Elch lowlands district

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coat of arms Germany map
Coat of arms of the Elchniederung district Location of the district of Elchniederung in Germany in 1944/45
Basic data (status approx. 1945)
Existing period: 1818 - 1945
Country : Prussia
(Germany until 1945)
Province : East Prussia
Administrative region : Gumbinnen
Administrative headquarters : Heinrichswalde
Surface: 995.55 km²
Residents : 54,867 (May 17, 1939)
Population density : 55.1 inhabitants per km²
License plate : IC
1953 planned: NDG
Circle structure: 219 municipalities,
5 manor districts
in 34 administrative districts
Location of the circle
Location of the district

The county Elchniederung (until 1938 county lowlands , 1938 renamed in county Elchniederung , from 1939 district Elchniederung ) was a district in East Prussia , which existed from 1818 to 1945.

geography

The county was in the north of East Prussia and bordered to the north by the district Heydekrug , in the northeast on the district Tilsit , on the east by the district Ragnit , in the southeast of the district Insterburg , the south by the district Labiau and west to the Curonian Lagoon .

The elk lowland , after which the district was renamed in 1938, took up most of the district area . The Gilgestrom , an estuary of the Memel , flows through this valley and flows into the Curonian Lagoon near the village of Gilge just south of the district boundary.

There were two large forest areas in the district: the Ibenhorster forest on the banks of the Haff and the Schneckensche forest in the south of the district.

Although located to the east outside the district, the city of Tilsit was the most important central place in the region. There were no cities in the district itself. The seat of the district administration was the community Heinrichswalde, with about 3500 inhabitants the largest place in the district.

traffic

Groß Skaisgirren (Kreuzingen) train station

The district was only connected to the railway network in 1891 by the Tilsit – Labiau line of the Prussian State Railways. After the turn of the century, narrow-gauge railways supplemented the rail network, especially the Elk Lowland Railway, which led to the Curonian Lagoon and owned stations in Heinrichswalde , Wilhelmsbruch and Groß Skaisgirren, among others .

Through the circuit area which ran Reichsstraße 138 , the straight Tilsit led to the southwest and Taplacken the Reichsstraße 1 by Konigsberg resulted. However, only the extreme south-east of the district ( Schillkojen and Groß Skaisgirren) was opened up by this imperial road and thus had a good road connection to the provincial capital.

Administrative history

The Prussian administrative reforms after the Congress of Vienna was created on 1 September 1818, the county lowlands in the administrative district of Gumbinnen in the Prussian province of Prussia .

This included the parishes:

The parish boundaries and the boundaries of the political communities were not always identical. For example B. a part of the parish Weidenau to the district of Tilsit. The district office was originally in Kaukehmen , but later moved to Heinrichswalde . Since December 3, 1829, the district - after the merger of the previous provinces of Prussia and West Prussia - belonged to the new province of Prussia with the seat in Königsberg i. Pr. After the division of the Province of Prussia in the new provinces of East Prussia and West Prussia the circle was lowlands on April 1, 1878 part of East Prussia.

Niederung district. District borders until 1920 in red, today's Lithuanian-Russian border in yellow. This demarcation also corresponds to the northern district boundary after the separation of the Memelland in 1920.

With the entry into force of the Versailles Treaty on January 10, 1920, the Niederung district lost the rural communities of Groß Schilleningken, Heinrichsfelde, Klein Schilleningken, Leitgirren and the manor district of Perwallkischken to the Memel area to the north of the Memel estuary of the Ruß . The rural communities came to the local Heydekrug district and the manor district to the new Pogegen district . The southern remainder of the Heydekrug district that remained with the German Empire was temporarily co-administered from Heinrichswalde. On July 1, 1922, these areas between Gilge and Ruß were also formally incorporated into the Niederung district. In addition, the Niederung district gave the administrative districts of Brettschneidern and Kellmienen , as well as the rural communities of Puskeppeln (Gut Puskeppelies), Skroblienen, Smaledumen and the districts of Blausden and Pauperischken to the new Tilsit-Ragnit district .

On September 30, 1929, a regional reform took place in the Niederung district in line with the development in the rest of Prussia, in which all the previously independent manor districts were dissolved except for five and assigned to neighboring rural communities. On September 7, 1938, the district name changed to Elk Lowlands . As of January 1, 1939, the Elchniederung district was given the name Landkreis in accordance with the now unified regulation .

On October 1, 1939, the communities Elchwinkel and Skirwiet moved from the Elchniederung district to the Heydekrug district , which had been part of East Prussia again since March 22, 1939.

On October 12, 1944, the Elchniederung district was evacuated by the German population and the authorities. In the spring of 1945 the district was occupied by the Red Army and then came under Soviet administration. The former district area is now predominantly in Slavsk Raion in the Russian Oblast of Kaliningrad . The northern tip around the municipality of Leitgiriai is in the Klaipėda district in Lithuania .

District administrators

Local constitution

The Niederung district was initially divided into rural communities and - until they were almost completely eliminated - into independent manor districts.

With the introduction of the Prussian Municipal Constitution Act of December 15, 1933, there was a uniform municipal constitution for all municipalities from January 1, 1934.

With the introduction of the German Municipal Code of January 30, 1935, the municipal constitution valid in the German Reich came into force on April 1, 1935, according to which the previous rural municipalities were now referred to as municipalities . These were grouped together in administrative districts .

A new district constitution was no longer created; The Prussian district order for the provinces of East and West Prussia, Brandenburg, Pomerania, Silesia and Saxony from March 19, 1881 continued to apply.

cities and communes

At the beginning of 1945, the Elchniederung district consisted of 219 communities and five manor districts:

Districts
municipalities 		Inhabitants
1939 		comment
Argendorf District (Argelothen until 1938) 945
1. Argendorf 220 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Argelothen
2. Deschen 310 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Neu Descherin
3. Grünbaum 133
4. Hohensprindt 282 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Augustlauken
District of Breitenhof (until 1938 Oschweningken) 1,565
1. Altmühle 190 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Lankeningken
2. Breitenhof 97 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Oschweningken
3. Eckwalde 182 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Bersteningken
4. Gobes 112
5. Grenzberg 358 August 17, 1936, formerly Groß Asznaggern
6. Grünhof tilting 76
7. Jagsten 272
8. Kleingrenzberg 54 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Groß Wabbeln
9. Steilberg 139 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Baschnitzkallen
10. Fir height 85 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Wargutschen
District of Demmen (until 1938 Demmenen) 704
1. Berkeln 298
2. Demeaning 151 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Demmenen
3. Gerhardsheim 150 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Lepienen
4. Gerhardswalde 105
Gowarten District (until 1939: Wannaglauken District) 1,444
1. Falcon height 139 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Demedschen
2. Friedlau 87 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Friedlauken
3. Gowarten 333
4. Großwalde (Kr. Elchniederung) 230 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Groß Wannaglauken
5. Gruten 164 Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Grudschen
6. Gutsfelde 121 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Groß Obscherningken
7. Haslingen 104 Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Klein Wannaglauken
8. Kieslau 46 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Skieslauken
9. Kleinwalde (Kr. Elchniederung) 36 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Klein Obscherningken
10. Kripfelde 184 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Kriplauken
Groß Friedrichsdorf district 2,189
1. Great Friedrichsdorf 1,196
2. Great Marienwalde 196
3. Klein Friedrichsdorf 39
4. Klein Marienwalde 94
5. Plein 140
6. Wild meadow 524 Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Oschke
Grünau district 1,432
1. Finkenhof 136
2. Gerhardsgrund 165 Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Obschruten
3. Gerhardshöfen 56 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Grazing
4. Gerhardsweide 202 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Liedemeiten
5. Grünau 238
6. Gründann 287
7. Margins 119
8. Mill cross 229 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Makohnen
Grünhausen district (until 1938 Jodgallen) 2,386
1. Alt Seckenburg 211
2. Birkenheim 120
3. Ginkel remedy 244
4. Grünhausen 464 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Jodgallen
5. Green meadow 151
6. Kussenberg 138 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Packuss
7. Neufelde 349
8. Polenzhof 207
9. Schackwiese 143
10. switch 135 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Schalteik
11. Warsche 63
12. Warschfelde 161 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Warschlauken
Heideckshof district (until 1938 Skirbst) 977
1. Heideckshof 220 Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Skirbst
2. Köllmisch snails 73
3. Leitwarren 67 October 1, 1939 Partial outsourcing to Neukirch
4. Lenten booth 81
5. Lessen 68
6. Oswald 220 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Bartscheiten
7. Stobingen 120
8. Wolfsdorf 128
Heinrichswalde district 3,797
1. Heinrichswalde 3,460
2. Klemenswalde 337
Ibenhorst district 453
1. Ibenhorst Forst a community-free manor district 378
2. Ibenwerder 75 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Ackminge
District Ins 1,664
1. Ins 545
2. Loyalty 279
3. Tawe 840
Karkeln District 2,323
1. Ackeln 113 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Ackelningken
2. Antonswiese 150 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Pustutten
3. Herdenau 592 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Kallningken
4. Karkeln 885
5. Tramming 276 Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Tramischen
6. Wait 149 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Wirballen
7. Wittken 158
Kreuzingen district (until 1938 Groß Skaisgirren) 3,412
1. Georgenforst 104 Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Klein Ischdaggen
2. Georgenheide 144 Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Kletellen
3. Gronwalde 248 Renamed 30 August 1935, formerly Klein Girratischken
4. Kreuzingen 2,256 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Groß Skaisgirren
5. Waiting yards 660 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Groß Girratischken
6. Wilhelmsbruch Forst, community-free manor district (partially) 0000
Kuckerneese District (Kaukehmen until 1938) 5,220
1. Alt Sellen 147
2. Kloken 581
3. Kuckerneese 4,492 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Kaukehmen
Curonian Lagoon District 0000
1. Curonian Lagoon , part of the Kr.Elch lowlands of a community-free manor district 0000
District Lindental (until 1931 sand river) 1,246
1. Official 136 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Baltruscheiten parish Heinrichswalde
2. Lindental 372
3. Scatter position 80 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Dittballen
4. Tomatoes 361
5. Wilhelmsbruch Forst, community-free manor district (partially) 0000
6. Urbansprind 297 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Noragehlen
Linkuhnen district 1,366
1. Noble Linkuhnen 379
2. Grace 47 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Klubinn
3. Brittania 334
4. Bürgerhuben 121
5. Grieteinen 142 Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Grietischken
6. Grüneberg 111
7. Köllmisch Linkuhnen 71
8. Kurwe 22nd Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Uschkurwe
9. Broken earth 50 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Griegolienen
10. Newcomers 89 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Palinkuhnen
District Milchhof (until 1938 Sausseningken) 1,300
1. Allgau 67 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Klein Allgawischken
2. Ash columns 82
3. Lischau 132 Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Lyscheiten
4. Dairy Farm 176 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Sausseningken
5. Schlichtingen 147 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Groß Algawischken
6. Skuldeine 118
7. Summer farms 72 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Baubeln
8. Stellwagen 193 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Usseinen
9. Trumpenau 181 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Trumpeiten
10. Warskillen 132
Neukirch district 2,282
1. Herrendorf 144 Renamed December 23, 1930, formerly Dwarrehlischken
2. Hoheneiche (East Pr.) 128 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Budehlischken
3. Little Rockitten 29 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly An Rokaiten
4. Kurwensee 85 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Alleckneiten
5. Neukirch 1,589 October 1, 1939 Partial incorporation of Ziegelberg and Leitwarren
6. Rokitten (East Pr.) 91 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Rokaiten
7. Selsen 82 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Selseningken
8. Ziegelberg 134 October 1, 1939 Partial outsourcing to Neukirch
Neuschleuse district (until 1938 Jedwilleiten) 908
1. Adelau 58 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Adlig Kreywehlen
2. Bolzfelde 104 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Bogdahnen
3. Bolzhagen 113 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Neu Bogdahnen
4. Buttenhagen 82 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Buttkischken
5. Kleinwarschen 76 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Pawarschen
6. Motzfelde 150 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Motzwethen
7. Neuendorf 161
8. New lock 164 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Jedwilleiten
Parwen District (until 1938 Parwischken) 1,472
1. Borehole 16 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Borstehlischken
2. Fighting 103 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Buddy
3. Kischen 104
4. Ossafelde 247 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Endrejen
5. Parven 197 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Parwischken
6. Rutenfelde 32 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Wirblauken
7. Schulzenwiese 358 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Schudlidimmen
8. Multiple bridges 163 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Groß Wixwen
9. Wegnersdorf 18th Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Wegnerminnen
10. Wilhelmsheide 234
Peterswalde district 1,751
1. Alder trees 145 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Obolin
2. Noiken 301 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Schillelwethen
3. Peterswalde 417
4. Schnecken Forest, a community-free manor district 407
5. Schneckenwalde 481 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Tunnischken
6. Wilhelmsbruch Forst, community-free manor district (partially) 0000
Rautenburg district 307
1. Rautenburg 307
District of Rautersdorf (until 1938 Lappienen) 2,699
1. Ahlgarten 62
2. Altdümpelkrug 121 Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly New Norweischen
3. Brandenburg (Kr. Elch lowlands) 154 Renamed October 29, 1934, formerly Degimmen
4. Dannenberg 156
5. Erlenrode 73 Renamed September 4, 1936, formerly Gräflich Prudimmen
6. Eschenberg 200 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Mosteiten
7. Gilgenfeld 171 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Joneiten
8. Großheidenstein 68 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Groß Krauleiden
9. Hohenberge 196
10. Kleinerlenrode 106 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Klein Prudimmen
11. Kleinheidenstein 62 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Klein Krauleiden
12. Kurrenberg 86 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Matzgirren
13. Mill masters 180 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Norwegian
14. Raging 212
15. Rautersdorf 205 Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Neu Lappienen
16. Rehwalde (Kr.Elchniederung) 77 Renamed March 27, 1936, formerly Oßnugarn
17. Ruckenhagen 88 Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Rucken parish of Lappienen
18. Schönwiese 299
19. Waiting field 183 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Kiauken
Rauterskirch district (until 1938 Norwischeiten) 1,299
1. Alt Iwenberg 84
2. Budeweg 127 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Neuhof-Reatischken
3. Iwenheide 58 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Scharkus-Tawell
4. Nassenfelde 113 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Andreischken
5. Rauterskirch 598 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Alt Lappienen
6. Swan Lake 207 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Norwischeiten
7. Tranatenberg 112
District of Schakendorf (Ostpr.) (Until 1938 Schakuhnen) 1,264
1. High dunes 126 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Schillgallen
2. Jägerhöh 364 Renamed April 1, 1938, formerly Staldschen
3. Jodingen 86 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Jodischken
4. Small summer farms 100 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Wiescheiten
5. Perkuhnen 102
6. Schakendorf (East Pr.) 367 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Schakuhnen
7. Tailoring 119
District snails 1,399
1. Argemünde 246 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Bittehnischken
2. Argental (East Pr.) 276 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Ackmonienen
3. Groß Heinrichsdorf 181
4. Klein Heinrichsdorf 203
5. Neusorge, Ksp Heinrichswalde 76
6. Rosenwalde 151
7. Ruckenfeld 266 Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Rucken parish Groß Friedrichsdorf
8.Wilhelmsbruch Forst community-free manor district (partially) 0000
District Seckenburg (Tawellningken until 1933) 3,425
1. Altengilge 195 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Schaugsten
2. Elbing's colony 601
3. chestnuts 358
4. Klein Friedrichsgraben 328
5. Seckenburg 1,488
6. Break of the wave 455 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Tawellningken
District of Sköpen 1,236
1. Ansorge 147 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Budwethen
2. Gilgetal 285
3. New Sellen 59
4. Neusorge, Ksp Kuckerneese 331
5. Sköpen 414
Sprosserweide district (Karzewischken until 1938) 918
1. Altginnendorf 105 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Alt Ginnischken
2. Altschanzenkrug 131 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Baltruschkehmen
3. Balts 111 Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Baltruscheiten parish of Skören
4. Neuginnendorf 51 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Neu Ginnischken
5. Skören 266
6. Skulbetwarren 142
7. Sprout willow 112 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Groß Karzewischken
Stucken district (until 1938 Spucken) 1,496
1. Dunes (Kr. Elk lowlands) 358 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Ackmenischken
2. Friedeberg (East Pr.) 270 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Lebbeden
3. Kleeburg 161 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Tirkseln
4. Small dunes 162 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Nausseden
5. Rewellen 96
6. Schorningen 71 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Katrinitäten
7. Stuck 240 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly spitting
8. Tewellen 138 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Thewellen
Tawellenbruch District (Tawellningken until 1938) 116
1. Tawellenbruch Forst, community-free manor district 116 Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Tawellningken, Forst
Wilhelmsbruch District 434
1. Wilhelmsbruch 434
2. Wilhelmsbruch Forst community-free manor district (remainder) 0000
Wolfsberg District (Ostpr.) 1,438
1. Aschenberg 73
2. Doblienen 64
3. Gilkendorf 94
4. Hohenwiese 147
5. Ibenberg 111
6. Johannsdorf 99
7. Lakendorf 135
8. Langenberg 82
9. Lindendorf 134
10. Mägdeberg 110
11. Neufrost 184
12. Schönrohr 57
13. Wolfsberg (East Pr.) 148

Place names

Many place names in the district were of Baltic origin. On June 3, 1938 - with official confirmation of July 16, 1938 - a series of renaming of place names also took place in the Angerapp district (until 1938 Darkehmen district) under the National Socialist government on the basis of an order from the Gauleiter and Upper President of East Prussia, Erich Koch .

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Community encyclopedia for the Free State of Prussia, Volume 1: Province of East Prussia. Berlin 1931.
  2. ↑ a b Official directory of the German Reich 1939, 2nd edition 1941.
  3. ^ Gustav Neumann: Geography of the Prussian State . 2nd edition, Volume 2, Berlin 1874, page 27, point 2.
  4. ^ Andreas Kossert : 'Grenzlandpolitik' and Ostforschung on the periphery of the empire. East Prussian Masuria 1919–1945. Quarterly Issues for Contemporary History , Volume 51, Issue 2, April 2003, p. 141 ( PDF )