History of the city of Bochum
The history of the city of Bochum as part of the history of the Ruhr area is over 1000 years old, as this chronicle shows. The city of Wattenscheid , which was only incorporated into Bochum on January 1, 1975, is excluded here until 1974.
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Prehistory and early history, antiquity
Finds were made in Bochum that indicate an early settlement.
Early middle ages
The first mention of Bochum found 890 in Lifting register (Urbar) of Werden Abbey . The name form is Aldanbochem , whereby the second part of the name [ 'bo: khe: m ] was pronounced and is interpreted as a settlement near beeches or a beech forest ("Buchheim"). Presumably, however, Charlemagne had an imperial court built around 800 at the intersection of two trade routes on the site south of today's provost church . Today's blue and white city colors are supposed to be based on the blue and white imperial banner of Charlemagne.
High Middle Ages
In the year 1000 the St. Vinzentius Church was built in Harpen . The Stiepeler village church was built in 1008. In 1041 Bochum is mentioned as a Reichshof in a document from the Archdiocese of Cologne . In 1243 Adolf I. von der Mark and Dietrich von Isenberg decided in a peace treaty to share the county, court and court of Cobochem in friendship . This makes Bochum "Märkisch", part of the Grafschaft Mark. In 1321, Count Engelbert II of the Mark gave Bochum city rights. The book as Bochum's coat of arms can be proven on a document from the provost church from 1381.
Late Middle Ages
During the great Dortmund feud in 1389, the mercenary leader Bitter von Raesfeld was given the task of pillaging the Bochum office and plundering the courts of the nobles. The "Gasthaus" in Bochum, a foundation for the poor and the sick, was opened in 1438. From 1461 Bochum belonged to the Duchy of Kleve . A fire disaster devastated the town and church (an old mission chapel) in 1517. The plague also raged in Bochum. The English sweat hit Bochum's population in 1529. In 1547 the provost church of St. Peter and Paul was rebuilt.
Early modern age
The first news about coal mining in Bochum appeared in church account books in 1537 . In 1544 the plague raged again in Bochum, the residents fled to the city limits. A fire destroyed almost all of Bochum again in 1581. More plague epidemics followed in 1583 and 1589.
In the Treaty of Xanten of 1614, the Hohenzollern-Elector Johann Sigismund prevailed in the Jülich-Klevischen succession dispute, whereby the Counties of Ravensberg , the Duchy of Kleve and the Counties of Mark - and thus also the city of Bochum - came into the possession of the Electors of Brandenburg. In 1618 the electoral ruled Mark Brandenburg was united with the Duchy of Prussia to form Brandenburg-Prussia and Bochum was thus also Prussian under the Hohenzollerns . During the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Spanish troops reached the region.
Prussian beginning
The Pauluskirche , the oldest Protestant church in Bochum, was built in 1655. In 1673 French soldiers occupied the city in the Franco-Dutch War . The old pharmacy was opened in 1691 . In 1735, 25 “Kohlenpütts” (coal mines) were counted in the Bochum office. After the death of Baron Johann Friedrich von Syberg , there were foreclosures in the Herrlichkeit Stiepel in 1738. In 1756 the Seven Years War began between Prussia, England, Hanover and Braunschweig against France. First French hussars (1757) and later Prussian allies (1758) were quartered in Bochum . In 1759 the main French army was deployed in the Hellweg zone. The Treaty of Hubertusburg was concluded in 1763, and by the end of the war Bochum was totally impoverished. In 1770 the Knappschaftskasse was established. In 1780, the Ruhr was made navigable for Ruhr shipping , with Bunen and several locks being built. The Mülheim poet and mountain doctor Dr. Carl Arnold Kortum wrote " Jobsiade " and appeared in 1783. In 1790, Carl Arnold Kortum created the city plan that is still famous today.
The road from Bochum to Witten-Crengeldanz, which had been built since 1789, was completed, as was the new highway from Essen via Steele to Bochum (1794) laid down by Minister von Heintz in 1787 . The users of the highway had to pay a toll.
19th century - industrial revolution
In 1801, the first steam engine was used in the Ruhr coal mining industry at the Vollmond colliery in Werne and allowed the sinking of an underground mine shaft . At the end of March 1806, the French troops occupied Emperor Napoleon's Bochum. Bochum was therefore part of the Dortmund arrondissement in the Ruhr Department from 1806 to 1815 . 1815 was under King Friedrich Wilhelm III. Napoleon's brief supremacy was broken by the Wars of Liberation , so that from January 1, 1815 Prussian laws came into force again. In 1817 the Bochum district was formed.
The Märkische Bergschule took its seat in Bochum in 1816. The first newspaper, the later Märkische spokesman , appeared weekly in 1829. In 1835, fifteen oil lamps lit Bochum's streets. Jacob Mayer discovered the steel molding process in 1842, a basis for the later Bochum Association . In addition, in 1842 Germany's first underground construction shaft was inaugurated at the Zeche President , Bochum introduced the “Revised City Code” and elected Max Greve as mayor.
In 1845 the private tutor Caroline Krüger founded an evangelical secondary school for girls in Bochum. The St. Elisabeth Hospital was opened in 1848 as the first hospital in Bochum. The later Bochum ironworks Heintzmann was founded in 1851 by businessmen Korte and Heintzmann . The provincial trade school , now the Goethe School in Bochum , was also built in 1851. On April 13, 1855, the Bochumer Gas-Anstalt was founded as the forerunner of today's Stadtwerke Bochum . In addition, the Westphalian province's first gas works was built in Bochum . On January 28, 1856, gas lamps lit up the city of Bochum for the first time. The creation of a Bochum Chamber of Commerce was approved by the King. In 1858 Bochum had 8,797 inhabitants and had an area of around 6 km². The connection of Bochum with the Bochum BME station to the railway line Witten / Dortmund – Oberhausen / Duisburg of the Bergisch-Märkische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft took place in 1860. Henriette von Noël founded a Catholic secondary school for girls, the later Hildegardis School . In addition, in 1860 the equal higher middle school was opened, today Gymnasium am Ostring .
The first houses in the Stahlhausen workers' settlement were built in 1864. In November 1866, a general beer strike was called because the serving price was to be increased from 1 to 1 ¼ silver groschen per glass. In 1870 Bochum had 17,585 inhabitants. Dr. Carlos Otto discovered coal chemistry . The public limited company "Märkische Vereins-Druckerei A.-G." was founded in 1872 by 30 citizens to publish the Westphalian People's Newspaper . The German economic crisis hit Bochum in 1873. In 1874, Bochum was connected with the Bochum RhE station on the Osterath – Dortmund Süd railway line of the Rheinische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft . The BME opened the Essen-Wattenscheid-Bochum branch. The Bochum municipal park was created and the workers' hostel food Home in Stahlhausen opened.
On October 1, 1876, the city of Bochum was formed into an urban district. The remaining district surrounded the now independent city and existed as the district of Bochum until 1929. 40 percent of the population was younger than 15 at the time. In 1884 the Marien Hospital and in 1886 the Martin Luther Hospital in Wattenscheid were opened. The Bochum May Evening Festival was reintroduced in 1888. In 1890 Bergmannsheil was the first accident hospital in the world to open. On January 11, 1892, the new building of the grammar school was inaugurated on the Ostring , today's old building. On October 1, 1892, the Bochum district court began its work. A bathing establishment was opened on Marienstraße in 1894 and the Blau-Weiß Bochum swimming club was founded on March 16, 1896 .
On the bill Carolinenglück died in a coal dust explosion 1898 116 miners on 17 February. In the same year Bochum and Laer were connected with a tram line. The Bochum Chamber of Commerce and Industry received its own building in 1899. The Dahlhausen floating bridge was built on the Ruhr . The Hotel-Restaurant Burg Horkenstein was built in 1900.
20th century
1901 to 1910
The Jahrhunderthalle was built in 1902 by the Bochumer Verein for the Düsseldorf trade exhibition . In 1904 a smallpox epidemic hit the city, so the May evening festival was canceled for safety reasons. After some of the surrounding smaller towns (Grumme, Hamme, Wiemelhausen and Hofstede) were incorporated, Bochum had 116,596 inhabitants in 1905, including over 20,000 miners, and had an area of approx. 27 km². In 1908 the variety theater Apollo-Theater (later Stadttheater, today Schauspielhaus Bochum ) and the Knappschaftskrankenhaus in Langendreer (today known as the University Clinic Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum ) opened. The Bismarck Tower was inaugurated in 1910.
1911 to 1920
On November 15, 1911, the St. Josef Hospital Bochum was opened. The shell of the Alsberg brothers' department store (later Kortum department store ) was completed in 1915, but after the outbreak of World War I initially had to serve as a food store. The municipal orchestra was founded in 1918 . The first local elections after the abolition of the three-class suffrage took place in 1919. The Bochum stage was founded and achieved a high reputation under Saladin Schmitt .
1921 to 1930
In 1921 the city of Bochum acquired the Kemnade house . The later Kortum-Gesellschaft Bochum was founded. In 1922 the first, still purely mechanical, stage of the Oelbachtal sewage treatment plant was built. On January 11, 1923, French troops occupied the Ruhr area because the reparations payments were not fulfilled ( Ruhr occupation ). Bochum was occupied on January 15, 1923. The cycling track on Hattinger Strasse was opened in 1924. In 1925 an infant home was built, which later became the children's and youth clinic . The Friedrich-Lueg-Haus was the first high-rise in Bochum to open. The bus enterprise was included in Bochum 1926th
Through further incorporations ( Altenbochum , Weitmar , Hordel , Riemke , Bergen (Bochum) as well as parts of Eppendorf , Höntrop , Westenfeld (Bochum) and part of Eickel ) Bochum came in 1926 to 213,462 inhabitants and approx. 50 km² and in 1929 after further incorporations ( Gerthe (Bochum) , Hiltrop , Harpen (Bochum) , Werne (Bochum) , Langendreer , Laer (Bochum) , Querenburg , Stiepel (Bochum) , Linden (Bochum) , Dahlhausen (Bochum) , part of Somborn ) to 322,514 inhabitants and up an area of approx. 121 km². The German Mining Museum was founded in 1930 by the Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse and the city of Bochum.
1931 to 1940
In 1931 the new Bochum town hall was opened. At that time, the Jewish religious community in Bochum and Wattenscheid comprised 1,288 people. The Bochum zoo was founded in 1933 .
In the time of National Socialism , Bochum was the administrative seat of the Gau Westfalen-Süd of the NSDAP. Political opponents were also arrested and persecuted in Bochum ( Otto Ruer , Fritz Heinemann , August Bahrenberg and many others). From August 1935, the “Certificate of the successful completion of the Aryanization” was presented in a showcase in the entrance area of the Kortum department store. Pogrom Night took place on November 9, 1938. The first Jewish citizens were deported to the concentration camps, and Jewish facilities and apartments were destroyed. About 500 Jewish citizens were known by name who perished in the Shoah in the following years , 19 of them were younger than 16 years old. In December 1938, the Jewish elementary school teacher Else Hirsch began organizing a total of 10 child transports to Holland and Great Britain to save Jewish children and young people.
VfL Bochum was established on April 15, 1938 in the course of the “ Gleichschaltung” . The construction of air raid shelters in Bochum and Wattenscheid began in 1940.
1941 to 1950
In 1942 underground air raid shelters ( air raid tunnels ) were preferred . Some of the bunkers started in 1941 were still in the middle construction phase at that time. On May 13th and 14th and June 12th and 13th, 1943, the first of 150 major bomb attacks took place on Bochum. A total of 550,000 bombs should fall on the city. On November 4, 1944 from 7:00 p.m., 10,000 high-explosive bombs and over 130,000 incendiary bombs hit the city within an hour. As a result, 1,300 people died, 2,000 were wounded and 70,000 were left homeless.
In late autumn 1944 a total of around 32,500 forced laborers and prisoners of war were registered in Bochum and there were more than 100 camps (see Forced Labor in Bochum and Wattenscheid ).
The Americans marched into Bochum on April 10, 1945. Elsewhere in Germany, the war continued until the beginning of May. The Second World War finally ended on May 8th with the unconditional surrender of the Wehrmacht .
1951 to 1960
The Bochum theater was reopened in 1953. The new building for the Hildegardis School was inaugurated on November 13, 1957. In 1956 Fritz Graetz opened the Graetz factory and on May 30, 1957 the newly built main train station was put into operation. On October 5, 1957, Heinz Kaminski succeeded in receiving the signals from the Sputnik satellite in the Sundern district of Bochum , whereupon the Bochum observatory was founded. The Museum Bochum - Art Collection was opened in 1960 in the Villa Marckhoff .
1961 to 1970
In 1961, Bochum set up the first organized landfill in Germany. After the Bochum I plant was built in 1960 and the Bochum II / III plant in 1962, Adam Opel AG opened the first production facilities in Bochum . The Zeiss Planetarium Bochum was built in 1964 and the Ruhr University Bochum opened in 1965 . The Bochum Music School was founded in 1967.
1971 to 1980
In June 1971 VfL Bochum was promoted to the first division . The Erich Kästner School was opened as the first comprehensive school in Bochum. In 1973 the last colliery in Bochum ( Hannover colliery ) was closed. From May 26, 1974 the S-Bahn reached the city area (S 1 Bochum Hauptbahnhof - Duisburg-Großenbaum; S 3 Hattingen - Bochum-Dahlhausen - Oberhausen). After the incorporation of the city of Wattenscheid in 1975, the city area now had around 430,000 inhabitants and an area of around 145 km². In 1976 the Oelbachtal sewage treatment plant was expanded. The Bochum-Dahlhausen Railway Museum was founded in 1977 by the German Society for Railway History e. V. founded. The Bochum model also ensured medical training at the Ruhr University Bochum. The first light rail line and the Ruhr Stadium opened in 1979. A year later, Lake Kemnade was opened.
1981 to 1990
The first Bochum Total took place in September 1986 on two stages. The Mathias Claudius School, a school for disabled and non-disabled people, was founded in Bochum-Harpen and is now located in Bochum-Weitmar.
1991 to 2000
The musical Starlight Express started its journeys in 1988. In 1989, the U35 light rail line from Bochum main station to Herne Schloss Strünkede was opened. In 1990 the situation art was completed (for Max Imdahl). Bochum, together with Dortmund, hosted the first all-German gymnastics festival with 120,000 participants.
The cities of Bochum , Hattingen , Herne and Witten merged in 1993 to form the Middle Ruhr Area .
21st century
2001 to 2010
The RuhrCongress was inaugurated in 2003. Bochum had 394,636 inhabitants at that time. In 2004 Adam Opel AG planned to cut several thousand jobs in Bochum as well. A strike by the workforce against the will of IG Metall and against its own works council shut down European production for a short time. On October 19, 25,000 people gathered on the square at the Schauspielhaus for a spontaneous rally of solidarity.
The east-west tunnel of the Bogestra was opened in 2006. Lines 302, 306 and 310 were laid underground, and Bochum's city center was now completely free of rails. The extension building for Situation Kunst was opened. In 2007 the new synagogue was inaugurated. In January 2008 the closure of the Nokia factory in Bochum was announced and in May 2008 it was closed. On May 17th the Dalai Lama visited Bochum. In September 2008 the University Clinic of the Ruhr University Bochum and on November 1, 2009 the University of Health are founded.
2011 until today
The automobile company Adam Opel AG closes the production site in Bochum in 2015 . The site is being taken over by the city to allow companies to relocate. The Westkreuz motorway triangle ( A 40 and A 448 ) will be opened to traffic in June 2015. For the 2015 winter semester, the students of the University of Health (HSG) will be putting the building on the health campus into operation. To complement the art situation, the underground museum was opened on November 14, 2015. On November 24, 2015, drinking water production in Bochum ceased. Since then, water has been supplied solely from the waterworks in Essen-Horst and Witten-Heven. The first public concert in the newly established Anneliese Brost Musikforum Ruhr with the Bochum Symphony Orchestra took place on October 27, 2016.
See also
literature
- Karl Arnold Kortum: News of the former and current state of the city of Bochum. 1790.
- Association of German Architects: Building in Bochum: Architecture Guide. Schürmann & Klagges, Bochum 1986, ISBN 3-920612-32-9 .
- Norbert Konegen, Hans H. Hanke (Ed.): Bochum on foot. VSA, Hamburg 1991, ISBN 3-87975-531-0 .
- F. Peine: That was Bochum - a city in transition. Kamp, Bochum 1965.
- Kortum Society Bochum : Bochumer Heimatbuch. Line.
- Franz Darpe : History of the city of Bochum. 1888-1894.
- Wilhelm Hermann, Gertrude Hermann: The old mines on the Ruhr . Langewiesche successor publishing house, Königstein im Taunus, 6th edition 2008, ISBN 978-3-7845-6994-9 , pp. 139-162 (on the Bochum mines).
- Hiram Kümper: Bochum: From Carolingians to coal stoves. Sutton, Erfurt 2006.
- Dirk Sondermann , Wolfgang Schlosser: Bochum saga book. 2nd Edition. 2003, ISBN 3-89355-067-4 .
- Johannes Volker Wagner: swastika over Bochum: seizure of power and National Socialist everyday life. Bochum 1983.
- City of Bochum, Press and Information Office: Despite cholera, war and crises - Bochum - A small illustrated city history. Geiger, Horb am Neckar 2000.
- Jürgen Mittag / Ingrid Wölk (eds.): Bochum and the Ruhr area. Big City Education in the 20th Century . Essen: Klartext Verlag, 2005 - 470 pages - ISBN 3-89861-459-X
- Stefan Pätzold (ed.): Bochum, the Hellweg area and the county in the Middle Ages. An anthology . Bielefeld: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, 2009 - 207 pp. - ISBN 978-3-89534-782-5
- Reimund Haas / Stefan Pätzold (ed.): Ordensleben in the Ruhr area. Bochum and Hattinger perspectives . Münster / Essen: Monsenstein and Vannerdat, 2015 - 84 pages - ISBN 978-3-95645-529-2
Web links
- Frank Rösler: Buildings for traffic in Bochum
- Urban development of Bochum in the project Zeitreise Ruhr
- Bochum city history
Individual evidence
- ^ Franz Peine: So was Bochum, Eine Stadt im Wandel , Kamp Verlag Bochum, 14th edition, 1981
- ^ Franz Peine: So was Bochum, Eine Stadt im Wandel , Kamp Verlag Bochum, 14th edition, 1981
- ^ Franz Peine: So was Bochum, Eine Stadt im Wandel , Kamp Verlag Bochum, 14th edition, 1981
- ^ Westphalia Lexicon 1832-1835 . In: Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe (Ed.): Reprints for the Westphalian archive maintenance . tape 3 . Münster 1978, p. 20 (reprint of the original from 1834).
- ↑ Official Gazette for the administrative district of Arnsberg 1876, p. 347
- ↑ End of the war in 1945. Hard-won peace in the West , dated: May 5, 2015, accessed on: May 19, 2018
- ↑ WAZ Bochum , accessed on September 26, 2019
- ↑ WAZ Bochum , accessed on October 2, 2018
- ^ WAZ Bochum , accessed on November 26, 2015
- ↑ WAZ Bochum , accessed on November 25, 2015
- ↑ WAZ Bochum , accessed on October 28, 2016