Wasp bees

Wasp bees
Red Wasp Bee ( Nomada armata )
Systematics
Order : Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera) Superfamily : Apoidea without rank: Bees (Apiformes) Family : Real bees (Apidae) Genre : Wasp bees
Scientific name
Nomada
Scopoli , 1770

Nomada succincta

The wasp bees ( Nomada ) are a genus of the Apidae family within the bees . 202 of them occur in Europe , in Central Europe there are 87. The animals got their German name because of the similarity with wasps . Wasp bees are brood parasites and are therefore counted among the cuckoo bees , among which they represent by far the largest group.

features

The bees reach a body length of 3 to 14 millimeters. They can be recognized by their black-yellow, black-red or black-red-yellow banding, the lack of or only weakly pronounced hair and the greatly elongated and widened first tarsal link on the hind legs, but at first glance they can also be recognized by reason confuse their wasp waist with digger wasps or wasps and sometimes also with blood bees ( Sphecodes ). Very few species can be identified in the field from external characteristics. Females can be distinguished from males by a closed fringe of hair at the rear end of the fifth abdomen segment.

Occurrence

Wasp bees are found around the world and are common everywhere except Australia , where they are rare. The flight time in Central Europe is from March to September, with the animals mostly flying in one generation in spring, but some species fly in two generations in spring and summer.

Way of life

The wasp bees live as cuckoo bees parasitically on other bee species. Sand bees ( Andrena ), but also furrow bees ( Lasioglossum ), longhorn bees ( Eucera ), sawhorn bees ( Melitta ) and shaggy bees ( Panurgus ) are mainly parasitized. Most species only parasitize on a specific host species and are tied to its occurrence. If a host colony perishes due to severe infestation by wasp bees, the parasites also die as a result. As a rule, however, both host and subsequently parasite populations recover.

The adults feed on nectar and pollen. At night the animals rest in holes in the ground and flowers or bite their mandibles on leaves and stems. Males can be seen flying in groups around bushes and hedges. The females first look for host nests in a characteristic, slow and agile flight just above the ground. Is such a thing found

Nomada flavoguttata copulating on dandelions

they remain motionless for a long time with their antennae stretched forward on a lookout near the nest and wait until the host female has left the nest. Then they penetrate the nest, closed nest entrances being dug up and, at least in some species, being closed again after they have laid their eggs. The animals probably drill a hole in the brood cell wall with the claw-like appendages on the sixth sternite and lay one or two eggs. The eggs are deposited in the cell wall in such a way that their tips protrude halfway into the interior of the brood cell. After hatching, the parasite larva eats the egg or larva of the host and then feeds on its food supplies. Pupation takes place in the brood cell without a cocoon .

If a female wasp bee is surprised by a returning host female, the host female does not behave aggressively, which is probably due to scented secretions with which the parasite female camouflages itself. If, however, two female parasites meet, there is an aggressive fight for the host's nest, as a result of which small territories of wasp bees form in host aggregations.

During copulation, the males grip the antenna of the females with their antenna. Secretions are presumably given.

Species (Europe)

Nomada agrestis Fabricius , 1787 Nomada alboguttata Herrich-Schäffer , 1839 Nomada algira Mocsary , 1883 Nomada alpigena Schwartz , Gusenleitner & Mazzucco , 1999 Nomada annularis Olivier , 1811 Nomada arenaria tank , 1804 Nomada argentata Herrich-Schäffer , 1839 Nomada ariasi Dusmet y Alonso , 1913 Red wasp bee ( Nomada armata ) Herrich-Schäffer , 1839 Nomada arrogans Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada Atroscutellaris Beach , 1921 Nomada baccata Smith , 1844 Nomada baldiniana Benzi , 1892 Nomada barcelonensis Cockerell , 1917 Nomada basalis Herrich-Schäffer , 1839 Nomada beaumonti Black , 1967 Nomada bifasciata Olivier , 1811 Nomada bimaculata Schilling , 1849 Nomada bispinosa Mocsary , 1883 Nomada blepharipes blacksmith's servant , 1882 Nomada bluethgeni Stoeckhert , 1944 Nomada bolivari Dusmet y Alonso , 1913 Nomada bouceki Kocourek , 1985 Nomada braunsiana Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada brunnea Schilling , 1848 Nomada calimorpha Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada carnifex Mocsáry , 1883 Nomada caspia Morawitz , 1895 Nomada castellana Dusmet y Alonso , 1913 Nomada cherkesiana Mavromoustakis , 1955 Nomada chrysopyga Morawitz , 1872 Nomada cincta Rossi , 1792 Nomada coelomeria Perez , 1884 Nomada concolor Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada confinis Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada conjungens Herrich-Schäffer , 1839 Nomada connectens Perez , 1884 Nomada corcyraea Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada coronata Perez , 1895 Nomada coxalis Morawitz , 1878 Nomada cristata Perez , 1895 Nomada cruenta Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada cypriaca Black , 1999 Nomada dira Mocsary , 1882 Nomada discedens Perez , 1884 Nomada discrepans Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada dispar Perez , 1895 Nomada distinguenda Morawitz , 1874 Nomada dolosa Mocsary , 1883 Nomada duplex Smith , 1854 Nomada dusmetella Perez , 1913 Nomada emarginata Morawitz , 1877 Nomada eos Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada errans Lepeletier , 1841 Nomada erythrocephala Morawitz , 1871 Nomada excisa Perez , 1890 Nomada fabriciana (Linnaeus , 1767) Nomada facilis Schwartz , 1967 Nomada fallax Perez , 1913 Nomada faventiana Perez , 1902 Nomada femoralis Morawitz , 1869 Nomada fenestrata Lepeletier , 1841 Nomada ferghanica Morawitz , 1875 Nomada ferroviaria Dusmet y Alonso , 1913 Nomada ferruginata ( Linnaeus , 1767) Nomada flava tank , 1798 Nomada flavicornis Rossi , 1790 Nomada flavilabris Morawitz , 1875 Nomada flavinervis Brullé , 1832 Nomada flavoguttata (Kirby , 1802) Nomada flavopicta (Kirby , 1802) Nomada fucata tank , 1798 Nomada fulvicornis Fabricius , 1793 Nomada furva tank , 1798 Nomada furvoides Stoeckhert , 1944 Nomada fuscicornis Nylander , 1848 Nomada gerundica Perez , 1913 Nomada glaberrima Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada glaucopis Perez , 1890 Nomada goodeniana ( Kirby , 1802) Nomada gransassoi Black , 1986 Nomada gribodoi Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada guttulata Schenck , 1861 Nomada hera Schwarz , 1965 Nomada hirtipes Perez , 1884 Nomada hispanica Dusmet y Alonso , 1913 Nomada hungarica Dalla Torre & Friese , 1894 Nomada illustris Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada imperialis Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada incisa Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada insignipes Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada integra Brullé , 1832 Nomada italica Dalla Torre & Friese , 1894 Nomada jacobeae tank , 1799 Nomada jaramense Dusmet y Alonso , 1913 Nomada kervilleana Perez , 1913 Nomada kirbyi Lepeletier , 1841 Nomada kohli Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada kornosica Mavromoustakis , 1958 Nomada krueperi blacksmithing servant , 1882 Nomada labiata Olivier , 1811 Nomada laevilabris blacksmith's servant , 1882

Nomada lagrecai Nobile , 1990 Nomada lateritis Mocsary , 1883 Red-haired wasp bee ( Nomada lathburiana ) ( Kirby , 1802) Nomada leucophthalma ( Kirby , 1802) Nomada linsenmaieri Black , 1974 Nomada litigiosa Gribodo , 1893 Nomada lucidula Black , 1967 Nomada lutea Eversmann , 1852 Nomada maculicornis Perez , 1884 Nomada marshamella ( Kirby , 1802) Nomada mauritanica Lepeletier , 1841 Nomada melanopyga Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada melathoracica Imhoff , 1834 Nomada melitensis Costa , 1893 Nomada merceti Alfken , 1909 Nomada minor ( Gmelin , 1790) Nomada mocsaryi blacksmith's servant , 1882 Nomada moeschleri Alfken , 1913 Nomada mutabilis Morawitz , 1870 Nomada mutica Morawitz , 1872 Nomada nasuta Scopoli , 1770 Nomada nausica Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada nesiotica Mavromoustakis , 1958 Nomada nigella Nylander , 1848 Nomada nigrovaria Perez , 1895 Nomada nobilis Herrich-Schäffer , 1839 Nomada noskiewiczi Black , 1966 Nomada numida Lepeletier , 1841 Nomada nuptura Dusmet y Alonso , 1913 Nomada obliqua Olivier , 1811 Nomada obscura Zetterstedt , 1838 Nomada obtusifrons Nylander , 1848 Nomada opaca Alfken , 1913 Nomada orbitalis Perez , 1913 Nomada ornata Eversmann , 1852 Nomada pallidenotata Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada pallispinosa Black , 1967 Nomada panurgina Morawitz , 1869 Nomada panzeri Lepeletier , 1841 Nomada pastoralis Eversmann , 1852 Nomada pectoralis Morawitz , 1878 Nomada perezi Dusmet y Alonso , 1913 Nomada piccioliana Magretti , 1883 Nomada platythorax Black , 1981 Nomada platyventris Morawitz , 1886 Nomada pleurosticta Herrich-Schäffer , 1839 Nomada polemediana Mavromoustakis , 1957 Nomada posthuma Bluethgen , 1949 Nomada poultoni Saunders , 1901 Nomada priesneri Black , 1965 Nomada propinqua Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada pulchra Arnold , 1888 Nomada pusilla Lepeletier , 1841 Nomada pusilla Rossi , 1792 Nomada quadrispinosa Mocsary , 1901 Nomada radoszkowskii Lozinski , 1922 Nomada ranunculi Scopoli , 1770 Nomada rhenana Morawitz , 1872 Nomada roberjeotiana tank , 1799 Nomada rostrata Herrich-Schäffer , 1839 Nomada rubiginosa Perez , 1884 Nomada rubricollis Black , 1967 Nomada rubricosa Eversmann , 1852 Nomada rufa Rossi , 1790 Nomada rufescens Scopoli , 1770 Split wasp bee ( Nomada ruficornis ) ( Linnaeus , 1758) Nomada rufipes Fabricius , 1793 Nomada rufoabdominalis Black , 1963 Nomada sanguinea Smith , 1854 Nomada scutellaris Olivier , 1811 Nomada serricornis Perez , 1884 Nomada sexfasciata ( Panzer , 1799) Nomada sheppardana ( Kirby , 1802) Nomada siciliensis Dalla Torre & Friese , 1894 Nomada sicula Black , 1974 Nomada signata Jurine , 1807 Nomada similis Morawitz , 1872 Nomada squalida Scopoli , 1763 Nomada stigma Fabricius , 1804 Nomada stoeckherti Pittioni , 1951 Nomada striata Fabricius , 1793 Nomada subfasciata Schilling , 1826 Nomada succincta tank , 1798 Nomada sybarita Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada symphyti Stoeckhert , 1930 Nomada terminalis Imhoff , 1834 Nomada thersites blacksmithing servant , 1882 Nomada thoracica Morawitz , 1880 Nomada transitoria Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada trapeziformis Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada tridentirostris Dours , 1873 Nomada trispinosa Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada unifasciata Schilling , 1826 Nomada unispinosa Black , 1981 Nomada variabilis Lucas , 1849 Nomada verna Schmiedeknecht , 1882 Nomada versicolor tank , 1798 Nomada villosa Thomson , 1882 Nomada xanthosticta (Kirby , 1802) Nomada zichyana Mocsary , 1901 Nomada zonata tank , 1798

supporting documents

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Nomada. FaunaEuropaea, accessed October 30, 2014 . 
2. ^ Matthias Schindler, Michaela M. Hofmann, Dieter Wittmann, Susanne S. Renner: Courtship behavior in the genus Nomada - antennal grabbing and possible transfer of male secretions . In: Journal of Hymenoptera Research . tape 65 , August 27, 2018, ISSN  1314-2607 , p. 47–59 , doi : 10.3897 / yr.65.24947 ( pensoft.net [accessed March 12, 2020]).

literature

• Heiko Bellmann : bees, wasps, ants. Hymenoptera of Central Europe . Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co KG, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-440-09690-4 .
• Andreas Müller, Albert Krebs, Felix Amiet: Bees. Central European species, way of life, observation. Naturbuch-Verlag, Augsburg 1997, ISBN 3-89440-241-5 .

Web links

• www.wildbienen.de
• Bee encyclopedia Wasp bees: genus and species

Web links

Commons : Wasp bees  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Picture collection at www.rutkies.de