Znamensk (Kaliningrad)

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settlement
Znamensk
Wehlau

Знаменск
coat of arms
coat of arms
Federal district Northwest Russia
Oblast Kaliningrad
Rajon Gwardeisk
Earlier names Wehlau (until 1947)
Settlement since 2005
population 4036 inhabitants
(as of Oct. 14, 2010)
Height of the center m
Time zone UTC + 2
Telephone code (+7) 40159
Post Code 238200
License Plate 39, 91
OKATO 27 206 802 008
Geographical location
Coordinates 54 ° 37 '  N , 21 ° 13'  E Coordinates: 54 ° 37 '0 "  N , 21 ° 13' 0"  E
Znamensk (Kaliningrad) (European Russia)
Red pog.svg
Location in the western part of Russia
Znamensk (Kaliningrad) (Kaliningrad Oblast)
Red pog.svg
Location in Kaliningrad Oblast
Wehlaulokal.jpg

Znamensk ( Russian Знаменск ( listen ? / I ); German Wehlau ) is a settlement in Gwardeisk Raion in the Russian Oblast of Kaliningrad in historic East Prussia . The place has 4036 inhabitants (as of October 14, 2010) and belongs to the municipal self-government unit of the Gwardeisk district . Audio file / audio sample

Geographical location

Znamensk is located at the mouth of the Lawa ( Alle ) in the Pregel , about ten kilometers southeast of Gwardeisk ( Tapiau ).

history

Wehlau east of Königsberg (right edge of the picture, can be enlarged by clicking) and the surrounding villages on a map from 1910
Iron Pregel Bridge at the city entrance, in the background the tower of the city church
Ruins of the St. Jabobi Church built in 1349 (2011)

Originally a Prussian castle (Old Prussia, Prussen) stood in the place of the place , around which a settlement called Velowe arose, which was mentioned in a document in 1258 (1326 Wilaw ; 1405 Wilouwe , Welouwe ). The name suggests a pagan place of worship (Prussian wele : soul, spirits of the deceased; welauks, welawa : soul field, dead field , cemetery). The Nadrauer Castle was taken over by the Teutonic Order , but destroyed by the Sudauern in 1281 .

In 1336 Gottfried Hundertmark received from the Teutonic Order Commander Heinrich Dusemer with the permission of the Grand Master Dietrich von Altenburg the order to found a city according to Kulm law .

After the city was razed to the ground by Lithuanians under Kęstutis (Kynstut) in 1347 , Grand Master Winrich von Kniprode had a new, fortified city built. The Jacobi Church , one of the oldest and most beautiful in the province , also dates from this period .

In 1349 a Franciscan monastery was founded in Wehlau at the instigation of Heinrich Dusemer . In the course of the disputes in the Franciscan order over the interpretation of the vows of poverty , a second Franciscan monastery was built in front of the city in 1477, in which the brothers lived according to the rules of stricter observance . The younger of the two monasteries was destroyed in 1520 in the so-called equestrian war of the Teutonic Order against Poland by the inhabitants of Wehlau so that it could not serve as a base for the enemy. The Grand Master of the Teutonic Order then united both monasteries in the city. However, in the course of the Reformation it was abolished in 1524.

In 1440 Wehlau was a founding member of the Prussian Association of Cities . After its declaration of war on the Teutonic Order in 1454, the city was besieged by the Order and captured in 1460. Duke Albrecht of Prussia called Wehlau his "dear rose" and is said to have thought about building a university here instead of in Königsberg.

During the Second Northern War between Sweden and Poland , King John II Casimir of Poland renounced the feudal sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia in the Treaty of Wehlau on September 19, 1657 . In return for the restoration of the sovereignty of the Duchy of Prussia, Elector Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg resigned from the alliance with Sweden.

Horse market in Wehlau

Wehlau became known in the following period through the horse trade . Large horse markets were held at the beginning of July each year, with a surge of up to 10,000 horses. Since 1818 the city was the administrative seat of the district of Wehlau , administrative district of Königsberg of the province of East Prussia . The neighboring town of Tapiau belonged to the district .

In 1852, the Allenberg Provincial Sanatorium was opened.

In January 1945 the district was occupied by the Red Army . The old town with its rectangular floor plan and the many gabled houses has since been almost completely destroyed. Unless they had already fled, the resident population was subsequently expelled and replaced by settlers from the Soviet Union . In 1947, Wehlau was renamed Znamensk (translated to about Bannerstadt ). The place lost its city rights and was classified as an urban-type settlement . When the rural community of Znamenskoye was established in 2005, Znamensk lost this status and has been classified as a simple settlement ever since. In 2014 the place was incorporated into the newly formed urban district of Gwardeisk.

Znamenskoye selskoye posseleniye 2005-2014

The rural community of Znamenskoje selskoje posselenije (ru. Знаменское сельское поселение) was established in 2005. The Znamenskoye selskoje posselenije included ten villages, each classified as a “settlement” (Russian: possjolok), which had previously been administered from Znamensk or belonged to the Oserski selski okrug village district . In 2014 the places of the rural community were incorporated into the urban district of Gwardeisk .

Place name German name
Bolshaya Polyana (Большая Поляна) Paterswalde
Gordoje (Гордое) Bürgersdorf
Jagodnoye (Ягодное) Lindendorf
Yelnyaki (Ельняки) Frischenau
Rechnoe (Речное) Magottes
Rownoje (Ровное) Romau
Rutschji (Ручьи) Bieberswalde
Znamensk (Знаменск) Wehlau
Suchodolje (Суходолье) Klein Nuhr
Telmanowo (Тельманово) Richau

Population development

year Residents comment
1768 2.017
1782 2,627 in 274 households, not including the garrison
1798 2,387
1828 3.138
1875 5,178
1880 5,422
1890 5,385 69 Catholics and 67 Jews
1910 5,288
1933 7,534 mostly evangelicals
1939 8,606
1959 4.159
1970 5,130
1979 4,813
1989 4,570
2002 4,302
2010 4.036

Note : census data in each case

School system

In Wehlau there was probably the beginnings of a Protestant higher education institution as early as the 16th century. 1541 becomes Thom. Rohden named as a schoolmaster. The school soon developed into a regular high school and left the university. It received special support from Mayor Steinfeld and was able to move into a new building in 1729. In 1810 it lost the status of a fully fledged secondary school with a high school diploma. After it had been expanded as a middle school to a secondary school in 1843, it later received the status of a secondary school with Latin as a compulsory subject.

Churches

Orthodox

In the 1990s, a new Orthodox church was built in Znamensk. The parish there belongs to the diocese of Kaliningrad and Baltijsk of the Russian Orthodox Church .

Catholic

The former Catholic Church from 1928 was returned after tough negotiations. Extensive renovation work began in 2010. In 2012, the rebuilt house of God was consecrated as the Church of Our Lady of Sorrows. The organ comes from the only Russian organ builder Pawel Tschilin , has 14 stops over two manuals and pedal .

Former Protestant parish church St. Jacobi

The former Protestant town church St. Jacobi is now only a ruin and cannot be used. It is a late Gothic hall building from 1349 and dates from the time of the order .

Former Allenberg Church

In the southern district of Allenberg (Russian: Chlebnikowo) there was also the community of the Provincial Sanatorium Allenberg (formerly also called insane asylum).

Former monasteries

No traces are known of the two medieval Franciscan monasteries in Wehlau and their churches.

History of the Protestant Church

Since the time of the Reformation , Wehlau, with its majority Protestant population, had a Protestant parish with a large parish until 1945 . The Reformation entered the city after Pentecost in 1524. Wehlau belonged to the church district of the same name in the church province of East Prussia of the Church of the Old Prussian Union .

After 1945, during the time of the Soviet Union, church life was not allowed. It was not until the 1990s that new Protestant parishes formed in the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast , of which the one in Bolshaya Polyana ( Paterswalde ) is closest to Znamensk. It is incorporated into the Kaliningrad provost within the Evangelical Lutheran Church of European Russia .

Church district Wehlau

The church district Wehlau existed until 1945 and was part of the church province of East Prussia within the church of the Old Prussian Union . In the area of ​​the church district there were twelve parishes with the associated parishes:

Name (until 1946) Today's name
Allenburg Druzhba
Goldbach Slavinsk
Groß Engelau Demyanovka
Big Schirrau Dalneje
Grünhayn Krasnaya Gorka
Cremates Losovoye
Paterswalde Bolshaya Polyana
Petersdorf Kuibyshevskoye
Plibischken Glushkovo
Starkenberg Krasnoborskoye,
now: Krasny Bor
Tapiau Gwardeisk
Wehlau Znamensk

Until 1928, the parish of Klein Schönau (Russian: Oktjabrskoje) also belonged to the Wehlau inspection, but it was then reclassified to the Friedland (Eastern Pr.) (Prawdinsk) parish .

In the 1990s, five new evangelical parishes emerged in the area of ​​the former church district of Wehlau, namely in Bolschaja Poljana ( Paterswalde ), Druzhba , ( Allenburg ), Gwardeisk ( Tapiau ) and Talpaki ( Taplacken ).

Attractions

Pregelbrücke in Wehlau (YOC 1880)

The landmark of the place is the ruin of the parish church, the tower of which was renovated by means of the former residents and provided with a viewing platform.

The historic old town of Wehlau was almost completely destroyed in 1945 and afterwards. Lost sights include:

  • Parish church with rich furnishings (preserved as a ruin)
  • Town hall, with Gothic gable, often rebuilt, with roof turret; here on September 19, 1657 the Treaty of Wehlau was concluded
  • Stone gate, Gothic
  • Hook booths at the town hall
  • numerous gabled houses from the 18th and 19th centuries
  • Schanze, square in front of the city, scene of one of the largest horse markets in Europe

The preserved sights include:

  • Water tower
  • Catholic Church, built in 1929, (not far from the "Old Cemetery")
  • Building of the former Teutonic Order School (a school is also housed in the building today)
  • The old cemetery (not far from the water tower) with a large number of preserved graves from German times. The very well-preserved “hereditary burial site of the Laue family on Pinnau” from 1849 should be emphasized. This is a brick-built crypt in north German brick Gothic on the edge of the cemetery. The inscription and the massive door of the burial place have been preserved.

Others:

Town hall Wehlau
  • The former old town, which includes the former market square, was almost completely wiped out after the war. Of the pre-war development, apart from the ruins of the parish church, there is only one building on the former Klosterstrasse / corner of Kleine Vorstadt . New buildings were occasionally erected. The area's only thoroughfare is at the level of the former Kirchenstrasse and Klosterstrasse .
  • The former marketplace and the immediate surroundings have been completely redesigned since 2012. On the now "Central Square" there is a large boulder with the inscription "Реконструкция Центральной площади Знаменск - Wehlau год 2012" ( Reconstruction / Reconstruction of the Central Square Znamensk - Wehlau in 2012 ). The square will be redesigned to resemble a park with paths, sculptures and seating. A reconstruction or reconstruction of old buildings and streets is not planned.

Personalities

Sons and daughters of the place

People working in the place

  • Erhardus Sperber (1529–1608), Protestant archpriest of Wehlau, theological writer
  • Albert Lömpcke (1853–1939), District Administrator of the Wehlau district from 1883 to 1897
  • Hugo Linck (1890–1976), pastor

Sponsorships

The then district town Syke ( district Diepholz , Lower Saxony ) took over a sponsorship for former residents of the former district town Wehlau in East Prussia in the 1950s . In the Syker district museum there is a "Wehlauer Heimatstube" with corresponding exhibits. A home meeting takes place here every year.

traffic

The Znamensk rural municipality has excellent transport links. To the north in west-east direction which runs through railway line Kaliningrad ( Konigsberg ) -Gussew ( Gumbinnen ) -Nesterow ( Stallupönen , from 1938 to 1946 Ebenrode ) to continue to Lithuania the municipality. Until 1945, Snamensk was the starting point for the railway line to Friedland and Bartenstein , which opened in 1911 and which was extended to Heilsberg (Polish: Lidzbark Warmiński) in 1916 . After 1945 the railway systems to Bartoszyce were dismantled.

The Russian trunk road R 514 (former German Reichsstrasse 142 ) runs from north to south, which is crossed in Znamensk by the west-east trunk road R508 .

See also

literature

  • Abraham Döring and Andreas Rösenick: Description of the city of Wehlau . In: Illustrated Prussia , 46th piece, Königsberg 1727, pp. 673–710.
  • August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland . Brothers Bornträger, Konigsberg 1835, p 477-478, no. 92. .
  • Speech at the 500th anniversary of the city of Wehlau on January 25, 1836, in the town hall there . In: Preußische Provinzialblätter , Volume 15, Königsberg 1836, pp. 376-384 ( Online, Google ).
  • Abraham Döring: Actual and thorough description of the construction of the city of Welau , 1625.
  • Adolf Rogge and Christian Ziegler: Notes on the history of the city of Wehlau and the church there - A contribution to the commemoration of the 500th anniversary of the parish church in Wehlau , 1880.
  • Friedrich Wilhelm Pirscher: Parish Wehlau in topographical and statistical terms . In: Prussian provincial sheets . New series, year 1844, pp. 309–318; Born in 1845, Marienwerder 1845, pp. 778–794.
  • Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I: Topography of East Prussia . Marienwerder 1785, p. 13 ( full text ).
  • Hermann Fischer: History of the City of Wehlau , 1936.
  • Weissemmel: Overview of the existing institutions in Wehlau for the local public education system . In. Prussian provincial sheets . Volume 24, Königsberg 1840, pp. 565-568.

Web links

Commons : Znamensk  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. a b Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Kaliningradskaya oblastʹ. (Results of the 2010 all-Russian census. Kaliningrad Oblast.) Volume 1 , Table 4 (Download from the website of the Kaliningrad Oblast Territorial Organ of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
  2. Dieter Berg (Ed.): Traces of Franciscan History. Chronological outline of the history of the Saxon Franciscan provinces from their beginnings to the present. Werl 1999, p. 115.
  3. Dieter Berg (Ed.): Traces of Franciscan History. Chronological outline of the history of the Saxon Franciscan provinces from their beginnings to the present. Werl 1999, p. 197.251.259.
  4. ^ Max Toeppen : Document Fund . In: Old Prussian monthly . Volume 6, Königsberg 1869, pp. 270-280. .
  5. Through the Закон Калининградской области от 24 февраля 2005 г. № 502 «О наделении муниципального образования" Гвардейский район "статусом муниципального района и об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципальных образований , находящихся на его территории" (Law of the Kaliningrad Oblast on 24 February 2005, No. 502. About the equipping of municipal Education "Gwardeisk Raion" with the status of a municipal Raion and about setting the boundaries and equipping with the corresponding status of the municipal formations located on its territory)
  6. a b c Leopold Krug : The Prussian Monarchy . Part 1: Province of East Prussia , Berlin 1833, p. 296.
  7. ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I: Topography of East Prussia . Marienwerder 1785, p. 13 .
  8. a b c d Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. East Prussia - Wehlau district. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  9. The Big Brockhaus . 15th edition, 20th volume, Leipzig 1935, p. 101.
  10. ^ L. Wiese: The higher school system in Prussia. Historical-statistical representation. Berlin 1864, p. 57 ( full text )
  11. Two unique organs were installed in the Kaliningrad region Klops, 2017
  12. ↑ Parishes in the Wehlau district (as above)