Trudering-Riem

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Trudering-Riem
State capital Munich
Coordinates: 48 ° 7 ′ 0 ″  N , 11 ° 39 ′ 30 ″  E
Area : 22.45 km²
Residents : 73,479  (Dec. 31, 2019)
Population density : 3,273 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : July 1, 1913
Postcodes : 81735, 81825, 81827, 81829
Area code : 089
map
Location of Trudering-Riem in Munich
Climate diagram of Munich-Riem.

Trudering-Riem is the city ​​district 15 of the Bavarian capital Munich .

Location and structure

Subdistricts and neighboring districts of the city district 15 in Munich

The city district covers the eastern area of ​​Munich. In the west it borders on the boroughs Berg am Laim and Bogenhausen , in the south on the borough Ramersdorf-Perlach , in the north on Johanneskirchen and in the east on the communities Aschheim , Feldkirchen , Haar and Putzbrunn (all in the district of Munich ).

The following sub-districts exist:

  • At the moss field
  • Garden city of Trudering
  • Kirchtrudering
  • Messestadt Riem
  • Neutrudering
  • Riem
  • Straßtrudering
  • Waldtrudering

The old town center of Riem is located around the St. Martin church on Martin-Empl-Ring. The old town center of Kirchtrudering is around the parish church of St. Peter and Paul in Kirchtruderinger Strasse, while that of Straßtrudering is at the intersection of Truderinger Strasse and Bajuwarenstrasse.

history

History of Trudering

The oldest written mention of Trudering was found in 772 as Truhtheringa . The name is traced back to the proper name of a clan chief Truhtheri or Drudheri ( Truchteri in other sources ).

Early history

Trudering was already inhabited during the Stone Age . The reason for the relatively early settlement was probably the abundance of water in the area. A stone ax that was found on the Truderinger railway line was estimated to be over 5000 years old. During the construction of Munich-Riem Airport , two Hallstatt-era burial mounds were found 600 meters north of the Gronsdorf Church . At Truchthari-Anger , also near the Martin-Empl-Ring, an urn field from the Hallstatt period, the remains of a settlement from the La Tène period (and a kiln from the Roman period) were discovered during experimental excavations . Of the more than a thousand found objects, a Celtic grave with a relatively well-preserved skeleton with a bronze sword and crockery is archaeologically most valuable. Parts of these excavations can be seen in the Museum of Prehistory and Early History of the State Archaeological Collection in Munich. At the end of 2000, a settlement from the early La Tene period was excavated on Haffstrasse.

In June 1980, aerial archeology was able to locate the traces of a previous larger wooden structure north of the Riem airport. The building, around 25 meters long and a good ten meters wide, framed by a colonnade, was probably a Roman manor.

One of the largest prehistoric burial grounds in the Munich area was found south of the Martin-Empl-Ring near the Rappenweg in the new exhibition area in August 1955 and systematically excavated by the Office for Monument Preservation. There were around 100 modestly furnished graves from the 7th century. The preserved objects such as earrings, belt clasps and other jewelry, knives and other small objects indicate peasant settlers. A skeleton had the remains of a sax in the crook of its arm. The remains of helmets and lances were also found in some graves.

Around 500 - settlement of the "Truchtaro"

Possibly around the year 500 a farmer and clan leader named "Truchtaro" or similar settled with his clan , servants and maids in the area of ​​Trudering. At that time, bears and wolves still lived here in a wooded area (bush, birch and oak groves ). Truchtaro was probably a follower of a feudal lord, a connection to the noble landlord Fagana is suspected. The aristocratic Fagana family was one of the most influential ruling families in early Bavaria and is expressly mentioned in the Lex Baiuvariorum . Where Truchtaro's farm was located has not yet been clearly established. After extensive investigations, the Zehentbauerhof in Kirchtrudering is most likely to be the first settlement site . As the Truchtaro clan grew, there were certainly contacts to other clans who settled in the area, and probably also with the 'indigenous people'. The settlement of the Truchtaro gradually developed into a village that the people called Truhtheringa , Truchteringa or similar after the first settler , which has been transformed into Trudering to this day . Truchteringa was not too far south of two important ducal courts, namely Oberföhring with the Isar crossing and Aschheim , where Duke Tassilo III. 756/57 held the first Bavarian state synod and the first Bavarian state parliament .

The Hiltiprant's deed of gift

The oldest known and preserved written mention of the place Trudering in a deed of donation comes from the year 772. The document attests that a certain Hiltiprant has land in Truhtheringa , which he had on loan from the last Agilolfinger- Duke Tassilo III, who was related to him . had received, bequeathed to the diocese of Freising . The translation of the document written in Latin reads:

In the name of Christ! I, Hiltiprant, fell from my horse because of my sins while riding carelessly. I broke my skull, so the doctors gave me up. I lay down in pain. These sufferings drove me to ask my lords, the most noble Duke, Mr Tasillo, to allow me to donate some of the goods that I have been given on loan to the Church. Considering our consanguinity and considering my great merits, Duke Tasillo agreed with generous kindness to my request. So far, I had lawfully used the lands I received as a reward for my services. They are located in the Truhtheringa area […] The donation is as follows: The above-mentioned lands with serfs , courtyards, buildings, meadows, pastures, forests, watercourses and everything that belongs to the fief and is subject to its rights are owned by the Church of pure and immaculate Virgin Mary and burial place of the confessor of Christ, Korbinian, transferred to Freising and assigned. This donation was in the spirit of my most distinguished Duke. It is supposed to be penance for my sins. This was done in the presence of Bishop Arbeo [...] so that through my gift from the gracious Lord, our gracious God, I may deserve a great deal of forgiveness [...] This happened at Freising in the 25th year of the reign of Mr. Tassilo , our most illustrious Duke, on Judgment Day in the Ides of September. I, Sundarheri, wrote this deed of gift on the orders of Bishop Arbeo and witnesses have confirmed it.

This donation and certification was attested by the signatures of several nobles, such as Ratolt , Popo , and Situli , who can be assigned to the Huosi family . These aristocrats are themselves associated with the founding or initial mention of localities, such as Bogenhausen von Poponen , the Freimann founded by the Situli , and the Ratolte also belong to the founding clan of Freimann and the neighboring Gronsdorf . Despite Hiltiprant's generous donation to the church, large parts of Trudering remained in aristocratic manor.

The noble woman Uta and the Uta saga

Another important founding person is the noble Mrs. Uta.

Between 1080 and 1090 the noble Mrs. Uta transferred large parts of Trudering to the church. This certificate is only available in third-party writing. This event soon drew several stories and legends.

Little is known of Uta, who gave her land (550 days of arable land) to the church in Trudering. In keeping with the generous foundation, Truderinger is said to have remembered the Lady every Sunday and prayed for the salvation of her soul on the anniversary into the 20th century. To make the memorial service all the more joyful, they should be given a bread donation.

A saga is the Uta saga, known in several variations, in which Uta's husband is a common knight (often Cuno by name) who slaves his serfs whenever he can. His wife, on the other hand, has pity and secretly tries to alleviate a little the injustice her husband has committed by giving bread, eggs and ham from the castle to the sick and starving. One day, however, when she comes back to the castle, she sees the castle suddenly being swallowed up by the earth with a loud rumble - including the heartless knight Cuno. This hole has been called the Uta Cave ever since . The sink was or is actually there. The peculiar thing about the depression (about five meters) was that the upper layers of the earth were the same as those in the vicinity. So it looked like that deep down the ground had sunk and took the upper layers of the earth with it. The farmers from the area told of a castle and a bad knight, whose reign of terror came to a terrible end.

The land from the Utaische donation to the Truderinger Church was leased by the latter to farmers who had to pay taxes for it. The church in Trudering is mentioned for the first time in the Utaischen donation (around 1085).

Originally the church was built in the Gothic style. The first local clergyman known by name, whose tombstone is still preserved, was called Haring (1474). The Truderinger Hüllgraben, created for drainage, begins less than 20 meters from the church .

Trudering from the Middle Ages to modern times

Trudering and Riem on a map from 1858
Munich-Riem Airport

In the 12th and 13th centuries, the two early medieval settlement centers, Kirch- and Straßtrudering, grew together as a double village . Trudering came more and more into the interests of the Munich bourgeoisie. Trudering has been closely linked to Munich's history from the very beginning, as Munich's founding in 1158 led the important salt route from Wasserburg am Inn and Reichenhall / Salzburg via the Truderinger area. Many privileged patricians not only bought but were given fiefs in Trudering. B. Ulrich Ragausch in 1352.

With one exception, a large property in Kirchtrudering, which probably belongs to the core of the first Bavarian settlement of the 6th century, the areas of the Hiltiprant donation were often given away, exchanged or sold.

Over the next few centuries the citizens of Trudering experienced constant ups and downs. Catastrophes, plague epidemics and the Thirty Years' War brought Trudering to the brink of complete collapse several times in the 16th and 17th centuries.

The community was formed in 1818 (consisting of Kirch- and Straßtrudering). At the beginning of the 20th century, various settlements emerged in the municipality, such as the garden city Trudering, Waldtrudering and Neu-Trudering. The incorporation to Munich took place on April 1, 1932; the last mayor of Trudering was Gustav Lindner.

The proximity to nature in the city district was impaired for a long time by aircraft noise , as the former Munich-Riem Airport was located in the middle between Riem and Trudering. Trudering was also affected by several plane crashes. The most momentous occurred on February 6, 1958, when British-European-Airways flight 609 with the Manchester United football team on board crashed on the outskirts of Trudering after an unsuccessful start. Of the 44 people on board, 23 were killed and the other 21 injured. Too much snow on the runway had prevented the fan gun from picking up enough speed to take off safely. There has been a memorial stone at the crash site since 2004.

In a plane crash on August 11, 1987 , nine people were killed. A twin-engine small plane crashed on Wasserburger Landstrasse near Nikolaus-Prugger-Weg and hit a public transport bus operated by the Munich municipal utilities . This and the neighboring McDonald’s restaurant were totally destroyed. In 1989 another plane crashed into a residential building, both pilots were killed. The airport was closed on May 16, 1992.

Seven years after the last plane crash, a bus accident occurred in Trudering on September 20, 1994, just a few hundred meters from the scene of the accident , when the unfinished tunnel ceiling at the station gave way due to water ingress and a line bus backed down into the depths during the construction of the new Trudering underground station crashed. A memorial stone at the bus station of Truderinger Bahnhof today commemorates the three fatalities (two passengers and a construction worker who had tried to warn the bus driver).

On May 29, 1999, the new subway from the city center to the new exhibition center opened.

The treasure arch - an important connecting road in Trudering - was named after master builder Hans Schatz (1872–1970), who was mayor of Trudering from 1919 to 1923.

Trudering is now considered an upscale residential area in Munich and its residents are well-off. 14.9 percent of Truderinger households have a net income of € 7,500 or more; the average purchasing power of households (28,731 euros per district inhabitant and year) is the highest in Munich. Waldtrudering is also one of the most expensive residential areas in Munich.

In contrast to the neighboring areas of Messestadt Riem and Neuperlach , Trudering has received its small-town character through its many single-family houses, the well-kept smaller residential complexes and an intact “village center”. The only exceptions are the major construction projects on the Friedenspromenade between Gartenstadt- and Waldtrudering as well as the settlement on Bajuwarenstraße. These are characterized by multi-storey buildings and mixed with regard to social classes.

The self-confidence of the (old) residents is also reflected in Trudering's self-image. For example, the Kirchtruderinger maypole has been adorned with the saying “Mir sama Leit. I have a gut feeling. I have some money. So san ma g'stell ".

History of Riems

Riemer Park
Aerial view of the Messestadt Riem (left) and the Munich Exhibition Center (right)

Many archaeological finds have been made in the Riemer area, the oldest dating from around 700 BC. The first documentary mention of Riem is dated to 957/972 (according to other sources 788), but Riem was probably founded around 700 by a Frankish knight who settled there with his serfs . The name Riema , which probably originated in the 9th century, is attributed by some to the meaning of "belt", since the original place with its courtyards is built around the church like a belt. Other voices also interpret it as a “settlement on the canal” or “on the eaves”, which, according to this hypothesis, points to the enveloping ditch , a groundwater flow that comes to the surface near Riem.

The oldest church in what is now the Trudering-Riem district is located in the former village of Riem. In 1183, about 200 years after Riems was first mentioned as a church village, the stone building of St. Martin's Church was documented in writing. For centuries, Riem was an important post station and resting place for carts on the Munich – Mühldorf route .

From 1818 Riem was an independent municipality, later it was added to the municipality of Dornach (now part of Aschheim ) for some time . The horse racing track in Riem was built from 1895 to 1897 . It was incorporated into the city of Munich on January 1, 1937.

Until 1992, Riem was the location of the Munich-Riem International Airport . From 1994, the new exhibition grounds and apartments were built on part of the old airport site. The tower and the coat of arms hall were preserved as monuments. The newly created district of Messestadt Riem is separated from the district of Riem by the motorway. A new shopping center with shops, boutiques, restaurants and a hotel opened in the Riem Arcaden in 2004 , and an ecumenical church center was built next to it.

The larger part of the old airport area was redesigned to the Riemer Park , in which a federal garden show was presented from April 28 to October 9, 2005 .

On September 10, 2006, Pope Benedict XVI celebrated A Holy Mass at the Riem exhibition grounds with 250,000 believers . No other fortified square in the city is of the size required for this. A large altar was built for this purpose.

Michaeliburg

Michaeliburg on July 2nd, 2009

The Michaeliburg settlement is now the south-western part of the Straßtrudering sub-district. It is named after the first settler, Michael Obermeyer, whose tavern, built in 1898, has a castle-like character due to its towers. The settlement that emerged at the beginning of the 20th century was partly on Perlacher , partly on Truderinger municipality and was incorporated into the city of Munich together with the original municipalities on January 1, 1930 and April 1, 1932.

The Michaeliburg building , which is not listed , has now been demolished and three apartment buildings have been built in its place.

politics

11
10
6th
2
1
1
11 10 6th 
A total of 31 seats
District committee election 2020
(Votes in percent)
 %
40
30th
20th
10
0
36.5%
30.8%
18.1%
7.9%
4.3%
2.4%
Gains and losses
compared to 2014
 % p
 16
 14th
 12
 10
   8th
   6th
   4th
   2
   0
  -2
  -4
  -6
  -8th
-10
-8.2  % p
+ 14.1  % p
-9.5  % p
+ 7.9  % p
+ 0.4  % p
+ 2.4  % p

The Trudering-Riem district committee was last elected on March 15, 2020. The distribution of seats is as follows: CSU 11, Greens 10, SPD 6, FW 2, FDP 1 and Linke 1.

Infrastructure

traffic

Road traffic

The city district is connected to the Mittlerer Ring and the A 99 via Wasserburger Landstrasse and Kreillerstrasse . The A 94 has three junctions within the district. Numerous main streets open up the city quarters and lead to the adjacent Munich city districts and district communities.

railroad

Trudering S-Bahn station

Three railway lines run in the area of ​​the Trudering-Riem district . The Munich – Rosenheim railway line, which opened on October 15, 1871, runs on the border between the Kirch-, Straß- and Waldtrudering districts. Trudering station was the only station in the district to go into operation with the railway line. Before that, the Munich – Mühldorf railway was put into operation on May 1, 1871 , and at the same time forms the northern district border as far as Riemer Straße. After the Munich-Riem station , which opened with the railway line, the railway line is the city limit to the district of Munich. Another single-track connection route used only by freight traffic is the Munich Nordring , which opened on June 5, 1909 and connects the Trudering train station within the district to the Munich East – Munich Airport line to Daglfing .

Due to its important role as a long-distance route to the south and south-east, the railway line to Rosenheim was expanded to double tracks as early as 1892. In 1897, the Munich-Berg am Laim stop in the Trudering catchment area was opened. Electrification followed in 1927, presumably at the same time as that of the Munich North Ring. Despite the numerous express trains on the route, Trudering station was only connected to Munich by single passenger trains. The railway line to Mühldorf was also expanded to two tracks. With the commissioning of the Munich S-Bahn network , the line was also electrified. With the commissioning of the S-Bahn network, a new stop in Gronsdorf in the Truderinger catchment area was opened in addition to a faster connection to Munich city center . The railway line to Rosenheim is served by S-Bahn lines 4 and 6 to Grafing, the Mühldorf route to Markt Schwaben with S-Bahn line 2.

East of the Munich-Riem station on the railway line to Mühldorf is the transshipment station of the Deutsche Bahn subsidiary Deutsche Umschlaggesellschaft Schiene-Straße (DUSS), which opened in 1992 . The DUSS Terminal in Munich-Riem , with ten 700 m long tracks, is the largest of its kind in Germany. A portal crane spans five tracks at a time . In 2012 the transshipment station was expanded with another five tracks and another gantry crane.

city ​​traffic

The Trudering underground station opened in 1999

For Trudering, the Trudering underground and S-Bahn station is the central transfer point for local public transport . The S-Bahn has stopped here since 1972, and the U-Bahn since 1999 . The MVG bus routes 139, 185, 192, 193 and 194 run from the residential areas to Truderinger Bahnhof.

Trudering has only been connected to the Munich night line network since December 2007. Starting at the terminus St.-Veit-Straße of the night tram line N19, the line N79 serves the subdistricts Neutrudering, Gartenstadt Trudering, Waldtrudering and Straßtrudering on the nights before Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays.

Messestadt Riem is connected to the local public transport network via the Messestadt West and Messestadt Ost underground stations on line 2 , which was extended in 1999 . The central transfer hub within the Messestadt is the Messestadt West station, where, in addition to the underground, the bus lines 139, 183, 190, 234, 263 and 264 stop, which connect the nearby residential areas and the Munich area with the underground. Link train station. The Munich-Riem train station forms the transport hub in Alt-Riem. In addition to the S-Bahn line 2, the bus lines 190, 194, 263 and 264 run in this area. The bus line 183 also runs through Alt-Riem, but it runs south of the Riem train station. In night traffic, Riem and the trade fair city are accessible via the daily bus line N74.

The Moosfeld underground station and the Gronsdorf S-Bahn station open up smaller catchment areas.

Commercial and service structure

Shops for daily needs and supermarkets can be found mainly on Truderinger Straße in the Schmuckerweg area (Truderinger Stachus) , on Wasserburger Landstraße in the Phantasiestraße area and, for some years now, in the new development area on the Friedenspromenade. Apart from the main traffic axes, there are no shops to be found in Trudering for long stretches and the daily shopping trips can usually only be managed by car or bus. A considerable number of car dealers, petrol stations and fast food restaurants have also settled along Wasserburger Landstrasse as the main traffic axis.

The Riem Arcaden shopping center is located in the Messestadt Riem . Since Trudering-Riem is predominantly a residential area, larger contiguous commercial areas can only be found in Moosfeld along the Stahlgruberring and in the outskirts of the Messestadt Riem.

The brewery of the Staatliches Hofbräuhaus was relocated in the 1980s from the Hofbräukeller in Haidhausen to Riem near the Bundesautobahn 94 .

In Waldtrudering on Wasserburger Landstrasse there is a medium-sized branch of the Munich City Library .

The Bavarian Red Cross, Munich District Association maintains the Trudering ambulance in the old Truderinger town hall at Truderinger Straße 288 with 5 emergency vehicles (one ambulance with 24-hour standby, another ambulance from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m., two ambulances, each with an 8-hour or 6-hour standby and a SEG vehicle with 24-hour standby, which is used in the event of major damage). The entire area of ​​Trudering-Riem, as well as the surrounding districts and communities, is supplied by the rescue station.

schools

In district 15 there are seven primary schools and two secondary schools, two of which are primary schools and one secondary school in the Messestadt Riem. In addition, since 2005 there has been a private secondary school near the Truderinger train station. The Munich city council decided in 2009 to build its own Truderinger grammar school on Friedenspromenade. Construction began in 2011. The opening took place in 2013. To date, the supply of public secondary schools and grammar schools has been taken over by the schools in the neighboring districts of Berg am Laim and Neuperlach .

The state vocational school Munich-Land is located in Riem for the training professions of farmer , housekeeper and horse manager .

Social facilities

Trudering neighborhood meeting place

The Trudering neighborhood meeting place is an institution sponsored by the Verein für Sozialarbeit eV, with the aim of networking citizens socially. For example, rooms are made available for joint activities. It was launched in 2014.

Churches

Catholic

Evangelical

  • Friedenskirche in Trudering
  • The Sophienkirche in the Messestadt Riem was inaugurated in 2005. The parish uses the ecumenical community center together with the Catholic parish of St. Florian.

Architectural monuments

Statistics and population development


(As of December 31, residents with main residence)

year Residents including foreigners Inhabitants
per km²
2000 42,996 05,828 (13.6%) 1.915
2001 45,403 06,687 (14.7%) 2,022
2002 47,186 07,456 (15.8%) 2,101
2003 47,919 07,493 (15.6%) 2.134
2004 48,914 07,546 (15.4%) 2,178
2005 50,990 08,032 (15.8%) 2,271
2006 53,915 08,723 (16.2%) 2,402
2007 56,487 09,223 (16.3%) 2,516
2008 59,031 09,876 (16.7%) 2,628
2009 60,879 10,321 (17.0%) 2,710
2010 62,756 11,078 (17.7%) 2,795
2011 64,983 12,173 (18.7%) 2,895
2012 65,869 12,466 (18.9%) 2,934
2013 67.009 13,023 (19.4%) 2,985
2014 68,063 13,747 (20.2%) 3,032
2015 69,830 14,849 (21.3%) 3.110
2016 71,448 16,239 (22.7%) 3,182
2017 72.006 16,225 (22.5%) 3,207
2018 73.206 17,039 (23.3%) 3,261
2019 73,479 17,206 (23.4%) 3,273

Source with further data

The strong increase in the number of inhabitants in Trudering-Riem (from 35,394 in 1987 to over 65,000 in 2012, corresponding to +86 percent) is due to the continuous densification and above all to the numerous new development areas that arose from the mid-1990s. The new Messestadt Riem district with a total of around 5500 apartments was built on the site of the former airport .

literature

  • Willibald Karl (Ed.), Karl Bachmaier u. a .: Trudering, Waldtrudering, Riem. Munich's far east. Volk Verlag, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-937200-06-1 .
  • City district Trudering-Riem - information for citizens and guests. WEKA-Verlag, Mering 2004, OCLC 76558831 (online) ( Memento from March 3, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 1.5 MB).
  • Brückl, Josef: 1200 years of Trudering. Festival edition to mark the twelve hundred year anniversary of the first documentary mention. With a handwritten dedication by the author. Emil Biehl & Sons (total production), Munich 1972.

Web links

Commons : Trudering-Riem  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. Statistical Pocket Book 2020 (PDF). Statistical Office of the State Capital Munich. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  2. Geoclimate 2.1.
  3. ^ Border point Munich - Feldkirchen - Haar. In: Notes / Riemer Wald. Retrieved March 19, 2019 .
  4. ^ A b City of Munich, editorial office: From Allach to Zamilapark. In: muenchen.de. February 2, 1972, Retrieved February 10, 2019 .
  5. a b Wilhelm Volkert (Ed.): Handbook of the Bavarian offices, communities and courts 1799–1980 . CH Beck, Munich 1983, ISBN 3-406-09669-7 , p. 601 . .
  6. Hans Schatz (1872–1970) (PDF; 8.6 MB)
  7. The big Munich income report. on: Abendzeitung-muenchen.de , June 29, 2009.
  8. Trudering-Riem. on: sueddeutsche.de , May 11, 2012.
  9. a b c Election of the district committee - District 15 - Trudering-Riem . State capital Munich. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  10. ^ Bufe Siegfried: Main line Munich – Salzburg . Bufe-Fachbuchverlag, Egglham 1995, ISBN 3-922138-57-8 .
  11. Reinhard Wanka, Wolfgang Wiesner: The main line Munich-Simbach and its branch lines . Bufe-Fachbuch-Verlag, Egglham 1996, ISBN 3-922138-59-4 .
  12. ^ Armin Franzke, Josef Mauerer: 1860–2010: 150 years of the Rosenheim - Salzburg line . PB Service, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-9812639-2-3 , p. 27 f .
  13. ^ Armin Franzke, Josef Mauerer: 1860–2010: 150 years of the Rosenheim – Salzburg line . PB Service, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-9812639-2-3 , p. 75 f .
  14. Expansion of the Munich-Riem transshipment station on deutschebahn.com. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
  15. ^ Neighborhood meeting Trudering. Accessed June 24, 2018.
  16. Sophienkirche
  17. ^ Archive district information . State capital Munich. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  18. Statistical Pocket Book Munich 2013.