Soccer in Serbia

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Rajko Mitić stadium in Belgrade
Enthusiasm among the Grobari in the south stand, the Ultras from Partizan
Followers of Vojvodina in Vienna

Football ( Serbian фудбал Fudbal , formerly Лоптање Loptanje or Лоптање ногом Loptanje nogom ) is the most popular sport in Serbia , which has been played there since the 19th century and has an important place in Serbian society. It is not only in football clubs but also to football fields and soccer fields , roads , backyards and parks played, as well as in sports halls , where he served as Mali fudbal is called. Even inactive players are usually fans of a certain Serbian club or at least the Serbian national team . For large parts of the population, the fan or ultra cult is an important part of everyday life.

Important tournaments such as the World and European Championships , as well as the derbies between the most important teams, especially the Večiti derbi , the "Eternal Derby" between the Belgrade clubs Red Star and Partizan , attract large crowds, the games either in the stadium or in Watch television . The largest clubs are concentrated in Belgrade, Novi Sad and Niš . The most successful clubs are Red Star, Partizan and OFK from Belgrade, Vojvodina from Novi Sad and Radnički Niš .

In Serbia there is a league system , at the top of which are the Superliga and the Prvaliga . The Serbian champion is determined in the Super iga. There are also national tournaments such as the Serbian Cup . The national football association is the Fudbalski savez Srbije , the Serbian Football Association.

introduction

The sport of football spread from England in the 1860s and reached Serbia in the late 19th century. The English introduced it in numerous countries , but in what was then the Kingdom of Serbia it was schoolchildren and students who first came into contact with football when they were usually sent abroad, often to the former German Empire , Switzerland or the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy . The fact that young Serbs spent part of their training in cities such as Zurich , Munich , Vienna or Prague and continued to pursue this sport after their return played just as important a role in the development of Serbian football as its commitment to the further development of the national sport . Although football was considered entertaining and dynamic, the older and conservative population in particular was initially critical of the new sport. They saw it as a childish pastime rather than a serious physical activity and so football had to struggle for social recognition at the beginning. In Serbia it was believed that sporting activity only served to strengthen the muscles and general performance, to improve health or as a moral and educational measure to increase the patriotic spirit in order to prepare young people for military service.

Serbian Sokol unit at Herceg Novi in 1912.

The military service had a high priority in Serbia, as well as the concept of the Serbian section of the Sokol gymnastic movement , in addition to the physical training and national cohesion, and Serbian customs and folklore used, as well as an expression of Pan-Slavism was causing the football first few hurdles had to overcome. The development was also hampered by a lack of material requirements. For a decent game, you need a good leather ball , a flat with grass overgrown plot of considerable size, and custom-designed leather boots with studs on the soles . These necessities were very expensive and, above all, difficult to come by around the 19th century. Jovan Ružić , one of the most talented footballers during this period, provides a vivid testimony to the scarcity that the youth of that time faced and how improvisation was used to solve it :

“The children's rubber balls that they used regularly were very weak and tore apart fairly quickly. Since our parents weren't in the mood to get new ones all the time, we made our own balls out of rags and cloths. If the right effort was put into them, these balls were practically indestructible. They were made from old rags and rags, wool, whatever we could find at home. To make the ball harder and heavier, we put a small stone in the middle and then wrapped a cloth around it. At the end we wrapped the entire bundle with a string. "

- Jovan Ružić, first Yugoslav national player from Serbia, and later referee and sports official, mid-20th century

After overcoming a few obstacles and despite the initial, but relatively short, acceptance difficulties among part of the population, football quickly became popular throughout Serbia, so that football departments were immediately formed within existing sports clubs . The first pioneers of the Serbian football were students, athletes and sportsmen , but soon joined them merchants and engineers to and lawyers and bureaucrats . At the same time, it became an extremely popular pastime among children, schoolchildren and students, especially in gyms and business schools , making this game a regular sight in the backyards and parks of numerous villages and towns. Just a few years after the introduction of the new sport, the first independent football clubs were founded. There were articles of association and rules written, as well as adequate funding acquired and facilities. Initially, the clubs played numerous friendly matches and tournaments , visited and helped each other and exchanged experiences. The founding of SK Soko and FK Šumadija , as well as Srpski mač , laid the foundation for organized football in Serbia. Their greatest contribution besides popularizing it was the example of how a football club should function and the agreement of uniform football rules published by Anastas Hristodulo , a lawyer and gymnastics enthusiast , in his book Loptanje nogom in 1905 .

history

1891–1904: The beginnings in the 19th century

Airplane photo of the Tempelhofer Feld from 1933. This is where Serbian football took its first steps, which Hugo Buli introduced in Serbia in 1896.

The football history of Serbia goes back over 120 years. It all began in 1891 when the students Hugo Buli and Andra Nikolić founded a gymnastics club in Belgrade called Soko (“The Falcon”), which paved the way for the later development of the first football department in the region. Football reached Serbia in the spring of 1896, when Buli brought the first football from the German Empire to the capital.

The sports equipment originally came from Berlin , where he spent his studies abroad and played for BFC Germania 1888 , the oldest football club in Germany still in existence today . Most likely, Buli brought the ball with him from the Tempelhof district , where the Berlin club was founded, and learned to play football on Tempelhofer Feld , which Germania initially used before introducing the new sport in Serbia. Thus, Serbian football took its first steps on the field on which Tempelhof Airport and Tempelhofer Park are located today.

In 1896, the first football game on Serbian soil took place in the Kalemegdan park near the Nebojša tower .

On May 12, 1896, Buli founded the soccer department of the Soko gymnastics club , which is today the very first soccer department in Southeast Europe . Seven years later, the SK Soko football club emerged, the oldest Serbian football club still in existence today, and Buli also played a role in the establishment of this club. Thus the oldest still existing Serbian football club is indirectly connected to the oldest still existing club in Germany via Buli.

The first football game on Serbian soil took place on May 19, when Buli, his friends and several members of the Soko football department demonstrated the new sport to the citizens in the Kalemegdan park near the Nebojša tower . In 1898, the Subotičko sportsko društvo ("Suboticer Sports Club") founded another soccer department in Subotica and thus the second in the region on the initiative of Nikola Matković, a high school teacher and coach of the club, and Zoltán Vágner, an active soccer player from Budapest .

Through further efforts by Buli and Andra Nikolić, who had already been promoted to Foreign Minister , and some other members of the Soko gymnastics club , all of them young lawyers , civil servants and business people , the founding meeting of the first independent football club in Southeastern Europe called Prvo Srpsko društvo za took place on May 1, 1899 igru loptom (First Serbian Ball Games Association) and Srpsko loptačko društvo (Serbian Ball Association ) held in a Belgrade restaurant called Trgovačka kafana . The first president elected became Feti Bey, a consul of the Ottoman Empire , while lawyer Mihailo Živadinović became vice-president. However, the club was dissolved again after only one game or a few months, but the later construction of a field in Gupevac , a suburb that is now in the Belgrade district of Sopot, was enforced .

In the club's coat of arms of today's BASK there is a falcon , Serbian Soko , which is an allusion to the SK Soko.

The number of football players has grown steadily since then and more clubs have emerged over the years. So in 1901 today's FK Bačka was founded in 1901 . Two years later, the SK Soko was founded , the establishment of which Stevan Stefanović, son of a wealthy canning factory owner, initiated with the support of Buli and Nikolić, and thus practically became the successor to the football department of the Soko gymnastics company founded in 1896 . Stefanović returned from Switzerland in 1903, where he had previously played for an amateur club called Concordia , and brought along a few balls and a set of jerseys .

Among the founders was Ljubomir Jovanović, who later became Minister of Justice , and President of the National Assembly. The first goal of the club's management was to build a field that was to be opened in May 1904, when two SK Soko teams competed against each other to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the first Serbian uprising against the Ottoman occupation first official game, and thus went down as the first soccer field in the history of the country.

In 1903, the second association in the Kingdom of Serbia was established in Kragujevac when Danilo Stojanović , an engineer from the defense company Zastava , founded the FK Šumadija . Today's FK Bačka 1901, SK Soko, which is known today under the name BASK , and FK Šumadija are now the three oldest football clubs in Serbia that still exist. In the same year, Subotički SK , an association from Subotica, was founded. Interestingly, SK Soko and FK Šumadija played their first official game independently in May 1904, both to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the first Serbian uprising.

1905–1914: Further development and first competition

Club coat of arms of the Belgrade SK.

In 1905, on the initiative of the lawyer Radivoje Novaković, the football department of the fencing club Srpski mač was established in Belgrade , which became an independent football club as early as 1906. 1908 in Sabac , the association Dušan Silni founded, and in 1909 the clubs Vihor from Obrenovac , Deligrad from Aleksinac , Soko from Gornji Milanovac , and the OFK from Kikinda . By 1914, clubs were founded in the cities of Čačak , Leskovac , Sokobanja , Smederevska Palanka , Natalinci , a place near Topola , as well as Zaječar and Niš . Ten other associations were founded in Belgrade, including the BSK . In 1911 a group of former players from Srpski mač decided to found a new club. Shortly before, there was a dispute between the players and the club president, which ultimately led to the creation of the BSK. Together with the later emerging SK Velika Srbija was the club's most successful and most popular in the pre-Communist and Tito history of Serbia develop that with the future leadership of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia emerged (JCP) in 1945 socialist Yugoslavia should have its end, its guidance had a significant impact on numerous clubs.

At the inaugural meeting of BSK was also Danilo Stojanović present, the now by his nickname Cika Daca had become known, which was determined as vice president, while as treasurer of the Czech was selected Miloš Ekert, one of the first foreign players in the country. The formation of the new club immediately led to the dissolution of Srpski mač , which lost its best players to the BSK. In the same year in Takovo the FK Takovo founded. After 1912 the clubs Javor Ivanjica , the KAFK and Somborski SK from Sombor , today Radnički Sombor , were established, as well as in the Belgrade municipality of Vračar domestic FK Slavija were launched, another disagreement should lead to the creation of a new club, this time between the players of the BSK and the club management. Eventually some players left the BSK and founded a new club. Among the dissidents was again Danilo Stojanović, who led the force. Ultimately, the SK Velika Srbija was founded in 1913, paving the way for the later founding of Red Star . Stojanovic was thus involved in the establishment of the FK Sumadija , the BSK and the SK Velika Srbija, founded in 1903 .

Club coat of arms of SK Jugoslavija.

The first game of the new club was played against the BSK of all places. At the same time, this encounter is the origin of the sporting rivalry between the later founded Belgrade clubs Red Star and Partizan , better known as the Eternal Derby . Belgrade became the center of Serbian football during this period. In 1914, the National Olympic Committee finally organized a tournament for which the best clubs in the country competed. The final was played on May 11th in Košutnjak on the pitch of the BSK, which SK Velika Srbija won with a 3-1 win against FK Šumadija . So practically the first Serbian Cup was played. This seemed like a promising start to a regular football tournament, especially as there were already over 3000 active players, but in the same year the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy declared war on Serbia, which marked the beginning of the First World War . However, shortly before that, another club emerged that was to leave its mark on Serbian football, Vojvodina Novi Sad , which was founded by students from a Serbian Orthodox grammar school with the help of local intellectuals and craftsmen .

1914–1941: After the First World War

During the First World War, Austro-Hungarian, German and Bulgarian troops occupied all of Serbia, which brought organized football to a standstill across the country. The Serbian players and sports officials were usually on the war front , but despite the difficult situation, the young people who remained behind tried to use football to overcome the suffering of the war and to make their everyday lives as normal as possible. Football continued to be played in the alleys, streets and parks of many cities. Even under the conditions of the war, it remained the favorite pastime of Serbian soldiers. After the end of the war, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was founded, which was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 , and which has also belonged to Serbia since 1918. From now on, Serbian clubs competed in the football system of the new country and on a much larger scale.

Numerous pre-war associations were then restored, among them the BSK and the SK Velika Srbija. The clubs added new players to their ranks, mostly youngsters who had matured during the occupation, while most of the older players were more likely to volunteer with the club to continue helping to develop football. In accordance with the new political realities, as well as the formation of the new country, which united all the southern Slavs , the SK Velika Srbija decided in 1919 to change its name to SK Jugoslavija . In the same year negotiations began to establish a Yugoslav football association. Representatives of the country's largest clubs gathered in Zagreb , which in April 1919 led to the establishment of the Yugoslav Football Association. Boško Simonović was elected to represent the Serbian clubs. The Belgrade Football Association named Beogradski loptački podsavez (BLP) was also founded.

The 1st Yugoslav Football League began in 1923, the matches of which drew a large audience. The income from ticket sales ensured financial stability, which led to investments in the expansion of the infrastructure . In general, the economy and working conditions improved, making football flourish across the country. The first club that made a big investment was SK Jugoslavija, whose club management bought a large piece of land to build a stadium. The construction area was exactly where the Red Star Stadium is today. The stadium had a capacity of 30,000 and was inaugurated in 1927. Only two years later, its city rival BSK built a stadium in the immediate vicinity that offered more than 35,000 spectators, which means that Belgrade now had two impressive stadiums for that time. In addition, a large number of highly qualified foreign players from football centers such as Vienna , Prague or Budapest switched to clubs in Serbia. Between 1923 and 1941 the SK Jugoslavija won two championships, while the BSK was the most successful football club in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia with five titles and four runners-up.

1941–1945: During the Second World War

During the Second World War , Yugoslavia was broken up and occupied by the Axis powers . Serbia was mainly under Hungarian and especially German military occupation by the Wehrmacht . In some cities associations were dissolved or their property was expropriated. Many clubs lost numerous players on the battlefield or were murdered by the occupiers, including several players and sports officials from Hajduk Kula or Vojvodina Novi Sad . Probably the most prominent victim during the fascist occupation was Milutin Ivković , a former player of SK Soko and SK Jugoslavija, and captain of the Yugoslav national team , which reached the semi-finals at the 1930 World Cup . In 1943 he was arrested by the Gestapo and later shot in the Jajinci concentration camp near Belgrade.

In other cities, football matches were out of the question due to the fighting, while in some others, games were allowed, mainly in Belgrade. Some clubs were forced to change their names, including SK Jugoslavija, which - due to its pro-Yugoslav name - was finally called SK 1913 from 1941 . During the years of the fascist occupation, the Yugoslav championship was therefore not held, football largely came to a standstill, but some clubs continued to play under extremely difficult circumstances in a kind of remaining Serbian league, which consisted only of Belgrade clubs and was played from 1941 to 1944 .

1945–1957: After the Second World War

Immediately after the Second World War, the SK 1913 or SK Jugoslavija was dissolved by the new communist authorities of Yugoslavia and its property, including the stadium and the training area, was later to be handed over to the newly founded Red Star Belgrade sports club and its football department, the most successful today Association of Serbia. The reasons and circumstances of the sudden dissolution was the root of many theories that could not be fully clarified so far, but Red Star even received some players, the club colors and even the club logo were derived from SK Jugoslavija. Thus, Red Star was practically formed from the SK Jugoslavija or SK Velika Srbija. However, Red Star Belgrade never considered itself a successor to SK Jugoslavija, while some others, including numerous fans, claim so and are considering a new founding date for Red Star. This history is still controversially discussed today.

The BSK, the second large Serbian club that was no longer allowed to play under this name, was similarly affected, while the stadium was expropriated in favor of the Yugoslav People's Army , which arrived on the property after Partizan Belgrade was founded in 1945, today's second most successful club in Serbia had a new stadium built, today's Partizan Stadium . The BSK did not get its name again until 1950. In 1957 the association was finally given the current name OFK Belgrade , the change of which is said to have been carried out again under political pressure. Despite some successes, during this period the club not only lost its home stadium, but also its popularity to Partizan, not only in Belgrade, but across the country. Since then, the club has been overshadowed by the big Belgrade city rivals Red Star and Partizan.

The influence and actions of the communist authorities at the time should lead to profound changes in Serbian football, as not only the two best Serbian pre-communist clubs were practically dissolved. Others were refused the game or the start-up, others had to change their names, but there were also clubs that were not affected by these events. Above all, however, many new clubs were founded, including the two most successful, Red Star and Partizan.

The first footballers

Outfield player

His pupils and students are considered to be the first footballers in the country, among them the football pioneer Hugo Buli , who came into contact with football in Berlin at the end of the 19th century and introduced it to Serbia in 1896. They were followed by the players of the very first football section in the region, which was founded in the same year, more precisely that of the Soko gymnastics club , as well as those of the first independent football club in Southeastern Europe called Prvo srpsko društvo za igru ​​loptom (first Serbian club to play with the ball) and Srpsko loptačko društvo (Serbian football club) founded in 1899.

The Serbian Football Club was dissolved in the same year, but was to celebrate its rebirth as early as 1900, this time as the football department of the Prvo srpsko velosipendsko društvo (First Serbian Bicycle Club ), whose members included Karlo Brener, Svetolik Savić, Arsenije Milićević and Bogoljub Matković, all of which were first referred to in public as Loptači (footballer). Other well-known footballers of that period or who are referred to as the first footballers in Serbia are Milorad Maksimović, Petar Mirković, Velizar Mitrović, Andra Nikolić and Dragoljub Borisavljević. Jovan Ružić, however, was the first Yugoslav international from Serbia.

goalkeeper

Vladimir Beara 1953, played among other things for five years for Red Star .

In the beginning, the goalkeeper position was one of the weakest positions in the Serbian teams or clubs, as the opinion of footballers was widespread that this position was too passive. She was therefore unpopular and everyone avoided this position. That soon changed when it was recognized that the goalkeeper had a responsible role in the team, which was then considered particularly honorable. As a result of this development, the goalkeepers were the first to receive special clothing and equipment, which visually distinguishes them from the other players on the field and which is particularly the focus of the spectators.

The first and most famous of those times were Danilo Stojanović and Dragoljub Mihajlović from FK Šumadija , and Steva Stefanović from SK Soko . Mihajlović guarded the goal from 1903 to 1913, while Stojanović was in goal between 1903 and 1914 in addition to FK Šumadija, SK Soko, FK Dušanovac and SK Velika Srbija . A special feature of Stojanović was that he always wore a white jersey, which made him highly recognizable and extremely popular.

One of the best-known goalkeepers from Serbia, of Serbian origin or who played in Serbia was Vladimir Beara , who for many years was considered one of the world's best goalkeepers and still has the reputation of being the best in the history of Yugoslavia and Serbia. He also played for Alemannia Aachen , among others . Others are Petar Borota , Ivan Ćurković , Ratomir Dujković or the goalkeepers Petar Radenković and Milutin Šoškić , who played in the Bundesliga in the 1960s , who played for TSV 1860 Munich and 1. FC Köln and became extremely popular there, especially Radenković , one of the 176 football players who were in action on the first day of the Bundesliga, August 24, 1963. Besides Radenković, there were only three other foreigners among them. His song Bin i Radi, bin i König , which he recorded during his sporting career, is legendary and has a circulation of 400,000. had, with which he reached the 5th place in the German charts.

The Serbian national football team

At the beginning of 1911 there were disagreements between several players from the football club Srpski mač and its club president, who did not agree to the hosting of a friendly game against the HAŠK . The club from Zagreb, founded in 1906, which at that time was subordinate to the Hungarian Football Association and was already participating in national competitions, was prohibited by the association from playing international matches. The reason was a law from 1907, according to which only Hungarian should be spoken at all train stations in the then Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia , which belonged to Austria-Hungary , which the Croatian and Serbian population opposed.

The Czech Miloš Ekert, who had previously moved from HAŠK to Srpski mač , stayed in contact with his former team-mates and saw this as an opportunity to organize a game between these two teams. The players of the Srpski mač agreed, the club president did not. He believed his club was much weaker than the already established football club HAŠK. The club's management decided that all players who went to Zagreb anyway should be excluded from the club due to undisciplined behavior. Aware of this, numerous players, accompanied by some SK Soko players who pretended to be the national team of the Kingdom of Serbia, went to the match.

Once there, they lost the match on May 19, 1911 with 0: 8. The game the next day they lost 6-0. The Zagreb newspapers of the time praised the Serbian team for their dedication and courage to challenge the HAŠK. At home, the team was exposed to great criticism, mainly because they did not appear under the name Srpski mač , but referred to themselves as the national team of the Kingdom. The style of play was also criticized; However, it did not take into account the fact that there was no nationwide competition at club level in Serbia at the time, as well as the fact that part of the public and the press had a perception of the best clubs and players in Serbia and the region of that period was missing, especially considering the number of encounters and their results. The dissidents were expelled from the clubs, which contributed to the emergence of the later BSK football club. The Serbian Football Association regards it as the first appearance of a Serbian national team, although it was only an unofficial friendly game and the team was not composed of the best Serbian players.

With the formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918 and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929, Serbian players played in the Yugoslav national team , which existed until 1992. After the dissolution of Yugoslavia in 1992, a new Yugoslavia was founded, which consisted of the republics of Serbia and Montenegro . It kept the name of Yugoslavia until 2003 when the country changed its name to Serbia and Montenegro . After the alliance of states separated in 2006, the Serbian national team was formed , whose first coach was the Spaniard Javier Clemente . The first official international match was played on August 16, 2006 in the farewell game of Pavel Nedvěd against the Czech selection in Uherské Hradiště . Serbia entered this game for the first time as an independent state. Accompanied by the national anthem Bože Pravde , the original national anthem of the Kingdom of Serbia, only in an adapted version of the text without monarchist references, the new flag of Serbia and its red jerseys, blue shorts and white socks, the team won their first game with 3-1 .

literature

  • Srbislava Todorović, Fudbal u Srbiji 1896–1918, SOFK Zvezdara, 1996.
  • Dejan Zec: The Origin of Soccer in Serbia . In: Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies 24 (1–2), 2010, pp. 137–159. ( Digitized on academia.edu )

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Dejan Zec: The Origin of Soccer in Serbia - Introduction.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g Dejan Zec: The Origin of Soccer in Serbia, p. 139.
  3. ↑ a b c d Dejan Zec: The Origin of Soccer in Serbia, p. 140.
  4. ↑ Jovan Ružić, Sećanja i uspomene, Beograd, 1973.
  5. ↑ a b c d Dejan Zec: The Origin of Soccer in Serbia - The First Clubs, p. 140.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f Dejan Zec: The Origin of Soccer in Serbia - The First Clubs, p. 142.
  7. ↑ a b Srbislava Todorović, Fudbal u Srbiji 1896–1918, SOFK Zvezdara, 1996, p. 9.
  8. ↑ a b c d Dejan Zec: The Origin of Soccer in Serbia, p. 138.
  9. ↑ a b c d tempelhoferfeld.info: Foundation of the oldest still existing German soccer club
  10. ↑ Dr. Thomas Schneider: The history of the BFC Germania 1888. The timeline - 1888. (No longer available online.) Ed .: ballpassagen.de, archived from the original on January 6, 2012 ; accessed on August 27, 2013 (German). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bfcgermania88.de
  11. ↑ Friedhard Teuffel: The oldest association - a small association . In: Wolfgang Niersbach, Rudi Michel (Hrsg.): 100 Years of the DFB - The History of the German Football Association . Sportverlag, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-328-00850-0 , p. 483 .
  12. ↑ a b Srbislava Todorović, Fudbal u Srbiji 1896–1918, SOFK Zvezdara, 1996, p. 10.
  13. ↑ a b c d e Dejan Zec: The Origin of Soccer in Serbia - The First Clubs, p. 141.
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Dejan Zec: The Origin of Soccer in Serbia - BSK and Velika Srbija, p. 142.
  15. ↑ a b conflict oko preseljenja. Der Blic , September 4, 2010, accessed August 24, 2013 (Serbian).
  16. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Istorija FK Crvena zvezda o kojoj se (ne) priča. MojaCrvenaZvezda.net , the official fan page of the Red Star Belgrade sports club, February 11, 2011, accessed on August 24, 2013 (Serbian).
  17. ↑ Dejan Zec: The Origin of Soccer in Serbia - International Matches and Attempts to Organize a National Soccer Association, p. 145.
  18. ↑ Srbislava Todorović, Fudbal u Srbiji 1896–1918, SOFK Zvezdara, 1996, p. 60.
  19. ↑ a b Srbislava Todorović, Fudbal u Srbiji 1896–1918, SOFK Zvezdara, 1996, p. 11.
  20. ↑ a b c d e f Srbislava Todorović, Fudbal u Srbiji 1896–1918, SOFK Zvezdara, 1996, p. 17.
  21. ↑ a b c d Official homepage of the Serbian Football Association : ИСТОРИЈА ФУДБАЛСКОГ САВЕЗА СРБИЈЕ (Serbian)