Royal Medal

The Royal Medal , also known as The Queen's Medal , is an award given by the Royal Society to scientists who have made particularly important contributions to the advancement of science within the Commonwealth of Nations . The medal awarded is silver-plated.

Originally the award was given for the most important contributions of the past year; at times the period was increased to the past five years. When Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837, the period was shortened to three previous years.

In 1850 the modalities were changed again; here is the English wording:

"[...] the Royal Medals in each year should be awarded for the two most important contributions to the advancement of Natural Knowledge, published originally in Her Majesty's dominions within a period of not more than ten years and not less than one year of the date of the award, subject, of course, to Her Majesty's approval. [...] in the award of the Royal Medals, one should be given in each of the two great divisions of Natural Knowledge. "

"[...] the Royal Medals should be awarded annually for the two most important contributions to the progress of natural science, which were originally published in the sovereign territory of the Crown at least one year, but not more than ten years, before the date of the award and their content as expected by Her Majesty met with recognition. [...] at the award one of the Royal Medals should be awarded within each of the two major disciplines of natural science. "

Three medals have been awarded annually since 1965, two for the most important contributions to the advancement of the natural sciences and the third for contributions to the applied sciences.

Scientists honored with the Royal Medal include Nobel Prize winners such as Francis William Aston (1938), Paul Dirac (1939), Frederick Sanger (1969), Max Perutz (1971) and Francis Crick (1972).

Winner of the award

The following table lists in full the (more than 400 today) winners of the award, which has been awarded since the beginning of 1826. The English original text and a German translation of the reasoning text are noted in the "Reason" column.

There were no awards in 1831 and 1832; in 1837 only one Royal Medal was awarded. Some scientists have also been awarded the Royal Medal several times , for example John Herschel received the medal in 1833, 1836 and 1840, each for services in astronomy.

1826-1899

year	scientist	area	Reason
1826	James Ivory	mathematics	“For his Paper on Astronomical Refractions, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1823; and his other valuable Papers on Mathematical Subjects. " "For his work on refraction in astronomy, published in Philosophical Transactions in 1823 , as well as his other valuable works on mathematical subjects."
	John Dalton	physics	"For his development of the Atomic Theory and his other important labor and discoveries in Physical Science." "For his development of atomic theory and his other important work and discoveries in physics."
1827	Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve	astronomy	"For his Work, entitled, Catalogus Novus Stellarum Duplicium." "For his work entitled Catalogus Novus Stellarum Duplicium ."
	Humphry Davy	physics	"For his Bakerian Lecture, On the Relations of Electrical Changes, considered as the last link, in the order of time, of the splendid chain of Discoveries in Chemical Electricity, which has been continued for so many years of his valuable life." "For his Bakerian lecture, On the Relations of Electrical Changes , which is believed to be the last step in the temporal order of the chain of discoveries about chemical electricity that continued for so many years of his life."
1828	Johann Franz Encke	astronomy	"For his Accurate Determination of the Orbit of a Comet of short period, as confirmed by observation." "For its accurate determination of the orbit of a short period comet, confirmed by observation."
	William Hyde Wollaston	chemistry	"For his communication, entitled, On a method of rendering Platina malleable, being the conclusion of a series of researches on the properties of the Metallic Bodies contained in the Ores of Platina." "For his publication On a method of rendering Platina malleable , which is the conclusion of a series of researches on the properties of the metallic bodies contained in platinum ore."
1829	Eilhard Mitscherlich	chemistry	"For his Discoveries relating to the Laws of Crystallization, and the Properties of Crystals." "For his discoveries on the laws of crystal formation."
	Charles Bell	anatomy	"For his Discoveries relating to the Nervous System." "For his discoveries relating to the nervous system."
1830	David Brewster	physics	"For his Communications to the Royal Society on the Polarization and other Properties of Light." "For his communications to the Royal Society on polarization and other properties of light."
	Antoine-Jerome Balard	chemistry	"For his Discovery of Brome." "For his discovery of bromine."
1831	not awarded
1832	not awarded
1833	John Herschel	astronomy	"For his paper" on the Investigation of the Orbits of Revolving Double Stars, "inserted in the Fifth Volume of the Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society." "For his work Investigation of the Orbits of Revolving Double Stars , published in the fifth volume of the Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society ."
	Augustine-Pyrame de Candolle	botany	"For his Researches and Investigations in Vegetable Physiology, as detailed in his Work, entitled, Physiologie Vegetale." "For his research and discoveries on plant physiology as presented in his work Physiology Vegetale ."
1834	John William Lubbock	physics	"For his Papers on the Tides published in the Philosophical Transactions." "For his work on the tides, published in the Philosophical Transactions ."
	Charles Lyell	geology	"For his Work, entitled, Principles of Geology." "For his work Principles of Geology ."
1835	William Rowan Hamilton	physics	“For the papers published by him in the 16th and 17th volumes of the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, entitled Supplement to an Essay on the Theory of Systems of Rays, and more particularly for those investigations at the conclusion of the third and last supplement , which relate to the discovery of conic refraction. " “For the work that he published in the 16th and 17th volumes of the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy , titled as a supplement to an essay on the theory of radiation systems, especially for the investigations at the end of the third and final supplement, which refer to relate to the discovery of conical refraction. "
	Michael Faraday	chemistry	"For his investigations and discoveries contained in the series of experimental researches in electricity published in the Philosophical Transactions, and more particularly for the seventh series, relating to the definite nature of electrochemical action." "For his investigations and discoveries published as an experimental research series in the Philosophical Transactions , especially for the seventh series, which relates to the definite nature of electrochemical action."
1836	John Herschel	astronomy	"For his paper on nebulae and clusters of stars, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833." "For his work on nebulae and star clusters, published in Philosophical Transactions for 1833."
	George Newport	anatomy	"For his series of investigations on the anatomy and physiology of insects, contained in his two papers published in the Philosophical Transactions within the last three years." "For his series of discoveries on the anatomy and physiology of insects, included in his two papers published in the Philosophical Transactions within the last three years ."
1837	William Whewell	physics	"For his researches connected with the theory of the tides, communicated to the Royal Society and published in its Transactions within the last three years." "For his research on the theory of tides which has been reported to the Royal Society and published in its Transactions over the past three years."
1838	Thomas Graham	chemistry	"For his paper entitled" Inquiries respecting the Constitution of salts, of oxalates, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates and chlorides, "published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836." "For his work Inquiries respecting the Constitution of salts, of oxalates, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates and chlorides , published in Philosophical Transactions, 1836."
	William Henry Fox Talbot	mathematics	"For his papers entitled Researches in the Integral Calculus, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836 and 1837." "For his work entitled Researches in the Integral Calculus , published in Philosophical Transactions for the years 1836 and 1837."
1839	Martin Barry	embryology	"For his papers on embryology, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1838 and 1839." "For his work on embryology, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the years 1838 and 1839."
	James Ivory	mathematics	"For his paper on the theory of the astronomical refractions published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1838. Part II." "For his work on the theory of astronomical refractions, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1838."
1840	John Herschel	astronomy	"For his paper entitled On the chemical action of the rays of the solar spectrum on preparations of silver, and other substances, both metallic and non-metallic, and on some photogenic processes, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1840." “For his work entitled On the chemical action of the rays of the solar spectrum on preparations of silver, and other substances, both metallic and non-metallic, and on some photogenic processes , published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1840. "
	Charles Wheatstone	physiology	"For his paper entitled Contributions to the physiology of vision, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1838." "For his work entitled Contributions to the physiology of vision , published in Philosophical Transactions for the year 1838."
1841	Robert Kane	chemistry	"For his memoir entitled the Chemical History of archil and litmus, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1840." "For his work entitled The Chemical History of Archil and Litmus , published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1840."
	Eaton Hodgkinson	engineering	"For his paper entitled Experimental researches on the strength of pillars of cast iron, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1840." "For his work entitled Experimental researches on the strength of pillars of cast iron , published in Philosophical Transactions for the year 1840."
1842	William Bowman	anatomy	"For his paper on the structure and use of the Malpighian bodies of the kidney, with observations on the circulation through that gland, published in the Philosophical Transactions of the present year." "For his work on the structure and purpose of the kidney corpuscles, with observations of the circulation through these glands, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the current year."
	John Frederic Daniell	chemistry	"For his letters on the electrolysis of secondary compounds and on voltaic combinations published in the Transactions for 1840 and 1842." "For his letters about the electrolysis of secondary compounds and about combinations of voltaic cells, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the years 1840 and 1842."
1843	James David Forbes	physics	"For his researches on the law of extinction of the solar rays in passing through the atmosphere, contained in a paper published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1842." "For his research on the law of the extinction of solar radiation when it passes through the atmosphere, contained in a paper published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1842."
	Charles Wheatstone	physics	"For his paper entitled, an account of several new instruments and processes for determining the constants of a voltaic circuit, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year." "For his work An account of several new instruments and processes for determining the constants of a voltaic circuit , printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the current year."
1844	Thomas Andrews	chemistry	"For his paper on the thermal changes accompanying basic substitutions, published in the Philosophical Transactions of the present year." "For his work on the thermal changes that occur with basic substitutions, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the current year."
	George Boole	mathematics	"For his paper on a general method in analysis, published in the Philosophical Transactions of the present year." "For his work on a general method in analysis published in the Philosophical Transactions for the current year."
1845	Thomas Snow Beck	medicine	"For his paper entitled On the nerves of the uterus, which has been ordered for publication in the Philosophical Transactions." "For his work On the nerves of the uterus , submitted for publication in Philosophical Transactions ."
	George Biddell Airy	astronomy	"For his paper on the laws of the tides on the cost of Ireland, as inferred from an extensive series of observations made in connection with the Ordnance Survey of Ireland , published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year." "For his work on the laws of the tidal range on the Irish coast, arose from a large number of individual observations made in connection with the Ordnance Survey of Ireland ."
1846	Richard Owen	biology	"For his paper entitled A description of certain Belemnites preserved with a great proportion of their soft parts in the Oxford clay at Christian-Malford, Wilts, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1844." "For his work A description of certain Belemnites preserved with a great proportion of their soft parts in the Oxford clay at Christian-Malford, Wilts , published in the Philosophical Transactions of the year 1844."
	Michael Faraday	physics	"For his experimental researches in electricity, twentieth and twenty first series, on new magnetic actions, and on the magnetic conditions of all matter, inserted in the Philosophical Transactions part I. for 1845." "For his experimental research on electricity, 20th and 21st series, on new magnetic actions , and on the conditions for magnetism in all substances, submitted to the Philosophical Transactions Part I. for 1845."
1847	William Grove	physics	"For his papers published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1845 and 1847, on the gas voltaic battery, and on certain phenomena of voltaic ignition." "For his work on gas-voltaic cells and certain phenomena of voltaic discharge published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1845 and 1847."
	George Fownes	chemistry	"For his papers published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1845, on the artificial formation of a vegeto-alkali, and on benzoline, published in the same volume of the Transactions." "For his work published in Philosophical Transactions for 1845 on the artificial formation of a vegeto-alkali and benzoline."
1848	Thomas Galloway	mathematics	"For his paper on the proper motion of the Solar System, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1847." "For his work on the proper motion of the solar system, published in the Philosophical Transactions of 1847."
	Charles James Hargreave	mathematics	"For his paper on the solution of linear differential equations, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1848." "For his work on solving linear differential equations, published in the Philosophical Transactions of 1848."
1849	Gideon Mantell	geology	"For his paper on the Iguanodon, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1848, being a continuation of a series of papers by him on the same fossil reptile, by which he has rendered eminent services to geology." "For his work on the Iguanodon, published in the Philosophical Transactions of 1848, which is a continuation of a series of his work on this fossil reptile, with which he has made a great contribution to geology."
	Edward Sabine	astronomy	"For his contributions to terrestrial magnetism, published in the Philosophical Transactions parts VII and VIII, and his memoir on the diurnal variation of the magnetic declination at Saint Helena, part I." "For his contributions to the magnetic field of the earth, published in the Philosophical Transactions Part VII and VIII, and his contribution to the diurnal change of the magnetic field on Sankt Helena in Part I."
1850	Thomas Graham	chemistry	"For his paper on the motion of gases, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1849." "For his work on movement in gases, published in the Philosophical Transactions of 1849."
	Benjamin Collins Brodie	chemistry	"For his investigations on the chemical nature of wax, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1848 and 1849." "For his discoveries about the chemical nature of wax, published in the Philosophical Transactions of the years 1848 and 1849."
1851	George Newport	entomology	"For his paper on the impregnation of the ovum in the amphibia (first series), published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1851." "For his work on the fertilization of amphibian eggs (first episode), published in the Philosophical Transactions of the year 1851."
	William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse	astronomy	"For his observations on the nebulae published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1850." "For his observations of nebulae, published in the Philosophical Transactions of 1850."
1852	Thomas Henry Huxley	biology	"For his papers on the anatomy and the affinities of the family of the Medusae, printed in the Philosophical Transactions." "For his work on anatomy and affinity in the Medusae family, published in the Philosophical Transactions ."
	James Prescott Joule	physics	"For his paper on the mechanical equivalent of heat, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850." "For his work on the mechanical equivalent of heat, reprinted in Philosophical Transactions for 1850."
1853	John Tyndall	physics	“For his paper on diamagnetism and magne-crystallic action, published in the Philosophical Magazine in 1851. (the award of this medal was declined by Dr Tyndall)” “For his work on diamagnetism and magne-crystallic action , published in Philosophical Magazine 1851 . (Tyndall declined to be awarded the medal). "
	Charles Darwin	Natural history	"For his work entitled Geological Observations on Coral Reefs, Volcanic Islands, and on South America, and his work, Fossil Circhipeda of Great Britain, Section Lepadidae, Monograph of the Circhipeda." "For his work Geological Observations on Coral Reefs, Volcanic Islands, and on South America and Fossil Circhipeda of Great Britain, Section Lepadidae, Monograph of the Circhipeda ."
1854	Joseph Dalton Hooker	botany	“For his researches in various branches of science, especially in botany, as naturalist of the Antarctic expedition of Sir James Ross, and in an expedition to the eastern part of the Himalayan range; of which researches part has been published in works entitled The Antarctic Flora, and the Flora of New Zealand, and in various other communications, and part is now in course of publication. " “For his research in various fields of science, especially in botany, as a naturalist on James Ross's Antarctic expedition, and on an expedition to the eastern Himalayas. Parts of this research have been published in papers such as The Antarctic Flora, and the Flora of New Zealand , and other parts have been submitted for publication. "
	August Wilhelm von Hofmann	chemistry	"For his researches in organic chemistry published in the Transactions of the Royal and Chemical Societies." "For his research on organic chemistry, published in the Transactions of the Royal and Chemical Societies ."
1855	John Russell Hind	astronomy	"For the discovery of ten planetoids, the computation of their orbits, and various other astronomical discoveries." "For the discovery of ten planetoids, the calculation of their orbits and various other astronomical discoveries."
	John Obadiah Westwood	entomology	"For his various monographs and papers on entomology." "For his various monographs and works on entomology."
1856	William Thomson	physics	"For his various chemical researches relating to electricity, to the motive power of heat, and to other subjects." "For his various chemical researches related to electricity, the kinetic energy of heat and other research subjects."
	John Richardson	Natural history	"For his contributions to natural history and physical geography." "For his contributions to natural history and physical geography."
1857	John Lindley	botany	"For his numerous researches and works on all branches of scientific botany, and especially for his vegetable kingdom, and his genera & species of Orchideae." "For his numerous researches and works in all areas of scientific botany, especially for his Vegetable Kingdom and its genera and species of orchids."
	Edward Frankland	chemistry	"For the isolation of the organic radicals of the alcohols, and for his researches on the metallic derivatives of alcohol." "For the isolation of the organic radicals of alcohols and for his research on metal derivatives of alcohol."
1858	William Lassell	astronomy	"For his various astronomical discoveries and researches." "For his various astronomical discoveries and researches."
	Albany Hancock		"For his various researches on the anatomy of the mollusca." "For his various researches on the anatomy of the molluscs."
1859	George Bentham	botany	"For his important contributions to the advancement of systematic and descriptive botany." "For his important contributions to the advancement of systematic and descriptive botany."
	Arthur Cayley	mathematics	"For his mathematical papers published in the Philosophical Transactions, and in various English and foreign journals." "For his mathematical work, published in the Philosophical Transactions and various English and foreign journals."
1860	William Fairbairn	Civil engineering	"For his various experimental inquiries on the properties of the materials employed in mechanical construction, contained in the Philosophical transactions, and in the publications of other scientific societies." "For his various experimental investigations on material properties in mechanical construction, published in Philosophical Transactions and in publications by other knowledge societies."
	Augustus Volney Waller	Neurophysiology	"For his investigations into the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, and for the introduction of a valuable method of conducting such investigations." "For his research on the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system and for introducing a practical method to conduct such research."
1861	William Benjamin Carpenter	physiology	"For his researches on the Foraminifera, contained in four memoirs in the Philosophical Transactions, his investigations into the structure of shell, his observations on the embryonic development of Purpura, and his various other writings in physiology and comparative anatomy." "For his research on the foraminifera, contained in four articles in the Philosophical Transactions , for his research on the structure of the mussel and for his observations on the embryonic development of the purpura, as well as for various other works on physiology and comparative anatomy."
	James Joseph Sylvester	mathematics	"For his various memoirs and researches in mathematical science." "For his various contributions and research in mathematics."
1862	Thomas Romney Robinson	astronomy	“For the Armagh catalog of 5345 stars, deduced from observations made at the Armagh Observatory, from the years 1820 up to 1854; for his papers on the construction of astronomical instruments in the memoirs of the Astronomical Society, and his paper on electromagnets in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. " “For the Armagh catalog of 5345 stars obtained from observations at the Armagh Observatory from 1820 to 1854, also for his work on the construction of astronomical instruments in the Memoirs of the Astronomical Society and for his work on electromagnets in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy . "
	Alexander William Williamson	chemistry	"For his researches on the compound ethers, and his subsequent communications in organic chemistry." "For his research on compound ethers and for his subsequent contributions to organic chemistry."
1863	Miles Joseph Berkeley	botany	"For his researches in cryptogamic botany, especially mycology." "For his research on the botany of cryptogams, especially mycology."
	John Peter Gassiot	physics	"For his researches on the voltaic battery and current, and on the discharge of electricity through attenuated media." "For his research on the voltaic cell and its current, as well as the discharge of electricity in damping media."
1864	Warren de la Rue	astronomy	"For his observations on the total eclipse of the Sun of 1860, and for his improvements in astronomical photography." "For his observations on the total solar eclipse of 1860 and for his improvements in astronomical photography."
	Jacob Lockhart Clarke	anatomy	"For his researches on the intimate structure of the spinal cord and brain, and on the development of the spinal cord, published in five memoirs in the Philosophical Transactions and in other writings." "For his research on the fine structure of the spinal cord and the brain and on the development of the spinal cord, published in five articles in the Philosophical Transactions and in other publications."
1865	Joseph Prestwich	geology	“For his numerous & valuable contributions to geological science and more especially for his papers published in the Philosophical Transactions on the general question of the excavation of river valleys, and on the superficial deposits in France and England in which the works of man are associated with the remains of extinct animals. " "For his numerous and valuable contributions to geology, especially for his work published in Philosophical Transactions on the problem of excavating river valleys, and on the superficial deposits in France and England, in which human artifacts are mixed with remains of extinct animals."
	Archibald Smith	mathematics	"For his papers in the Philosophical Transactions and elsewhere, on the magnetism of ships." "For his work in Philosophical Transactions and elsewhere on the magnetism of ships."
1866	William Kitchen Parker	anatomy	"For his researches in comparative osteology, and more especially on the anatomy of the skull, as contained in papers published in the Transactions of the Zoological Society and the Philosophical Transactions." "For his research in comparative osteology, particularly on the anatomy of the skull, included in papers published in the Transactions of the Zoological Society and the Philosophical Transactions ."
	William Huggins	astronomy	“For his researches on the spectra of some of the chemical elements and on the spectra of certain of the heavenly bodies; and especially for his researches on the spectra of the nebulae, published in the Philosophical Transactions. " "For his research on the spectra of some chemical elements and certain celestial bodies, especially for his research on the spectra of nebulae, published in the Philosophical Transactions ."
1867	William Edmond Logan	geology	"For his geological researches in Canada, and the construction of a geological map of that colony." "For his geological research in Canada and for drawing up a geological map of this colony."
	John Bennet Lawes and Joseph Henry Gilbert	chemistry	"For their researches in agricultural chemistry." "For your research on agrochemistry."
1868	George Salmon	mathematics	"For his researches in analytical geometry and the theory of surfaces, published in the Philosophical Transactions, the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, and the Quarterly Journal of Mathematics." "For his research on analytical geometry and the theory of surfaces, published in the Philosophical Transactions , the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy and in the Quarterly Journal of Mathematics ."
	Alfred Russel Wallace	zoology	"For his labor in practical and theoretical zoology." "For his work on practical and theoretical zoology."
1869	Thomas Maclear	astronomy	"For his measurement of an arc of the meridian at the Cape of Good Hope." "For his measurement of a meridian arc at the Cape of Good Hope."
	Augustus Matthiessen	chemistry	"For his researches on the electrical and other physical properties of metals and their alloys." "For his research on the electrical and other physical properties of metals and their alloys."
1870	William Hallowes Miller	mineralogy	"For his researches and writings on mineralogy and crystallography, and his scientific labor in the restoration of the National Standard of Weight." "For his research and work on mineralogy and crystallography as well as for his scientific work on restoring a National Standard of Weight ."
	Thomas Davidson	paleontology	"For his works on the recent and fossil Brachiopoda, more especially his series of monographs in the publications of the Palaeontographical Society." "For his work on recent and extinct Brachiopoda, especially for his series of monographs in the publications of the Palaeontographical Society ."
1871	John Stenhouse	chemistry	“For his researches on the lichens & their proximate constituents and derivatives, including Erythrite; and for his researches on the action of charcoal in purifying air. " "For his research on lichen and its components, including erythrin, as well as for his research on the behavior of charcoal in air purification."
	George Busk	zoology	"For his researches in zoology, physiology, and comparative anatomy." "For his research on zoology, physiology and comparative anatomy."
1872	Thomas Anderson	chemistry	“For his investigations on the organic bases of Dippells animal oil; on codeine; on the crystallized constituents of opium; on piperine and on papaverine; and for his researches in physiological and animal chemistry. " "For his research on organic bases in Dippell's animal oil, on codeine , the crystallized components of opium, and on piperine and papaverine , as well as for his research on physiological and animal chemistry."
	Henry John Carter	zoology	"For his long continued and valuable researches in zoology, and more especially for his inquiries into the natural history of the Spongiadae." "For his long and valuable research in zoology, especially for his investigations into the natural history of the Spongiadae."
1873	Henry Enfield Roscoe	chemistry	"For his various chemical investigations, especially for those on the chemical action of light, and upon the element Vanadium and its combinations." "For his various chemical discoveries, especially those on the chemical effects of light, and on the element vanadium and its compounds."
	George James Allman	zoology	"For his researches in zoology, and especially for his memoirs on the structure, development, and physiology of the gymnoblastic hydroids." "For his research in zoology, especially for his writings on the structure, development and physiology of gymnoblastic hydroids ."
1874	William Crawford Williamson		"For his contributions to zoology & palaeontology, & especially for his investigations into the structure of the fossil plants of the coal measures." "For his contributions to zoology and paleontology, especially for his discoveries about the structure of fossil plants from the carbon measures of the Carboniferous."
	Henry Clifton Sorby		“For his researches on slaty cleavage and on the minute structure of minerals and rocks; for the construction of the microspectroscope, and for his researches on coloring matters. " "For his research on slaty cleavages and the fine structure of minerals and rock, for the construction of the microspectroscope and for his research on the coloring of materials."
1875	William Crookes	chemistry	“For his various chemical and physical researches, more especially for his discovery of thallium, his investigation of its compounds and determination of its atomic weight; and for his discovery of the repulsion referable to radiation. " “For his various chemical and physical researches, especially for his discovery of thallium and his research into the components and determination of the atomic weight; also for his discovery of repulsion related to radioactive radiation. "
	Thomas Oldham	geology	“For his long & important services in the science of geology, first as Professor of Geology, Trin. Col. Dub. And Director of the Geol. Survey of Ireland & chiefly for the great work which he has long conducted as superintendent of the Geol. Survey of India, also for the series of volumes of geological reports and memoirs, including the Palaeontographica Indica published under his direction . ” “For his longstanding and important service to the science of geology, on the one hand as Professor of Geology at Trinity College, Dublin University and as Director of the Geological Survey of Ireland , on the other hand for his series of volumes of geological reports and publications, including editing the Palaeontographica Indica . "
1876	William Froude	Hydrodynamics	"For his researches both theoretical and experimental on the behavior of ships, their oscillations, their resistance, & propulsion." "For his theoretical as well as experimental research on the behavior of ships, their vibrations, their resistance and their propulsion."
	Charles Wyville Thomson	zoology	"For his successful direction of the scientific investigations carried on by HMS Challenger." "For his successful leadership of the scientific research on the HMS Challenger ."
1877	Oswald Heer	Natural history	"For his numerous researches & writings on the tertiary plants of Europe, of the North Atlantic, North Asia, and North America, and for his able generalizations respecting their affinities, and their geological & climatic relations." "For his numerous researches and writings on the plants of the Tertiary in Europe, on the North Atlantic, in North Asia and North America, as well as for his generalizations with regard to their relationship and their geological and climatic conditions."
	Frederick Augustus Abel	chemistry	"For his physico-chemical researches on gun cotton & explosive agents." "For his physico-chemical research on gun cotton and explosives."
1878	John Allan Broun	meteorology	"For his investigations during thirty five years in magnetism and meteorology & for his improvements in methods of observation." "For his 35 years of research on magnetism and meteorology and for his improvements in observation methods."
	Albert Günther	zoology	"For his numerous & valuable contributions to the zoology & anatomy of fishes & reptiles." "For his numerous and valuable contributions to the zoology and anatomy of fish and reptiles."
1879	William Henry Perkin	chemistry	"For his synthetical & other researches in organic chemistry." "For his syntheses and further research in organic chemistry."
	Andrew Crombie Ramsay	geology	"For his long continued & successful labor in geology and physical geography." "For his long-lasting and successful work on geology and physical geography."
1880	Joseph Lister	surgery	“For his contributions on various physiological & biological subjects published in the Philosophical Transactions & Proceedings of the Royal Society & elsewhere; and for his labor practical and theoretical, on questions relating to the antiseptic system of treatment in surgery. " “For his contributions to various physiological and biological research subjects, published in the Philosophical Transactions and the Proceedings of the Royal Society ; also for his theoretical and practical work on questions of antiseptic treatment in surgery. "
	Andrew Noble	physics	“For his researches (jointly with Mr Abel) into the action of explosives; his invention of the chronoscope; and other mathematical & physical inquiries. " "For his (jointly undertaken with Abel) research on the effects of explosive substances, for his invention of the chronoscope and other mathematical and physical investigations."
1881	Francis Maitland Balfour	biology	“For his numerous and important contributions to animal morphology; and more especially for his investigations respecting the origin of the urogenital organs and the cerebrospinal nerves of the vertebrata; and for his work on the development of the Elasmobranch fishes. " "For his numerous and important contributions to the morphology of animals, especially for his research on the genesis of the genitourinary system and the central nervous system of vertebrates, as well as for his work on the development of the squamous gill (Elasmobranchii)."
	John Hewitt Jellett	mathematics	"For his various mathematical & physical papers, more especially for his researches in chemical optics, & his invention of the new and delicate analyzers by which they were carried out." "For his various mathematical and physical writings, especially for his research on optical chemistry and his invention of a new analytical device with which he carried out this research."
1882	William Henry Flower	biology	"For his valuable contributions to the morphology and classification of the Mammalia and to anthropology." "For his valuable contributions to the morphology and classification of mammals and to anthropology."
	Lord Rayleigh	physics	"For his various papers in mathematical and experimental physics." "For his various writings on mathematical and experimental physics."
1883	John Scott Burdon-Sanderson	physiology	"For the eminent services which he has rendered to physiology and pathology, especially for his investigation of the relations of micro-organisms to disease, and his researches on the electric phenomena of plants." "For his important services to physiology and pathology, especially for his research into the relationships between microorganisms and diseases, and for his research on electrical phenomena in plants."
	Thomas Archer Hirst	mathematics	"For his researches in pure mathematics." "For his research in pure mathematics."
1884	Daniel Oliver	botany	"For his investigations in the classification of plants, and for the great services which he has rendered to taxonomic botany." "For his research on the classification of plants as well as for the great service he has rendered to taxonomic botany."
	George Howard Darwin	mathematics	"For his mathematical investigations on the rigidity of the Earth, and on tides." "For his mathematical research on the stiffness of the earth and the tides."
1885	Ray Lankester	zoology	"For his discoveries concerning the embryology and morphology of the mollusca and his services to embryology & animal morphology in general." "For his discoveries relating to the embryology and morphology of molluscs and in general for his services to embryology and animal morphology."
	David Edward Hughes	Electrical engineering	"For his electric and magnetic researches, and his invention of the microphone & the induction balance." "For his electrical and magnetic research and his invention of the microphone and inductive compensation."
1886	Francis Galton	biology	"For his statistical inquiries into biological phenomena." "For his statistical research on biological phenomena."
	Peter Guthrie Tait	physics	"For his various mathematical and physical researches." "For his various mathematical and physical research."
1887	Henry Nottidge Moseley	Natural history	"For his numerous researches in animal morphology, and especially his investigations." "For his numerous research contributions on animal morphology, especially for his discoveries."
	Alexander Ross Clarke	geodesy	"For his comparison of standards of length and determination of the figure of the Earth." "For comparing the length standards and determining the shape of the earth."
1888	Ferdinand von Mueller	geography	"For his long services in Australian exploration and for his investigations of the flora of the Australian continent." "For his long service to the exploration of Australia and for his discoveries in the flora of the Australian continent."
	Osborne Reynolds	physics	"For his investigations in mathematical & experimental physics, and on the application of scientific theory to engineering." "For his research in mathematical and experimental physics as well as for the application of scientific theory to engineering."
1889	Walter Holbrook Gaskell	physiology	"For his researches in cardiac physiology and his important discoveries in the anatomy and physiology of the sympathetic nervous system." "For his research on cardiac physiology and his significant discoveries in the anatomy and physiology of the sympathetic nervous system."
	Thomas Edward Thorpe	chemistry	"For his researches on fluorine compounds, and his determination of the atomic weights of titanium and gold." "For his research on fluorine compounds and his determination of the atomic weight of titanium and gold."
1890	David Ferrier	neurology	"For his researches on the localization of cerebral functions." "For his research on the localization of brain functions."
	John Hopkinson	physics	"For his researches in magnetism and electricity." "For his research on magnetism and electricity."
1891	Charles Lapworth	geology	"For his researches among the older rocks of Britain." "For his research on older rocks in Britain."
	Arthur William Rucker	physics	"For his researches on liquid films, and his contributions to our knowledge of terrestrial magnetism." "For his research on liquid films and his contributions to our knowledge of geomagnetism."
1892	John Newport Langley	physiology	"For his work on secreting glands, and on the nervous system." "For his work on secretory glands and the nervous system."
	Charles Pritchard	astronomy	"For his work on photometry and stellar parallax." "For his work on photometry and star parallax."
1893	Arthur Schuster	physics	"For his spectroscopic inquiries, and his researches on disruptive discharge through gases and on terrestrial magnetism." "For his spectroscopic investigations and his research on sudden gas discharges and on geomagnetism."
	Harry Marshall Ward	botany	"For his researches into the life-history of fungi and schizomycetes." "For his research on the life history of fungi and schizomycetes ."
1894	Victor Horsley	physiology	"For his investigations relating to the physiology of the nervous system, and of the thyroid gland, and to their applications to the treatment of disease." "For his studies of the physiology of the nervous system and the thyroid gland and their application in the treatment of diseases."
	Joseph John Thomson	physics	"For his contributions to mathematical and experimental physics especially to electrical theory." "For his contributions to mathematical and experimental physics, especially to the theory of electricity."
1895	James Alfred Ewing	physics	"For his investigations on magnetic induction in iron and other metals." "For his research on magnetic induction in iron and other metals."
	John Murray	oceanography	"For his services to biological science and oceanography in connection with the" Challenger "reports, and for his original contributions to the same." "For his service to biology and oceanography in connection with the reports on the results of the Challenger expedition, as well as for his own contributions to this topic."
1896	Charles Boys	physics	“For his invention of Quartz Fibers and and [sic] investigation of their properties, his improvement of the radio-micrometer and investigations with it, for developments in the art of instantaneous photography, and for his determination of the value of the constant of attraction . ” “For his invention of quartz fibers and the study of their properties; for his improvement of the radio micrometer and research with it, for the further development of serial photography and for his determination of the value of the constant of attraction. "
	Archibald Geikie	geology	"For his many original contributions to geology especially those upon the Old Red Sandstone of Western Europe." "For his many contributions to geology, especially those about the Old Red sandstone in Western Europe."
1897	Andrew Russell Forsyth	mathematics	"For his contributions to the progress of pure mathematics, and especially for his work in differential equations and the theory of functions." "For his contributions to the progress of pure mathematics, especially for his work on differential equations and function theory."
	Richard Strachey	geology	"For his researches in geographical, meteorological, and botanical science." "For his research in geography, meteorology and botany."
1898	Walter Gardiner	botany	"For his researches on the protoplasmic connection of the cells of vegetable tissues and on the minute histology of plants." "For his research on the protoplasm connection of cells in plant tissue and on the fine histology of plants."
	John Kerr	physics	"For his researches on the optical effect of electrical stress and on the reflection of light at the surface of a magnetized body." "For his research on the optical effect of electrical stress and the diffraction of light on surfaces of magnetized bodies."
1899	George Francis FitzGerald	physics	"For his contributions to physical science, especially in the domains of optics and electricity." "For his contributions to physics, especially to the fields of optics and electricity."
	William Carmichael McIntosh	Marine biology	"For his important monographs on British marine zoology and on the fishing industries." "For his important monographs on British marine fauna and the fishing industry."

1900-1999

year	scientist	area	Reason
1900	Percy Alexander MacMahon	mathematics	"For the number and range of his contributions to mathematical science." "For the number and range of his contributions to mathematics."
	Alfred Newton	Ornithology	"For his eminent contributions to the science of ornithology and the geographical distribution of animals." "For his outstanding contributions to ornithology and the geographic distribution of animals."
1901	William Thomas Blanford	geology	"For his work in connection with the geographical distribution of animals." "For his work in connection with the geographic distribution of animals."
	William Edward Ayrton	Electrical engineering	"For his contributions to electrical science." "For his contributions to the science of electricity."
1902	Horace Lamb	Applied Mathematics	"For his investigations in mathematical physics." "For his research in mathematical physics."
	Edward Albert Schafer	neurologist	"For his researches into the functions and minute structure of the Central Nervous System, especially with regard to the motor and sensory functions of the cortex of the brain." "For his research on the functions and the fine structure of the central nervous system, especially with regard to the motor and sensory function of the cerebral cortex."
1903	Horace Tabberer Brown	chemistry	"For his work on the chemistry of the carbohydrates and on the assimilation of carbonic acid by green plants." "For his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates and the assimilation of carbonic acid by green plants."
	David Gill	astronomy	"For his researches in solar and stellar parallax, and his energetic direction of the Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope." "For his research on solar and star parallax and for his dedicated management of the Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope."
1904	William Burnside	mathematics	"For his researches in mathematics, particularly in the theory of groups." "For his research in mathematics, especially group theory."
	David Bruce	microbiology	"For his valuable researches in the pathology of Malta fever, nagana, and sleeping sickness, and especially for his discoveries as regards the exact causes of these diseases." "For his valuable research on the pathology of Malta fever , Nagana and sleeping sickness, especially for his discoveries about the real cause of the disease."
1905	John Henry Poynting	physics	"For his researches in physical science, especially in connection with the constant of gravitation and the theories of electrodynamics and radiation." "For his research in physics, especially in connection with the gravitational constant and the theory of electrodynamics and radioactivity."
	Charles Scott Sherrington	Neurophysiology	"For his researches on the Central Nervous System, especially in relation to reflex action." "For his research on the central nervous system, particularly with regard to reflexes."
1906	Dukinfield Henry Scott	botany	"For his investigations and discoveries in connection with the structure and relationship of fossil plants." "For his research and discoveries in connection with the structure and relationships of fossil plants."
	Alfred George Greenhill		"For his contributions to mathematics, especially the elliptic functions and their applications." "For his contributions to mathematics, especially elliptical functions and their applications."
1907	Ramsay Heatley Traquair	Natural history	"On the ground of his discoveries relating to fossil fishes." "Based on his discoveries about fossil fish."
	Ernest William Hobson	mathematics	"On the ground of his investigations in mathematics." "Based on his mathematical research."
1908	John Milne	geology	"On the ground of his work in seismology." "Based on his work in seismology."
	Henry Head	neurology	"On the ground of his researches on the relations between the visceral & somatic nerves and on the functions of the different nerves." "Based on his research into the connections between the visceral and somatic nerves and how different nerves work."
1909	Ronald Ross	medicine	"On the ground of his researches in connection with malaria." "Based on his research on malaria ."
	Augustus Edward Hough Love		"On the ground of his researches in the theory of elasticity and cognate subjects." "Based on his research on elasticity theory and related topics."
1910	John Joly	geologist	"On the ground of researches in physics and geology." "Based on research in physics and geology."
	Frederick Orpen Bower	botany	"On the ground of his treatise on the origin of a land flora." "Based on his treatise on the origin of the rural flora."
1911	William Bayliss		"On the ground of his researches in physiology." "Based on his research in physiology."
	George Chrystal	mathematics	"On the ground of his work in mathematics and physics." "Based on his work in mathematics and physics."
1912	William Mitchinson Hicks	physics	"On the ground of his researches in mathematical physics." "Based on his research in mathematical physics."
	Grafton Elliot Smith	anatomy	"(No citation)" "(No explanatory text)"
1913	Harold Baily Dixon	chemistry	"On the ground of his eminence in physical chemistry, especially in connexion with explosions in gases." "Based on its outstanding role in physical chemistry, especially in connection with explosions in gases."
	Ernest Starling	physiology	"On the ground of his contributions to the advancement of physiology." "Based on his contributions to the advancement of physiology."
1914	William Johnson Sollas	geology	"For researches in palaeontology." "For research in paleontology."
	Ernest William Brown	astronomy	"For investigations in astronomy, chiefly in the lunar theory" "For research in astronomy, mainly in the theory of the moon."
1915	William Halse Rivers Rivers	ethnology	"On the ground of his important contributions to ethnography and ethnology." "Based on his significant contributions to ethnography and ethnology."
	Joseph Larmor	mathematician	"On the ground of his numerous and important contributions to mathematical and physical science." "Based on his numerous and significant contributions to mathematics and physics."
1916	John Scott Haldane	physiologist	"For his distinguished services to chemical physiology, especially in reference to the chemical changes in respiration" "For his excellent services in chemical physiology, especially in relation to the chemical transformation processes in breathing."
	Hector Munro Macdonald	mathematics	"For his contributions to mathematical physics." "For his contributions to mathematical physics."
1917	John Aitken	meteorology	"On the ground of his work on cloudy condensations." "Based on his work on cloud condensation."
	Arthur Smith Woodward	paleontology	"On the ground of his researches in vertebrate palaeontology." "Based on his research on vertebrate paleontology."
1918	Frederick Gowland Hopkins	biochemistry	"On the ground of his researches in chemical physiology." "Based on his research in chemical physiology."
	Alfred Fowler	mathematics	"For his distinguished researches in physical astronomy and spectroscopy." "For his excellent research in physical astronomy and spectroscopy."
1919	John Bretland Farmer	botany	"On the ground of his notable work on plant and animal cytology." "Based on his notable work on the cytology of plants and animals."
	James Jeans	mathematics	“On the ground of his researches in applied mathematics” “Based on his research in applied mathematics.
1920	William Bateson	genetics	"On the ground of his contributions to biological science, and especially his studies in genetics." "Based on his contributions to biology, especially his genetic studies."
	Godfrey Harold Hardy	mathematics	"On the ground of his researches in pure mathematics." "Based on his research in pure mathematics."
1921	Frederick Blackman	botany	"For his researches on the gaseous exchange in plants & on the operation of limiting factors." "For his research on gas exchange in plants and the functioning of the limiting factors ."
	Frank Dyson	astronomy	"For his researches on the distribution and movement of the stars." "For his research on the distribution and movement of stars."
1922	Joseph Barcroft	physiology	"For his researches in physiology and especially for his work in connection with respiration." "For his research on physiology, especially for his work on breathing."
	Charles Thomson Rees Wilson	meteorology	"For his researches on condensation nuclei and atmospheric electricity." "For his research on condensation nuclei and atmospheric electricity."
1923	Napier Shaw	meteorology	"For his researches in meteorological science" "For his research in meteorology."
	Charles James Martin	physiology	"For his researches on animal metabolism" "For his research on animal metabolism."
1924	Henry Hallett Dale	pharmacology	"For his researches in pharmacology and physiology." "For his research in pharmacology and physiology."
	Dugald Clerk	engineering	"For his application of scientific principles to engineering problems." "For his application of scientific methods to engineering problems."
1925	William Henry Perkin Jr.	Organic chemistry	"For his work on the constitution of the alkaloids carried out during the past few years." "For his work over the past few years on the nature of alkaloids."
	Albert Charles Seward	botany	"For his researches on the palaeobotany of Gondwanaland." "For his research on the paleobotany of Gondwana ."
1926	William Bate Hardy	biochemistry	"For his pioneer work on colloidal chemistry and the theory of lubrication." "For his pioneering work on the chemistry of colloids and the theory of lubrication."
	Archibald Vivian Hill	physiology	"For his distinguished work on the physical and chemical aspects of muscular contraction." "For his excellent work on physical and chemical aspects of muscle contraction."
1927	Thomas Lewis	cardiology	"For his researches on the vascular system, following upon his earlier work on the mammalian heart-beat." "For his research on blood circulation, preceded by previous work on the heartbeat in mammals."
	John Cunningham McLennan	physics	"For his researches in spectroscopy and atomic physics." "For his research in spectroscopy and atomic physics."
1928	Robert Broom	paleontology	"For his discoveries which have shed new light on the problem of the origin of mammals." "For his discoveries, which put the problem of the origin of mammals in a new light."
	Arthur Stanley Eddington	astrophysics	"For his contributions to astrophysics." "For his contributions to astrophysics."
1929	Robert Muir	pathology	"For his contributions to the science of immunology." "For his contributions to immunology."
	John Edensor Littlewood	mathematics	"For his work on mathematical analysis and the theory of prime numbers." "For his work in mathematical analysis and on the theory of prime numbers."
1930	Owen Willans Richardson	physics	"For his work on thermionics and spectroscopy." "For his work on glow emission and spectroscopy."
	John Edward Marr	geology	"For his pioneer work in the accurate zoning of the palaeozoic rocks." "For his pioneering work on the precise classification of Paleozoic rocks."
1931	William Henry Lang	botany	"For his work on the anatomy and morphology of the fern-like fossils of the Old Red." "For his work on the anatomy and morphology of the fern-like fossils of the Old Red sandstone ."
	Richard Glazebrook	physics	"For his distinguished work in experimental physics." "For his excellent work in experimental physics."
1932	Robert Robinson	chemistry	"For his work in many branches of organic chemistry, especially on the structure of plant products and their phytochemical synthesis." "For his work in many areas of organic chemistry, especially on the structure of plant products and their phytochemical synthesis."
	Edward Mellanby	pharmacology	"For his important researches on dietary factors, particularly in connexion with rickets." "For his significant research on nutritional factors, particularly in relation to rickets ."
1933	Patrick Playfair Laidlaw	virology	"For his work on diseases due to viruses, including that on the cause and prevention of distemper in dogs." "For his work on diseases caused by viruses, including the cause and prevention of distemper in dogs."
	Geoffrey Ingram Taylor	physics	"For his mathematical work in physics, geophysics and aerodynamics." "For his mathematical work in the fields of physics, geophysics and aerodynamics."
1934	Sydney Chapman	geophysics	"For his researches in the kinetic theory of gases, in terrestrial magnetism and in the phenomena of the upper atmosphere." "For his research on the kinetic theory of gases, geomagnetism and phenomena in the upper atmosphere."
	Edgar Douglas Adrian	Electrophysiology	"For his work on the physiology of nerve and its application to the problems of sensation." “For his work on the physiology of nerves and its application to the problem of sensation.
1935	Charles Galton Darwin	physics	"For his researches in mathematical physics, especially in the quantum mechanics of the electron and in optics." "For his research in mathematical physics, especially in quantum mechanics of the electron and in optics."
	Alfred Harker	Petrology	"In recognition of his distinguished work and influence as a petrologist." "In recognition of his excellent work and influence as a petrologist ."
1936	Ralph Howard Fowler	physics	"For his work on statistical mechanics and allied departments of modern mathematical physics." "For his work on statistical mechanics and related areas of modern mathematical physics."
	Edwin Stephen Goodrich	zoology	“For his work on the morphology of the excretory organs of the invertebrate and for his work on the comparative anatomy and embryology” “For his work on the morphology of the excretory organs of invertebrates and for his work on comparative anatomy and embryology .”
1937	Nevil Vincent Sidgwick	chemistry	"In recognition of his distinguished work on valency and on molecular structure." "In recognition of his excellent work on valence and molecular structure."
	Arthur Henry Reginald Buller	biology	"In recognition of his researches on the general biology and sexuality of the fungi." "In recognition of his research on sexuality and other biological properties of mushrooms."
1938	Ronald Aylmer Fisher	statistics	"For his important contributions to the theory and practice of statistical methods." "For his significant contributions to the theory and practice of statistical methods."
	Francis William Aston	physics	"For his discovery of the isotopes of non-radioactive elements." "For his discovery of the isotopes of non-radioactive elements."
1939	Paul Dirac	physics	"For the leading part he had taken in the development of the new quantum mechanics." "For the leading role he took on in the development of the new quantum mechanics."
	David Keilin	entomology	“For his contributions to biochemistry and entomology; in particular for his demonstration of the part played by cytochrome in the oxidation-reduction mechanisms of the living cell; and for his studies of the higher diptera. " “For his contributions to biochemistry and entomology; especially for his demonstration of the role that cytochromes play in the oxidation-reduction mechanisms of living cells; also for his studies on higher Diptera . "
1940	Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett	physics	"For his studies of cosmic rays and the showers of particles which they produce, for his share in the discovery of the positive electron, for his work on mesons and many other experimental achievements." "For his studies on cosmic rays and the particle showers generated by them, for his part in the discovery of the positive electron , for his work on mesons and many other experimental successes."
	Francis Hugh Adam Marshall	physiology	"For his contributions to the physiology of animal reproduction." "For his contributions to the physiology of animal reproduction."
1941	Edward Arthur Milne	astrophysics	"For his researches on the atmospheres of the earth and the sun, on the internal constitution of the stars, and on the theory of relativity." "For his research on the atmosphere of the earth and the sun, on the internal structure of stars, and on the theory of relativity."
	Ernest Laurence Kennaway	pathology	"For his discovery of the nature of the carcinogenic substances in coal tar and for his investigations on production of cancer by synthetic substances." "For his discovery of the nature of the carcinogenic substances in coal tar and for his research into carcinogenesis from synthetic substances."
1942	Walter Norman Haworth	chemistry	"For his fundamental contributions to organic chemistry, particularly to the constitution of the sugars and the structure of complex polysaccharides." "For his fundamental contributions to organic chemistry, especially the structure of sugars and the structure of complex polysaccharides."
	William Whiteman Carlton Topley	bacteriology	"For his outstanding work on experimental epidemiology and immunology." "For his outstanding work on experimental epidemiology and immunology."
1943	Harold Spencer Jones	astronomy	"For his determination of the solar parallax and of other fundamental astronomical constants." "For his determination of the solar parallax and other fundamental astronomical constants."
	Edward Battersby Bailey	geology	"For his distinguished contributions to the knowledge of mountain structure and his studies on the tectonics of vulcanism." "For his excellent contributions to the knowledge of the structure of the mountains and his studies on the tectonics of volcanism."
1944	David Brunt	meteorology	"For his fundamental contributions to meteorology." "For his fundamental contributions to meteorology."
	Charles Robert Harington	chemistry	"For his work in the analysis and synthesis of thyroxine, and in immunological chemistry." "For his work on the analysis and synthesis of thyroxine and in immunological chemistry."
1945	John Desmond Bernal	crystallography	"For his work on the structure of proteins and other substances by X-ray methods and for the solution of many other problems requiring a physical approach." "For his work on the structure of proteins and other substances through the use of X-rays and for solving many other problems that require physical access."
	Edward James Salisbury	botany	"For his notable contributions to plant ecology and to the study of the British flora generally." "For his remarkable contributions to plant ecology and the study of British flora in general."
1946	William Lawrence Bragg	physics	"For his distinguished researches in the sciences of X-ray structure analysis and X-ray spectroscopy." "For his excellent research in the areas of structural analysis and spectroscopy using X-rays."
	Cyril Dean Darlington	biology	"For his distinguished researches in cytology and genetics." "For his excellent research in cytology and genetics."
1947	Cyril Norman Hinshelwood	chemistry	"For his distinguished work on the mechanism of chemical reactions from the simplest gas phase processes to the complexities of cell division." "For his excellent work on the mechanism of chemical reactions from the simplest process in the gas phase to the complexity of cell division."
	Frank Macfarlane Burnet	virology	“For his distinguished work on bacteriophages, viruses and immunity; and for his contributions to the study of infectious disease as an ecological phenomenon. " "For his excellent work on bacteriophages, viruses and immunity as well as for his contributions to the study of infectious diseases as an ecological phenomenon."
1948	Harold Jeffreys	geophysics	"For his distinguished work in geophysics and his important contributions to the astronomy of the solar system." "For his excellent work on geophysics and his significant contributions to the astronomy of the solar system."
	James Gray	zoology	"For his distinguished researches in cytology, ciliary movement, and particularly his anatomical and experimental studies of animal posture and locomotion." "For his excellent research in cytology, ciliary movement, especially for his anatomical and experimental studies on the posture and movement of animals."
1949	George Paget Thomson	physics	"For his distinguished contributions to many branches of atomic physics, and especially for his work in establishing the wave properties of the electron." "For his excellent contributions to many branches of atomic physics, especially for his work on establishing the wave properties of the electron."
	Rudolph Albert Peters	biochemistry	“For his distinguished biochemical researches, in particular his investigations of (i) the biochemical role of vitamin B1 in tissue metabolism; and (ii) the mechanism of the toxic action of lewisite and other arsenical compounds. " "For his excellent biochemical research, especially his discovery of the biochemical role of vitamin B 1 in the metabolism of cell tissue and the mechanism of the toxic effects of lewisite and other arsenic compounds."
1950	Edward Victor Appleton	physics	"For his work on the ele [sic] transmission of electromagnetic waves round the earth and for his investigations of the ionic state of the upper atmosphere." "For his work on the propagation of electromagnetic waves around the earth and for his research on the ionic state of the upper atmosphere."
	Carl Frederick Abel Pantin	zoology	"For his contributions to the comparative physiology of the Invertebrata, particularly his work on nerve conduction in Crustacea and Actinozoa." "For his contributions to the comparative physiology of invertebrates, especially for his work on stimulus transmission in nerves in Crustacea and Actinozoa."
1951	Ian Heilbron	chemistry	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to organic chemistry, notably in the field of vitamin A and polyene synthesis." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to organic chemistry, especially in the field of the synthesis of vitamin A and polyenes."
	Howard Walter Florey	pharmacology	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to pathology by his studies of the functions of mucin and by his work on penicillin and other antibiotics." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to pathology through his studies of how mucins work and through his work on penicillin and other antibiotics."
1952	Christopher Kelk Ingold	chemistry	“In recognition of his extensive theoretical and practical studies of the mechanism of organic chemical reactions and the factors influencing them; and for his analysis of the structure of benzene. " “In recognition of his extensive theoretical and practical studies on the mechanism of organic chemical reactions and the factors influencing them; also for his analysis of the structure of benzene . "
	Frederic Charles Bartlett	Experimental psychology	"In recognition of his creation of an experimental school of psychology which has established under his leadership an outstanding position recognized internationally as without superior." "In recognition of his founding of an experimental school for psychology, which under his leadership achieved an international position without equal."
1953	Nevill Francis Mott	physics	"In recognition of his eminent work in the field of quantum theory and particularly in the theory of metals." "In recognition of his outstanding work in the field of quantum theory and especially the theory of metals."
	Paul Fildes	microbiology	"In recognition of his classical researches on growth factors for bacteria and for laying the foundation of work leading to a rational approach to chemotherapy." "In recognition of his classic research on growth factors in bacteria and for his fundamental work that led to a sensible approach to chemotherapy."
1954	John Cockcroft	physics	"In recognition of his distinguished work on nuclear and atomic physics." "In recognition of his excellent work on nuclear and atomic physics."
	Hans Adolf Krebs	biochemistry	"In recognition of his discovery of two key reactions in animal metabolism and for his distinguished contributions to the knowledge of cell" "In recognition of his discovery of two key reactions in animal metabolism and for his excellent contributions to the knowledge of cells."
1955	Alexander Robertus Todd	biochemistry	"In recognition of his distinguished work in organic chemistry." "In recognition of his excellent work in organic chemistry."
	Vincent Brian Wigglesworth	entomology	"In recognition of his distinguished experimental contributions of outstanding value to many aspects of insect physiology." "In recognition of his excellent experimental contributions of outstanding value to many aspects of insect physiology."
1956	Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin	chemistry	"In recognition of her distinguished work in the elucidation of structures of penicillin, vitamin B12 and other important compounds by the methods of X-ray crystallography." "In recognition of your excellent work in clarifying the structure of penicillin, vitamin B 12 and other important compounds using the X-ray crystallography method."
	Owen Thomas Jones	geology	"In recognition of his distinguished studies in the Palaeozoic rocks, particularly in Wales, his work on sediments, his palaeontological researches and the application of geological knowledge to practical problems." "In recognition of his excellent studies of Paleozoic rocks, particularly in Wales, as well as his work on sediments, his paleontological research and the application of geological knowledge to practical problems."
1957	William Vallance Douglas Hodge	mathematics	"In recognition of his distinguished work on algebraic geometry." "In recognition of his excellent work in the field of algebraic geometry."
	Frederick Gugenheim Gregory	botany	"In recognition of his distinguished studies in plant physiology." "In recognition of his excellent studies in plant physiology."
1958	Harrie Massey	physics	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to physics, and particularly for his experimental and theoretical studies of collision phenomena in gases." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to physics, especially for his experimental and theoretical studies on collision phenomena in gases."
	Alan Lloyd Hodgkin	physiology	"In recognition of his distinguished work on the mechanism of excitation and conduction in nerve and muscle." "In recognition of his excellent work on the mechanism of stimulation and transmission in nerves and muscles."
1959	Rudolf Peierls	physics	"In recognition of his distinguished work on the theoretical foundations of high energy and nuclear physics." "In recognition of his excellent work on the theoretical foundations of high energy and nuclear physics."
	Peter Brian Medawar	physiology	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions in the field of tissue transplantation immunity and acquired tolerance." "In recognition of his excellent contributions in the field of immune response and tolerance in tissue transplants."
1960	Alfred Charles Bernard Lovell	physics	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to radio astronomy." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to radio astronomy."
	Roy Cameron	pathology	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions in the field of cellular pathology." "In recognition of his excellent contributions in the field of cell pathology."
1961	Cecil Frank Powell	physics	"In recognition of his pioneering work on the development of the photographic emulsion technique in the investigation of cosmic rays and the outstanding results derived therefrom on the elementary particles in cosmic radiation." "In recognition of his pioneering work on the development of photographic emulsion technology in research into cosmic rays and the excellent results obtained therefrom on elementary particles in cosmic rays."
	Wilfrid Le Gros Clark	physiology	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to neuroanatomy and primate morphology, which he has combined to provide new knowledge of human evolution." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to neuroanatomy and primate morphology, which he combined to gain new knowledge about human evolution."
1962	Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar	astrophysics	"In recognition of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics, particularly those related to the stability of convective motions in fluids with and without magnetic fields." "In recognition of his excellent research in mathematical physics, especially that related to the stability of convection currents in liquids with or without magnetic fields."
	John Carew Eccles	Neurophysiology	"In recognition of his distinguished investigations of the function of the spinal cord, particularly of the mechanisms of excitation and inhibition." "In recognition of his excellent research on the function of the spinal cord, especially the mechanism of stimulation and suppression."
1963	Robert Hill	biochemistry	"In recognition of his distinguished work in biochemistry of plants, especially for his contributions to knowledge of photosynthesis." "In recognition of his excellent work in the biochemistry of plants, especially for his contributions to knowledge about photosynthesis."
	Herbert H. Read	geology	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the understanding of the processes of rock metamorphism and the origins of granite." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to the understanding of the process of rock metamorphosis and the formation of granite."
1964	Michael James Lighthill	Aeroacoustics	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the flow of compressible gases, and the mathematical theory of distributions." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to knowledge of the flow of compressible gases and to the mathematical theory of distributions."
	Francis William Rogers Brambell	medicine	"In recognition of his important contribution to our understanding of the passage of protein from maternal to fetal circulations." "In recognition of his important contribution to our understanding of protein transport from the maternal to the fetal circulation."
1965	Raymond Arthur Lyttleton	astronomy	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to astronomy, particularly for his work on the dynamical stability of galaxies." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to astronomy, especially his work on the dynamic balance of galaxies."
	John Cowdery Kendrew	crystallography	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the complete structural analysis of a protein molecule (myoglobin), particularly the biological aspects of this study." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to the complete structural analysis of a protein molecule ( myoglobin ), especially the biological aspects of this contribution."
	Henry Charles Husband	engineering	"In recognition of his distinguished work in many aspects of engineering, particularly for his design studies of large structures such as those exemplified in the radio telescopes at Jodrell Bank and Goonhilly Downs." "In recognition of his excellent work on many aspects of engineering, particularly his design studies of long structures such as those carried out on the radio telescopes at Jodrell Bank and Goonhilly Downs ."
1966	John Ashworth Ratcliffe	physics	"In recognition of his distinguished studies in the ionosphere and on the propagation of radio waves." "In recognition of his excellent studies on the ionosphere and the propagation of radio waves."
	Frank Yates	Statistical Biology	"In recognition of his profound and far-reaching contributions to the statistical methods of experimental biology." "In recognition of his profound and far-reaching contributions to statistical methods in experimental biology."
	Christopher Sydney Cockerell	engineering	"In recognition of his pioneering invention, and major contributions to the subsequent development of hovercraft." "In recognition of his pioneering invention and great contributions to the subsequent development of hovercraft ."
1967	Cecil Edgar Tilley	Petrology	"In recognition of his many distinguished contributions in all branches of petrology." "In recognition of his many excellent contributions in all branches of petrology ."
	John Zachary Young	Neurophysiology	"In recognition of his outstanding researches correlating neural structure with function." "In recognition of his excellent research on the relationship between structure and function of nerves."
	Joseph Hutchinson	biology	"In recognition of his distinguished work on the genetics and evolution of crop-plants with particular reference to cotton." "In recognition of his excellent work on genetics and the evolution of crops that are important for agriculture, especially cotton."
1968	Michael Francis Atiyah	mathematics	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to algebraic geometry and to the study of differential equations by the methods of algebraic topology." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to algebraic geometry and the study of differential equations using methods of algebraic topology ."
	Walter Thomas James Morgan	biochemistry	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to knowledge of the chemistry of blood-group substances, with special reference to genetical as well as immunological considerations." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to the knowledge of the chemical composition of blood group substances, especially genetic and immunological considerations."
	Gilbert Roberts	engineering	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to civil engineering, and in particular to the design and construction of long-span suspension bridges." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to civil engineering , especially the design and construction of long-span suspension bridges ."
1969	George Edward Raven Deacon	oceanography	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to physical oceanography and for his leadership as director of the National Institute of Oceanography." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to physical oceanography and for his successful leadership of the National Institute of Oceanography ."
	Frederick Sanger	biochemistry	"In recognition of his pioneer work on the sequence of amino acids in proteins and of nucleotides of ribonucleic acids." "In recognition of his pioneering work on the sequence of amino acids in proteins and nucleotides of ribonucleic acids."
	Charles William Oatley	Electrical engineering	"In recognition of his distinguished work in the wartime development of radar and latterly for the design and development of a highly successful scanning electron microscope." "In recognition of his excellent work in developing radar during the war and later for the design and development of a very successful scanning electron microscope."
1970	Kingsley Charles Dunham	geology	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to pure and applied geology, and especially in the field of metallic ore deposits." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to Pure and Applied Geology, especially in the field of metal ore deposits."
	William Albert Hugh Rushton	physiology	"In recognition of his distinguished work on the visual pigments in the living eye and on chemical and nervous adaptation in the retina." "In recognition of his excellent work on visual pigments in the living eye and on chemical and nervous adaptation in the retina."
	John Baker	engineering	"In recognition of his fundamental and applied work on the plastic behavior and design of framed structures which is now being used throughout the world." "In recognition of his fundamental and applied work on plastic behavior and the design of frame structures that is now used around the world."
1971	Gerhard Herzberg	physics	"In recognition of his distinguished experimental researches in atomic and molecular spectroscopy and its applications in chemistry, physics and astronomy." "In recognition of his excellent experimental research on atomic and molecular spectroscopy and its applications in chemistry, physics and astronomy."
	Max Ferdinand Perutz	biology	"In recognition of his pioneering work on the molecular biology and structure of proteins." "In recognition of his groundbreaking work on molecular biology and the structure of proteins."
	Percy Edward Kent	geology	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to oil and gas exploration and the geology of oil and gas fields." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to oil and gas exploration and the geology of oil and gas fields."
1972	Derek Harold Richard Barton	chemistry	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to organic chemistry, especially his theories on the conformation of organic molecules and his syntheses of natural products." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to organic chemistry, especially his theories about the conformation of organic molecules and his synthesis of natural products."
	Francis Crick	biology	"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology." "In recognition of his clarification of the structure of DNA and his continued contribution to molecular biology."
	Wilfrid Bennett Lewis	Nuclear physics	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the science and technology of heavy water reactors for power generation." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to the science and technology of heavy water reactors for power generation."
1973	Martin Ryle	astronomy	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to radioastronomy." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to radio astronomy."
	Rodney R. Porter	biology	"In recognition of his penetrating investigations on the structure of immunoglobulins." "In recognition of his in-depth research into the structure of immunoglobulins."
	Edward Penley Abraham	biology	"In recognition of his outstanding work on the isolation, characterization and development of the cephalosporin group of antibiotics." "In recognition of his outstanding work on the isolation, characterization and development of the cephalosporins , a group of antibiotics."
1974	Fred Hoyle	physics	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to theoretical physics and cosmology." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to theoretical physics and cosmology."
	Sydney Brenner	biology	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology concerning the nature of the genetic code and its expression during development." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to molecular biology regarding the nature of the genetic code and its evaluation during development."
	George Edwards	engineering	"In recognition of his many contributions to aeronautical engineering, particularly in the realization of supersonic aircraft." "In recognition of his many contributions to aerospace technology, especially in the implementation of supersonic flight."
1975	Edward C. Bullard	geophysics	"In recognition of his distinction as a world leader in geophysics, especially the generation of the earths magnetic field, the origin of the oceans and continental drift." "In recognition of his excellence as a world leader in geophysics, particularly in research into the generation of the Earth's magnetic field, the origin of the oceans and continental drift."
	David C. Phillips	biology	"In recognition of his solution of the three-dimensional structure of an enzyme and his outstanding contributions to the techniques of x-ray crystallography." "In recognition of his elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of an enzyme and his outstanding contributions to the technology of X-ray crystallography."
	Barnes Neville Wallis	engineering	"In recognition of the originality of his ideas and the determination with which he has pursued them." "In recognition of the originality of his ideas and the determination with which he approached them."
1976	John Warcup Cornforth	chemistry	"In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the stereochemical unraveling of the biosynthesis of squalene and cholesterol from acetate and mevalonate." "In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the stereochemical unraveling of the biosynthesis of squalene and cholesterol from acetate and mevalonate ."
	James L. Gowans	medicine	"In recognition of his distinguished research in the field of immunology, especially as regards the recirculation and immunological role of lymphocytes" "In recognition of his excellent research in the field of immunology, especially with regard to the recirculation and the immunological role of lymphocytes."
	Alan Walsh	physics	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to emission and infra-red spectroscopy and his origination of the atomic absorption method of quantitative analysis." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to emission and infrared spectroscopy and his establishment of the atomic absorption method of quantitative analysis."
1977	Peter Bernhard Hirsch	Materials science	"In recognition of his distinguished studies of defects in crystals and especially of his elucidation of the process of work hardening." "In recognition of his excellent studies on crystal defects and especially his clarification of the hardening process."
	Hugh Esmor Huxley	biology	"In recognition of his distinguished research on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of contraction." "In recognition of his excellent research on muscle structure and the molecular mechanisms involved in contraction."
	John Bertram Adams	physics	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the design and operation of high-energy particle accelerators." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to the design and operation of high-energy particle accelerators."
1978	Abdus Salam	physics	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the physics of elementary particles with special reference to the unification of the electromagnetic and weak interactions" "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the physics of elementary particles with a special focus on the unification of the electromagnetic and weak interactions."
	Roderic Alfred Gregory	biology	"In recognition of his distinguished studies of the biological activity of peptide hormones in relation to their structure." "In recognition of his excellent studies on the biological activity of peptide hormones in relation to their structure."
	Tom Kilburn	engineering	"In recognition of his outstanding individual and continuing contribution to the development of computer hardware in the United Kingdom over the last thirty years." "In recognition of his excellent and ongoing contribution to the development of computer hardware in the UK over the past 30 years."
1979	Frederick Charles Frank	physics	"In recognition of his outstanding original contributions to the theory of crystal growth, dislocations, phase transformations and polymers, with wide applications in physics, chemistry and geology." "In recognition of his excellent original contributions to the theory of crystal growth, dislocations, phase shifts, and polymers, with a wide range of applications in physics, chemistry, and geology."
	Hans Walter Kosterlitz	biology	"In recognition of his distinguished work on narcotics leading to the discovery in 1975 of the enkephalins." "In recognition of his excellent work on narcotics that led to the discovery of enkephalins in 1975. "
	Vernon Ellis Cosslett	physics	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the design and development of the X-ray microscope, the scanning electron microprobe analyzer, the high voltage and ultrahigh resolution (2.5A) electron microscopes and their applications in many disciplines." "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the design and development of the X-ray microscope, the scanning electron microprobe analyzer , the high-voltage and ultra-high-resolution (2.5 Ångström ) electron microscope and their application in several disciplines."
1980	Denys Wilkinson	physics	"In recognition of his highly original research in nuclear physics and of his outstanding contributions on giant resonances, radiative widths, second-class beta decay and the fundamental symmetries of nuclear interactions and also on instrumentation." "In recognition of his very independent research in nuclear physics and his excellent contributions to giant resonance , radiation range, beta decay of the second kind and the fundamental symmetries of atomic nucleus interactions and instrumentation ."
	Henry Harris	medicine	"In recognition of his development of cell fusion for the study of somatic-cell genetics and differentiation including the genetic control of malignancy." "In recognition of his development of cell fusion for the investigation of the genetics of somatic cells and the differentiation including the genetic control of malignant cancer growth."
	John Paul Wild	astronomy	"In recognition of his conception of the basic principles of the Interscan aircraft instrument landing system and the guidance of its development to a successful conclusion." "In recognition of his conception of the basic principles of the Interscan airborne landing system and the guidance in developing it towards a successful deployment."
1981	Geoffrey Wilkinson	chemistry	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to preparative inorganic chemistry and in particular to the synthesis and application of organometallic compounds." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to preparative inorganic chemistry and especially to the synthesis and application of organometallic compounds."
	Marthe Louise Vogt	neurology	"In recognition of her important contributions to synaptic biochemistry and pharmacology which are fundamental to modern neuropharmacology." "In recognition of her important contributions to synapse biochemistry and pharmacology, which are fundamental to modern neuropharmacology."
	Ralph Riley	genetics	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to understanding the genetics of wheat and the development of new methods of producing improved varieties." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to the understanding of the genetics of wheat and the development of new methods for the production of improved varieties."
1982	Richard Dalitz	physics	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to particle physics, particularly in relation to the properties of strange particles." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to particle physics, especially in connection with the properties of Strange Particles ."
	César Milstein	biochemistry	“In recognition of his fundamental contribution to understanding the structure and genetic control of immunoglobulins; his hybridoma technique for producing monoclonal antibodies has revolutionized the potential practical applications of immunology. " “Recognizing his fundamental contribution to understanding the structure and genetic control of immunoglobulins; his hybridoma technology for the production of monoclonal antibodies has revolutionized the potential for practical applications in immunology. "
	William Hawthorne	engineering	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to engineering thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, and particularly the internal aerodynamics of turbomachines." "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the thermodynamics of engineering and fluid mechanics , especially the internal aerodynamics of flow machines ."
1983	John Frank Charles Kingman	mathematics	"In recognition of his distinguished researches on queuing theory, on regenerative phenomena, and on mathematical genetics." "In recognition of his excellent research on queuing theory, regenerative phenomena and mathematical genetics."
	Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg	biology	"In recognition of his contributions to elucidating the nature of chemical synaptic transmission in nervous systems and the regulating effects of hormones in peripheral systems." "In recognition of his contributions to the elucidation of the nature of the chemical synaptic transmission of stimuli in nervous systems and the regulating influences of hormones in peripheral systems."
	Daniel Joseph Bradley	physics	"In recognition of his development of the techniques of generating ultra-short light pulses from lasers, and of picosecond streak cameras." "In recognition of his development of techniques for generating ultra-short laser light pulses and cameras operating in the picosecond range."
1984	Alan Battersby	chemistry	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the elucidation of the pathway for the biosynthesis of complex natural products." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to clearing up the path for the biosynthesis of complex natural products."
	Mary Frances Lyon	genetics	"In recognition of her distinguished contributions to the discovery of X-chromosome inactivation as a mechanism of gene dosage compensation." "In recognition of your excellent contributions to the discovery of the inactivation of the X chromosome as a mechanism to compensate for gene dosage ."
	Alexander Lamb Cullen	Electrical engineering	"In recognition of his many distinguished contributions to microwave engineering, both theoretical and experimental, and in particular for research on microwave antennae." "In recognition of his many excellent contributions to microwave technology, both theoretically and experimentally, especially for his research on microwave antennas."
1985	Roger Penrose	physics	"For his fundamental contributions to the theory of gravitational collapse and to other geometric aspects of theoretical physics." "For his fundamental contributions to the theory of gravitational collapse and other geometrical aspects of theoretical physics."
	John Gurdon	biology	"For his outstanding contributions to the techniques of nuclear transplantation and the use of the amphibian egg for investigations on replication, transcription and translation of genes." "For his excellent contributions to nuclear transplantation techniques and the use of amphibian eggs in research on the replication, transcription and translation of genes."
	John Argyris	engineering	"For his great contribution to the development of finite element analysis and its application to the solution of engineering problems." "For his great contribution to the development of finite element analysis and its application to the solution of engineering problems."
1986	Rex Edward Richards	chemistry	"In recognition of his many contributions, both theoretical and instrumental, to nuclear magnetic resonance." "In recognition of his many contributions, both theoretical and practical, to nuclear magnetic resonance ."
	Richard Doll	physiology	"In recognition of his pioneering use of statistical and epidemiological techniques to evaluate environmental factors in disease, notably that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease and bronchitis." "In recognition of his pioneering use of statistical and epidemiological techniques to determine environmental factors in diseases, particularly that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease and bronchitis."
	Eric Ash	Electrical engineering	"In recognition of his outstanding researches on acoustic microscopy leading to wholly new techniques and substantial improvements in resolution of acoustic microscopes." "In recognition of his excellent research into acoustic microscopy, which has resulted in completely new techniques and substantial improvements in the resolution of acoustic microscopes ."
1987	Francis Graham-Smith	astronomy	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to radio- and optical-astronomy." "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to radio and optical astronomy."
	Eric James Denton	Marine biology	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the physiology of marine animals, to marine biology generally, and his leadership of UK marine science." "In recognition of his excellent contributions to marine physiology and biology in general, as well as his leadership in British marine science."
	Gustav Victor Rudolf Born	pharmacology	"In recognition of his major contributions to the physiology, pathology and pharmacology of platelets and of his widely used methods for studying platelet function in haemostasis and thrombosis." "In recognition of his great contributions to the physiology, pathology and pharmacology of platelets and his widely used methods of studying platelet function in hemostasis and thrombosis ."
1988	George Keith Batchelor	mathematics	"In recognition of his distinguished work on the theory of turbulence and turbulent diffusion, and the theory of microhydrodynamics and colloidal suspensions." "In recognition of his excellent work on the theory of turbulence and turbulent diffusion as well as on the theory of microhydrodynamics and colloidal suspensions."
	Winifred Watkins	biochemistry	"In recognition of her fundamental contributions towards an understanding of the biochemical genetics of carbohydrate antigens on cell surfaces and in secreted glycoproteins." "In recognition of her fundamental contributions towards an understanding of the biochemical genetics of carbohydrate antigens on cell surfaces and in secreted glycoproteins."
	Harold EM Barlow	engineering	"In recognition of his distinguished research, particularly on microwaves and waveguides, and of his lasting influence as the founder of an unusually productive research school." "In recognition of his excellent research, especially on microwaves and waveguides , as well as his enduring influence as the founder of an unusually productive research facility."
1989	John Charles Polanyi	chemistry	"In recognition of his pioneering work on the electromagnetic radiation emitted from chemical charges, leading to the basis of the chemical laser process." "In recognition of his groundbreaking work on the electromagnetic radiation from chemical samples that led to the basis for a chemical laser process."
	David Weatherall	medicine	"In recognition of his pioneering work on the clinical and molecular basis of the thalassaemias, and fundamental contributions to the unraveling of their heterogeneity." "In recognition of his groundbreaking work on the clinical and molecular basis of thalassemia and fundamental contributions to unraveling its heterogeneity."
	John Robert Vane	pharmacology	"In recognition of his development of techniques to detect and monitor substances in the blood that regulate the circulation, and their application to the treatment of vascular and ischemic conditions." "In recognition of his development of techniques for the detection and monitoring of substances in the blood that regulate blood circulation and their use in the treatment of vascular and ischemic conditions."
1990	Michael Berry	physics	"In recognition of his deep and innovatory researches in classical and quantum physics, especially the discovery of the 'Berry phase'." "In recognition of his deep and innovative research in classical physics and quantum physics, especially the discovery of the Berry phase ."
	Anne McLaren	Developmental biology	"In recognition of her distinguished research on mammalian embryology, particularly for providing much of the scientific basis for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, and for analyzing sex determination in mammals." "In recognition of their excellent research on mammalian embryology, in particular their supply of a large part of the scientific basis for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, as well as their analysis of the gender expression in mammals."
	Olgierd Cecil Zienkiewicz	engineering	"In recognition of his pioneering development of the finite element method as a general procedure of solving problems of engineering physics and for demonstrating its success in applications to stress analysis, fluid mechanics, electromagnetics and many other situations." "In recognition of his groundbreaking development of the finite element method as a general method for problem solving in engineering physics and for his demonstration of its successful application in strength calculations , in fluid mechanics , in electromagnetism and many other problem areas."
1991	Dan McKenzie	geophysics	"In recognition of his seminal role in developing a quantitative understanding of a wide range of geophysical and geological processes, including plate tectonics, mantle convection, continental deformation and melt segregation." "In recognition of its fertilizing role in developing a quantitative understanding of a wide range of geophysical and geological processes, including plate tectonics , mantle convection , deformation of continents and melt segregation ."
	Michael Berridge	biology	"In recognition of his discovery that inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate functions as a second messenger to mobilize calcium." "In recognition of his discovery that inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate acts as a second messenger to mobilize calcium."
	John Mason	physics	"In recognition of his distinguished research on cloud physics and, as Director-General of the Meteorological Office, his broadening and strengthening of research in meteorology in the UK." "In recognition of his excellent research on cloud physics and his broadening and strengthening of meteorological research in the UK as Director General of the Meteorological Office ."
1992	Simon Donaldson	mathematics	"Distinguished for his work which has revolutionized our understanding of four-dimensional geometry." "Chosen for his work that revolutionized our understanding of four-dimensional geometry."
	Michael Anthony Epstein	medicine	"Distinguished for the isolation of the Epstein-Barr virus which is closely associated with Burkitts lymphoma." "Chosen for isolating the Epstein-Barr virus , which is closely related to Burkitt's lymphoma ."
	David Tabor	physics	"Distinguished for his seminal contributions to the basic study of friction and wear between solids, of considerable relevance to the design of machines." "Selected for his innovative contributions to the fundamental study of friction and wear in solids, which are of considerable relevance to the design of machines."
1993	Volker Heine	physics	"In recognition of his contributions to solid state theory, in particular the bonding and structure of solids." "In recognition of his contributions to solid state physics, especially the cohesion and structure of solids."
	Horace Barlow	neurology	"For his outstanding and original contributions to electrophysiological, computational and psychophysical study of visual sensation and perception." "For his excellent and original contributions to the electrophysiological and psychophysical study of visual sensation and perception ."
	Rodney Hill	Applied Mathematics	"For his outstanding contribution to the theoretical mechanics of solids, and especially the plasticity of solids." "For his outstanding contribution to the theoretical mechanics of solids, especially their formability ."
1994	Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar	physics	"For his many new discoveries in the understanding of liquid crystals, for a synthesis of the subject of his seminal book," The invention of discotic liquid crystals ", and for elucidating their remarkable properties." "For his many new discoveries in understanding liquid crystals, for the synthesis of the subject of his seminal book The Invention of Discotic Liquid Crystals, and for the elucidation of their remarkable properties."
	Eric Mansfield	Aerospace Engineering	"Renowned for his many fundamental and analytical contributions to our knowledge of advanced aeronautical structures, and more recently to the biological sciences." "For his many fundamental and analytical contributions to our understanding of advanced aeronautical structures and, more recently, to the biological sciences."
	Salvador Moncada	pharmacology	"For his contributions to pharmacology and the discovery of basic mechanisms of signal transmission relevant to drug action." "For his contributions to pharmacology and the discovery of the basic mechanisms of stimulus signal transmission, relevant to the effects of drugs."
1995	Robert Williams	chemistry	"In recognition of his contributions in clearly presenting the role of inorganic elements in biological systems." "In recognition of his contributions, which clearly demonstrate the role of inorganic elements in biological systems."
	Paul Nurse	biochemistry	"In recognition of his work on the control of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells by his discovery of the identity and function of genes that regulate the key control points in the process of cell proliferation." "In recognition of his work on regulating the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells through his discovery of the identity and function of genes that control key positions in the process of cell reproduction."
	Donald Metcalf	medicine	"In recognition of his discovery of colony stimulating factors which regulate the growth and differentiation of normal hematopoietic and leukemic cells." "In recognition of his discovery of colony-stimulating factors that control the growth and differentiation of normal hematopoietic stem cells and leukemic cells."
1996	Andrew Wiles	mathematics	"In recognition of his achievements in number theory, in particular Fermats Last Theorem and his achievements in algebraic number theory particularly the celebrated main conjecture on cyclotomic fields." "In recognition of his successes in number theory, especially on Fermat's Great Theorem , and in algebraic number theory, especially on the famous main conjecture about cyclotomic fields."
	Jack Heslop-Harrison	botany	“In recognition of his pioneering work in plant reproductive biology, in particular the areas of taxonomy and ecology, whole plant physiology, development of sub-cellular systems in somatic and reproductive cells, pollen / stigma interactions and acto / myosin transport systems within the pollen tube." "In recognition of his pioneering work in reproductive plant biology, especially in the areas of taxonomy and ecology, physiology of the entire plant, development of subcellular systems in somatic and reproductive cells, interactions between pollen and stigma and acto / myosin transport systems in the pollen tube."
	Robert Hinde	zoology	"In recognition of his contributions to the field of animal behavior and the dominant influence it achieved on the emerging field of ethology." "In recognition of his contributions to animal behavior and the dominant influence it has had on the burgeoning field of ethology."
1997	Donald Hill Perkins	physics	“In recognition of his contributions to experimental particle physics, in particular the elucidation of the structure of the nucleon on the basis of observations of neutrino interactions, the quark substructure of the nucleon, and production of the first quantitative evidence for the validity of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). " "In recognition of his contributions to experimental particle physics, especially the elucidation of the structure of nucleons on the basis of observations of interactions with neutrinos, the quark substructure of nucleons, and his delivery of the first quantitative evidence for the validity of quantum chromodynamics (QCD)."
	John Maynard Smith	biology	"In recognition of his theoretical contributions to evolutionary biology, combining mathematics and biology to develop a sound understanding in such fields as population dynamics, paleobiology, ethology, behavioral ecology, bacteriology and genetics." "In recognition of his theoretical contributions to evolutionary biology, in which he combined mathematics and biology to develop a deep understanding of areas such as population dynamics, paleobiology, ethology, behavioral ecology, bacteriology and genetics."
	Geoffrey Eglinton	chemistry	“In recognition of his contribution to our understanding of the way in which chemicals move from the living biosphere to the fossil geosphere, in particular the origin, genesis, maturation and migration of oil which has had great repercussions on the petroleum industry. He is one of the founders of the subject of Organic Geochemistry. " “In recognition of his contribution to our understanding of the way chemicals travel from the living biosphere to the fossil geosphere, particularly through the origin, formation, maturation and migration of oil, which has a major impact on the oil industry. He is one of the founders of the field of organic geochemistry. "
1998	Donald Charlton Bradley	chemistry	“In recognition of his pioneering work on the molecular chemistry of metal-alkoxides and metal-amides, their synthesis, structure and bonding, and for his studies of their conversions to metal-oxides and metal-nitrides, processes which now find common place applications in materials science, especially in the fields of microelectronics and chemical vapor deposition. " "In recognition of his pioneering work on the molecular chemistry of metal alcoholates , metal amides, their synthesis, structure and strength, as well as his studies on their conversion into metal oxides and metal nitrides, processes that now occupy a familiar place in application areas such as materials science, especially in the field of microelectronics and chemical vapor deposition . "
	Ricardo Miledi	neurology	"In recognition of his many important discoveries in cellular and molecular physiology which have greatly advanced our knowledge of synaptic transmission in the nervous system and of long term effects of trophic interaction between neurones and effector cells." "In recognition of his many important discoveries in cellular and molecular physiology, which significantly advanced our knowledge of synaptic impulse conduction in the nervous system and of long-term effects of trophic interaction between neurons and effector cells."
	Edwin Mellor Southern	biochemistry	“In recognition of his development of the method of transferring spatial patterns of DNA fragments from the electrophoretic separation medium to membranes on which the hybridization could occur known as southern blotting, now a fundamental technique in molecular biology. He is noted also for his leading role in investigating the relationship between specific sequences and chromosome structure and sequence analysis by oligonucleotide hybridization. " “In recognition of his development of the method of transferring spatial information of DNA fragments from the electrophoretic separator medium to membranes on which the hybridization known as Southern Blot can take place, which is now a fundamental technique in molecular biology. He is also known for his leading role in the study of the relationship between certain sequences and chromosome structures and sequence analysis through oligonucleotide hybridization. "
1999	Archibald Howie	physics	“In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the development and application of electron microscopy of materials, and to the underlying theories of electron scattering, in particular his extensive contributions to inelastic scattering theory, his systematic high resolution microscope studies of amorphous materials, his introduction of the concept of coherence volume for hollow cone dark field imaging and his pioneering use of a high angle annular dark field detector to image small catalyst particles. " "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the development and application of electron microscopy of materials as well as his introduction of the concept of the coherence volume for hollow cone imaging in dark field microscopy and his innovative use of a steep-angle ring dark field detector for imaging small catalytic particles."
	Patrick David Wall	neurology	“In recognition of his fundamental contributions to our knowledge of the somatosensory system and, in particular, pain mechanisms, where his insights led to the therapeutic use of electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves, dorsal columns of the spinal cord, and brain stem for the control of pain, methods that are now in widespread use. He is also noted for his major contribution to the study of plasticity of the adult nervous system showing that connections in spinal cord, thalamus and cortex which had previously been viewed as static, could be altered, in some cases by nerve impulses and in others by chemical transport. " “In recognition of his fundamental contributions to our knowledge of the somatosensory system, especially pain mechanisms, where his findings on the therapeutic use of electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves, pillar-centered stimulation channels in the spinal cord and brain stem led to pain treatment, which are common methods today. He is also known for his significant contribution to the study of the malleability of the adult nervous system, showing that connections in the spinal cord, thalamus, and cerebral cortex that were previously thought to be static can be altered, in some cases by nerve impulses, in others by chemical transport. "
	John Frank Davidson	chemistry	"In recognition of his distinguished work over many years in chemical engineering, including fluid flow, process dynamics, gas absorption and fluidization technology which has been concerned with real problems of industrial significance." "In recognition of his excellent work over many years in chemical engineering, including fluid flow , process dynamics, gas absorption and liquefaction technologies, dealing with real problems of industrial concern."

2000 – today

year	scientist	area	Reason
2000	Keith Usherwood Ingold	chemistry	“In recognition of his work in elucidating the mechanism of reactions involving free radicals. His ingenuity in devising key tests and in developing the necessary experimental tools for the determination of reaction pathways of peroxy and other organic compounds has greatly clarified the nature of processes such as the autoxidation of hydrocarbons. " “In recognition of his work, she provided clarification on the mechanism of reactions involving free radicals. His genius in devising tests and developing the necessary experimental tools for tracking the reaction pathways of peroxides and other organic compounds has brought great clarity to the nature of processes like the auto-oxidation of hydrocarbons. "
	Geoffrey Burnstock	neurology	“In recognition of his development of new hypotheses challenging the accepted views on autonomic neurotransmission, leading to new advances in the understanding of purinergic neurotransmission. There is now universal recognition of the importance of purinergic mechanisms, not only in the nervous system but also in vascular, secretory and immune systems. " “In recognition of his development of new hypotheses that challenged the established views on autonomic neurotransmission and led to new advances in understanding purinergic neurotransmission. The recognition of the importance of purinergic mechanisms, not only in the nervous system, but also in the bloodstream, in secretion systems and in the immune system, has now established itself. "
	Timothy Berners-Lee	Computer science	“In recognition of his invention and subsequent development of the World Wide Web, designing the universal resource locator (URL), an addressing system to give each Web page a unique location and the two protocols HTTP and HTML. His work has revolutionized communication via the internet, enabling universal access to information placed on the Web. " “In recognition of his invention and subsequent development of the World Wide Web and the design of the Uniform Resource Locator (URL), an address system to uniquely address each website, and the two protocols HTTP and HTML. His work has revolutionized communication over the Internet and enables universal access to information on the web. "
2001	Samuel Edwards	physics	“In recognition of his enormous influence across a wide spectrum of physical sciences, particularly theoretical condensed matter physics. His clear vision has had a major impact on experimentation and on scientific and industrial policy and he is largely responsible for the recognition of the fundamental challenges of complex materials and the provision of theoretical tools to tackle them and the inspiration for their application. " “In recognition of his tremendous influence over a wide range of physical sciences, particularly condensed matter theoretical physics . His determination had a great influence on experimental physics and on scientific and industrial procedures; he is largely responsible for understanding the fundamental challenges of complex materials and for providing theoretical methods to address these challenges and for providing inspiration for their applications. "
	Gabriel Horn	biology	“For his work on the neurobiological mechanisms of behavioral imprinting, embracing molecular, cellular, anatomical, electrophysiological and ethological approaches to learning and memory. There is now widespread international interest in the cellular basis of learning and memory and Professor Horns work represents a major scientific achievement in this branch of neuroscience. ” “For his work on the neurobiological mechanisms of behavioral imprinting including molecular, cellular, anatomical, electrophysiological and ethological approaches to learning and memory. There is now widespread international interest in the cellular basis of learning and memory, and Professor Horn's work represents a great scientific achievement in this branch of neuroscience. "
	Richard L. Gardner	biology	“For his pioneering work on microsurgery of the mouse blastocyst which laid the foundation for major advances in biological knowledge, both in developmental biology and in understanding of gene function. His work also provided the inspiration for the development of other transgenic and micromanipulation techniques, including those used more recently for mammalian cloning. " “For his pioneering work on blastocyst microsurgery in mice, which laid the foundations for great advances in biological knowledge, both in developmental biology and in understanding how genes function. His work also inspired the development of other transgenic and micromanipulative techniques, including those recently used for mammalian cloning. "
2002	Raymond Freeman	chemistry	“In recognition of his seminal contributions to the development and understanding of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods. NMR is today the prime analytical tool for the study of molecular structure and dynamics, with enormous impact in chemistry, materials science and biomedicine. " "In recognition of his innovative contributions to the development and understanding of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods."
	Suzanne Cory	genetics	“For her distinguished work on the molecular basis of cancer. She pioneered the use of transgenic mice to elucidate the role of various oncogenes in lymphoid malignancies. " “For your excellent work on the molecular basis of cancer. She was the first to use transgenic mice to elucidate the role of various oncogenes in lymph cancer. "
	Richard Peto	mathematics	"For his outstanding work on the epidemiology of smoking and chronic disease. His application of innovative methods to look at the global burden of diseases associated with smoking gave new understanding and impetus to worldwide measures to deal with smoking. " “For his excellent work on the epidemiology of smoking and chronic diseases. His application of new methods to look at the global disease burden associated with smoking gave new understanding and impetus to global measures to address the problem of smoking. "
2003	Nicholas Shackleton	geology	“In recognition of his seminal contributions to the fields of paleoceanography and geochemistry. He made possible the analysis of stable isotopic composition of oxygen and carbon in very small samples, revolutionizing our approach to climate research. " “In recognition of his innovative contributions to paleoceanography and geochemistry. It enabled the analysis of stable isotope mixtures of oxygen and carbon from very small material samples, which revolutionized our approach to climate research. "
	John J. Skehel	virology	"For his pioneering research into virology. His studies and discoveries in the mechanisms by which influenza virus binds to the host cell, and in virus-cell membrane fusion have had a fundamental impact on the field. " “For his groundbreaking research in virology. His studies and discoveries on the mechanism by which the influenza virus docks to the host cell and the membrane fusion between virus and cell had profound implications for this area of ​​research. "
	Kenneth L. Johnson	engineering	"For his outstanding work in the field of contact mechanics. His work his characterized by elegant experiments, skilful analyzes and insightful explanations of observed phenomena. " “For his outstanding work in the field of contact mechanics. His work is characterized by elegant experiments, well thought-out analyzes and insightful explanations of the observed phenomena. "
2004	Jack Lewis, Baron Lewis of Newnham	chemistry	"For his distinguished career in the field of inorganic chemistry over the last 50 years, mainly in the area of ​​the transition elements." "For his distinguished career in inorganic chemistry over the past 50 years, mainly in the area of transition metals ."
	Alec John Jeffreys	genetics	“For his outstanding discoveries and inventions which have had major impacts on large areas of genetics. He is best known for the introduction of DNA analysis to forensic science, contributing not only the theoretical framework for application but also the experimental method. " “For his brilliant discoveries and inventions that have had a great impact on large areas within genetics. He is best known for introducing DNA analysis to forensics, not only providing the theoretical framework for its application, but also the experimental method. "
	James Whyte Black	chemistry	“For his work in both academia and industry, pioneering a new era of rational drug discovery. His work has played a major influence in elevating British pharmacology and pharmaceutical research to its current eminent international stature. " “For his work in both research and industry in starting a new era in drug detection. His work has had a significant impact on the advancement of British pharmacology and pharmaceutical research to what it is today as its outstanding international status. "
2005	Michael Ellis Fisher	physics	"For his seminal contributions to wetting transitions, dislocation melting and criticality of ionic solutions and many other topics in Statistical Mechanics." "For his innovative contributions to wetting processes, dislocation-induced melting and critical phenomena in ionic solutions as well as many other topics in statistical mechanics."
	Anthony Pawson	biology	"For his discoveries which have revealed the principles underlying cell signaling, and have been pivotal in understanding pathological states such as cancer." "For his discoveries that clarified the principles underlying cell signaling and that were critical to understanding pathological conditions such as cancer."
	Michael Pepper	physics	"For his work which has had the highest level of influence in condensed matter physics and has resulted in the creation of the modern field of semiconductor nanostructures." "For his work, which had the greatest possible influence on solid-state physics and which resulted in the creation of the modern field of semiconductor nanostructure."
2006	John Pendry	physics	"For his seminal contributions in surface sciences, disordered systems, photonics and most recently in metamaterials and the concept of the perfect lens." "For his innovative contributions to surface science, disordered systems , photons and, more recently, metamaterials and the concept of the perfect lens."
	Tim Hunt	biochemistry	"For discovering a key aspect of cell cycle control, the protein cyclin which is a component of cyclin dependent kinases, demonstrating his ability to grasp the significance of the result outside his immediate sphere of interest." "For discovering a key aspect of cell cycle control, the protein cyclin , which is a component of cyclin-dependent kinases , for demonstrating its ability to recognize the value of its results outside of its immediate sphere of interest."
	David Baulcombe	botany	"For his profoundly significant recent discoveries for not only plants but for all of biology and for medicine." "For his very significant latest discoveries in relation not just to plants, but to all of biology and medicine."
2007	James Feast	chemistry	"For his outstanding contributions to chemical synthesis with far reaching implications, particularly for the field of functional polymeric materials." "For his outstanding contributions to chemical synthesis with far-reaching implications, especially for the area of ​​functional polymer materials."
	Cyril Hilsum	physics	"For his many outstanding contributions and for continuing to use his prodigious talents on behalf of industry, government and academe to this day." "For his many excellent contributions and for his continued use of his talents to the benefit of industry, the government and the academy to this day."
	Tomas Lindahl	medicine	"For making fundamental contributions to our understanding of DNA repair. His achievements stand out for their great originality, breadth and lasting influence. " “For his fundamental contributions to our understanding of DNA repair. His successes are outstanding because of their great originality, breadth and lasting influence. "
2008	Alan Fersht	chemistry	"For his seminal work in protein engineering, which he has developed into a fundamental tool in enzyme analysis and the problem of protein folding." "For his innovative work on protein engineering , which he developed into a fundamental tool for enzyme analysis, and the problem of protein folding."
	Philip Cohen	biochemistry	"For his major contribution to our understanding of the role of protein phosphorylation in cell regulation." "For his significant contribution to our understanding of the role of protein phosphorylation in cell regulation."
	Robert Hedges	archeology	"For his contribution to the rapid development of accelerator mass spectrometry and radiocarbon dating techniques." "For his contribution to the rapid development of acceleration mass spectrometry and radiocarbon dating methods."
2009	Chintamani Rao	chemistry	"For his highly innovative and diverse contributions to solid-state and materials chemistry." "For his highly innovative and diverse contributions to solid-state and material chemistry"
	Ronald Laskey	biochemistry	"For his pivotal contributions to our understanding of the control of DNA replication and nuclear protein transport, which has led to a novel screening method for cancer diagnosis." "For his key contributions to our understanding of the control of DNA replication and nuclear protein transport, which led to a novel screening method for cancer diagnosis."
	Christopher Dobson	biochemistry	"For his outstanding contributions to the understanding of the mechanisms of protein folding and mis-folding, and the implications for disease." "For his outstanding contributions to the understanding of the mechanisms of protein folding and denaturation and their implications for diseases."
2010	Peter L. Knight	Quantum optics	"For his pioneering research and international leadership in the field of quantum optics and quantum information science." "For his pioneering research and international leadership role also in the field of quantum optics and quantum information technology."
	Azim Surani	biology	"For his pivotal contributions to the understanding of early mammalian development." "For his key contributions to the understanding of the early development of mammals."
	Allen Hill	chemistry	"For his pioneering work on protein electrochemistry, which revolutionized the diagnostic testing of glucose and many other bioelectrochemical assays." "For his pioneering work in protein electrochemistry, which revolutionized glucose diagnostic testing and many other biochemical articles."
2011	Steven Ley	chemistry	"For his pioneering research in organic chemistry and outstanding contributions to the methodology of synthesis."
	Robin Holliday	biology	"For his highly influential discoveries of the 'Holliday junction' structure in meiotic recombination and the function of DNA methylation at CG base pairs."
	Greg Winter	biology	"For his pioneering work in protein engineering and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, and his contributions as an inventor and entrepreneur."
2012	TWB kibble	physics	"For his theories of symmetry-breaking in quantum field theory, with diverse applications to elementary particle masses, vortex formation in Helium 3 and structure formation in the early universe."
	Kenneth Murray	biology	"For his crucial contributions to the development of genetic engineering, to biotechnology and to the study of hepatitis viruses."
	Andrew Holmes	chemistry	"For his outstanding contributions to chemical synthesis at the interface between materials and biology and pioneering the field of organic electronic materials."
2013	Rodney Baxter	physics	"For his remarkable exact solutions of fundamental models in statistical mechanics."
	Walter Bodmer	genetics	"For seminal contributions to population genetics, gene mapping and understanding of familial genetic disease."
	Peter Wells	medicine	"For pioneering the application of the physical and engineering sciences to the development of ultrasonics as a diagnostic and surgical tool which has revolutionized clinical practice."
2014	Terence Tao	mathematics	"For his many deep and varied contributions to mathematics, including harmonic analysis, prime number theory, partial differential equations, combinatorics, computer science, statistics, representation theory, and much more."
	Tony Hunter	Cell biology	"For his discovery of tyrosine phosphorylation by src protein kinase that revolutionized our understanding of cellular signal transduction."
	Howard Morris	Biopharmaceutical	"For his pioneering work in biomolecular mass spectrometry including strategy and instrument design and for outstanding entrepreneurship in biopharmaceutical characterization."
2015	Jocelyn Bell Burnell	astronomy	"For her pivotal contribution in observing, analyzing & understanding pulsars, one of the most important astronomical discoveries of the 20th century."
	Elizabeth Blackburn	biology	"For her work on the prediction and discovery of telomerase and the role of telomeres in protecting and maintaining the genome."
	Christopher Llewellyn Smith	physics	"For his major contributions to the development of the Standard Model, particularly his success in making the case for the building of the Large Hadron Collider."
2016	John Meurig Thomas	chemistry	"For his pioneering work within catalytic chemistry, in particular on single-site heterogeneous catalysts, which have had a major impact on green chemistry, clean technology and sustainability."
	Elizabeth Robertson	biology	"For her innovative work within the field of mouse embryology and development, establishing the pathways involved in early body planning of the mammalian embryo."
	John Goodby	Materials science	"For his major advances and discoveries of new forms of matter and materials, in particular the development of chiral liquid crystals."
2017	Paul Corkum	physics	"For his major contributions to laser physics and the development of the field of attosecond science."
	Peter Grant Rosemary Grant	biology	"For their research on the ecology and evolution of Darwin's finches on the Galapagos, demonstrating that natural selection occurs frequently and that evolution is rapid as a result."
	Melvyn Greaves	medicine	"For his research on surface antigens of normal and leukaemic cells that defined the cellular lineage of different leukaemias and led to procedures now in routine clinical use."
2018	Stephen Sparks	geology	"For his contributions to our understanding of volcanoes, including evaluating their risks and mitigating their hazards."
	Lewis Wolpert	biology	"For his research on morphogenesis and pattern formation that led to the concept of positional information in embryonic development."
	Shankar Balasubramanian David Klenerman	biology	"For their co-development of DNA sequencing techniques transforming biology and genomic medicine."
2019	Carol Robinson	biology	"For her pioneering work on structural biology improving the understanding of proteins their interactions and functional regulation."
	Michel Goedert	biology	"For identifying and characterizing assembled tau protein and alpha-synuclein and showing that they form the inclusions of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases."
	Ann Dowling	physics	"For her leading research on the reduction of combustion, aerodynamic noise and the design of aircraft, and her distinguished services to engineering."
2020	Herbert Huppert	geophysics	"For outstanding achievements in the physical sciences. He has been at the forefront of research in fluid mechanics. As an applied mathematician he has consistently developed highly original analysis of key natural and industrial processes. Further to his research, he has chaired policy work on how science can help defend against terrorism, and Carbon Capture and Storage in Europe. "
	Caroline Dean	biology	“For outstanding achievements in the biological sciences. Her work has explained the molecular mechanisms underlying seasonal timing in plants, thus discovering fundamental processes of plant developmental timing and the epigenetic basis of vernalization. "
	Ian Shanks	engineering	“For work which extended knowledge of liquid crystals and applied this successfully to invent novel LCDs. He developed commercial diabetes test strips, which have revolutionized the control and therefore the lives of diabetics worldwide. "

literature

• James Hudson: Report on the adjudication of the Copley, Rumford and Royal medals: and appointement of the Bakerian, Croonian and Fairchild lectures . Richard Taylor, London 1834 (online) .
• Awards of the Royal Medal . In: Charles Richard Weld: A History of the Royal Society: With Memoirs of the Presidents . Volume 2, JW Parker, London 1848, pp. 573-575 (online) .

Web links

• The Royal Medals on the website of the Royal Society (English)

Individual evidence

1. ^ Charles Darwin, Frederick Burkhardt, Sydney Smith: The Correspondence of Charles Darwin: 1851-1855 . Cambridge University Press, 1985, ISBN 978-0-521-25591-2 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).