List of Nazi victims from Solingen

Memorial plaque to the victims of the National Socialist racial madness at the Jewish cemetery (Solingen)

The list of Nazi victims from Solingen includes people who came from Solingen or who lived there and who were persecuted and / or violently died during the Nazi regime for racist, political or other reasons. The list does not claim to be complete; Coordinate information without guarantee.

Surname	address	Stumbling block
Helene Adams (born May 21, 1865 in Fliesteden ; † May 29, 1943 in the Theresienstadt ghetto ) was married to a Protestant husband. When he died in 1935, she was no longer considered to be a "mixed marriage" , which could have protected her. In July 1942 she was deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto together with other Solingen Jews and inmates of the Jewish old people's home in Elberfeld . There she died on May 29, 1943. Several of her siblings were also killed.	Wachtelstrasse 45	(Location)51.155575 7.08595
Ferdinand Bachem (born May 4, 1895 in Solingen-Ohligs , † July 30, 1958 in Solingen) was a journalist and was involved in the Catholic German Center Party until 1933 . He met like-minded friends in a “Liberal Circle”. In November 1938, Bachem was arrested by the Gestapo ; he was suspected of having distributed illegal literature, including a letter from Thomas Mann that was circulating in Germany . The proceedings were discontinued, however, and Bachem was released from prison on December 24, 1938. In June 1940 he was drafted into the Wehrmacht , but he remained true to his attitude critical of the regime. After the war Bachem worked again as a journalist.		No
Hans Bardo (born August 19, 1901 in Rombach ; † unknown) was imprisoned several times for critical remarks about the National Socialists . He was imprisoned in Buchenwald concentration camp from 1938 to 1942 , after which he was detained by the Saarbrücken Gestapo until January 1943 and later presumably drafted into the Wehrmacht. It was not until 1948 that he returned from a Soviet captivity as a broken man and settled in Solingen.		No
Josef Becker (born July 17, 1905 in Solingen; † May 21, 1937 in Düsseldorf ) participated in the production and distribution of leaflets for the Communist Party Opposition (KPO). He also gave shelter to resistance fighters . On May 1, 1937, he and other men were arrested on suspicion of "preparation for high treason ". Becker was badly mistreated by the Gestapo and died of the consequences in his detention cell.	Heir House 88	(Location)51.1816 7.1038583333333
Heinrich Benz (born June 7, 1901 in Solingen; † December 18, 1944 in the Brandenburg prison ) was one of the first Solingen communists to be arrested in March 1933. Until November 1934 he was in “ protective custody ” in the Börgermoor and Esterwegen concentration camps . On August 6, 1943, he said to a soldier that the war was lost and then all Nazis and SA men would get a “little bird”. On July 5, 1944, Benz was sentenced by the People's Court in Berlin to five years ' imprisonment and five years of loss of honor because of this remark . However, the verdict was collected - allegedly by Hermann Göring personally - and Heinrich Benz was sentenced to death. He was executed on December 18, 1944.	Schrodtberg 35	(Location)51.189811111111 7.1014305555556
Gerhard Berting (born June 26, 1900 in Hannover , † December 10, 1963 in Solingen) was a lawyer and the rank of Government Council in the district government Osnabrück , when he was forced into retirement by the Nazis because of his Jewish origin. From May 1940 to May 1942 he had todo forced labor at Siemens in Berlin. In May 1942 he managed to escape to Belgium ; from September 1942 to July 1943 he lived illegally in Brussels until his employer at the time managed to legalize his status. In March 1946, Berting was elected the first city director of the city of Solingen and was largely responsible for the reconstruction of the city. An old people's home in Solingen was named after him.		No
Ernst Bertram (born March 24, 1909 in Solingen, † October 29, 1938 in Brandenburg an der Havel ) was involved in the KPD . As early as February 28, 1933, one day after the Reichstag fire , he was taken into “ protective custody ” and held in Lüttringhausen prison and probably also in Börgermoor concentration camp until December 23, 1933. After his release, he became involved in building illegal trade union groups. In May 1935, Bertram was arrested andsentenced to 15 years imprisonmentas the main defendant in the so-called “ Wuppertal trade union trials” for “high treason”. He died in prison Brandenburg-Gorden to tuberculosis .	Altenhofer Str. 76	(Location)51.181363888889 7.0304888888889
Georg Bethke (born March 23, 1893 in Wolgast ; † April 20, 1944 in Mauthausen concentration camp ) joined the KPD in 1921 and was also involved in the “ German Association for Maternity Protection and Sexual Reform ”. He was arrested on July 13, 1933. In the apartment of his friend Martha Hammerstein, the police found firearms, leaflets and a list of the names of leading National Socialists from Solingen. On September 6, 1933, the Hamm Higher Regional Court sentenced him to two years in prison for preparing for high treason and violating the Firearms Act. Martha Hammerstein was also sentenced to one year and five months. In 1935 Bethke rejoined a communist resistance group that was exposed in 1937. On October 8, 1937, he was tried along with 19 other Communists from Solingen. When he was eight years in prison, he received the highest sentence. In January 1944 he was transferred to Mauthausen concentration camp, where he died a few weeks later.	Rosenkamper Str.10b	(Location)51.179141666667 7.0388888888889
Georg Cohn (born April 24, 1919 in Solingen; † in Auschwitz concentration camp ) was of Jewish origin; his father Adolf Cohn was elected deputy representative of the Solingen Jewish community in 1925. Georg Cohn's mother died in 1931, and he and his sister moved away from Solingen. According to the Yad Vashem memorial sheet , his father Adolf Cohn died in Auschwitz. His son Georg lived with interruptions in Leipzig until March 1942 and then in Schönfelde in Brandenburg . On April 19, 1943 he was deported to Auschwitz and is considered "missing".	Breidbacher Tor 2	(Location)51.171133333333 7.0858611111111
Anna Coppel , married. Reiche, (* May 30, 1891 in Solingen; † April 21, 1941 in Ravensbrück concentration camp ) and Martha Fanny Coppel (* April 24, 1895 in Solingen; † Izbica ) were daughters of the Jewish entrepreneur Carl Gustav Coppel (* December 14, 1857 in Solingen; † September 25, 1941 in Düsseldorf ) and his wife Hedwig and thus nieces of Alexander Coppel . Anna was imprisoned in the women's prison in Leipzig-Kleinmensdorf for unknown reasons in 1940/1941 and then sent to a concentration camp. She died in April 1942 in the Ravensbrück concentration camp ; her “Aryan” husband tried in vain to get her release. Hedwig Coppel died in August 1941; Her daughter Martha, in need of care, was sent to a sanatorium shortly afterwards and probably died in 1942 in the Izbica ghetto near Lublin . Carl Gustav Coppel died by suicide.	Kurfürstenstr. 8th	(Location)51.176719444444 7.0827583333333
Alexander Coppel (born September 18, 1865 in Solingen; † August 4, 1942 in Ghetto Theresienstadt ) was the youngest son of Solingen honorary citizen and entrepreneur Gustav Coppel (1830-1914). Regardless of their services to the city, the Jewish Coppel family was persecuted by the National Socialists. On July 21, 1942, 77-year-old Coppel was deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto, where he died of starvation and exhaustion two weeks later.	Werewolf 3	(Location)51.168719444444 7.0863277777778
The couple Jenny Davids (born November 23, 1880 in Aschaffenburg ; † lost in Auschwitz) and Georg Davids (born October 11, 1878 in Hüls , † lost in Auschwitz) lived in Ohligs , where Georg Davids and his brother Walter lived Men's clothing store operation. The couple had two children. In January 1938 the company was " Aryanized ". On March 31, 1938, the Davids and their son Walter moved to Cologne with his wife Gerda . Father and son paid " Reichsfluchtsteuer ", so they had the intention to emigrate. However, Georg and Jenny Davids were deported to Auschwitz in 1942 and presumably killed. Walter and Gerda Davids were probably able to flee abroad.	Düsseldorfer Str. 40	(Location)51.161483333333 7.0002833333333
Hans Debus (born July 11, 1919 in Solingen-Wald , † February 14, 1945 in Solingen) participated in the resistance against National Socialism by distributing illegal leaflets as a teenager. In August 1937 he escaped arrest by fleeing to Belgium. There he joined the resistance of the KPD ; When crossing the border in Aachen on August 18, 1939, he was arrested and taken to Berlin. In June 1940 he was transferred to the Dachau concentration camp , in July 1941 to Buchenwald and then to the Cologne exhibition center , from where he managed to escape in April 1944. First he went into hiding in Cologne and had contact with the edelweiss pirates , but then returned to his sister in Solingen, presumably because he was now sick with tuberculosis. A doctor took the risk and provided medical care to Debus, but Debus died on February 14, 1945.	Krausener Str./Lehmbruckstr.	(Location)51.182375 7.0290027777778
Artur Deichmann (born February 14, 1900 in Solingen; † September 14, 1944 in Bremen ) belonged to the KPD and was taken into " protective custody " several times from 1933 onwards . In April 1941 he was drafted into the Air Force . In autumn 1943 he said: "The war is lost, Hitler knows that too" and was therefore denounced . He was arrested on December 23, 1943 and in March 1944 initially sentenced to twelve years in prison. On Göring's orders, however, the judgment was overturned and Deichmann was sentenced to death on June 26, 1944 by an Air Force field tribunal in Berlin. Deichmann was shot in Bremen-Osterholz on September 14, 1944 . The informer was acquitted in 1950.	Official gate 4	(Location)51.171936111111 7.0861916666667
Theodor Deis (born December 6, 1899 in Hilden , † probably 1969 in the GDR) was a functionary of the Kampfbund against fascism . In March 1933 he was taken into “protective custody” and severely ill-treated in the Kemna concentration camp . Deis later fled to the Netherlands, where in May 1935 the Dutch immigration police arrested him for “communist activities” and deported him to Belgium. From 1936 to the end of 1938 Deis fought in the Spanish Civil War against the Franco troops as captain of the " Thälmann Battalion ". In October 1938 Deis was interned in France, but was then able to return to Belgium. After the German invasion, he was arrested again in June 1940 and taken to the Saint-Cyprien camp in southern France . He escaped in August 1940 and joined the French resistance. In 1945 he returned to Solingen as a sick man. Around 1958 he moved to the GDR , where he probably died in 1969.		No
Samuel Dessauer (born August 11, 1872 in Hohenlimburg ; † October 9, 1942 in Ghetto Theresienstadt) was of Jewish descent and the father of Heinz Dessauer (born January 5, 1917 in Solingen-Wald ; † September 13, 1941 in Mauthausen concentration camp ) and Marianne Dessauer (born December 3, 1911 in Solingen; † presumably a victim of " euthanasia ") and ran a steel goods factory together with his brother Hermann (1866–1934). Hermann Dessauer died in 1934; his daughter Hilde (* 1908) emigrated with her husband to London , his son Karl (* 1913) probably emigrated to Argentina in 1934 . The chronically ill Marianne Dessauer was admitted to the Galkhausen sanatorium in 1940 and probably killed as part of the National Socialist euthanasia program. Heinz Dessauer died on September 13, 1941 in the Mauthausen concentration camp; Samuel Dessauer died in the Theresienstadt ghetto in October 1942. Samuel Dessauer's older brother Salomon (* 1859) from Karlsruhe died in October 1942 in the French assembly camp in Drancy .	Klemens-Horn-Str. 6th	(Location)51.177322222222 7.0829527777778
The married couple Rosa Frankenstein (born June 4, 1873 in Eschwege ; † in the Sobibor extermination camp , lost) and William Frankenstein (* December 4, 1870 Rischenau ; † died: in Sobibor concentration camp, lost) ran a department store in Solingen. As a result of the “ Jewish boycott ”, the business suffered heavy losses from 1933 and had to cease operations in August 1936. The eldest daughter Alice had followed her husband to Brazil in 1921 . In November 1936, son Herbert Frankenstein emigrated with his family to the USA , his sister Erna traveled with her family to Alice in Brazil . Rosa and William Frankenstein emigrated to the Netherlands in 1939 . In 1943 they were picked up by German troops and deported to the Sobibor extermination camp on June 29, 1943.	Elisenstrasse 10	(Location)51.168416666667 7.08475
Gisela Freireich (born August 28, 1870 in Samson , Hungary ; † September 29, 1942 in the Theresienstadt ghetto) and Adolf Freireich (born February 23, 1868 in Böszörmény , Hungary; † late 1941 in Cologne ) came from Hungary, and theirs were there too Children Frida Freireich (born January 9 in Samson; † unknown) and Arnold Freireich (born January 1, 1896 in Böszörmény; † January 21, 1943 in Auschwitz concentration camp ). In 1906 the Jewish family moved to Solingen, where father and son ran a brush-making business from 1919. In 1933 Arnold Freireich, who sympathized with the KPD , was taken into "protective custody". In March 1935 Gisela Freireich began a relationship with Paul Happel from Solingen (SG: Bismarckstr. 003a), which lasted until March 1936, when both were arrested. Happel was sentenced to six months in prison for “ racial disgrace ” by the regional court in Wuppertal. On February 4, 1936, the Freireich family was denounced by their house owner that communist gatherings were being held there. On March 16, 1936, the family was arrested and the prosecuting authorities believed they had exposed a dangerous conspiratorial group. After the first interrogations, Gisela and Arnold Freireich had to be hospitalized. In April, the Gestapo arrested the other participants in the meeting, including the Jewish journalist Max Leven and his wife Emmi. In December the family was brought to justice together with others, Arnold Freireich was sentenced to six years and seven months in prison, Gisela two and a half and Adolf Freireich three years imprisonment. In 1941 Adolf Freireich died in the Jewish Hospital in Cologne, his wife in September 1942 in the Theresienstadt ghetto. The son Arnold was brought to Auschwitz in December 1942, where he died a little later. His sister Frieda was expelled to Hungary in 1937 , her fate is unknown.	Elisenstrasse 10	(Location)51.168416666667 7.08475
Hermann Friedberger (* June 15, 1880 in Solingen; † May 6, 1942 in the Chelmno extermination camp ), Helene Friedberger (* April 1, 1883 in Goch ; † May 6, 1942 in the Chelmno extermination camp) and Gerd Adolf Friedberger (* January 14 1925 in Solingen; † May 6, 1942 in the Chelmno extermination camp) were of Jewish descent, Hermann Friedberger was active in the synagogue community. In July 1938 the daughter Ruth-Franziska emigrated to the USA . Her mother Minna Friedberger died of blood poisoning on September 4, 1938, and the widowed Hermann Friedberger married Helene Spanier for the second time on April 18, 1940. Gerd Adolf Friedberger prepared to emigrate to Palestine . When he learned of the impending deportation of his family, he returned to Solingen. On October 26, 1941, he was deported to the Litzmannstadt ghetto with his father Hermann, his wife Helene and his aunt Mathilde Stern , as were Hermann Friedberger's brother Eugen and his wife Carola from Cologne. Friedberger's sister Auguste (born 1877) "emigrated" on March 25, 1942 with her daughter Elly and many other Aachen Jews "to unknown places". Hermann's brother Artur and his son Marcel managed to escape to Belgium , where at least Marcel survived the war.	Schwertstrasse / werewolf	(Location)51.167066666667 7.0883611111111
Eva Friesem , b. Pütz, (born June 29, 1865 in Hersel ; † September 23, 1942 in Ghetto Theresienstadt) was the mother of Elfriede Hesse (born February 4, 1891 in Lennep ; † declared dead) and Hedwig Blum (born March 9, 1895 in Remscheid ; † declared dead). Her son Walter, a successful long-distance runner and handball player, took over the scrap business from his father. In 1935 he emigrated to Palestine with his family . On October 25, 1941, 76-year-old Eva Friesem was forcibly placed in the Jewish old people's home in Wuppertal , and her daughter Paula was deported to Lodz a day later. In 1942 the Nazis abducted Eva Friesem to the Theresienstadt ghetto, where she died on September 23, 1942. Daughter Hedwig and her husband Gustav Blum were deported to Riga on December 1, 1941 and died in Lithuania . The son of the two, born in 1926, presumably shared the fate of his parents. Elfriede's fate remains unclear.	Kronprinzenstrasse 7th	(Location)51.179766666667 7.0801972222222
Jenny Giesenow (born March 14, 1874 in Geilenkirchen ; † May 13, 1943 in Ghetto Theresienstadt) and Georg Giesenow (born June 6, 1870 in Schloppe / West Prussia; † April 19, 1943 in Ghetto Theresienstadt ) owned a textile department store in Solingen and were active in the synagogue community. On November 9, 1938, during the Reichspogromnacht , a number of businesses and private homes were destroyed and looted. Georg Giesenow had to spend several days in prison in the town hall. The shop is closed on December 31, 1938. Daughter Else Jellinek had granddaughter Carola brought to Belgium on a children's transport in June 1939 . Her husband Felix left on July 15th, and she left at the beginning of September. From Brussels the daughter and son-in-law drove the Giesenows to leave in vain. On July 20, 1942, Giesenows were together with Samuel Dessauer, Dr. Friedrich Mayer, Dr. Alexander Coppel and Helene Adams deported. The transport arrived in Theresienstadt on July 22nd. Due to the inhumane living conditions, Georg Giesenow died in April 1943, his wife a few weeks later. Else and Felix Jellinek survive World War II in Belgium .	Wupperstrasse 23	(Location)51.171591666667 7.0886305555556
Paul de Groote (born January 21, 1907 in Solingen; † January 22, 1945 in Tavernik (?), Croatia) was arrested for the first time as a KPD member in November 1933 and held in " protective custody " until February 1934 in the Solingen town hall . After his release, he continued to participate in the resistance and distribute illegal literature. In November 1935 he was arrested again and on July 24, 1936, together with Ernst Walsken and Eugen Pulvermacher from Solingen, he was sentenced to three years and three months in prison for “preparing for high treason”. Until March 1939 he was held in the concentration camps Börgermoor and Esterwegen . In 1943 he was drafted into the 999 Penal Battalion . He died as a soldier in Croatia on January 22, 1945 .	Kirschbaumer Str. 31	(Location)51.167166666667 7.0762222222222
Erich Hammesfahr (born February 28, 1907 in Solingen; † February 18, 1940 in Sachsenhausen concentration camp ) was a member of Jehovah's Witnesses . The religious community was founded in the summer of 1933 by the Nazis banned . In the following years he was arrested several times, ill-treated and sentenced to five months in prison in 1936. In December 1939 he was taken into “ protective custody ” and sent to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp in January 1940 for “decomposing military strength” . He died there on February 18, 1940.	Kirschbaumer Str. 9	(Location)51.166419444444 7.076575
Paul Happe (born April 22, 1904 in Solingen-Wald ; † January 5, 1942 in Solingen) was involved in the Communist Party opposition (KPO) during the Weimar Republic . On March 2, 1933, he was taken into "protective custody"; after his release from prison he continued to participate in the resistance. In March and April 1938 he was one of more than 50 defendants of the KPO before the Hamm Higher Regional Court. The main defendant Dagobert Lubinski from Düsseldorf received ten years' imprisonment (he was gassed as a Jew in Auschwitz in 1943 ), four years in jail . Paul Happe served his imprisonment first in the Rollwald camp and later in the Aschendorfer Moor concentration camp, one of the Emsland camps , where he was severely mistreated. A terminally ill man with open TB, he was released from prison in March 1941 and died of complications from illness and abuse.	Mangenberger Str. 111	(Location)51.170908 7.065736
Emil Heyer (born May 19, 1900 in Gräfrath ; † April 9, 1934 in Düsseldorf ) belonged to a resistance group of the Solingen KPD , which u. a. Printed and distributed leaflets. On April 4, 1934, the Gestapo arrested several members of the group, including Emil Heyer. After five days of interrogation and abuse, he was found dead in his cell on April 9, 1934. Another version is that he died for no apparent reason after his arrest.	Hasselstrasse 13	(Location)51.183219444444 7.0946694444444
Artur Hönemann (born August 7, 1893 in Solingen; † January 2, 1968 there) was a member of the KPD . In November 1933 he was attacked and mistreated by SA men. On March 4, 1937, Hönemann, who was active in the resistance, was arrested again and severely mistreated. Before Christmas 1937 he was transferred to a labor camp in East Frisia and in July 1941 to Hameln . During a prisoner transport he fell seriously ill without receiving treatment. Only during a stopover in Wuppertal did a police doctor examine him, who immediately released him from custody. In 1945 Hönemann was taken on as an employee of the food office in the service of the city of Solingen.		No
Gustav Joseph (* July 2, 1890 in Solingen; † January 3, 1939 in Dachau concentration camp ), Arnold Joseph (* July 8, 1895 in Solingen; † in Auschwitz concentration camp , lost) and Walter Joseph (* May 20, 1903 in Solingen ; † in Auschwitz concentration camp) were the sons of Max Joseph (1859–1933), who was a teacher and cultural officer of the Jewish community in Solingen for almost 50 years. During the Reichspogromnacht Gustav Joseph was taken into “protective custody” and sent to the Dachau concentration camp on November 17, 1938. There he died on the night of January 2nd to 3rd, 1939, allegedly committing suicide. Walter Joseph was deported from the French assembly camp in Drancy to Auschwitz on December 7, 1942 , as was his brother Arnold Joseph.	Birch pond 39	(Location)51.166475 7.0847888888889
Tilde Klose (born December 12, 1892 in Solingen, † February 1942 in Bernburg ) came from a middle-class family. She was initially involved in the SPD and the trade union , and from 1931 in the KPD . After the "seizure of power" she actively participated in the resistance. Tilde Klose was arrested in October 1934, indicted along with almost 70 other people, and sentenced to four years in prison in March 1935. After her imprisonment, despite her poor health, she was taken into “protective custody”, first in the Lichtenburg concentration camp and then in the Ravensbrück concentration camp . When inmates of the concentration camp unable to work were singled out in February 1942, Tilde Klose was among them. The prisoners are u. a. brought to the Nazi killing center in Bernburg , where the healing and care facility there had been converted into a “euthanasia” facility. The women - including Tilde Klose - were killed by truck exhaust fumes and the bodies were burned in Bernburg.	Gas Street 22nd	(Location)51.160405555556 7.0787027777778
Werner Kolb (born October 28, 1919 in Höhscheid ; † May 22, 1942 in the Stutthof concentration camp ) began his service with the Navy in Wesermünde on January 1, 1940 . On June 24, he was sentenced to four months in prison by a field war tribunal for stealing from comrades. After serving his sentence, he returned to the troops, but there were renewed violations of discipline and he was transferred to a punishing unit on the Hel Peninsula (West Prussia). Allegedly, he continued to violate order and discipline. Finally, Kolb was released from the Navy for “unworthiness for military service” and transferred to the Gestapo in Danzig , which immediately applied for “protective custody”. On October 28, 1941 he was sent to the Stutthof concentration camp for "military sabotage", where he was constantly harassed and tortured. His health deteriorated rapidly, and on May 22, 1942, Kolb, completely exhausted, died of typhus and cardiovascular insufficiency.	Mangenberger Str. 225	(Location)51.16735 7.0542222222222
Wilhelm Kratz (born June 10, 1906 in Solingen-Wald , † October 5, 1942 in Cologne ) experienced the " seizure of power " as a remand prisoner in Wuppertal. On June 21, 1933, he and other Solingen communists were sentenced to seven months' imprisonment for gang theft in 1932. After his release from custody , he fled to the Netherlands in July 1933 and took part in the communist resistance. When the German Wehrmacht occupied the Netherlands, he fled to Belgium. On January 1, 1942, he was recognized by two security police in Antwerp . He tried to flee and shot a police officer and a member of the Wehrmacht. The Essen Special Court sentenced him to four deaths on August 31, 1942. The execution was on October 5, 1942 at the police prison Klingelpütz in Cologne by the guillotine enforced.	Stresemannstrasse 23	(Location)51.182425 7.0415555555556
Helene Krebs , b. Berg, (born September 12, 1906 in Immigrath ; † January 3, 1943 in Auschwitz concentration camp ) came from a Jewish family. In May 1943 she was denounced by an acquaintance because she and her husband Paul had forbidden to give shelter to their cousin Edith Meyer and her fiancé. On June 22nd, Edith Meyer and her fiancé were arrested while trying to cross the border into Switzerland, Helene and Paul Krebs a little later. Only a few days earlier, Helene's 76-year-old mother Wilhelmine Berg had been deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto, which she did not survive. Although Helene Krebs was four months pregnant, the Gestapo carried out her admission to a concentration camp. Her "Aryan" husband, who was meanwhile free again, fought in vain for her release. On December 7, she was transported to Auschwitz, where she died on January 3, 1943. Her cousin Edith Meyer also died in Auschwitz, and her fiancé was "shot while trying to escape". Helene's sister Martha was able to flee on the transport to the Theresienstadt ghetto and survived in illegality; another brother survived imprisonment in Theresienstadt. In 1948 a case against the informer was dropped.	Rennpatt 8	(Location)51.164866666667 7.0032111111111
Emil Kronenberg (born October 2, 1864 in Leichlingen ; † March 31, 1954 in Solingen ) On October 1, 1935, Dr. Emil Kronenberg, as a Jew, relieved of his hospital duties at Bethesda. In 1938, the Kronenbergs' apartment was attacked and furnishings, crockery, porcelain and art objects worth 5000 Reichsmarks were smashed. He was forced to sell his house well below value and received an old-age pension of 120 Reichsmarks. On October 1, 1938, Kronenberg's entire property was blocked and placed under compulsory administration. He was arrested on November 10th, but released the next day. On October 13, 1944, the almost 80-year-old doctor from Solingen was deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp. There he was liberated by Soviet troops in early May 1945and was able to return to his homeland on June 28, 1945.	Katternbergerstrasse 24 and Neuenkamper Str. 70	No
Anna Kupperschlag , b. Isaac; (* August 20, 1894 in Solingen; † May 8, 1945 in Auschwitz concentration camp ) was the daughter of the Solingen department store owner Nathan Isaac (1859–1932). In 1923 she married Josef Kupperschlag (born March 1, 1888 in Barmen ; † May 8, 1945 in Auschwitz concentration camp), who continued the business with his brother-in-law Karl Isaac (1897–1974), which had to be closed in 1936. In September 1936 Anna's brother Karl Isaac fled to Brazil with his wife and children. The Kupperschlags stayed in Solingen; they sent their daughters Ruth and Marion to the Netherlands. On June 22, 1942 Anna and Josef Kupperschlag were deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto and from there to Auschwitz, where they were killed at an unknown time. The daughters Ruth and Marion were picked up in a raid in April 1943 , deported to Auschwitz and from there to various forced labor camps. Shortly before the German surrender, the Swedish Red Cross managed to free them.	Klemens-Horn-Str. 15th	(Location)51.177088888889 7.0821583333333
Helene Leven (born June 30, 1873 in Solingen; † missing) and her husband Alexander Leven had three daughters: Margarete Leven , married. Tichauer, (born February 13, 1901 in Solingen, died: in Auschwitz concentration camp, missing), Wilhelmine Leven (born February 13, 1910; † April 10, 1971 in Zurich ) and Ilse Leven , married. Shindel, (born April 30, 1914 in Solingen, † September 2, 2003 in London ). In 1935 Margarete and her husband Herbert Tichauer emigrated to the Netherlands , their father died in 1938. One year after the death of her husband, Helene Leven emigrated to her daughter Margarete in Amsterdam on April 13, 1939 . In 1939 Ilse Leven was able to travel to Great Britain via the Netherlands . Margarete Tichauer, her husband Herbert and Helene Leven were deported to the Westerbork transit camp in the northeast of the Netherlands on February 23, 1943 . From there they were deported to Sobibor and Auschwitz and killed in the extermination camps. On July 20, 1942, Wilhelmine was deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto. She worked there as a nurse and took care of Alexander Coppel, among others. After her liberation at the end of the war , she went to Switzerland. Ilse Leven married Adrian Shindel from Dresden after the war . For many years she worked as a secretary and interpreter at the Leo Baeck Institute in London . In 1988 she became the correspondence partner of the Jewish cemetery group at the Solingen comprehensive school .	Elisenstrasse 9	(Location)51.168477777778 7.0847638888889
Max Leven (born June 12, 1882 in Diedenhofen ; † November 10, 1938 in Solingen) and his wife Emmi Leven (born November 20, 1890 in Brakel ; † September 10, 1942 in the Chelmno extermination camp ) had three children: Heinz Leven (* April 21, 1914 in Krefeld ), Hannah Leven (born September 7, 1917 in Paderborn ; † October 29, 1942 in Riga ) and Anita Leven (born January 26, 1920 in Solingen; † June 26, 1944 in the Chelmno extermination camp). Max Leven was a journalist and worked for the communist newspaper " Bergische Arbeiterstimme ". In 1933 he was temporarily held in the Kemna concentration camp . During the Reichspogromnacht he was attacked by four National Socialists in his apartment and shot. The son Heinz had already gone to Paris in 1935; his further fate is unknown; he was probably able to emigrate to America. Anita Leven and her mother Emmi were deported to the Litzmannstadt ghetto in October 1941. Almost a year later Emmi Leven was gassed in the Chelmno extermination camp, and Anita Leven was murdered there in June 1944. Hannah Leven was deported to Riga, where she was murdered on October 29, 1942. Max Leven's murderers received mild prison terms after the war.	Max-Leven-Gasse 5	(Location)51.169519444444 7.0810722222222
Samuel Lewak (born April 7, 1880 in Suwalki , Poland, † April 4, 1941 in Chełm ) came to Solingen in 1918. He was an instrument maker and piano tuner, worked as a representative of a music shop and acted in cinemas to accompany films. In October 1928 he married Elfriede Jolig (1893–1966) from Solingen, who converted to her husband's Jewish faith. On January 26, 1941, Samuel Lewak was admitted to the Jewish Hospital in Cologne. Then his track was lost; his wife did not manage to find out anything about his further fate. It is certain that he was transported to Poland. He either died in Lublin or in the Majdanek concentration camp . Elfriede Lewak only received limited food ration cards for Jews and had to put the Jewish star on the front door.	Siegfried Line 12
Hans Lichtenthäler (born December 15, 1919 in Solingen-Wald ; † March 18, 1945 in Spilimbergo ) was transferred to Italy as a soldier during World War II , where he joined the partisans . Presumably he deserted because of a young Jew who was a resistance fighter and whom he married in November 1944. In 1944 the young woman's father, the former general manager of a mineral oil company, was arrested after seven years of escape, brought to Auschwitz and killed. On December 7, 1944, the young couple were arrested by Italian fascists, Hans Lichtenthäler was sentenced to death as a deserter and shot dead. His wife was released from prison by British troops in Udine in May 1945 ; in November 1946 she gave birth to a son. A request from her for redress was rejected.		No
Hedwig Löb (born August 17, 1893 in Cologne; † May 1942 in the Chelmno extermination camp ) worked as a domestic worker for the Jewish Giesenow family. On October 26, 1941, the first 17 Jews from Solingen were deported to the Litzmannstadt (Lodz) ghetto, including Hedwig Löb. In May 1942 she was taken to the Chelmno extermination camp and gassed there.	Wupperstrasse 23	(Location)51.171588888889 7.0886305555556
Moritz Marx (born March 23, 1873 in Altenkirchen ; † in the Treblinka extermination camp ) had a shoe shop in Solingen until 1931. In 1941 he was admitted to the Jewish old people's home in Elberfeld; there he also met his sister Rosa from Aachen . On July 20, 1942, the two of them were deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto, from there to the Treblinka extermination camp, where they were killed at an unknown time.	Florastr. 15th	(Location)51.171591666667 7.0886305555556
Friedrich Mayer (born January 14, 1864, † February 7, 1943 in Ghetto Theresienstadt) was a doctor of chemistry and a pensioner. On July 20, 1942, he was transported to Theresienstadt with the Giesenow couple, Samuel Dessauer, Alexander Coppel, Helene Adams and the ten residents of Solingen's Jewish nursing home, where he died on February 7, 1943.	Mummstr. 47	(Location)51.174763888889 7.084325
Christian van de Meer (born February 13, 1907 in Düsseldorf, † June 10, 1946 in Hilden) was a member of the Catholic Workers' Association and the Christian Metalworkers Association and a staunch Nazi opponent. He was arrested on March 6, 1943 because, on a visit to Solingen acquaintances, he should have said that the war would be lost, then the "browns" would come to the lamppost and revenge would be taken for the murder of center people . He was sentenced to six months in prison for violating the treachery law. When he was released from custody, he was a broken, sick man.		No
Veronika Mertgen (born April 4, 1905 in Solingen; † December 11, 1975 there) and her husband Willi Mertgen (born November 13, 1903 in Solingen, died: March 26, 1935 in Wuppertal ) actively participated in the resistance after January 1933 the KPD . On February 19, 1935, the Gestapo arrested Willi Mertgen for distributing illegal pamphlets and conspiratorial meetings in his apartment, and on February 27, he was transferred to the Wuppertal-Bendahl prison . On March 25th, the prison authorities had him transferred to hospital with suspected heart damage, but the doctors were unable to save his life. The following was recorded in the death register: “Stab injury to the heart. Severe circulatory weakness, suicide. Multiple safety pin stitches in the heart. - Allegedly committed suicide in prison. ”Veronika Mertgen was also arrested by the Gestapo, but after a short time released from prison.	Burgstrasse 84	(Location)51.176191666667 7.0771833333333
Felix Meschkuleit (born February 27, 1912 in Kallingen (?), East Prussia, † June 29, 1961 in Solingen) was an active member of the resistance after the "seizure of power". In 1933 he fled to the Netherlands, from there to Belgium in 1934 and took part in the Spanish Civil War as a volunteer from October 1936 to the end of February 1939 . In November 1941 he was therefore sentenced to two years in prison. In May 1943 he was transferred to Sachsenhausen concentration camp and brutally beaten up at the train station. When the SS evacuated the camp from the advancing Red Army in April 1945 , Meschkuleit was also dragged along on the “ death marches ”, which he survived.		No
Henriette Meyerhoff (born May 5, 1879 in Tetz ; † May 9 in the Chelmno extermination camp ) was married to Simon Meyerhoff (born September 29, 1875 in Körbecke / Westphalia; † May 9, 1942 in Chelmno). The couple ran a fashion store in Ohligs until 1938 . On October 26, 1941, they and 15 other Jews from Solingen were deported to Litzmannstadt in the ghetto there. On May 9, 1942, they were transported to Chelmno and killed in a gas truck. However, their two children managed to emigrate to the USA.	Düsseldorfer Str. 17	(Location)51.16115 7.0022638888889
Lina Moll (born June 3, 1895 in Höhscheid ; † May 11, 1962 in Solingen) and her husband Ernst Moll (born February 29, 1892 in Höhscheid; † April 13, 1944 in Wuppertal ) participated in the communist resistance against the Nazi regime. Regime, but remain undisturbed for many years. It was not until March 1943 that the Gestapo learned of their connections and the couple were arrested. Her contact, Willi Seng, was executed in Cologne in July 1944 . Ernst Moll died while on remand on April 13, 1944 in Wuppertal. On August 15, 1944, Lina Moll was sentenced to six years in prison by a people's court for “preparing a treasonous enterprise”. On May 12, 1945 she was released from the Lübeck-Lauerhof women's penal institution.	Kocherstr. 35	(Location)51.163152777778 7.0738916666667
Karl Müller (born September 12, 1890 in Höhscheid , † June 1, 1968 in Solingen) was a member of the SPD since he was 18 . In June 1933 he was dismissed on the basis of the law for the restoration of the civil service as an unskilled worker at the Solingen transport company. His mandate for the Solingen city council was withdrawn in July 1933. However, he kept in contact with SPD comrades in illegality. In mid-October 1935 he fled to the Netherlands , then to Belgium . After the German troops marched in there, he was held in various camps in France from May 1940 . In November 1942 he escaped and went into hiding. In November 1944 he went to liberated Paris and worked there until 1945 as secretary of the national group of German Social Democrats in France. In October 1945 Karl Müller returned to Solingen and was appointed to the first Solingen city council.		No
Hulda Ober (born April 2, 1904 in Solingen; † July 11, 1956 there) was reported to her father after disputes with her father because of forbidden listening to a British radio station and was taken into custody from September 1 to October 6, 1942 in Solingen. On October 24, 1942, she was sentenced to one year in prison for "listening to hostile broadcasters" and entered prison in February 1944.		No
Ewald Peiniger (born July 5, 1881 in Gräfrath ; † March 26, 1937 in Solingen) was involved in the KPD and the consumer cooperative movement. He was arrested on March 23, 1937; He suffered severe abuse during interrogations by the Gestapo. Three days later, on March 26, 1937, he was allegedly found hanged in his cell. At the same time, his son Willi (* 1912) was serving a two-year prison sentence for “preparing a treasonous enterprise”.	Dellerstr. 25th	(Location)51.191275 7.0534583333333
Wilhelm Reeks (born May 2, 1904 in Solingen-Wald , † June 20, 1943 in Düsseldorf ) was a leading figure in the communist resistance in Solingen. He was arrested at the beginning of 1935 and sentenced in November to ten years in prison for “preparing for high treason”. After eight years in prison, he reported to a bomb detonation squad and died in June 1943 when a bomb was detonated.	Bergerstrasse 63	(Location)51.148822222222 7.059275
Jakob Reinhardt (born November 11, 1908 in Atzenhain ; † November 11, 1975 in Solingen) was a musician, father of six children and a "gypsy". On March 3, 1943, all “gypsies” - 59 men, women and children - were arrested in Solingen and deported to Auschwitz, where almost all of them were killed. The Reinhardt family's wife Luise, all the children and Reinhardt's father perished. Jakob Reinhardt himself was transferred to the Ravensbrück concentration camp for forced labor in the summer of 1944 . In the spring of 1945, numerous “Gypsies” held in Ravensbrück were transferred to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp and forced to serve in a punitive battalion. Reinhardt was seriously wounded in 1945, the right arm remained paralyzed. He was taken prisoner by the Soviets, from which he was released at the end of 1945. Reinhardt lived in Solingen until his death.		No
Lia Rosenbaum (born June 22, 1922 in Ohligs ; † in Auschwitz concentration camp ) was the daughter of Abraham Rosenbaum (born October 14, 1884 in Rozniatow / Galicia; † in Auschwitz concentration camp), who had come to Ohligs from Galicia in 1909 and was a Opened shoe store. In 1938, Abraham Rosenbaum, a native of Galicia, was deported to Poland; later he is said to have stayed in Brussels . His wife Cilly, unlike himself a Jew of German descent, moved from Solingen to Düsseldorf in May 1939 , where her trail is lost. At an unknown time, Abraham Rosenbaum was admitted to the Drancy assembly camp , which is under the control of the Gestapo, and deported to Auschwitz on November 20, 1943, together with his daughter Lia. Abraham's brother Moses Rosenbaum sold his shoe shops in 1934 and emigrated with his family to Palestine . The older son Salomon (born December 9, 1900 in Rozniatow) also managed to emigrate to Palestine, later he emigrated to Australia . In Tel Aviv, Moses Rosenbaum reopened a shoe shop in 1938, which he ran with his son Leo until 1947. After the death of his father in 1954, Leo moved back to Germany. In 1956 he was naturalized again in Solingen and founded shoe stores in Solingen, Remscheid and Düsseldorf .	Düsseldorfer Str. 46	(Location)51.161491666667 6.9999805555556
Heinrich Schroth (born November 3, 1902 in Ohligs , † September 13, 1957 in Solingen) was long-time chairman of the Socialist Workers 'Youth in Ohligs and later active in the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAP). After the "seizure of power" he participated in the resistance against National Socialism. He was arrested several times and taken to Kemna concentration camp in September 1933; his health never recovered from the abuse there. On May 30, 1934, he was sentenced to one year and seven months in prison for "preparation for high treason" and released in April 1935. After 1945 Schroth belonged to the district executive committee of the SPD, was a member of the Solingen city council and sat in the NRW state parliament. Heinrich Schroth died on September 13, 1957 at the age of only 54 and was buried with great public participation.	Finkenstrasse 5	(Location)51.158408333333 7.0881944444444
Werner Schütz (born March 21, 1914 in Solingen-Wald ; † February 26, 1942 in Dreibergen-Bützow prison) was a Protestant and an opponent of the war for religious reasons; However, he could not avoid being drafted into the Wehrmacht. In 1941 he was arrested for reasons unknown. During the transport he managed to escape on October 10, 1941. He lived illegally with his family until he was arrested again on November 28, 1941. On December 12, 1941, he was sentenced to death by the Schwerin court martial for desertion , the sentence subsequently commuted to 15 years imprisonment. On February 26, 1942, he hanged himself in his cell.	Schlossstrasse 33	(Location)51.177908333333 7.0466138888889
Paul Steeg (born May 6, 1874 in Bochum ; † November 11, 1938 in Cologne ) died the day after the Reichspogromnacht in the Jewish asylum in Cologne, after the family's business and their apartment had been demolished and they were forbidden from entering the apartment. A few days later, his daughter Grete and her husband Walter Wertheim emigrated to the USA via the Netherlands. Paul Steeg's wife Emma Steeg follows the two in spring 1939; she died in the USA around 1970.	Düsseldorfer Str. 35	(Location)51.161505555556 7.0009194444444
Wilhelm Steeg (born May 31, 1885 in Ohligs , † February 16, 1944 in Cologne ) was critical of the German army reports when a former colleague was on leave from the front. He allegedly told the soldier: “Stay here, throw the chunks down and come home, then the whole fraud will stop by itself.” On September 20, 1943, Steeg was arrested and sentenced to death for “public disruption of the military ” . On February 16, the devout Catholic was executed in Klingelpütz . At the end of 1948 the man who denounced him was sentenced to 18 months in prison.	Merkurstrasse 34a	(Location)51.160108333333 7.0151861111111
Mathilde Stern (born November 4, 1876 in Geisa / Thuringia; † December 8, 1941 in the Litzmannstadt ghetto ) lived alone after her sisters Minna and Betti died in quick succession in 1938. On October 26, 1941, she was one of the first 17 Jews from Solingen to be deported to Lodz by mass transport. Her brother-in-law Hermann Friedberger and his second wife Helene as well as Mathilde's nephew Gerd Adolf were also among the deportees. She died on December 8, 1941; None of the other deportees survived the deportation either.	Flurstr. 4th	(Location)51.166211111111 7.0836638888889
Friederike Blondine Strauss (born January 9, 1876 in Blieskastel ; †: November 16, 1941 in the Litzmannstadt ghetto ) was killed on October 26, 1941 together with her daughter Herta Brauer (born August 14, 1911 in Solingen; † May 5, 1942 in the extermination camp Chelmno ), her son-in-law Walter Brauer (born July 29, 1906 in Berlin; † May 5, 1942 in the Chelmno extermination camp) and other Jews from Solingen were deported to Lodz. Friederike Strauss died shortly after her admission on November 16, 1941. In 1942 Helena and Walter Brauer were transported to the Chelmno extermination camp and murdered. The widow Hedwig Brauer (* December 22, 1870 in Fürth ; † January 7, 1943 in the Theresienstadt ghetto), presumably Walter Brauer's mother, was deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp , where she died on January 7, 1943.	At Neumarkt 5	(Location)51.169944444444 7.0814027777778
Paula Strauss , b. Friesem, (born March 25, 1889 in Cologne , † May 5, 1942 in the Chelmno extermination camp ) was the eldest daughter of Albert and Eva Friesem. In November 1931 her husband Adolf died of kidney disease. After the "seizure of power", her two children prepared to emigrate to Palestine . However, the son Erich died in June 1934 of pneumonia . His sister Grete and her future husband Adolf Vogel emigrated to Herzlia in 1935 . On October 26, 1941, Paula Strauss was deported to the Litzmannstadt ghetto on the first collective transport of Solingen Jews and on May 5, 1942 to the Chelmno extermination camp, where she was gassed.	Kronprinzenstrasse 7th	(Location)51.179766666667 7.0801972222222
Jenny Stucke , b. Gusyk, (born May 29, 1897 in Vilkaviškis , Lithuania ; † January 2, 1944 in Auschwitz concentration camp ) was born as the first child of the Jewish couple Leon and Diana Gusyk in the Suwalki governorate. After the pogroms against the Jews, the family came to Graefrath . On April 11, 1919, Jenny Gusyk enrolled as the first woman, first foreigner and first woman from Solingen to the economics and social science faculty of the newly founded University of Cologne . After seven semesters, she passed her diploma “with distinction” in 1921, as the only woman among the 51 graduates in the winter semester 1920/21. Her dissertation, which had already been completed, wasnot acceptedby her conservative doctoral supervisor, Professor Christian Eckert , because it was "too communistically penetrated". She married Karl Stucke from Bremen in Berlin and had a son. Stucke and his brother worked for left-wing radicals; In 1933 he was taken into “ protective custody ” and died on January 14 in Sachsenhausen concentration camp . With the death of her husband, Jenny Stucke, who was married to an “Aryan Protestant denomination”, lost all “privileges” of a so-called mixed marriage. She was deported to Auschwitz, where she died on January 2, 1944. Her son survived the end of the war in Berlin and emigrated to the USA in October 1946 to livewith his aunt Rebekka, who lived there.	Wuppertaler Str. 36	(Location)51.193933333333 7.0756166666667
Albert Tobias (born May 21, 1891 in Heimbach ; † in the Litzmannstadt ghetto ) ran a men's clothing store in Wald , was married to a non-Jewish woman and had two sons with her. In the night of the pogrom on November 9, 1938, the shop was completely destroyed and Albert Tobias was temporarily placed in " protective custody ". The couple divorced, Tobias moved to Cologne in 1939 and was deported from there in 1941. He is considered lost.	Menzelstrasse 15th	(Location)51.184711111111 7.032025
Ernst Walsken (born December 27, 1909 in Solingen ; † April 22, 1993 ibid) was expelled from the Düsseldorf Art Academy for political reasons after the summer semester of 1934. He belonged to an independent resistance group in the Rhine-Ruhr area and was arrested in Solingen in November 1935 on the basis of a testimony made by a friend from the Lower Rhine, probably under torture. In 1937 he was taken to the reopened Esterwegen prison andlabor camp in one of the first groups of transports, and in the same year he was transferred to the Emsland camp Aschendorfermoor . He never stopped painting in the concentration camp. He made many pictures that friends smuggled out of the camps at risk of death. He wasdraftedinto the notorious Penal Division 999 in 1942, but was captured by the Americans in 1943.		No
Fritz Weg (born July 5, 1893 in Gurnen , Goldap district, † December 17, 1942 in Berlin ) belonged to the KPD . In 1942 he was arrested for speaking to two slave laborers in Russian, calling himself a communist and saying that Russia would win the war. Weg criticized the food situation and finally asked the two workers to stop working. On December 17, 1942, he was sentenced to death by the People's Court in Berlin for “treasonous favoring the enemy in connection with preparation for high treason”. On the same day he committed suicide in his cell suicide .	Ahornstrasse 4th	(Location)51.194480555556 7.0752416666667
Paula Weissfeldt (born December 3, 1884 in Emmerich ; † May 6, 1942 in the Chelmno extermination camp ) was the widow of the Jewish shopkeeper Alex Weissfeldt († 1937). On October 26, 1941, she was deported with the first collective transport to the Lodz ghetto, from there to the Chelmno extermination camp and gassed. Her son Lothar emigrated to Great Britain in 1939, nothing is known about his fate.	Main street 43	(Location)51.171355555556 7.085475
Fritz Wieter (born April 29, 1907 in Wiedenbrück , missing in Italy since May 1943) was a pastor of the Confessing Church . The National Socialists regarded him as a “fanatical and active advocate of this direction”. In April 1935 he was transferred to Odenspiel in the Eckenhagen community , where clashes with local party comrades soon arose. However, Wieter remained true to his critical stance. In his sermons he accused the “Führer” of godlessness and ironically referred to Joseph Goebbels as the “new messiah”. He forbade the church choir to say “German greetings” or flagged at half-mast to vote on the future of the Saar region . He was arrested on October 26, but released on November 5. On his return, parishioners gave him a triumphant reception, which further increased the National Socialists' displeasure. On the night of November 7, 1937, Wieter and his wife were threatened by around 80 National Socialists; Wieter was then taken into " protective custody " for a week . In the following time he gave illegal sermons in Berlin-Brandenburg and arranged accommodations for persecuted pastors. He lived in Solingen from 1938 and was elected pastor of Dorp in 1942. He was never able to take up this position because he was drafted in June 1940. He has been missing since 1943.	Ritterstrasse 1	(Location)51.156991666667 7.0978638888889
Ernst Wittke (born January 2, 1911 in Ohligs , † December 1942 in the Soviet Union) led the youth group Ohligs der Naturfreunde in 1933 . After the "seizure of power" he and his wife Wanda participated in the KPD resistance . A group he led provided courier and transport services and passed on pamphlets and leaflets to the resistance groups. In April 1934 he was sentenced to two years in prison for "preparing a treasonous enterprise", which he served until May 1935. In May 1942 he was drafted into the Wehrmacht; he has been missing since December 1942.	Wilzhausen 12

literature

Manfred Krause (Ed.): "... that I would have to leave the place of happiness before I die". Contributions to the history of Jewish life in Solingen. Solinger Geschichtswerkstatt eV, Solingen 2000, ISBN 3-9805443-3-8 .
Inge Sbosny, Karl Schabrod: Resistance in Solingen. From the life of anti-fascist fighters. (= Library of Resistance. ) Röderberg-Verlag, Frankfurt / Main 1975, OCLC 623731171 .
Armin Schulte: "It was so difficult to live back then." Foreign civilian workers and prisoners of war in Solingen 1939–1945. City of Solingen, Solingen 2001, ISBN 3-928956-12-4 .