Tchaikovsky competition

Prize winners concert of the Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow (2015)

The International PI Tchaikovsky Competition (after Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky , Russian Международный конкурс имени П. И. Чайковского ) is one of the world's most important music competitions , especially in the field of piano and for numerous international prizewinners. Other competition categories are violin , violoncello and singing . The Tchaikovsky Competition has been held since 1958 and takes place every four years in Moscow and since 2011 at the same time in Saint Petersburg .

history

Competition categories

The first competition was held in 1958 for piano and violin. In 1962 the violoncello category was added, and in 1966 the singing division, divided into female and male voices. In 2019, the competition was expanded to include the wind instruments discipline, divided into wood and brass instruments.

Tchaikovsky Competition 1958

The winner of the 1st piano competition in 1958 was the American Van Cliburn . Cliburn prevailed against 47 pianists from 19 countries and received 25,000 rubles of prize money, at that time approx. 26,000 German marks, the gold medal from the hands of the competition chairman Dmitri Shostakovich and a kiss of thanks from Nikita Khrushchev at the award winners' concert . “A kiss from the Soviet President to an American artist - that was of course a sensation in times of the Cold War ” and “marked the beginning” of the cultural “thaw” with “numerous transnational consequences and reinforced the view, among other things, that music knows no national one or political borders ”. Cliburn was honored with a confetti parade on his return home in New York .

Valery Klimov was the winner of the first violin competition , the jury chairman was Dawid Oistrach .

"Olympic Games of Music"

Violoncello jurors Rostropowitsch , Wilkomirski , Fournier at the 1966 competition

In the years that followed, the competition developed alongside the Chopin Competition in Warsaw to become the most prestigious competition and was referred to as the “Olympic Games of Music” due to its musical standards - despite the occasional suspicion of “favoritism” due to the many Soviet gold medalists.

The winners, chosen by an international jury of top-class musicians, moved into the public eye through global reporting - the starting point for an international career for violists Viktor Tretyakov , Gidon Kremer , Viktoria Mullova , Jennifer Koh , cellists David Geringas , Nathaniel Rosen , Antonio Meneses , the opera singer Jewgeni Nesterenko , the mezzo-soprano Jelena Obraszowa and the soprano Deborah Voigt .

Special attention was paid to the gold medalists in the piano division, "for whom victory opened the doors to the concert halls of the world" - especially for the Soviet pianists Vladimir Aschkenasi , Grigori Sokolow , Andrei Gavrilow , Mikhail Pletnjow , Boris Berezovsky but also for John Ogdon , John Lill and Barry Douglas . The importance of winning gold medals from a musician's point of view was explained by a participant at the beginning of the piano competition in 1990 in the documentary The IX International Tchaikovsky Competition : "One of us will be a world-famous pianist in two weeks".

Gradual loss of importance from 1990

The 1990 competition took place under difficult conditions; due to a lack of financial resources, there were not enough translators and supply facilities available for the competition participants. Due to a generalized musicians' strike in Moscow, no qualified orchestras could be called up to provide musical accompaniment for the competition participants. In addition, bribery attempts by the jurors and taking advantage became public after the competition.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the competition was continued by the Russian Federation under the care of the Russian Ministry of Culture. In 1994, the jury, consisting of former winners of the competition in the piano, violin and violoncello categories, did not award any first prizes on the grounds that the participants overall did not have the level of former candidates. In 1998 the piano jury was openly suspected of corruption, as four students from a juror and Moscow Conservatory professor were elected to the final round of the competition.

“Mismanagement, insufficient funding and very questionable jury decisions” led to a loss of reputation and made the competition “disappear from the perspective of the international music public”. As a result, Norman Lebrecht remarked in 2002: “The most important thing about the Tchaikovsky Competition in 2002 was the astonishing loss of importance”.

The 2006 competition was postponed to 2007 due to the World Cup taking place at the same time. By changing the evaluation system and involving several international jurors, the organizer tried to counter the reputation that had been impaired over the years.

Reforms from 2011

The Tchaikovsky Competition has been under the patronage of Valery Gergiev since 2011 . Gergiev started with the mandate to restore the prestige of the competition through more transparency and also to promote the careers of the prize winners through concert offers. He engaged an international jury of high-class musicians and recruited Richard Rodzinski as general manager. Rodzinski, former director of the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition , changed the scoring system and reformed the terms of the competition. Since 2015, all award winners have had the opportunity to be represented by the artist agencies Opus3 and Intermusica for three years.

In 2011, the Tchaikovsky Competition, in which 122 musicians from 29 countries took part, took place simultaneously in Moscow and Saint Petersburg for the first time and was made available to the general public via live broadcast on the Internet. “More than ten million people in 179 countries worldwide followed the Webcast “for the 2015 competition.

The 2019 competition was expanded to include woodwind and brass instruments. 228 participants from 36 countries were selected from a total of 954 applicants from 58 nations. There were 25 candidates in the piano division, 23 in the violin competition and 25 musicians in the cello competition. In the singing category there were 30 participants by gender, 48 in the woodwind competitions and 47 in the brass music competitions. In the piano, violin and violoncello category, the division of the second round, which was introduced in 2011, was canceled in order to shorten the duration of the competition to a total of 14 days. In contrast to the two previous competitions, the jury composition of the sections remained constant throughout the entire duration. All competition performances were available to the public via live webcast, which was viewed by 15 million viewers from around 200 countries.

German award winners

The first German prize winner of the piano competition was the Dresden pianist Peter Rösel in 1966 with a sixth place and in 2007 Benjamin Moser achieved fifth place. Georg Faust won the bronze medal in the violoncello category in 1982 and Kerstin Feltz took seventh place in 1986. In 1990, Gustav Rivinius from Saarland was awarded the gold medal, while Guido Schiefen took fifth place. The silver medal went to Johannes Moser in 2002 , Claudius Popp was third and Danjulo Ishizaka was fourth, and in 2011 Norbert Anger was also fourth. In the violin category, Latica Honda-Rosenberg was awarded the silver medal in 1998, Nicolas Koeckert took fifth place in 2002, Yuki Manuela Janke received the silver medal in 2007 and Clara-Jumi Kang was fourth in 2015 . The oboist Juri Vallentin took sixth place in the woodwind instrument competition held for the first time in 2019.

Application, regulations, prices and venues

Instrumentalists between 16 and 32 years of age are admitted, the minimum age for the singing category is 19 years. The application for the Tchaikovsky competition is made by submitting a sound carrier with a 50-minute musical contribution for instrumentalists and a 20-minute contribution for singers. A committee then invites candidates to a selection process on site, through which the competition participants are ultimately determined. The competition leads over three rounds in all disciplines, the performances are assessed by an international jury made up of recognized musicians and music teachers from the individual disciplines.

The winners of the Tchaikovsky competition are all candidates who reach the final round with the six rating levels in the piano, violin and cello category, the eight ranks of the woodwind and brass competition or the four prize ranks of the singing competition. The winner in each category receives a gold medal, followed by silver and bronze medals and awards - called diplomas.

An overall winner can be determined from the gold medalists in the various categories if the Grand Prix has achieved an outstanding performance in the history of the competition. The medal and award ranks are endowed with prize money. The winner of the Grand Prix receives the highest award.

Prize money 2019	1st place / gold medal	2nd place / silver medal	3rd place / bronze medal	4th place / diploma	5th place / diploma	6th place / diploma	7th place / diploma	8th place / diploma	Grand Prix
U.S. dollar	30,000	20,000	10,000	5,000	4,000	3,000	2,500	2,000	100,000

Starting in 2019, the $ 15,000 Dmitri Chworostowski Memorial Prize will also be awarded in the Singing Section .

The competition takes place in Saint Petersburg in the categories cello, voice, for the woodwind instruments flute, oboe, clarinet and bassoon and the brass instruments horn, trumpet, trombone and tuba. The piano and violin competition will be held in Moscow. The venues in Moscow are the Rachmaninov Concert Hall and the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory, the Tchaikovsky Concert Hall and the Zaryadye Concert Hall . In Saint Petersburg, the competition takes place in the Mariinsky Theater, the Imperial Court Chapel, in the Large and Small Concert Halls of the Philharmonic and in the Repino Concert Hall.

The venue for the laureates' concert, which is usually reserved for medalists, was the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory until 2015 and has been the Zaryadye Concert Hall since 2019. Since 2011 there has also been a winners' concert in the Mariinsky Theater in Saint Petersburg.

Award winners

piano

• 

  Cliburn 1958

• 

  Ashkenazi 1962

• 

  Sokolov 1966

• 

  Gavrilov 1974

• 

  Pletnyov 1978

year	1st prize / gold medal	2nd prize / silver medal	3rd prize / bronze medal	other award winners (selection)	Remarks
1958	Van Cliburn	Lew W Lassenko Liu Shih-Kun	Naum Shtarkman		8 rating levels with 9 award winners
1962	Vladimir Ashkenazi John Ogdon	Susan Starr Yin Chengzong	Elisso Wirsaladze		8 rating levels with 9 award winners; Ranks 7 & 8 not assigned
1966	Grigory Sokolov	Misha poet	Victor Eresko	Peter Rösel (6th place)	8 rating levels with 10 winners ; 8th rank not awarded
1970	Vladimir Krainew John Lill	Horacio Gutiérrez	Arthur Moreira Lima Viktorija Postnikowa		6 rating levels with 7 award winners; Rank 6 not awarded
1974	Andrei Gavrilov	Myung-whun Chung Stanislaw Igolinski	Yuri Egorov	András Schiff (4th place) Dmitri Alexejew (5th place) Brigitte Engerer (6th place)	6 rating levels with 9 award winners
1978	Mikhail Pletnyov	Pascal Devoyon André Laplante	Nikolai Demidenko Yevgeny Rivkin	Terence Judd and Boris Petrow (4th place) Christian Blackshaw (5th place) Naum Grubert (6th place)	6 rating levels with 9 award winners
1982	not forgiven	Peter Donohoe Vladimir Ovchinnikov	Michie Koyama	Kalle Randalu (4th place) Emma Tahmizian (7th place)	8 rating levels with 10 award winners; Ranks 1 & 8 not assigned
1986	Barry Douglas	Natalia Trull	Irina Plotnikova		8 rating levels with 12 award winners
1990	Boris Berezovsky	Vladimir Mishouk	Kevin Kenner Johan Schmidt Anton Mordasow		6 rating levels with 8 award winners; Ranks 5 & 6 not assigned
1994	not forgiven	Nikolai Lugansky	Wadim Rudenko HaeSun Paik		6 rating levels with 6 award winners; Ranks 1 & 6 not assigned
1998	Denis Mazujew	Vadim Rudenko	Freddy Kempf		6 rating levels with 6 award winners
2002	Ayako Uehara	Alexei Nabiulin	Tszyuy Tszin Andrei Ponochewni		6 rating levels with 6 award winners; Ranks 4 & 6 not assigned
2007	not forgiven	Miroslaw Kultyshev	Alexander Lubyantsev	Benjamin Moser (5th place)	6 rating levels with 6 award winners 1st place not awarded
2011	Daniil Trifonow Grand Prix	Yeol Eum Son	Seong-Jin Cho		6 rating levels with 5 award winners; Rank 6 not awarded
2015	Dmitri Masleev	Lucas Geniušas George Li	Sergei Redkin Daniel Kharitonov	Lucas Debargue (4th place) *	6 rating levels with 6 winners, ranks 5 & 6 not awarded
2019	Alexandre Kantorow Grand Prix	Mao Fujita Dimitri Schischkin	Alexei Melnikow Konstantin Jemeljanow Kenneth Broberg	Tianxu An (4th place) *	6 rating levels with 7 winners, ranks 5 & 6 not awarded

• In 2015, Lucas Debargue was fourth for the first time that a non-medalist took part in the award-winning concerts at the invitation of the jury chairman.
• In 2019, Tianxu An also received "the honorary award for" Serenity and Courage "", as in the last round, contrary to his specifications, he presented the rhapsody on a theme by Paganini by Rachmaninov instead of Tchaikovsky's 1st piano concerto as the first piece of his final competition performance with the State Academic Russian Symphony Orchestra " Yevgeny Svetlanov " under the direction of Vasily Petrenko .

List of jurors of the Tchaikovsky competitions piano

• 

  Masleev 2015

• 

  Trifonov 2011

• 

  Mazuiev 1998

• 

  Berezovsky 1990

• 

  Douglas 1986

violin

• 

  Kremer 1970

year	1st prize / gold medal	2nd prize / silver medal	3rd prize / bronze medal	other award winners (selection)	Remarks
1958	Valery Klimov	Viktor Pikaisen	Ștefan Ruha		8 rating levels with 8 award winners;
1962	Boris Gutnikov	Shmuel Asshkenasi Irina Bochkowa	Nina Beilina Yoko Kubo		8 rating levels with 10 award winners; Rank 8 not awarded
1966	Viktor Tretyakov	Masuko Ushioda Oleg Kagan	Yoko Sato Oleh Krisa		8 rating levels with 10 award winners; Rank 7 not awarded
1970	Gidon Kremer	Vladimir Spiwakov Mayumi Fujikawa	Liana Issakadze		8 rating levels with 8 award winners; Ranks 7 & 8 not assigned
1974	not forgiven	Eugene Fodor Ruben Aharonian Rusudan Gwasalija	Marie-Annick Nicolas Vanya Milanova		8 rating levels with 9 award winners; Rank 8 not awarded
1978	Ilja Grubert Elmar Oliveira	Mihaela Martin Dylana Jenson	Irina Medvedeva Alexandr Vinnitsky		8 rating levels with 9 award winners; Ranks 6, 7 & 8 not assigned
1982	Viktoria Mullova Sergei Stadler	Tomoko Kato	Stephanie Chase Andres Cardenes		8 rating levels with 7 winners; Ranks 5, 7 & 8 not assigned
1986	Ilya Kaler Raphaël Oleg	Xue Wei Maxim Fedotov	Jane Peters		8 rating levels with 9 award winners; Rank 5 not awarded
1990	Akiko Suwanai	Jevgeni Buschkov	Alyssa Park		8 rating levels with 9 award winners; Rank 8 not awarded
1994	not forgiven	Anastasija Chebotaryova Jennifer Koh	Count Murzha Marco Rizzi		6 rating levels with 8 award winners; Rank 1 not awarded
1998	Nikolai Sashenko	Latica Honda-Rosenberg	Ichun Pan		6 rating levels with 6 award winners
2002	not forgiven	Tamaki Kawakubo Chen Xi	Tatiana Samouil	Nicolas Koeckert (5th place)	6 rating levels with 7 winners
2007	Mayuko Kamio	Nikita Boriso-Glebski	Yuki Manuela Janke		6 rating levels with 6 award winners
2011	not forgiven	Sergei Dogadin Itamar Zorman	Jehye Lee		6 rating levels with 5 award winners; Ranks 1 & 6 not assigned
2015	not forgiven	Yu-Chien Tseng	Alexandra Conunova Haik Kazazian Pavel Miliukov	Clara-Jumi Kang (4th place)	6 rating levels with 6 award winners ranks 1 & 6 not awarded
2019	Sergei Dogadin	Marc Bouchkov	Dong-hyun Kim	Mayumi Kanagawa (4th place) Pritchin Alien (4th place) Milan Al-Ashhab (6th place)	6 rating levels with 6 award winners, 5th place not awarded

violoncello

• 

  Low gas 1970

year	1st prize / gold medal	2nd prize / silver medal	3rd prize / bronze medal	other award winners (selection)	Remarks
1962	Natalija Shachowskaya	Leslie Parnas Valentin Fejgin	Natalia Gutman Mikhail Chomitser		6 rating levels with 8 award winners
1966	Karine Georgian	Stephen Kates Arto Noras	Kenichiro Yasuda Eleonora Testelets	Mischa Maisky (6th place)	6 rating levels with 8 award winners
1970	David Geringas	Victoria Jagling	Ko Iwasaki		6 rating levels with 7 winners
1974	Boris Pergamenschtschikow	Ivan Monighetti	Hirofumi Kanno	Josef Feigelson (8th place)	8 rating levels with 8 award winners; Ranks 5 & 7 not assigned
1978	Nathaniel Rosen	Mari Fudzivara Daniel Veis	Nikolai Demidenko Yevgeny Rivkin		8 rating levels with 8 award winners; Ranks 7 & 8 not assigned
1982	Antonio Meneses	Alexander Rudin	Georg Faust Johan Schmidt	Truls Mørk (6th place)	8 rating levels with 8 award winners
1986	Mario Brunello Kirill Rodin	Suras Bagratuni Martti Rousi	Sarah Sant Ambrogio John Sharp	Johanna Picker (4th place) Michaela Fukačová (4th place) Kerstin Feltz (7th place)	8 rating levels with 13 award winners; Rank 6 not awarded
1990	Gustav Rivinius	Francoise Grobain Aleksander Knjasew	Bion Tsang Timothy Hugh	Guido Schiefen (5th place)	8 rating levels with 11 award winners; Rank 8 not awarded
1994	not forgiven	not forgiven	not forgiven	Quirine Viersen (6th place)	6 rating levels with 3 award winners; Ranks 1, 2, 3 & 5 not assigned
1998	Denis Schapovalov	Kin Lee Wei	Boris Andrianov		6 rating levels with 6 award winners; Rank 5 not awarded
2002	not forgiven	Johannes Moser	Claudius Popp Aleksander Tschauschjan	Danjulo Ishizaka (4th place)	6 rating levels with 7 award winners; Rank 1 not awarded
2007	Sergei Antonov	Aleksander Buslow	István Wardai		6 rating levels with 6 award winners
2011	Narek Achnasaryan	Edgar Moreau	Ivan Karisna	Norbert Anger (4th place)	6 rating levels with 5 award winners; Rank 6 not awarded
2015	Andrei Ioniță	Aleksander Ramm	Aleksander Buslow		6 rating levels with 6 award winners
2019	Zlatomir Fung	Santiago Cañón Valencia	Anastasia Kobekina	Taeguk Mun (4th place) Yibai Chen (5th place) Senja Elina Rummukainen (6th place)	6 rating levels with 6 award winners

singing

• 

  Obraszowa 1970

• 

  Nesterenko 1970

year	1st prize / gold medal women	other award winners women (selection)	1st prize / gold medal men	other award winners men (selection)	Total winners women / men
1966	Jane Marsh		Vladimir Atlantov	Simon Estes (3rd place)	4/6
1970	Jelena Obraszowa		Yevgeny Nesterenko Nikolai Ogrenisch	Thomas Thomaschke (5th place)	6/10
1974	not forgiven	Lyudmila Sergijenko (2nd place)	Ivan Ponomarenko	Peter Dvorský (5th place)	7/8
1978	Lyudmila Schemchuk		not forgiven	Valentin Piwowarow (2nd place) Nikita Storoiew (2nd place)	7/5
1982	Lidija Zabiliasta		Paata Burtschuladze		7/6
1986	Natalia Erasova		Alexander Morozov		6/6
1990	Deborah Voigt		Hans Choi		7/7
1994	Chibla Gersmawa Grand Prix		Chen-Ye Yuan		5/3
1998	Mieko Sato		Besik Gabitaschvili		5/4
2002	Aitalina Afanasieva-Adamova	Anna Samuil (3rd place)	Mikhail Kazakov		6/4
2007	Albina Shagimuratova		Alexander Tsymbalyuk		4/4
2011	Sunyoung Seo		Park Jong-Min		4/2
2015	Julia Matoschkina		Ariunbaatar Ganbaatar Grand Prix		4/4
2019	Maria Brakowa	Aigul Chismatullina (2nd place) Maria Motolygina (3rd place) Angelina Akhmetsova (4th place) Oksana Majorowa (4th place)	Alexandros Stavrakakis	Gihoon Kim (2nd place) Migran Agazschanjan (3rd place) Ankhbayar Enkhbold (4th place)	5/4

• 

  Park Jong-Min 2011

• 

  Tsymbalyuk 2007

• 

  Gersmawa 1994

• 

  Burtschuladze 1982

Woodwind instruments

year	1st prize / gold medal	2nd prize / silver medal	3rd prize / bronze medal	other award winners	Remarks
2019	Matwei Demin (flute)	Joidy Blanco (flute)	Alessandro Beverari (clarinet)	Lola Descours (bassoon, 4th place) Nikita Waganow (clarinet, 5th place) Juri Vallentin (oboe, 6th place) Lívia Duleba (flute, 7th place) Sofia Wiland (flute, 8th place)	8 rating levels with 8 award winners

Brass instruments

year	1st prize / gold medal	2nd prize / silver medal	3rd prize / bronze medal	other award winners	Remarks
2019	Yun Zeng (French horn) Alexei Lobikow (trumpet)	Fyodor Schagow (tuba)	Felix Camille Jean Dervaux (French Horn)	Henrique dos Santos Costa (tuba, 4th place) Ansel Owen Norris (trumpet, 5th place) Peter Steiner (trombone, 6th place) Hae-Ree Yoo (French horn, 7th place) Schasulan Abdykalykow (trumpet, 8th place)	8 rating levels with 9 award winners

Repertoire of competitions

piano

The piano competition consists of three rounds for which different repertoire is given. For each round there is the possibility to choose from several works:

Round I (40–50 minutes)

• a prelude with associated fugue from the Well-Tempered Clavier by Johann Sebastian Bach
• a sonata from a Viennese classic ( Joseph Haydn , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , Ludwig van Beethoven or Muzio Clementi )
• one or more works by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
• an etude each by Sergei Wassiljewitsch Rachmaninow , Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt

Round II, Stage I (50-60 minutes)

• one or more works by one or more Russian composers ( M. Balakirew , A. Glasunow , N. Medtner , M. Mussorgski , N. Mjaskowski , S. Prokofjew , S. Rachmaninow , A. Scriabin , R. Shchedrin , D. Shostakovich , I. Stravinsky , P. Tchaikovsky )

Final (Unlimited)

• two piano concertos with orchestra, one by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and one of your choice

violin

The piano competition consists of three rounds for which different repertoire is given. The second round must contain a work by a Russian composer.

Round I (40–50 minutes)

• the Adagio and the Fugue from Sonata III in C major BWV 1005 or the Partita II in D minor BWV 1004 by Johann Sebastian Bach
• Capriccio No. 24 from the 24 Capricci Op. 1 and another from Op. 1 by Niccolò Paganini
• Valse-Scherzo in C major op.34 without orchestra by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
• other pieces of your choice

Round II (50-60 minutes)

• Sonata chosen by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms , Edvard Grieg , César Franck , Claude Debussy , Maurice Ravel , Richard Strauss , Béla Bartók , Sergei Prokofjew, Dmitri Schostakowitsch or Bohuslav Martinů
• a virtuoso piece of your choice
• a work by Fritz Kreisler or the Melancholy Serenade op. 26 with orchestra by Pyotr Tchaikovsky or a romance by Sergei Rachmaninow

Final (Unlimited)

• two violin concertos
  • the violin concerto in D major op. 35 by Pyotr Tchaikovsky
  • either the Violin Concerto No. 3, No. 4 or No. 5 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

violoncello

The competition consists of three rounds for which different repertoire is given.

Round I (40–50 minutes)

• a prelude and a saraband from suites 3, 4, 5 or 6 for violoncello by Johann Sebastian Bach
• Pezzo capriccioso in B minor op.62 by Pyotr Tchaikovsky (without orchestra)
• a Caprice from the 12 Capricci op.25 by Alfredo Piatti (without No. 1)
• a composition of your own choice

Round II (50-60 minutes)

• a sonata by Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, Johannes Brahms or Bohuslav Martinů
• Compositions of your own choice

Final (Unlimited)

• Orchestral concert Rococo Variations in A major op.33 by Pyotr Tchaikovsky
• a cello concert of your choice

Films (selection)

• The IX International Tchaikovsky Competition . Documentary (1990), 126 min., Director: Bill Fertik, production: Robert Dalrymple Productions and KCET. First broadcast on December 25, 1990 on Public Broadcasting Service .

Web links

Commons : International Tchaikovsky Competition  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Official website Tchaikovsky Competition 2019
• Official YouTube channel of the XV International Tchaikovsky competition with historical film documents
• Photo gallery: Prize-winners of the Tchaikovsky Competition

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Cliburn, in another country. Der Spiegel , June 3, 1059, accessed November 8, 2018 . 
2. ↑ Westermannsmonthshefte , year 1966, volume I with issue 1 - 6, George Westermann- Verlag, Braunschweig.
3. ↑ Joachim Kaiser : Let's talk about music. A small classic customer . Siedler Verlag , 2012, p. 176 ( full text in Google Book Search).
4. ↑ Anastassia Boutsko: Away from romanticism towards modernity. Deutschlandfunk , July 2, 2011, accessed on November 8, 2018 . 
5. ^ Iriye Akira and Jürgen Osterhammel (eds.): History of the world 1945 to today: The globalized world . Verlag CHBeck , 2013, p. 955 ( full text in Google Book Search).
6. ↑ Jeffrey Brown: Van Cliburn Reflects on 1958 Tchaikovsky Competition. PBS NewsHour, April 11, 2008, accessed July 7, 2015 . 
7. ↑ Irina Muravjewa : Конкурс Чайковского: с чего все начиналось (Tchaikovsky Competition: How It All Began). Rossijskaja gaseta , June 22, 2019, accessed June 22, 2019 (in Russian). 
8. ^ John J. O'Connor : Moscow's Musical Competition. The New York Times , December 3, 1986, accessed November 11, 2018 . 
9. ^ ^{A b} International Tchaikovsky Competition. Return of the Tchaik. Rhinegold Publishing, December 3, 2014, accessed November 11, 2018 . 
10. ↑ Lisa McCormick: Performing Civility: International Competitions in Classical Music (Cambridge Cultural Social Studies) . Cambridge University Press , 2015, pp. 299 ( full text in Google Book Search).
11. ↑ Eva Blaskewitz: Tchaikovsky Competition. KlassikInfo.de, accessed on November 9, 2018 . 
12. ↑ Allan Kozinn : Review / Television; Backstage at the Tchaikovsky Music Competition. The New York Times , December 25, 1990, accessed November 11, 2018 . 
13. ↑ Alessandra Stanley: Musical Tradition of Acrimony. The New York Times , July 2, 1994, accessed November 11, 2018 . 
14. ^ Raymond Stults: Scandal at Tchaikovsky. The Moscow Times , July 4, 1998, accessed November 11, 2018 . 
15. ↑ ^{a b} Eva Blaskewitz: Relaunch of a celebrity. And rising: impressions from the 14th International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow and St. Petersburg. (No longer available online.) KlassikInfo.de, archived from the original on July 8, 2015 ; Retrieved July 7, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
16. ↑ Norman Lebrecht : Where has the competition gone? La Scena Musicale , July 3, 2002, accessed November 11, 2018 . 
17. ^ Matthew Westphal: Moscow's Tchaikovsky Competition Concludes with No Gold Medal for Piano; Houston Grand Opera Studio Member Takes Vocal Honors. Playbill , July 2, 2007, accessed November 11, 2018 . 
18. ^ Tom Service: Everything to play for at the Tchaikovsky competition. The Guardian , September 20, 2011, accessed November 11, 2018 . 
19. ^ Hazel Davis: All change at the International Tchaikovsky Competition. Rhinegold, February 12, 2015, accessed November 11, 2018 . 
20. ↑ ^{a b} PM and KIZ: XIV. International Tchaikovsky Competition with 122 musicians from 29 countries. Neue Musikzeitung , March 15, 2011, accessed November 8, 2018 . 
21. ↑ Eleonore Büning : He is tsar, his will be done. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , July 9, 2011, accessed on December 16, 2015 . 
22. ↑ Irina Muravjowa: Tchaikovsky Competition: Music at the highest level. In: Russia Beyond the Headlines . Rossijskaja gaseta , July 3, 2015, accessed November 16, 2018 . 
23. ↑ ^{a b} BWW News Desk: The Contestants Of The First Round Of The XVI International Tchaikovsky Competition Announced. Broadway World, May 21, 2019, accessed June 18, 2019 . 
24. ↑ Anastassia Boutsko, Raoul Mörchen: Tchaikovsky Competition “The figurehead of Russian culture”. Deutschlandfunk , July 1, 2020, accessed on July 2, 2019 . 
25. ^ The 16th International Tchaikovsky Competition announces the results. Gramophone , June 28, 2019, accessed July 3, 2019 . 
26. ^ The International Tchaikovsky Competition: Battle of the Keys. In: YouTube . RT Documentary , September 21, 2015, accessed November 8, 2018 .  
27. ↑ Tatjana Rexroth: The Tchaikovsky Competition: If the orchestra plays another piece, the pianist has to react quickly. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , July 5, 2019, accessed on July 6, 2019 . 
28. ↑ Chris O'Reilly: Alexandre Kantorow wins at the 16th International Tchaikovsky Competition. Presto Classical, June 28, 2019, accessed July 3, 2019 . 
29. ↑ Henk Henken: TV Review: 'Tchaikovsky': Vivid Human Drama. Los Angeles Times , December 25, 1990, accessed November 11, 2018 .