town charter . This point in time is now considered by historians to be the beginning of the Kaufmannshanse (in contrast to the later Städtehanse ). The most important argument for this position is the Artlenburg privilege of 1161, in which Lübeck merchants were to be legally equated with the Gotland merchants who had previously dominated the Baltic Sea trade . During this time, Helmold von Bosau and his successor Arnold von Lübeck began the comprehensive written tradition of current affairs in northeast Germany with the Chronica Slavorum . The Barbarossa privilege of 1188 secured the new foundation's territorial existence and trading opportunities.
The council constitution given to the city by Heinrich the Lion was based on a city council of 24 councilors, who supplemented themselves from the merchants' associations by electing up to four mayors from among their number. Only the economically strongest merchant families could get into the council, but only one member of a family was allowed to be on the council, never two at the same time. This model of the constitution was largely retained until the 19th century. This laid the foundation for the rapid rise of Lübeck to a trading power in Northern Europe, which was exclusively geared towards the interests of long-distance trade merchants. Around 1200 the port and shipping continued to flourish: Lübeck became the emigration port for the eastern colonization of the Teutonic Order in Livonia , which reached its peak under Grand Master Hermann von Salza ( Golden Bull of Rimini of March 1226).
Shortly thereafter gained Lübeck in June 1226 by Emperor Frederick II. With the Empire Freiheitsbrief the kingdom of freedom and was richly immediate city. Due to its favorable geographical location and the new type of ship Hansekogge , which was able to carry a multiple of cargo compared to earlier types of ship, the city quickly grew. The threat to independence from the Danish expansion of power under Waldemar II was successfully fended off in the Battle of Bornhöved . As a result of the incursion of the Duke Otto of Lüneburg (1301), the city began to build a Landwehr.
Lübeck as Queen of the Hanseatic League
After Wisby , the first capital of the Hanseatic League , had been conquered by the Danish King Waldemar IV. Atterdag in 1361 , Lübeck became the new capital of the Hanseatic League (also known as the Queen of the Hanseatic League ), which had changed into a town hall in the 13th century . In the period that followed, Lübeck developed into the most important trading city in Northern Europe at times . The association of Wendish cities was created under Lübeck's leadership. Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian granted Lübeck gold minting rights in 1340 . In 1356 the first general Hanseatic day took place in Lübeck. The constant clashes with Denmark under King Waldemar IV led, after the defeat of the Hanseatic fleet under the orders of the Lübeck Mayor Johann Wittenborg in Öresund, to the Peace of Vordingborg (1365), which was unfavorable for the Hanseatic cities, and to the formation of the Cologne Confederation in 1367 . In another war , however, the Danish fortress of Helsingborg fell in 1369 after the Hanseatic siege under Bruno von Warendorp . With the Peace of Stralsund , Lübeck reached the height of its power in the Baltic Sea region.
When the Wendish Mint Association was founded in 1379, the Lübeck mark became the key currency in the Baltic Sea trade . Emperor Karl IV. Was the first Roman-German king since Friedrich I to visit the city in 1375.
In 1380 it came to internal unrest, the so-called bones revolts . The artisans and small merchants excluded from the council, who had supported the costly war against Denmark through repeated increases in taxes and financial losses, demanded more freedom for the offices and a say in the council under the leadership of the bonecutters . After a show of force by the council, a compromise was reached, but it did not last long: In 1384, Hinrik Paternostermaker , a merchant dissatisfied with his business , took advantage of the still fermenting discontent in the offices to conspire against the council. The attack was betrayed and bloodily suppressed.
In the 14th century, Lübeck was one of the largest cities in the empire alongside Cologne and Magdeburg . The Lübeck city law ( Lübeck law ), which emerged from the Soest city law, was valid in many Hanseatic cities , especially in the Baltic Sea region, and the Lübeck Council, as the Oberhof, was the court of appeal for all Hanseatic cities of the Lübeck legal circle.
Hamburg and Lübeck worked closely together: while Hamburg covered the North Sea region and Western Europe in particular , Lübeck’s maritime traffic was oriented towards Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea region from the Bergen office in Bryggen to Novgorod ( Peterhof ). Politically, Lübeck's influence in the Hansekontor in Bruges and in the London Stalhof was of outstanding importance for the development of the Hanseatic trade. The trade between the two Hanseatic cities was mainly carried out overland, for example via the Alte Salzstraße , but also by inland waterway through the Stecknitz Canal , via which the salt from Lüneburg , one of Lübeck's most important export goods to the north and east, was also transported . The salt was needed in the Baltic Sea region to preserve fish. The herring was in the Middle Ages in the interior a popular fast food .
To protect the trade interests of the Hanseatic League and to protect against pirates like the Vitalienbrüder , Lübeck merchants equipped a significant number of orlog ships (warships).
The Hanseatic period after the Peace of Stralsund until the Reformation
The beginning of the 15th century was also marked by civil unrest from 1408 to 1415. In the course of this, the council was temporarily dismissed. In 1410, Lübeck was temporarily subject to imperial ban . From the chronicles of this time recorded by the reading masters Detmar and Hermann Korner , together with the document collections for this time, there is already an outstanding source of sources and historiography.
The Treaty of Perleberg led in 1420 with the help of Hamburg to an arrangement of the relationship to the dukes of Saxony-Lauenburg . From then on, Bergedorf and the Vierlande were administered together until the 19th century.
The introduction of the Sundzolls in 1429 for the passage through the Öresund by King Erik VII led to a renewed escalation between the Hanseatic cities and Denmark, which was settled with the peace of Vordingborg in 1435 with a confirmation of the privileges of the Hanseatic League. Nevertheless, the Hanseatic cities soon had to accept the emerging Dutch competition in the Baltic Sea with the Peace of Copenhagen - the end of the Hanseatic -Dutch War (1438–1441).
The constant restrictions on the privileges of the Hanseatic League at London's Stalhof led to the declaration of war by the Wendish and Prussian cities of the Hanseatic League against England in 1470 . The Hanseatic -English War was waged as a pirate war and was successfully concluded for the Hanseatic League by the Peace of Utrecht (1474) by Mayor Hinrich Castorp .
The Baltic Sea trade of the Lübeckers during this time was not only characterized by salt , herring from Scania and stockfish from northern Norway . Northern Europe was supplied with everyday goods from here. Objects of art such as the works of the painter and sculptor Bernt Notke and his contemporaries Hermen Rode can also be found in the entire Baltic Sea area , as can winged altars made in Lübeck .
The trade relations of the Hanseatic League also promoted the sale of books. With the advent of book printing , Lübeck became popular at the end of the 15th century through printers such as Lucas Brandis and his brother Matthäus , Johann Snell , Bartholomäus Ghotan (who in 1488 produced the first book printed for Finland with the Missale Aboense ), Steffen Arndes ( Low German Bible , 1494 ) and later Johann Balhorn to the printing and book distribution center in the Baltic region. The Low German translation of Reynke de vos ( Reineke the Fox ) published by Hans van Ghetelen in 1498 was a trivial bestseller in Germany and Scandinavia at the time, according to today's diction . In Germany, Lübeck surpassed the city of Cologne in the market for printed products in Middle Low German , as the city of Cologne was unable to serve the "market" in the required manner due to the formative Catholicism .
In 1500 Lübeck became part of the Lower Saxon Empire .
The feuds with Denmark increased again after 1509 due to the hegemonic policy of the Danish king Christian II , but were initially settled in the Peace of Malmö (1512) by the mayor Thomas von Wickede . However, they soon flared up again. Lübeck helped Gustav I Wasa to the Swedish throne in 1523, King Christian II was deposed with the help of the mayor of Wickede and Frederick I was crowned the new King of Denmark; In return, the island of Bornholm became Luebisch for fifty years from 1525. This marked the end of the Kalmar Union for Denmark .
The period from around 1522 to 1530 was shaped by the advance of the Reformation . In 1531 the council called Johannes Bugenhagen to reorganize the community (church, school, social welfare) in the Reformation sense. His The Keyserliken Stadt Lübeck christlike Ordeninge appeared in May 1531; At the end of the year the council forced the cathedral chapter to renounce the church property in the city in a contract. First superintendent and rector of the newly founded Latin school Katharineum was Hermann Bonnus .
In the same year, Lübeck's entry into the Schmalkaldic Federation led to the Catholic mayors Nikolaus Brömse and Hermann Plönnies leaving the city. In the unrest that followed, Jürgen Wullenwever succeeded in filling the council with his supporters. After its failure and Brömse's return, Lübeck resigned from the Bund.
Lübeck's role as the leading trading power in the Baltic Sea was increasingly endangered in the first decades of the 16th century by Dutch merchants who, bypassing the Lübeck stacks, headed for the cities in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea. After Friedrich I was not ready to leave Lübeck the Sundschlösser as reward for his help with the capture of Christian II. In 1532 , Jürgen Wullenwever tried with military means to restore the old supremacy in the Baltic Sea area and to influence the feud of counts in favor of Lübeck. To finance his military adventures, he had the church treasury melted down, among other things. But it failed dramatically, had to leave the city in 1535, was captured by the Archbishop of Bremen and executed in 1537. With that, Lübeck's time as "Queen of the Hanseatic League" was finally over. And the importance of the Hanseatic League also dwindled.
From a cultural point of view, the Reformation led to a loss of artistic productivity in the city, as the people who commissioned sacred works of art were not in keeping with the spirit of the times. Only the terracotta sculptor Statius von Düren , the painter Hans Kemmer and the family of the carver Tönnies Evers d. Ä. enriched the Renaissance in northern Germany. They are followed as artists of the transition period by the carver Tönnies Evers the Elder. J. and the painter Johannes Willinges after.
Nordic Wars, Thirty Years War and the decline of the Hanseatic League
In the course of the three-crown war between Denmark and Sweden, in which the Hanseatic cities supported the Danish king, Lübeck was the only power to achieve its war goals , as the Peace of Stettin of 1570 guaranteed the city the Narva journey. However, the limited power position of the city-states in relation to the territorial states was revealed .
In 1615 Lübeck received with the Lübeck city fortifications, a modern system of fortifications in the Dutch manner. The systems were designed by Johann von Ryswyck and Johan van Valckenburgh , who was also responsible for the fortifications of Hamburg , Bremen and Ulm . In contrast to the Hamburg Bastion Ring, which was being built around the same time, and the facilities in Braunschweig and Bremen, Lübeck did not completely encircle the city in view of the topographical situation of the city. The completion took place from 1634 by the Dutch fortress builder Johann von Brussels .
During the Thirty Years' War Lübeck managed to remain neutral. In 1629 the Treaty of Lübeck was concluded between the imperial troops and King Christian IV of Denmark. In the course of the preparations for a comprehensive peace congress during the negotiations on the Hamburg preliminaries in 1641, the two cities of Hamburg and Lübeck were also discussed as congress locations. The Hanseatic cities were represented at the negotiations and the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia by the later mayor of Lübeck, David Gloxin .
At the beginning of the war, the city benefited economically from its openly imperial stance, so that Wallenstein had financial transactions carried out via Lübeck on his move against Denmark. When Sweden entered the war, Hamburg increasingly took on the handling of the necessary financial operations and became the most important trading point for weapons, saltpeter and other war-necessary materials in the north.
Even if Lübeck was not directly affected by the war events, the simultaneous reorientation of European trade flows to the west and the increasing penetration of Dutch ships into the Baltic Sea led to a considerable loss of importance for Lübeck's long-distance trade. Even whaling , which was increasingly taken up from 1665 onwards, but was certainly risky, was unable to change this.
The last Hanseatic Congress took place in Lübeck in 1669. The three cities of Lübeck, Hamburg and Bremen were appointed as trustees for the Hanseatic League and its remaining assets.
The year 1669 also represented a change in domestic politics. With the constitutional reform known as the cash process , the patrician families grudgingly granted the bourgeoisie of the city extended say, in particular with the cash register, the financial budget. The Kassa Trial was the only significant change to the constitution from the early days of the city to the first half of the 19th century. Nonetheless, whether the status quo had been won, the city fell into an orthodox-conservative way of thinking that lasted until the 20th century. In this time before the Enlightenment , the work of the pre-Enlightenment polyhistor and chief pastor to St. Marien Jacob von Melle falls . During this time, the merchant Thomas Fredenhagen imported the sculpture of a Thomas Quellinus from the Netherlands. Lübeck artists such as the Gottfried brothers and Johann Zacharias Kneller, on the other hand, left the city, which with its intellectual climate did not offer them enough opportunities for development.
From Enlightenment to Modernity
The Seven Years' War ran thanks to the diplomatic relations of the Lübeck city commander Count Chasot without causing major damage to the city. Towards the end of the 18th century, enlightened salons emerged in Lübeck, such as Dorothea Schlözer , Germany's first philosopher with a doctorate , who was married to the councilor and later mayor Mattheus Rodde . The painter Johann Jacob Tischbein was working in Lübeck around this time . In front of the city gates, the Stockelsdorf faience factory was established, a workshop that is recognized beyond the borders of northern Germany. The bourgeois spirit of the time led to the establishment of the Society for the Promotion of Charitable Activities , which since then has had an impact on the city's cultural life that should not be underestimated.
Lübeck under French rule
→ Main article: Lübeck French period
With the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss 1803 Lübeck remained an imperial city, only to become a sovereign German state with the fall of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Trade between Lübeck and England flourished as a result of the coalition war - the North Sea ports were closed. However, on November 6, 1806, as a result of the Battle of Lübeck, which was devastating for Blücher, as part of the Fourth Coalition War, the neutral city was occupied by Napoleon's troops under Bernadotte, combined with the implementation of the continental barrier, which paralyzed trade . The port of Lübeck was also closed to English ships. While 1508 ships arrived in Lübeck in 1806, the number in the following years was 389, 51, 86 and 78. The general state bankruptcy could only be averted by the fact that the wealthy merchants granted the city greater capital as loans . From 1811 to 1813 Lübeck found itself against its will temporarily as part of the French Empire; it became bonne ville de l'Empire français and arrondissement in the Département des Bouches de l'Elbe ; the city was temporarily ruled by a mayor and a municipal council. The economic consequences of the bleeding by the occupation were noticeable for the city until the middle of the 19th century.
From 1829, on the initiative of Karl von Schlözer and financed by Ludwig Stieglitz, there was a regular steamship line to St. Petersburg .
German Confederation
In 1815 Lübeck became a sovereign member of the German Confederation as a Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck at the Congress of Vienna . Legations and consulates were mostly maintained together with the two sister cities of Bremen and Hamburg in important capitals and ports. The Hanseatic ministerial residents like Vincent Rumpff in Paris or James Colquhoun in London , at the same time also the last Hanseatic stalemate, negotiated international agreements with the most important trading partners. The postal service operating every city in itself.
The art historian Karl Friedrich von Rumohr provided the impetus for the preservation of Lübeck's monuments and cultural assets with his publication of Antiquities of Transalbing Saxony in 1813. His ideas were vigorously implemented by the drawing teacher Carl Julius Milde in Lübeck and today form the basic stock of the museums for cultural history in the Hanseatic city.
In 1835 the Senate donated the Bene Merenti medal for outstanding service around and in Lübeck. To this day it is the most important award of the Hanseatic city. The city became an important symbol of the Vormärz through its renewal movement Jung-Lübeck and the Germanist Day of 1847, but survived the revolutionary year 1848 without major unrest due to the well advanced preparation of a new constitution .
In the Frankfurt National Assembly in 1848 Lübeck was represented by the MP Ernst Deecke .
| Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck | |
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| coat of arms | |
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| Data from 1905 | |
| surface | 297.7 km² |
| Residents | 105 857 |
| Population density | 356 inhabitants / km² |
| Votes in the Federal and Reichsrat | 1 vote |
North German Confederation and German Empire
Lübeck joined the North German Confederation in 1866 and the Zollverein in 1868 and became a member state of the German Empire in 1871 ; this ends the international legal sovereignty of Lübeck , which has existed since 1806 . Industrialization began at the end of the 19th century . The population grew rapidly and the suburbs expanded when the gates were lifted in 1864.
When Friedrich Esmarch gave a lecture to the merchants in 1885, he personally turned to the chairwoman of the Red Cross in Lübeck, the wife of the city physician Carl Türk , to suggest the instructions in Samaritan service . There arose the proposal, these teachings for all sailors schools on the German coast for helmsmen to make mandatory. At their navigation school they were introduced as the first German civil institution.
In 1895 the German-Nordic Trade and Industry Exhibition was held in Lübeck, for the citizens of the small city-state "their world exhibition".
In July 1904, the Lübeck city treasury issued new five-mark coins with Lübeck's national emblem , a newly designed Lübeck eagle. This avoided the much damaged shape of the chimney-like neck piece; The wings also showed a more pleasing shape, which did not conform to the circle. The previously minted 10 and 2 mark coins were issued in early May 1901, exactly 100 years after the last minting of Lübeck money in 1801.
20th century
At the meetings of the Senate, the Domestic Regiment placed a double guard as an honor guard under the arbor of the town hall, which still supports the Senate balcony, in front of the main entrance in the Breite Straße .
In 1911 the Hanseatic city distinguished itself as a congress city. In April the VIII. Association Day of Aid Schools in Germany took place in the town hall with an accompanying exhibition in the Ernestinenschule , and in June the VI. German Esperanto Congress with a simultaneous Esperanto exhibition held in the Katharinenkirche .
On July 31, 1914, the day of the Austrian general mobilization, the Lübeck Regiment left its garrison.
Like other comparable German cities, the Hanseatic city received captured enemy artillery as an attraction during the war.
The collapse of the empire led to a sailors' uprising on November 5, 1918 in Lübeck, the closest city to Kiel . Harry von Wright , deputy commander of the 81st Infantry Brigade in Lübeck, faced the mutineers with his pistol drawn and unsuccessfully tried to maintain military discipline .
In Lübeck, however, the November Revolution was the only state in the German Empire that did not experience revolutionary upheavals . Mayor Emil Ferdinand Fehling and all the senators, with the exception of the three who asked for their retirement, remained in office. But here, too, a soldiers 'and workers' council was formed. At the head of the workers' council was Johannes Stelling, the editor of the Lübecker Volksbote . All of the resolutions passed in the council were printed here, as other newspapers such as the Lübeckische Werbung pointed out to their readers. In the same year, however, there was a new, contemporary electoral law for the state and in May 1920 a new, first democratic constitution in the modern sense. The unity of the Hanseatic League ended this year, as the Free Cities now no longer had joint, but from then on each maintained independent representations with the Reich. Otherwise Lübeck was hardly affected by the unrest of the early Weimar Republic.
Lübeck, which had to be given up as a military base after the First World War, became a garrison town again on October 1919 when a company of the Reichswehr moved in.
As in many other places in Germany, art and culture took off in Lübeck in the 1920s, even if the remarkable art collection of Lübeck's patron Max Linde fell victim to inflation. The museum director Carl Georg Heise sponsored many artists such as Asmus Jessen , Hans Peters , Leopold Thieme , Karl Gatermann the Elder. Ä. and Erich Dummer . The graphic artist Alfred Mahlau changed the appearance of the city and designed brands such as Niederegger and Schwartauer Werke . In 1926, the city celebrated the 700th anniversary of imperial freedom with a big festival and a big costumed parade. Among the invited guests were Thomas Mann from Munich, Fritz Behn from Argentina and Hermann Abendroth, three Lübeckers who were once sponsored by the patron Ida Boy-Ed . At the height of the festival, the former had his 51st birthday and the latter hosted it. All of those who were previously present in the city by her sponsors were invited as guests to her apartment at the castle gate .
In June 1922 the meeting of the members of the German newspaper publishers association took place in Lübeck .
In 1922 it was said that Lübeck was the most expensive city in Germany based on the index number. The State Statistical Office felt compelled to correct it. It announced that the figures published in the daily press were incomplete, untrue or misunderstood. Among the 42 large cities, the inflation rate in Lübeck would be between 10th and 20th place. The index number used would not have shown the current level of inflation, but only the degree of inflation compared to the pre-war period.
Even before the opening of the now listed sea border slaughterhouse, the cold store with its direct connection to the slaughterhouse was considered the only such networked facility and the largest company of its kind in the German Empire and in the entire Baltic Sea region. The unity of the port, railroad, slaughterhouse and cold store was at that time as well as through both world wars for the supply of Germany, so the coal area of today's North Rhine-Westphalia was supplied daily , and also important for the economic prosperity of the city.
In the field of schooling, Lübeck was under the director of the Oberschule zum Dom (until 1948 actually "Oberrealschule", but commonly referred to as "OzD") and later state school supervisor Sebald Schwarz (from 1925) until it was brought into line in 1933, one of the progressive states in the German Reich.
After the fateful Lübeck vaccination accident in 1930, the subsequent Calmette trial attracted international attention and, as a result, made legal history.
In March 1933, the NSDAP in Lübeck enforced the “ Gleichschaltung” combined with the resignation of the SPD mayor Paul Löwigt and the other social democratic senators and the democratic constitutional principles were suspended ; Friedrich Hildebrandt , the Reich governor for Mecklenburg and Lübeck, appointed his deputy, Otto-Heinrich Drechsler , as mayor on May 30th . The conflict between the National Socialists and the democratic parties led to the arrest of Julius Leber on February 1, 1933. Herbert Frahm (Willy Brandt) was only able to avoid persecution by fleeing to Scandinavia.
As elsewhere, the Lübeck school system and everyday school life were fundamentally changed according to the aspects of an education under National Socialism . Senator Ulrich Burgstaller (1933–1935), Senator Hans Böhmcker (1935–1942) and, since 1933, in charge from 1937 to 1939, Hans Wolff pushed this conversion process forward. From 1939 to 1934 Council of State i. R. Friedrich Wilhelm (Fritz) Lange continued his administrative business. Due to the application of the “Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service (of April 7, 1933)”, around 18 people were dismissed from school service or forced into retirement. Around 29 new functional appointments adapted the school management staff to the Nazi system. Nevertheless, the secondary schools in particular tried to develop their own profile within the framework of the system. The Katharineum zu Lübeck , the Johanneum zu Lübeck and the Oberschule zum Dom (OzD) should be mentioned here. The higher education for girls was at the Ernestinenschule and the Oberlyzeum on Falkenplatz (today the Thomas Mann School ).
While the Ernestinenschule led to a full Abitur with a wide range of services, this authorization was withdrawn from the Oberlyzeum in 1934. Too much higher education among female offspring contradicted the Nazi image of women. Due to the planning of the war, the Nazi rulers had to correct this wrong decision in 1938 (effective as of 1939), as they needed, as was to be expected, women doctors, pharmacists, university teachers and other academic professions to compensate for the foreseeable male losses. Like the grain pouring in the central gymnasium in 1938, this process was evidence of the intensified preparations for war.
The technical and vocational schools were given constant attention by the administration, as some of them were necessary for matters relating to armaments or nutrition. The trade school, the commercial college, the women's vocational and technical school, the agricultural vocational and technical school and the higher technical college should be mentioned here; furthermore the conservatory, which could only receive the status of a “regional music school”. There was bitter fighting for the adult education center. The functionary of the German Labor Front, Emil Bannemann , caused even NS party comrades to despair and resignation through his doggedness for a "people's education center" which had been brought into line and was co-governed by the DAF. The commune (statehood) lost part of its influence on this educational institution.
The fanaticism of the National Socialists is also proven by the Lübeck book burning , which took place on May 26, 1933 at the Buniamshof. In the artistic field, the ideological penetration and surveillance of the Lübeck City Theater showed that there was no freedom for the regime. It could only take place and be performed what had previously undergone ideological assessment. All theater executives with relative creative freedom were party members.
As a result of the Greater Hamburg Law in 1937, Lübeck lost its 711-year-old territorial independence and became part of the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein . This was preceded by a tug of war between the National Socialist Gauleiter of Schleswig-Holstein ( Hinrich Lohse ) and that of Mecklenburg (Friedrich Hildebrandt), to whom Lübeck was subordinate from 1933 to 1937. The father Municipal Association Lübeck 1949 tried to initiate Luebeck, which, however, by a referendum on the restoration of independence after the war, Interior Minister was rejected. In the complaint against the rejection before the Federal Constitutional Court, the association was finally defeated in the Lübeck judgment in 1956.
In September 1941, 605 inmates of the Strecknitz sanatorium were picked up and murdered at the instigation of the National Socialists ( Action T4 ).
In 1933 around 500 Jews lived in Lübeck; in May 1938 there were 293 and in May 1939 203. 90 of them were deported on December 6, 1941 with a transport of 90 people to the Jungfernhof concentration camp near Riga ; the last transports went to the Theresienstadt ghetto in 1942/43 . Only three people survived the deportation and the camp.
On October 3, 1940, Police Battalion 307 was formed from the "Lübeck" police training battalion in Lübeck . As part of the Central Police Regiment , it was stationed in Brest-Litovsk and was involved in the local massacre on July 13, 1941.
The air raid on Lübeck took place “ on Palm Sunday night ” from March 28 to March 29, 1942 . Lübeck thus became the first major German city to be attacked as part of the British Area Bombing Directive , which was recently passed . The target area was the densely populated medieval old town. A total of 320 people were killed in the attack and 1,044 buildings were destroyed or damaged, including the Marienkirche , the Petrikirche and the cathedral .
In 1944, the Swiss diplomat and President of the International Committee of the Red Cross, Carl Jacob Burckhardt , succeeded in turning the port of Lübeck into a transshipment port for Red Cross ships and thus protecting the city from further bombing. For this he was granted honorary citizenship of the city. In addition, the Carl-Jacob-Burckhardt-Gymnasium in the Ziegelstrasse, newly founded in 1957, bears his name.
On April 23, 1945 Heinrich Himmler met the Swedish Count Folke Bernadotte in Lübeck , to whom he submitted an offer of an armistice. President Harry S. Truman declined the offer.
The British Army occupied Lübeck on May 2, 1945 almost without a fight, 42 Germans were killed because the British suspected that there was no resistance. One day later, a particularly tragic shipwreck occurred in the Bay of Lübeck when Allied airmen sank three ships, including the Cap Arcona , on which the SS had penned concentration camp prisoners. Around 7,000 to 8,000 people were killed. On May 4, 1945, Hans-Georg von Friedeburg finally signed the surrender of all German troops in northwest Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark in Lüneburg on behalf of the last Reich President Karl Dönitz , who had fled to Flensburg - Mürwik . The war finally ended with the unconditional surrender on May 8, 1945 .
In September 1947, the internment of the exodus emigrants by the British government as part of Operation Oasis in the Pöppendorf camp caused a worldwide sensation .
After 1945, Lübeck's population increased significantly due to the influx of refugees from the eastern German regions . It became part of the federal state of Schleswig-Holstein, which was formed by the Allies , but enjoyed an exceptional status of municipal authority in the field of cultural policy and monument preservation . Statehood was denied in the 1956 Lübeck judgment . Until 1989, Lübeck was directly on the inner-German border with a proportionate length of around 44 kilometers. The northernmost crossing was in Schlutup . Relics of the Cold War can be found as prepared barriers (here plug-in barriers) at the Possehlbrücke or at the Burgtorteller. Although the division of Germany separated Lübeck from the Mecklenburg part of its hinterland, it also gave its ferry port Travemünde a privileged position in ferry traffic between Western Europe and the Baltic Sea countries of Sweden and Finland . Since German reunification , Lübeck has again been the regional center for western Mecklenburg .
On January 18, 1996, ten people died in an arson attack on asylum seekers' accommodation in Hafenstrasse , 30 were seriously injured and 20 were slightly injured. The crime could not be resolved to this day.
21st century
The preparatory meeting of the foreign ministers of the member states of the G7 for the G7 summit took place in the European Hanseatic Museum from April 14-15 , 2015, which the Federal Chancellor was not supposed to open until May 27, 2015 .
Incorporation and territorial changes
Like most of the former Free Imperial Cities , Lübeck was able to acquire surrounding villages and towns (e.g. Travemünde in 1329) in addition to the actual urban area. The state territory of the Free Imperial City of Lübeck therefore consisted until 1937 of the actual city area and the so-called land area, i.e. a large number of rural communities, some of which were also located as an exclave outside the otherwise closed area. The municipalities of the rural area had their own administration or the residents of these places in the rural area of the Lübschen state (the Niederstadt area under the administration of the Niederstadt procurator ) had different rights than those of the actual city. The jurisdiction was also different, namely that of the lower court, which pronounced justice in the court arbor on the Koberg . The land area was divided into the following areas: "Before the Burgtor", "Before the Holstentor", "Before the Mühlentor" and "Area outside the Landwehr (including exclaves)". For armament, the entire state territory of Lübeck was divided into five districts: Holstentor, Mühlentor, Burgtor, Ritzerauer and Travemünder district. In 1804, the land area expanded considerably when the Senate, through a settlement with the Duke of Oldenburg, divided the collegiate land of the cathedral chapter, which had been secularized by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, and the land of the St. John's Monastery. In the middle of the 19th century, the suburbs, i.e. the areas in front of the city gates, got their own names: St. Jürgen, St. Gertrud, St. Lorenz. In 1861 the boundaries of the suburbs were officially set. Later the suburbs were enlarged to include areas of the neighboring rural communities. The first major incorporation was completed in 1913 when Travemünde and 11 rural communities were united with the city of Lübeck. The urban area then initially comprised two separate parts. In between were several rural communities. In 1935, however, both parts of the urban area were closed by the incorporation of further rural communities. The rural communities outside the closed area (exclaves) initially remained with Lübeck. They were completely separated from Lübeck in 1937 with the Greater Hamburg Act when the city became part of the province of Schleswig-Holstein and assigned to the neighboring districts.
In detail, the rural communities of the state of Lübeck were incorporated into the city of Lübeck as follows:
- 1903: part of the rural community of Vorwerk
- on April 1, 1913: (the incorporated communities were then "suburbs")
- City of Travemünde and the rural community of Gneversdorf: From then on they formed the district of Kurort and Seebad Travemünde
- Rural community of Siems: Together with the Trave area, it formed the Siems-Dänischburg district from the mouth of the Schwartau down to the breakthrough at the Herrenfähre
- Rural communities Kücknitz (in part, the rest came to the rural community Pöppendorf) and Herrenwyk as well as smaller surrounding areas: They formed the Kücknitz-Herrenwyk district
- Rural communities of Krempelsdorf, Vorwerk, Moisling and Genin: They each became independent districts
- Rural municipality of Schlutup: Together with the surrounding areas, it formed the district of Schlutup.
- Rural communities Gothmund and Israelsdorf (in part, the rest came to the rural community Wesloe): From then on they belonged to the suburb of St. Gertrud
- on September 12, 1921: rural communities Schönböcken and Wesloe
- on April 1, 1927: rural community Strecknitz (northern part)
- on March 12, 1932: remainder of the rural community Strecknitz (it became part of St. Jürgen)
- on May 1, 1935: the incorporated rural communities then became outer suburbs
- Rural communities: Beidendorf, Blankensee, Brodten, Dummersdorf, Ivendorf, Kronsforde, Krummesse, Moorgarten, Niederbüssau, Niendorf, Oberbüssau, Pöppendorf, Reecke, Rönnau, Teutendorf, Vorrade and Wulfsdorf.
- 1970: Groß Steinrade, previously part of Stockelsdorf and thus Oldenburg from 1867–1937, is incorporated.
See also
literature
- Fritz Endres (Hrsg.): History of the free and Hanseatic city of Lübeck. Otto Quitzow, Lübeck 1926. (Reprint: Weidlich, Frankfurt am Main 1981, ISBN 3-8035-1120-8 ).
- Erich Keyser (Ed.): German city book. Urban History Handbook. Volume 1: Northeast Germany. On behalf of the Conference of the Regional History Commissions of Germany with the support of the German Municipal Association. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1939, DNB 949515701 .
- Abram B. Enns : Art and the bourgeoisie - The controversial twenties in Lübeck. Christians / Weiland, Hamburg / Lübeck 1978, ISBN 3-7672-0571-8 .
- O. Ahlers: Lübeck 1226 - Imperial freedom and early city. Scheffler, Lübeck 1976, OCLC 3241022 .
- Gerhard Schneider : Endangering and Loss of Statehood of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck and its Consequences. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck 1986, ISBN 3-7950-0452-7 .
- Antjekathrin Graßmann (Ed.): Lübeckische Geschichte. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck 1989. (4th edition. 2008, ISBN 978-3-7950-1280-9 )
- Jörg Fligge : Lübeck schools in the "Third Reich". A study on the education system in the Nazi era in the context of developments in the Reich. Lübeck: Schmidt-Römhild, 2014. ISBN 978-3-7950-5214-0 .
- Jörg Fligge : Schöne Lübecker Theaterwelt ". The city theater in the years of the Nazi dictatorship. Lübeck: Schmidt-Römhild, 2018. ISBN 978-3-7950-5244-7 .
Web links
- History of Lübeck (PDF; 183 kB). In: luebeck.de , accessed on July 7, 2010.
Individual evidence
- ↑ The second syllable “-beck” has nothing to do with the usual origin “bäke” = “Bach” in northern Germany.
- ^ Antjekathrin Graßmann: Lübeckische Geschichte. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck 1997, ISBN 3-7950-3215-6 .
- ^ Adam of Bremen: la: Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum . Hahn, Hannover 1993, ISBN 3-7752-5288-6 .
- ↑ a b c d e f Helmold von Bosau : Chronica Slavorum. Retransmitted and explained by Heinz Stoob. In: Selected sources on German history in the Middle Ages. Knowledge Book Society, Darmstadt 19.1963, ISSN 0067-0650 .
- ^ Second German Television: Heinrich the Lion. Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, o. O. 2008. online ( Memento of the original dated December 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed April 17, 2014).
- ^ Rolf Hammel-Kiesow: The Hanseatic League . CH Beck, 2008, ISBN 978-3-89678-356-1 , pp. 27 .
- ↑ See Rolf Hammel-Kiesow: The Hanseatic League. Beck, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-406-44731-7 , p. 27.
- ↑ See Rolf Hammel-Kiesow: The Hanseatic League. Munich 2004, p. 28.
- ↑ See Karl Pagel: The Hanseatic League. German Book Community, Oldenburg iO 1942, DNB 57533925X , p. 49.
- ↑ See Rolf Hammel-Kiesow: The Hanseatic League. Munich 2004, p. 30.
- ↑ See Karl Pagel: The Hanseatic League. Oldenburg iO 1942, p. 47f.
- ↑ C.-H. Seebach: 800 years of castles, palaces and mansions in Schleswig-Holstein. Karl Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster 1988, ISBN 3-529-02675-1 .
- ^ GP Fehring: The castle in Lübeck. In: Lübeck writings for archeology and cultural history. Habelt, Bonn 6.1982. ISSN 0721-3735 .
- ^ For everyone: Philippe Dollinger : The Hanse. Kröner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-520-37105-7 .
- ^ Arnold von Lübeck : Chronica Slavorum . Retransmitted and explained by Heinz Stoob. In: Selected sources on German history in the Middle Ages. Knowledge Book Society, Darmstadt 19.1963, ISSN 0067-0650 .
- ^ Source excerpts for the ma. History of Lübeck.
- ^ Philippe Dollinger : The Hanseatic League. Kröner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-520-37105-7 .
- ↑ The book “Gründliche Nachrichten von der Kayserl.” Published by Jacob von Melle in 1713. Freyen und hr Reichsstadt Lübeck ”should become a standard work on the history and topography of Lübeck .
- ↑ Festschrift: For the 150th anniversary of the Lübeck advertisements / 1751 *** March 6th *** 1901 / and / and / and the 75th anniversary of the Borchers brothers' lithographic printing company / 1826 *** May 30th *** 1901
- ^ Emmy Türk : Nurses in the Country. In: Lübeckische Blätter . Volume 41, No. 32, August 2, 1889, pp. 399-400.
- ↑ New Lübeck five-mark pieces. In: Father-city sheets . No. 31, July 31, 1904.
- ↑ 1898 is Association of Congresses German auxiliary schools of Heinrich Strakerjahn been established with. Holding the eighth congress in Lübeck was also a special recognition of his work.
- ^ From the 8th Association Day of Aid Schools in Germany on April 18, 19 and 20. In: Lübeckische Blätter. 53rd Volume, No. 17, April 23, 1911, pp. 271-272.
- ^ Albin Möbusz was Vice President of Germana Esperanto-Asocio in 1911 .
- ↑ Lübeck in 1911. In: Vaterstädtische Blätter. Born 1912, No. 5, February 4, 1912, p. 18.
- ↑ The state of Germany at the end of the war was not reflected in the fact that a so-called revolution broke out, but rather in the fact that it was not opposed. Only two generals had taken up arms to maintain military discipline. Besides Wright joined Hanover from Hänisch the Deputy Commanding General of the, X. Army Corps , the mutineers to the sword in his fist against. Only three imperial naval officers had agreed to sacrifice their lives on the SMS König for the black-white-red war flag and against the red cloth of the revolution.
- ↑ A comprehensive report on the events in November 1918 from the perspective of the Lübeck entrepreneur Bernhard Dräger can be found in: Michael Kamp : Bernhard Dräger: Inventor, Entrepreneur, Citizen. 1870 to 1928. Wachholtz Verlag GmbH, 2017, ISBN 978-3-52906-369-5 , pp. 452-460. The biography gives general insights into the history of Lübeck at the end of the 19th century and in the first quarter of the 20th century.
- ↑ Chronicle. In: Vaterstädtische Blätter , year 1919/20, No. 2, October 26, 1919, p. 8.
- ↑ Abraham B. Enns: Art and Citizenship. Weiland, Lübeck 1978, ISBN 3-7672-0571-8 .
- ↑ State Statistical Office (ed.): Lübeck is not the most expensive city in Germany. In: Lübecker General-Anzeiger . Volume 41, No. 564, December 2, 1922.
- ↑ On Weimar reform pedagogy and the Lübeck school reform under Sebald Schwarz see: Jörg Fligge: Lübecker Schools in the "Third Reich". A study on the education system in the Nazi era in the context of developments in the Reich. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck 2014, pp. 88–101. ISBN 978-3-7950-5214-0 .
- ↑ Jörg Fligge: Lübeck schools in the “Third Reich”. A study on the education system in the Nazi era in the context of developments in the Reich. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck 2014, p. 1017, end note 620; 98. ISBN 978-3-7950-5214-0 .
- ↑ Jörg Fligge: Lübeck schools in the “Third Reich”. A study on the education system in the Nazi era in the context of developments in the Reich. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck 2014, pp. 80, 101, 632; 1013, endnotes 482, 483. ISBN 978-3-7950-5214-0 .
- ↑ Jörg Fligge: Lübeck schools in the “Third Reich”. A study on the education system in the Nazi era in the context of developments in the Reich. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck 2014, pp. 200, 199-206, cf. Index to “image of women”. ISBN 978-3-7950-5214-0 .
- ↑ Jörg Fligge: Lübeck schools in the “Third Reich”. A study on the education system in the Nazi era in the context of developments in the Reich. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck 2014, pp. 200, 199-206, cf. Index to “image of women”. ISBN 978-3-7950-5214-0 .
- ↑ Jörg Fligge: Lübeck schools in the “Third Reich”. A study on the education system in the Nazi era in the context of developments in the Reich. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck 2014, p. 557. ISBN 978-3-7950-5214-0 .
- ↑ Jörg Fligge: Lübeck schools in the “Third Reich”. A study on the education system in the Nazi era in the context of developments in the Reich. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck 2014, pp. 643–736 (on the educational institutions mentioned). ISBN 978-3-7950-5214-0 .
- ↑ Jörg Fligge: "Beautiful Lübeck Theater World". The city theater during the Nazi dictatorship. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck 2018, ISBN 978-3-7950-5244-7 .
- ^ Gerhard Schneider: Endangerment and loss of statehood of the free and Hanseatic city of Lübeck and its consequences. Schmidt-Römhild Verlag, Lübeck 1986, ISBN 3-7950-0452-7 .
- ↑ http: //www.jüdische-gemeinden.de/
- ↑ The surrender on the Timeloberg (PDF, 16 S .; 455 kB)
