Elch lowlands district
coat of arms | Germany map |
---|---|
Basic data (status approx. 1945) | |
Existing period: | 1818 - 1945 |
Country : |
Prussia (Germany until 1945) |
Province : | East Prussia |
Administrative region : | Gumbinnen |
Administrative headquarters : | Heinrichswalde |
Surface: | 995.55 km² |
Residents : | 54,867 (May 17, 1939) |
Population density : | 55.1 inhabitants per km² |
License plate : | IC 1953 planned: NDG |
Circle structure: | 219 municipalities, 5 manor districts in 34 administrative districts |
Location of the circle | |
The county Elchniederung (until 1938 county lowlands , 1938 renamed in county Elchniederung , from 1939 district Elchniederung ) was a district in East Prussia , which existed from 1818 to 1945.
geography
The county was in the north of East Prussia and bordered to the north by the district Heydekrug , in the northeast on the district Tilsit , on the east by the district Ragnit , in the southeast of the district Insterburg , the south by the district Labiau and west to the Curonian Lagoon .
The elk lowland , after which the district was renamed in 1938, took up most of the district area . The Gilgestrom , an estuary of the Memel , flows through this valley and flows into the Curonian Lagoon near the village of Gilge just south of the district boundary.
There were two large forest areas in the district: the Ibenhorster forest on the banks of the Haff and the Schneckensche forest in the south of the district.
Although located to the east outside the district, the city of Tilsit was the most important central place in the region. There were no cities in the district itself. The seat of the district administration was the community Heinrichswalde, with about 3500 inhabitants the largest place in the district.
traffic
The district was only connected to the railway network in 1891 by the Tilsit – Labiau line of the Prussian State Railways. After the turn of the century, narrow-gauge railways supplemented the rail network, especially the Elk Lowland Railway, which led to the Curonian Lagoon and owned stations in Heinrichswalde , Wilhelmsbruch and Groß Skaisgirren, among others .
Through the circuit area which ran Reichsstraße 138 , the straight Tilsit led to the southwest and Taplacken the Reichsstraße 1 by Konigsberg resulted. However, only the extreme south-east of the district ( Schillkojen and Groß Skaisgirren) was opened up by this imperial road and thus had a good road connection to the provincial capital.
Administrative history
The Prussian administrative reforms after the Congress of Vienna was created on 1 September 1818, the county lowlands in the administrative district of Gumbinnen in the Prussian province of Prussia .
This included the parishes:
- Gowarten ,
- Groß Friedrichsdorf ,
- Groß Skaisgirren (Kreuzingen),
- Heinrichswalde ,
- Insects ,
- Kallningken (Herdenau),
- Karkeln ,
- Chewing (Kuckerneese),
- Lappienen (Rauterskirch),
- Neukirch (fr. Joneykischken),
- Pokraken (Weidenau),
- Schakuhnen (Schakendorf),
- Seckenburg (fr. Groß Kryszahnen),
- Skören .
The parish boundaries and the boundaries of the political communities were not always identical. For example B. a part of the parish Weidenau to the district of Tilsit. The district office was originally in Kaukehmen , but later moved to Heinrichswalde . Since December 3, 1829, the district - after the merger of the previous provinces of Prussia and West Prussia - belonged to the new province of Prussia with the seat in Königsberg i. Pr. After the division of the Province of Prussia in the new provinces of East Prussia and West Prussia the circle was lowlands on April 1, 1878 part of East Prussia.
With the entry into force of the Versailles Treaty on January 10, 1920, the Niederung district lost the rural communities of Groß Schilleningken, Heinrichsfelde, Klein Schilleningken, Leitgirren and the manor district of Perwallkischken to the Memel area to the north of the Memel estuary of the Ruß . The rural communities came to the local Heydekrug district and the manor district to the new Pogegen district . The southern remainder of the Heydekrug district that remained with the German Empire was temporarily co-administered from Heinrichswalde. On July 1, 1922, these areas between Gilge and Ruß were also formally incorporated into the Niederung district. In addition, the Niederung district gave the administrative districts of Brettschneidern and Kellmienen , as well as the rural communities of Puskeppeln (Gut Puskeppelies), Skroblienen, Smaledumen and the districts of Blausden and Pauperischken to the new Tilsit-Ragnit district .
On September 30, 1929, a regional reform took place in the Niederung district in line with the development in the rest of Prussia, in which all the previously independent manor districts were dissolved except for five and assigned to neighboring rural communities. On September 7, 1938, the district name changed to Elk Lowlands . As of January 1, 1939, the Elchniederung district was given the name Landkreis in accordance with the now unified regulation .
On October 1, 1939, the communities Elchwinkel and Skirwiet moved from the Elchniederung district to the Heydekrug district , which had been part of East Prussia again since March 22, 1939.
On October 12, 1944, the Elchniederung district was evacuated by the German population and the authorities. In the spring of 1945 the district was occupied by the Red Army and then came under Soviet administration. The former district area is now predominantly in Slavsk Raion in the Russian Oblast of Kaliningrad . The northern tip around the municipality of Leitgiriai is in the Klaipėda district in Lithuania .
District administrators
- around 1819 Friedrich Eduard von Wedelstädt († 1830)
- around 1838 from afar
- 1840–1851: Carl Schlick (1809–1874)
- 1852–1873: Heinrich von Sanden (1801–1875)
- 1891–1900: Georg Schickert (1860–1926)
- 1900–1912: Richard Bank (1867–1934)
- 1918–1920: Rudolf Krull (1886–1961)
- 1920–1924: Otto Kahl
- 1924–1928: Hans Honig
- 1928 : Richard Braun (DNVP), acting
- 1929–1945: Erich Stockmann (1893–1973)
Local constitution
The Niederung district was initially divided into rural communities and - until they were almost completely eliminated - into independent manor districts.
With the introduction of the Prussian Municipal Constitution Act of December 15, 1933, there was a uniform municipal constitution for all municipalities from January 1, 1934.
With the introduction of the German Municipal Code of January 30, 1935, the municipal constitution valid in the German Reich came into force on April 1, 1935, according to which the previous rural municipalities were now referred to as municipalities . These were grouped together in administrative districts .
A new district constitution was no longer created; The Prussian district order for the provinces of East and West Prussia, Brandenburg, Pomerania, Silesia and Saxony from March 19, 1881 continued to apply.
cities and communes
At the beginning of 1945, the Elchniederung district consisted of 219 communities and five manor districts:
Districts municipalities |
Inhabitants 1939 |
comment |
Argendorf District (Argelothen until 1938) | 945 | |
1. Argendorf | 220 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Argelothen |
2. Deschen | 310 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Neu Descherin |
3. Grünbaum | 133 | |
4. Hohensprindt | 282 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Augustlauken |
District of Breitenhof (until 1938 Oschweningken) | 1,565 | |
1. Altmühle | 190 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Lankeningken |
2. Breitenhof | 97 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Oschweningken |
3. Eckwalde | 182 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Bersteningken |
4. Gobes | 112 | |
5. Grenzberg | 358 | August 17, 1936, formerly Groß Asznaggern |
6. Grünhof tilting | 76 | |
7. Jagsten | 272 | |
8. Kleingrenzberg | 54 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Groß Wabbeln |
9. Steilberg | 139 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Baschnitzkallen |
10. Fir height | 85 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Wargutschen |
District of Demmen (until 1938 Demmenen) | 704 | |
1. Berkeln | 298 | |
2. Demeaning | 151 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Demmenen |
3. Gerhardsheim | 150 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Lepienen |
4. Gerhardswalde | 105 | |
Gowarten District (until 1939: Wannaglauken District) | 1,444 | |
1. Falcon height | 139 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Demedschen |
2. Friedlau | 87 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Friedlauken |
3. Gowarten | 333 | |
4. Großwalde (Kr. Elchniederung) | 230 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Groß Wannaglauken |
5. Gruten | 164 | Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Grudschen |
6. Gutsfelde | 121 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Groß Obscherningken |
7. Haslingen | 104 | Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Klein Wannaglauken |
8. Kieslau | 46 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Skieslauken |
9. Kleinwalde (Kr. Elchniederung) | 36 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Klein Obscherningken |
10. Kripfelde | 184 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Kriplauken |
Groß Friedrichsdorf district | 2,189 | |
1. Great Friedrichsdorf | 1,196 | |
2. Great Marienwalde | 196 | |
3. Klein Friedrichsdorf | 39 | |
4. Klein Marienwalde | 94 | |
5. Plein | 140 | |
6. Wild meadow | 524 | Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Oschke |
Grünau district | 1,432 | |
1. Finkenhof | 136 | |
2. Gerhardsgrund | 165 | Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Obschruten |
3. Gerhardshöfen | 56 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Grazing |
4. Gerhardsweide | 202 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Liedemeiten |
5. Grünau | 238 | |
6. Gründann | 287 | |
7. Margins | 119 | |
8. Mill cross | 229 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Makohnen |
Grünhausen district (until 1938 Jodgallen) | 2,386 | |
1. Alt Seckenburg | 211 | |
2. Birkenheim | 120 | |
3. Ginkel remedy | 244 | |
4. Grünhausen | 464 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Jodgallen |
5. Green meadow | 151 | |
6. Kussenberg | 138 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Packuss |
7. Neufelde | 349 | |
8. Polenzhof | 207 | |
9. Schackwiese | 143 | |
10. switch | 135 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Schalteik |
11. Warsche | 63 | |
12. Warschfelde | 161 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Warschlauken |
Heideckshof district (until 1938 Skirbst) | 977 | |
1. Heideckshof | 220 | Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Skirbst |
2. Köllmisch snails | 73 | |
3. Leitwarren | 67 | October 1, 1939 Partial outsourcing to Neukirch |
4. Lenten booth | 81 | |
5. Lessen | 68 | |
6. Oswald | 220 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Bartscheiten |
7. Stobingen | 120 | |
8. Wolfsdorf | 128 | |
Heinrichswalde district | 3,797 | |
1. Heinrichswalde | 3,460 | |
2. Klemenswalde | 337 | |
Ibenhorst district | 453 | |
1. Ibenhorst Forst a community-free manor district | 378 | |
2. Ibenwerder | 75 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Ackminge |
District Ins | 1,664 | |
1. Ins | 545 | |
2. Loyalty | 279 | |
3. Tawe | 840 | |
Karkeln District | 2,323 | |
1. Ackeln | 113 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Ackelningken |
2. Antonswiese | 150 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Pustutten |
3. Herdenau | 592 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Kallningken |
4. Karkeln | 885 | |
5. Tramming | 276 | Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Tramischen |
6. Wait | 149 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Wirballen |
7. Wittken | 158 | |
Kreuzingen district (until 1938 Groß Skaisgirren) | 3,412 | |
1. Georgenforst | 104 | Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Klein Ischdaggen |
2. Georgenheide | 144 | Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Kletellen |
3. Gronwalde | 248 | Renamed 30 August 1935, formerly Klein Girratischken |
4. Kreuzingen | 2,256 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Groß Skaisgirren |
5. Waiting yards | 660 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Groß Girratischken |
6. Wilhelmsbruch Forst, community-free manor district (partially) | 0 | |
Kuckerneese District (Kaukehmen until 1938) | 5,220 | |
1. Alt Sellen | 147 | |
2. Kloken | 581 | |
3. Kuckerneese | 4,492 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Kaukehmen |
Curonian Lagoon District | 0 | |
1. Curonian Lagoon , part of the Kr.Elch lowlands of a community-free manor district | 0 | |
District Lindental (until 1931 sand river) | 1,246 | |
1. Official | 136 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Baltruscheiten parish Heinrichswalde |
2. Lindental | 372 | |
3. Scatter position | 80 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Dittballen |
4. Tomatoes | 361 | |
5. Wilhelmsbruch Forst, community-free manor district (partially) | 0 | |
6. Urbansprind | 297 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Noragehlen |
Linkuhnen district | 1,366 | |
1. Noble Linkuhnen | 379 | |
2. Grace | 47 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Klubinn |
3. Brittania | 334 | |
4. Bürgerhuben | 121 | |
5. Grieteinen | 142 | Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Grietischken |
6. Grüneberg | 111 | |
7. Köllmisch Linkuhnen | 71 | |
8. Kurwe | 22nd | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Uschkurwe |
9. Broken earth | 50 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Griegolienen |
10. Newcomers | 89 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Palinkuhnen |
District Milchhof (until 1938 Sausseningken) | 1,300 | |
1. Allgau | 67 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Klein Allgawischken |
2. Ash columns | 82 | |
3. Lischau | 132 | Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Lyscheiten |
4. Dairy Farm | 176 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Sausseningken |
5. Schlichtingen | 147 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Groß Algawischken |
6. Skuldeine | 118 | |
7. Summer farms | 72 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Baubeln |
8. Stellwagen | 193 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Usseinen |
9. Trumpenau | 181 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Trumpeiten |
10. Warskillen | 132 | |
Neukirch district | 2,282 | |
1. Herrendorf | 144 | Renamed December 23, 1930, formerly Dwarrehlischken |
2. Hoheneiche (East Pr.) | 128 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Budehlischken |
3. Little Rockitten | 29 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly An Rokaiten |
4. Kurwensee | 85 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Alleckneiten |
5. Neukirch | 1,589 | October 1, 1939 Partial incorporation of Ziegelberg and Leitwarren |
6. Rokitten (East Pr.) | 91 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Rokaiten |
7. Selsen | 82 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Selseningken |
8. Ziegelberg | 134 | October 1, 1939 Partial outsourcing to Neukirch |
Neuschleuse district (until 1938 Jedwilleiten) | 908 | |
1. Adelau | 58 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Adlig Kreywehlen |
2. Bolzfelde | 104 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Bogdahnen |
3. Bolzhagen | 113 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Neu Bogdahnen |
4. Buttenhagen | 82 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Buttkischken |
5. Kleinwarschen | 76 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Pawarschen |
6. Motzfelde | 150 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Motzwethen |
7. Neuendorf | 161 | |
8. New lock | 164 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Jedwilleiten |
Parwen District (until 1938 Parwischken) | 1,472 | |
1. Borehole | 16 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Borstehlischken |
2. Fighting | 103 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Buddy |
3. Kischen | 104 | |
4. Ossafelde | 247 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Endrejen |
5. Parven | 197 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Parwischken |
6. Rutenfelde | 32 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Wirblauken |
7. Schulzenwiese | 358 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Schudlidimmen |
8. Multiple bridges | 163 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Groß Wixwen |
9. Wegnersdorf | 18th | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Wegnerminnen |
10. Wilhelmsheide | 234 | |
Peterswalde district | 1,751 | |
1. Alder trees | 145 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Obolin |
2. Noiken | 301 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Schillelwethen |
3. Peterswalde | 417 | |
4. Schnecken Forest, a community-free manor district | 407 | |
5. Schneckenwalde | 481 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Tunnischken |
6. Wilhelmsbruch Forst, community-free manor district (partially) | 0 | |
Rautenburg district | 307 | |
1. Rautenburg | 307 | |
District of Rautersdorf (until 1938 Lappienen) | 2,699 | |
1. Ahlgarten | 62 | |
2. Altdümpelkrug | 121 | Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly New Norweischen |
3. Brandenburg (Kr. Elch lowlands) | 154 | Renamed October 29, 1934, formerly Degimmen |
4. Dannenberg | 156 | |
5. Erlenrode | 73 | Renamed September 4, 1936, formerly Gräflich Prudimmen |
6. Eschenberg | 200 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Mosteiten |
7. Gilgenfeld | 171 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Joneiten |
8. Großheidenstein | 68 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Groß Krauleiden |
9. Hohenberge | 196 | |
10. Kleinerlenrode | 106 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Klein Prudimmen |
11. Kleinheidenstein | 62 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Klein Krauleiden |
12. Kurrenberg | 86 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Matzgirren |
13. Mill masters | 180 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Norwegian |
14. Raging | 212 | |
15. Rautersdorf | 205 | Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Neu Lappienen |
16. Rehwalde (Kr.Elchniederung) | 77 | Renamed March 27, 1936, formerly Oßnugarn |
17. Ruckenhagen | 88 | Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Rucken parish of Lappienen |
18. Schönwiese | 299 | |
19. Waiting field | 183 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Kiauken |
Rauterskirch district (until 1938 Norwischeiten) | 1,299 | |
1. Alt Iwenberg | 84 | |
2. Budeweg | 127 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Neuhof-Reatischken |
3. Iwenheide | 58 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Scharkus-Tawell |
4. Nassenfelde | 113 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Andreischken |
5. Rauterskirch | 598 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Alt Lappienen |
6. Swan Lake | 207 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Norwischeiten |
7. Tranatenberg | 112 | |
District of Schakendorf (Ostpr.) (Until 1938 Schakuhnen) | 1,264 | |
1. High dunes | 126 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Schillgallen |
2. Jägerhöh | 364 | Renamed April 1, 1938, formerly Staldschen |
3. Jodingen | 86 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Jodischken |
4. Small summer farms | 100 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Wiescheiten |
5. Perkuhnen | 102 | |
6. Schakendorf (East Pr.) | 367 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Schakuhnen |
7. Tailoring | 119 | |
District snails | 1,399 | |
1. Argemünde | 246 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Bittehnischken |
2. Argental (East Pr.) | 276 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Ackmonienen |
3. Groß Heinrichsdorf | 181 | |
4. Klein Heinrichsdorf | 203 | |
5. Neusorge, Ksp Heinrichswalde | 76 | |
6. Rosenwalde | 151 | |
7. Ruckenfeld | 266 | Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Rucken parish Groß Friedrichsdorf |
8.Wilhelmsbruch Forst community-free manor district (partially) | 0 | |
District Seckenburg (Tawellningken until 1933) | 3,425 | |
1. Altengilge | 195 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Schaugsten |
2. Elbing's colony | 601 | |
3. chestnuts | 358 | |
4. Klein Friedrichsgraben | 328 | |
5. Seckenburg | 1,488 | |
6. Break of the wave | 455 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Tawellningken |
District of Sköpen | 1,236 | |
1. Ansorge | 147 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Budwethen |
2. Gilgetal | 285 | |
3. New Sellen | 59 | |
4. Neusorge, Ksp Kuckerneese | 331 | |
5. Sköpen | 414 | |
Sprosserweide district (Karzewischken until 1938) | 918 | |
1. Altginnendorf | 105 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Alt Ginnischken |
2. Altschanzenkrug | 131 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Baltruschkehmen |
3. Balts | 111 | Renamed 16 July 1938, formerly Baltruscheiten parish of Skören |
4. Neuginnendorf | 51 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Neu Ginnischken |
5. Skören | 266 | |
6. Skulbetwarren | 142 | |
7. Sprout willow | 112 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Groß Karzewischken |
Stucken district (until 1938 Spucken) | 1,496 | |
1. Dunes (Kr. Elk lowlands) | 358 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Ackmenischken |
2. Friedeberg (East Pr.) | 270 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Lebbeden |
3. Kleeburg | 161 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Tirkseln |
4. Small dunes | 162 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Nausseden |
5. Rewellen | 96 | |
6. Schorningen | 71 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Katrinitäten |
7. Stuck | 240 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly spitting |
8. Tewellen | 138 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Thewellen |
Tawellenbruch District (Tawellningken until 1938) | 116 | |
1. Tawellenbruch Forst, community-free manor district | 116 | Renamed July 16, 1938, formerly Tawellningken, Forst |
Wilhelmsbruch District | 434 | |
1. Wilhelmsbruch | 434 | |
2. Wilhelmsbruch Forst community-free manor district (remainder) | 0 | |
Wolfsberg District (Ostpr.) | 1,438 | |
1. Aschenberg | 73 | |
2. Doblienen | 64 | |
3. Gilkendorf | 94 | |
4. Hohenwiese | 147 | |
5. Ibenberg | 111 | |
6. Johannsdorf | 99 | |
7. Lakendorf | 135 | |
8. Langenberg | 82 | |
9. Lindendorf | 134 | |
10. Mägdeberg | 110 | |
11. Neufrost | 184 | |
12. Schönrohr | 57 | |
13. Wolfsberg (East Pr.) | 148 |
Place names
Many place names in the district were of Baltic origin. On June 3, 1938 - with official confirmation of July 16, 1938 - a series of renaming of place names also took place in the Angerapp district (until 1938 Darkehmen district) under the National Socialist government on the basis of an order from the Gauleiter and Upper President of East Prussia, Erich Koch .
literature
- Gustav Neumann : Geography of the Prussian State. 2nd edition, Volume 2, Berlin 1874, p. 27, point 2.
Web links
- District community of elk lowlands
- Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Niederung district (elk lowlands). (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- District Low (1910)
Individual evidence
- ^ Community encyclopedia for the Free State of Prussia, Volume 1: Province of East Prussia. Berlin 1931.
- ↑ a b Official directory of the German Reich 1939, 2nd edition 1941.
- ^ Gustav Neumann: Geography of the Prussian State . 2nd edition, Volume 2, Berlin 1874, page 27, point 2.
- ^ Andreas Kossert : 'Grenzlandpolitik' and Ostforschung on the periphery of the empire. East Prussian Masuria 1919–1945. Quarterly Issues for Contemporary History , Volume 51, Issue 2, April 2003, p. 141 ( PDF )