Costa Concordia

Costa Concordia

Costa Concordia in July 2009

Ship data flag  Italy Ship type Cruise ship class Concordia class ( type ship ) Callsign IBHD home port Genoa Owner Costa Crociere Shipping company Costa Crociere Shipyard Fincantieri , Sestri Ponente Build number 6122 building-costs 450 million euros order April 6, 2004 Keel laying November 8, 2004 baptism July 7, 2006 Launch September 2, 2005 takeover June 29, 2006 Whereabouts Scrapped

Ship dimensions and crew length 290.2 m ( Lüa ) 247.4 m ( Lpp ) broad 35.5 m Draft max. 8.2 m displacement approx. 50,000 tons measurement 114,147 GT / 87,196 NRZ   crew 1,100

Machine system machine Diesel-electric drive 2 × electr. Propeller motors ( Converteam ) each 21 MW Machine performance 42,000 kW (57,104 hp) Top speed 22.5  kn (42  km / h ) Energy supply 6 × marine diesel engines ( Wärtsilä 12V46C) each 12.6 MW Generator power 75,600 kW (102,787 hp) propeller 2 × fixed propellers 2 × balance rudders

Transport capacities Allowed number of passengers 3,780

Others Classifications Registro Italiano Navale Registration numbers IMO 9320544

The Costa Concordia was a post-Panamax cruise ship and at the time of commissioning the largest Italian cruise ship. It belonged to the Italian shipping company Costa Crociere , part of the Anglo-American and world's largest cruise company, Carnival Corporation & plc . The ship collided with a rock off the island of Giglio in the Mediterranean Sea on January 13, 2012 , struck a leak and was forced incapable of maneuvering by the wind towards the island, where it ran aground immediately north of the island's small port and list over time to 65 degrees tipped. The accident claimed 32 lives. After lying off Giglio for over 18 months, the wreck was erected on September 17, 2013 and rested on a platform anchored to the seabed until July 15, 2014. The wrecked ship was towed at low speed to Genoa for scrapping from July 23, 2014 , where it arrived on July 27, 2014. The scrapping was completed in July 2017.

Ship dimensions and equipment

The type ship of the Concordia class was measured with 114,147  GT . The space ratio was around 30 GT / passenger (for comparison Queen Mary 2 : around 48 GT / passenger, Ruby Princess : around 37 GT / passenger, Oasis of the Seas : around 37.5 GT / passenger, AIDAblu : around 28.5 GT /Passenger). The shipping company operates four other ships of this class, the last of which was delivered in May 2012. Of the other ships in the Concordia class, only the sister ship Costa Serena is largely identical to the Costa Concordia .

The colorful interior design was based on the countries of Europe, after which the decks were named. The furnishings were carried out by the American designer Joseph Farcus , who designed all new Costa ships since the Costa Atlantica as well as most of the Carnival ships. At the time of completion, the ship housed the world's largest wellness center on board a ship. For the first time on a cruise ship, there was a hydraulic Formula 1 simulator that could be used for a fee.

story

The Costa Concordia was laid down on November 8, 2004 with hull number 6122 at the Italian shipyard Fincantieri in Sestri Ponente and floated in the construction dock on September 2, 2005. On June 29, 2006, she was delivered to the Costa Crociere shipping company as the largest Italian cruise ship to date. The ship was christened on July 7, 2006 in the port of Civitavecchia , godmother was the Czech model Eva Herzigová . The maiden voyage began on July 15, 2006 in Savona .

During heavy gusts of wind , the ship rammed the port facilities on November 22, 2008 when entering the port of Palermo . The Costa Concordia was slightly damaged.

In 2010 the ship was used as a backdrop for the socially critical film Socialisme by Jean-Luc Godard .

Average 2012

Course of events

The lying down Costa Concordia , in the foreground some lifeboats in the port of Giglio

The damaged side wall. In the hull there is still a piece of rock that the ship collided with.

The Scola Piccola cliff (flat stones, center) southeast of Giglio Porto

Collision point (bottom) and final position (center) of the Costa Concordia in front of the island of Giglio

The last positions of the Costa Concordia

The Costa Concordia left the port of Civitavecchia on Friday, January 13, 2012 at around 7 p.m. local time ( CET ) . She was under the command of the then 51-year-old captain Francesco Schettino on a cruise through the western Mediterranean on the way to Savona , from where she was supposed to call at Palermo via Marseille , Barcelona , Palma and Cagliari . The Costa Concordia was equipped with all the usual navigation systems such as several radars, echo sounders, satellite navigation and digital sea map systems.

The island of Giglio on the route should be passed very close to the east coast. According to reports from passengers and the data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) , the ship collided with a rock in front of it at around 9.45 p.m. after a course change maneuver. The ship's Voyage Data Recorder (VDR) recorded the time of the collision at 9:45 p.m. and 7 seconds and the location of the collision at position 42 ° 21 ′ 41 ″  N , 10 ° 55 ′ 50 ″  E , in the immediate vicinity of which there is a rock, which is in front of the reef Le Scole . Le Scole is located just southeast of the town of Giglio Porto in the immediate vicinity of the country. On January 16, divers of the Carabinieri searched for the collision point. On a rock in front of the island of Scola Piccola , they found and photographed metal strips and grinding marks at a depth of about eight meters. This point is about 95 meters from the coastline.

On the port side of the ship there was a gap about 70 meters long after the collision. A piece of rock several meters in size that was stuck in the fuselage was clearly visible in the pictures. According to the fire department , there was also damage to the hull on the starboard side of the ship. The building regulations valid in the year of construction required that the stability of the ship must not be endangered in the event of a leak of up to twelve meters in length. According to the technical officer of the Costa Concordia , five compartments were flooded shortly after the collision, but the stability of the ship was only ensured in up to two flooded compartments.

According to his own account, Captain Schettino tried to head for the port of the island of Giglio after water had entered the ship in order to facilitate the rescue and to prevent an even greater disaster. However, the VDR evaluations and the voice recordings show that the ship was no longer maneuverable just a few minutes after the collision because the engine rooms were flooded. At the time of the accident, a wind from the northeast was blowing in the Canale dell'Argentario with a force of approx . According to the GPS data, after the collision off the coast of the island, the ship moved in a loop towards the port before reaching its end position in the opposite direction to the original direction of travel. The two bow anchors only fell in this position. The ship was aground until September 17, 2013 with a list of about 65 degrees at the position 42 ° 21 '55 "  N , 10 ° 55' 17"  E.

Many of the approximately 3,200 passengers on the Costa Concordia were having dinner when the cruise ship ran aground. According to passengers, a violent shock shook the ship. Shortly after the collision, there was a complete failure of the power supply because the generator rooms were flooded. At first (around 21:54 p.m.) the ship's command spoke of a problem with the energy supply. Passengers who were already in life jackets on the boat deck were ordered by the ship's crew to go back to their cabins or salons on the orders of the ship's command. At 10:30 p.m. the horn signal was given to evacuate the ship and at around 10:36 p.m. the passengers were asked to put on their life jackets and go to the boat deck. As far as we know today - mostly according to our own statements - at least 200 travelers jumped overboard and swam ashore when the heel was more severe; the coastline at the front of the ship was only about a hundred meters away, from the middle of the ship to the stern there were only 35 meters in places between the damaged hull and the easternmost tip of the Punta Gabbianara , the rock spur that runs flat into the sea , on whose underwater base the Costa Concordia then ultimately came to rest with her starboard side. The water temperature in the surrounding sea was around 14 ° C at the time of the accident.

At the time of the accident there were 4229 people on board, including around 1000 crew members. The passengers included around 1000 Italians, 566 Germans, 160 French, 111 Russians, 69 Swiss, 77 Austrians and 120 Americans. There were also some wheelchair users among the passengers.

Rescue mission and victims

Life rafts and ladders on the port side of the Costa Concordia

Rescued passengers wait in Giglio Porto for passage to the mainland.

After the responsible control center of the Capitaneria di Porto in Livorno (part of the Coast Guard Guardia Costiera ) accidentally learned of the accident at 10:06 p.m. and this was confirmed in a conversation with the ship at 10:14 p.m. - but initially only as a power failure -, gradually all available units of the Coast Guard and other agencies were dispatched. The first boat, the Guardia di Finanza 's G104 , was on site at 10:39 p.m. and was ordered to be the on-scene commander (see IAMSAR ) by the regional control center for the coordination of sea rescue ( MRCC ) in Livorno . Furthermore, all three island ferries of the companies Toremar and Maregiglio were already in use from around 11 p.m. and a total of eight helicopters in shifts from 00:20 a.m., including two Sea-King SAR machines from Aeronautica Militare from the Sarzana-Luni military airfield . Two large ferries in the area as well as several other ships in the vicinity were immediately ordered to the site of the accident. In an excerpt from the radio diary of the MRCC for the period between January 13th at 10:00 p.m. and January 14th at 6:00 a.m., many details of the night of the operation are documented.

Most of the passengers and crew could be brought to the island of Giglio, only a few hundred meters away, in lifeboats and the ships that had come to the rescue. As the cruise ship began to list more and more, the helicopters were also used directly for rescue. Rescue teams reported that they had rescued up to 150 people from the sea and brought them ashore. The ship was completely evacuated by around 4:45 a.m. According to the regulations of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), evacuations must be possible in 80 minutes. However, this applies to exercises on an intact ship. A video of the coast guard recorded in the dark with a thermal imaging camera from a helicopter shows people standing in a long line on the port wall of the ship, which is almost on its side, waiting to get into the boats hurrying via a lowered rescue ladder. Since not all passengers could be accommodated on the small island of Giglio (approx. 1400 inhabitants), many rescued people were brought to Porto S. Stefano on the mainland with all available ferries that night.

After the actual rescue operation was completed, three survivors were rescued from the ship's hull in the course of January 15, and around 50 people were missing at that time. Around thirty people were injured. 12 people died during the rescue operation or were rescued from the sea. A diving robot was also used to continue searching for victims. In the course of the search, a further eighteen fatalities were discovered in the wreck by the end of March 2012. This brought the number of bodies found to 30, all of which were identified in mid-April. An Indian crew member and an Italian passenger were still missing afterwards. The body of the last missing person was recovered during the scrapping in Genoa in autumn 2014. Among the total of 32 victims were twelve Germans, seven Italians, six French, two Peruvians, two US citizens and one Indian, one Spanish and one Hungarian.

The passengers were taken care of in schools, hotels and churches. The Italian press highlighted the gigliesen's work, both in the actual rescue and later in the care of the shipwrecked. Since the island of Giglio only has around 1400 inhabitants, the short-term accommodation of several thousand people was not easy. Some passengers reported that they had to get into the lifeboats without their shoes and were then handed shoes by residents of the island. Other passengers report that they were easily given money for the return trip. On June 1, 2012, the inhabitants of the island of Giglio were awarded the silver banner of the Tuscany region by the President of the Tuscany Region on the grounds that “with their courageous and solidary help they had the hard blow that the behavior of the captain had inflicted on their country , made amends ”.

Rescue details

• On a video of the bridge, which was filmed around 10:15 p.m., it can be seen and heard that the ship's command was rather unsettled and did not make any clear decisions.
• Another video shows some lifeboats entering the water with obvious problems.
• The ship's command mentioned problems for the first time at 10:10 p.m. in a telephone conversation initiated by the MRSC Livorno, but in this telephone call only a defective generator was mentioned when asked (reports from passengers who were already wearing life jackets had accumulated in Livorno). The authorities only received news of the water ingress at 10:30 p.m. At 10:58 p.m. the order was given to leave the ship. By this time, however, some officers and passengers had already started the evacuation on their own.
• According to an interview on the night of the accident, the Vice Mayor of Giglio climbed the Costa Concordia with the help of one of the rope ladders and was looking for someone to coordinate the rescue measures. After finding no one for twenty minutes, he initially helped the passengers on the starboard side leave the ship alone. When the ship leaned more and the starboard side sank into the water, he said there were still around 500 people inside who could no longer get up to the port side due to the steeper corridors. Together with a ship's officer, he attached a ladder there and, together with two other helpers, brought the passengers to the outer skin of the ship. He claims that this officer was the only ship officer he saw on board.

Investigations

Nightly search for survivors on January 14, 2012

Captain Francesco Schettino and his first officer Ciro Ambrosio were accused of negligent manslaughter and causing a shipwreck (a separate criminal offense in Italy) of having left the ship hours before the evacuation was complete. After his interrogation, Schettino was taken into custody at the request of the Italian public prosecutor's office in Grosseto , but released on January 17 after the detention test, subject to conditions (house arrest). House arrest was confirmed on February 6, 2012 after a review by a high court in Florence. On February 22nd, the Grosseto public prosecutor extended the investigation to three employees of the shipping company (Vice President Manfred Ursprunger, Crisis Team Leader Roberto Ferrarini and Fleet Superintendent Paolo Parodi) and four other nautical officers (Andrea Bongiovanni, Roberto Bosio, Silvia Coronica and Salvatore Ursino). They were also accused of negligent homicide, causing a shipwreck and failure to inform the authorities. A first hearing in the preservation of evidence took place on March 3, 2012 in a theater in Grosseto. The allegations against the captain were expanded to include damage to protected areas. Furthermore, the list of questions that should be answered by the evaluation of the Voyage Data Recorder was discussed and determined. From March 9, 2012, the various recording devices were examined by experts under supervision. The final meeting of the preservation of evidence took place on October 15, 2012, also in Grosseto. Large parts of the submitted reports have been leaked to Italian newspapers in advance and are available on the Internet.

According to his testimony at the detention test, Schettino chose the nearby course to greet his former colleague Mario Terenzio Palombo, with whom he spoke on the phone during the maneuver - who, according to his own statement, was not on the island. Schettino testified that he had already done this several times, but this time shot too late. In a first interview, Schettino had stated that the rock was not shown on the nautical chart. In fact, according to the expert's investigation, detailed maps of the island of Giglio were not on board (which is why an approach to the island was assessed as grossly negligent in the reports). According to media reports, the sister of the head waiter Antonello Tievoli announced on the social network Facebook that the Costa Concordia would soon pass by very close. The multiple dense passage through the island of Giglio by Costa ships in 2011 is proven by photos and videos. Also in 2011, the mayor of Giglio thanked the then captain in writing after such a drive by. This practice - often practiced by cruise ships - is known in Italy under the name "inchino" (English: "bowing"). While the ship is level with a town or port, the ship's horns are used.

The recording of a telephone conversation between the commander of the MRSC Livorno, Gregorio De Falco , and Schettino at 1:46 a.m. shows that the latter was no longer on board at that time, although the evacuation was still in full swing. De Falco strongly instructed him and the first officer to return aboard immediately. Copies of this recording, in which swear words were also used, circulated in the Italian and international media after the accident. According to reports from the port command, Schettino left the ship shortly after midnight and did not enter it afterwards.

The role that the Costa Crociere shipping company played in planning its ships' routes has not yet been adequately clarified. According to the 270-page final report, the expert commission, which was set up by the judge for preliminary investigations in Grosseto and which was primarily supposed to sift through and process all data from the recording devices, came to the following results, among other things:

• The course planning carried out in the port of departure Civitavecchia with the dense passage under Giglio (from which the captain then deviated again) was incorrect because the navigational officer did not name possible dangers of this course and no detailed map of the coast of the island was available.
• The rescue exercises on the Costa Concordia did not comply with the SOLAS guidelines on these cruises with several ports of entry; Since a rescue exercise was only carried out once per “tour”, some passengers did not find out where their life jackets and boat berths were until the last day of their journey.
• Not all crew members knew their role in a rescue operation (or named a role other than intended); For some, the required evidence of rescue training was not available or had expired.
• The mixture of the official language on board, Italian, with the "colloquial language", English, led to problems before and after the collision; i.a. the helmsman sometimes misunderstood commands given in English.
• The captain came to the bridge far too late for such a maneuver, brought people with him who should not have been on the bridge, and then called a former colleague on his mobile phone at critical moments.
• He neglected to reduce the speed to an acceptable level for such a maneuver, to appoint a lookout and to inform himself about the situation with the officers when he took over the command.
• The collision led to an immediate flooding of both engine rooms (separated by bulkheads) and the main control room due to the long crack, so that a few minutes after the collision the ship was completely unable to maneuver without propulsion and due to lack of rudder control (a total of five compartments were flooded, the only stability was up to two departments secured).
• The ship's command was aware of the complete flooding of at least three departments 15 minutes after the collision and therefore they should have informed the MRCC at this point in time and prepared the evacuation, but this did not happen.
• The emergency generator did not start automatically for reasons that were not clear; after starting it by hand, it switched itself off again and again due to a non-functioning cooling circuit. However, all of the recent tests had been without results, so that this was not considered to be foreseeable.
• None of the pumps intended for bilge could be used because some of them were flooded and some had no power supply. But even the use of all pumps would not have saved the ship, according to the experts.
• The final position in front of the island was created by wind and currents, the crew had no part in it. The anchors only dropped when the ship had almost reached the end position and thus could not exert any influence either.
• During the rescue operation, the boats and islands on the land side were initially used, although it was clear that as the incline increased, the use of sea-side life-saving appliances would become impossible.
• The life-saving appliances were only occasionally operated and managed by the crews originally intended. So it happened that some lifeboats and life rafts were manned by several trained crew members, while others were only manned by personnel without rescue training.
• The captain and most of the officers left the ship, although several hundred people were still on board.

Without the favorable wind, according to Rostock scientists, the ship would have drifted further out to sea and sank at a depth of around a hundred meters - there would have been significantly more victims.

Criminal proceedings

On February 25, 2013, the Grosseto public prosecutor announced that it had applied for main proceedings to be opened against Captain Francesco Schettino (criminally relevant allegations against him: multiple negligent homicide and bodily harm, average, leaving the ship early , leaving people behind, refusing to cooperate with the authorities). The officers Ciro Ambrosio and Silvia Coronica, the helmsman Jacob Rusli Bin, the hotel manager Manrico Giampedroni and the head of the Costa Crociere crisis coordination office, Roberto Ferrarini, were also charged with various offenses. Both the average (Codice Penale § 428) and the premature abandonment of the ship by the ship's command (Codice della Navigazione §§ 303, 1097) are separate facts in Italian criminal law and maritime law. The indictment is available online. On May 15, 2013, it became known that the Grosseto public prosecutor's office had approved of all the accused except for Captain Schettino the applications for sentencing without a procedure under Article 444 of the Italian Code of Criminal Procedure (Codice di procedura penale) . In this process, the defendant himself suggests a penalty that the public prosecutor can accept and which then has to be decided by the court, which happened in July 2013. The shipping company's crisis coordinator received a 34-month prison sentence for negligent homicide, the Costa Concordia hotel director 30 months, two bridge officers and a helmsman 20 and 23 months. In the Schettino case, however, a proposal of 40 months' imprisonment was rejected by the public prosecutor as "ridiculous". There was therefore only a full main trial against the captain, in which, according to reports, he was threatened with 20 years imprisonment. On September 23, 2013, the Prosecutor General appealed to the Florence Court of Appeal against these sentences, which was finally dismissed by the Corte di Cassazione in January 2014. The penalties against all defendants except Schettino are now final.

On the first days of the remaining main proceedings against the captain, which began in July 2013, the lists of the co-plaintiffs, including German tourists, were read out. The court again denied an application for sentencing without trial. Schettino also issued a statement in which he explained that the maneuvers he had ordered to avoid the collision with the cliff had not been carried out correctly by the helmsman, otherwise the collision would have been prevented. The helmsman had briefly put the starboard rudder instead of the port rudder. The court granted the prosecutor's request to evaluate the secured VHS video tapes from all surveillance cameras and to accept them as evidence.

During the second negotiation period in September 2013, Schettino applied to be allowed to look for further exculpatory evidence on board the wreck. It was then decided to conduct an on-site visit on the secured wreck as soon as possible. In response to his criticism of the helmsman's execution of the maneuver, the experts stated that there was only a delay of 13 seconds which could not cause the collision. However, a simulation by the University of Pisa showed that the collision could possibly have been avoided without the errors. At the beginning of December, the head of the Capitaneria di Porto on duty that night, Gregorio de Falco, gave his testimony. He explained that the accident was first learned through telephone calls from relatives of some of the passengers. The then called Concordia only spoke of a blackout, which the Capitaneria di Porto, however, already doubted at this point due to the content of the phone calls received. The ship only confirmed a water ingress when asked directly. At no point did he receive the information requested from the ship's command. In a spontaneous reply, Captain Schettino indicated that the tone of the phone calls was not helpful and that he had received orders that were impossible to carry out. In January 2014, an on-site visit took place on the wreck, during which the emergency diesel generator, the elevators, deck 0 and any equipment still to be salvaged on the bridge were inspected. However, there were no more traces of the expected devices on the bridge. There were also considerations to readjust the course steered by the helmsman immediately before the impact on the sister ship Costa Serena in order to clarify whether the impact would have been prevented if the commands had been carried out correctly. Another inspection took place on February 27, 2014, at which Captain Francesco Schettino was also present. The court granted approval for this on February 25, 2014. The Grosseto Public Prosecutor's Office has launched an investigation into Costa Crociere managers . Camillo Casella and Franco Porcellacchia are said to have illegally entered the wreck in order to manipulate evidence. On March 11, 2014, the helmsman, who had repeatedly wrongly executed the master's control commands and had already been convicted, was supposed to testify in court, but he had disappeared without a trace. However, after being located in Indonesia, he declined to testify.

After 58 days of negotiations, the interrogations were concluded in January 2015. On January 26, 2015, the public prosecutor delivered its closing argument. She declared the captain Schettino to be the main culprit and demanded a total of 26 years' imprisonment, including nine years for the offense of shipwreck, fourteen years for multiple negligent homicide and bodily harm and three years for leaving the ship prematurely and failing to provide assistance. She also demanded that Schettino be put into custody for three months for the lack of communication with the authorities, that his shipping patents be withdrawn for five and a half years and that he be excluded from public office for life. She considered the question of whether the correct execution of Schettino's orders could have prevented the clash at the last minute as irrelevant. Because of the risk of fleeing, she continued to demand that Schettino be arrested immediately. In the civil proceedings that followed, the Ministry of the Environment and the INAIL trade association made claims amounting to approx. 201 million euros.

On February 11, 2015, Francesco Schettino was sentenced to 16 years and one month in prison. The court banned him from sailing ships for five years and continued to ban him from public office for life. It also awarded damages to many people and organizations from Costa Crociere and Schettino. The prison sentence consists of five years for negligent causing of the average (naufragio colposo) , ten years for multiple, negligent homicide (omicidio colposo) together with negligent bodily harm (lesioni colpose) and one year for leaving those in need behind (abbandono di persone minori o incapaci) in unity with early departure from the ship (abbandono della nave) . In addition, there is a month of arrest because of the inadequate communication with the authorities, which was assessed as a serious administrative offense. The court sentenced him for all of the offenses of which he was charged, but the sentence is well below the 26 years in prison that the public prosecutor had requested. Both Francesco Schettino's lawyers and the public prosecutor appealed the verdict. So Schettino stayed at large until the final decision. The appeal hearing began on April 28, 2016 in Florence. On May 31, 2016, the appellate court essentially upheld the judgment of the first instance on all counts. The sentence of the first instance was also confirmed; the five-year professional ban was extended to all maritime professions and combined with the ban on using the title of "Comandante" (captain). At the beginning of 2016, an appeals court in Miami, USA, finally dismissed all claims filed by passengers in Florida, the headquarters of the parent company Carnival Cruises , and referred to the legal process to be carried out in Italy. However, both parties to the criminal case appealed to the Supreme Court of Cassation in Italy. At the first court hearing, the public prosecutor at the Court of Cassation demanded, among other things, that the sentence be higher than that imposed for the shipwreck, as Schettino knew when leaving the ship that there were 1,500 people on the ship. The defense wanted to achieve a reduction in the sentence for numerous procedural errors. On May 12, 2017, the Supreme Court of Cassation sentenced Captain Schettino to 16 years' imprisonment in the last instance, but rejected the public prosecutor's request for a longer prison term. All legal remedies were thus exhausted; Schettino went to prison on the same day. On January 12, 2018, Schettino filed a complaint against his conviction with the European Court of Human Rights .

Role and reaction of the shipping company

The wreck as seen from Giglio Porto (summer 2012)

The shipping company Costa Crociere called the accident a "dismaying tragedy". On January 15, the shipping company admitted in its blog that the ship's command had apparently made several mistakes. Among other things, a course too close to the coast was chosen. Furthermore, when organizing the rescue, the ship's command did not adhere to the shipping company's standards, which correspond to or go beyond the international rules. The shipping company points out that all crew members train regularly to disembark every 14 days and that further training and instruction take place.

On the other hand, there are numerous reports that such maneuvers - such as the disastrous “bowing” - were tolerated, if not even promoted to increase tourist attractiveness, and that there were blatant deficiencies in safety standards. According to an on-board photographer off Sorrento in the Gulf of Naples , a similar incident is said to have occurred at Costa Fortuna as early as 2005, but it was covered up. The shipping company rejected these representations. In the case of the Costa Concordia , too , there was speculation as to whether the shipping company management initially tried - in the hope that the damage could be controlled - to cover up the accident. Despite multiple phone calls between Captain Schettino and the head of security at Costa Crociere, Roberto Ferrarini, the shipping company neither alerted the coast guard nor initiated any other rescue measures. Even if she found out on the first call that water had entered the ship and the power had failed, she accused Schettino of having deceived her about the true extent of the damage.

The shipping company offered travelers compensation of 11,000 euros for material losses and reimbursement of 3,000 euros for travel expenses. Other sources criticized this as blood or hush money, as it was accompanied by an obligation not to sue the cruise line. Victims associations and consumer protection organizations demanded up to 160,000 US dollars, among other things because "the responsibility of the company for the accident is more than obvious, as well as the many deficiencies in the security systems". One of the actions sought against the shipping company was dropped by the US court against payment of US $ 1.3 million. Representatives of the plaintiff called this a "tragedy" and a slap in the face for survivors and relatives of the victims. At the hearing in October 2012, the shipping company stated that two thirds of the survivors had accepted the lump sum compensation of 11,000 euros. In the same hearing, the shipping company was accused of having failed to immediately forward information about the situation to the Capitaneria di Porto from its crisis management team, which the Capitaneria di Porto rejected with the help of its own expert opinion.

Awards

In September 2012, the crew of the Costa Concordia received the title Seafarer of the Year in recognition of their exemplary behavior during the shipwreck.

The first mechanic, the Bulgarian Petar Petrow, was honored with the European Parliament 's Citizens' Prize for his work in rescuing around 500 passengers . Petrov was among the last three members of the crew to leave the cruise ship only after the Coast Guard had fully taken control of the rescue operation.

In January 2013, the municipalities of Giglio and Monte Argentario were awarded the Gold Medal for Civic Merit by the President of the Italian Republic for the commitment of their citizens to the rescue of passengers.

Salvage of the ship

The Meloria crane platform during preparatory work for pumping out the fuel at the end of January 2012

The approximately 2200 tons of fuel ( heavy oil ) and 180 tons of lubricant on board posed a significant threat to the environment after the accident, especially for several nature reserves in the area around Monte Argentario and the ecologically valuable sea area around the Tuscan islands , part of the Tuscan Archipelago National Parks and the Pelagos Multinational Whale Sanctuary . Therefore, on January 20, the government declared the area around the accident site a state of emergency. The shipping company entrusted experts from the Dutch company Smit Internationale and the Italian salvage specialist Neri Group with emptying the fuel tanks. The Neri Group 's Meloria crane platform was on site for work from mid-January . On March 22, 2012, the emergency services announced that the pumping work was almost over and that there were only small residues of heavy fuel oil in the shipwreck. The ship should be scrapped after the salvage. The recovery in one piece, which was favored by the Tuscany region and the island of Giglio, was significantly more expensive than scrapping on site. However, this meant that the ship had to be transported to the scrapping port by swimming (see the section on scrapping ).

Wreck with caissons on the port side

Establishment of the Costa Concordia

The upright Costa Concordia

The salvage of the ship was the largest operation of its kind ever carried out. In early March 2012, eight companies had submitted proposals for salvage. Two of them made it into the final selection, those of the Smit Neri Consortium and the US company Titan Salvage . Both proposals provided for erecting the ship and salvaging it in one piece, as the islanders had requested. In April 2012, Titan Salvage was awarded the contract for the salvage by the shipping company in cooperation with the Italian Micoperi Marine Contractors .

Preparatory work for removal began in May 2012. The Micoperi 30 floating crane , the ASV Pioneer residential platform and the Micoperi 61 jack -up platform were used for the work . The wreck was tilted to the land on the starboard side before it was erected in one piece in mid-September 2013. For this purpose, the sloping seabed below the ship was provided with a horizontal platform. The bottom of the ship was deformed and reinforced so that it could stand on it. After that, floating bodies were first attached to the side of the ship above the water surface. After the ship was erected, this also happened on the starboard side from the end of April 2014. By filling the floats with air, the wreck could be raised, which made it possible to tow away. The existing rare sea vegetation in the construction site area was relocated beforehand and is to be replanted afterwards. The ship was rusting increasingly in the salt water. The consortium tasked with the recovery published a video explaining the individual measures. The shipping company estimated the cost of the salvage at over 600 million euros. After the rescue work was completed, the cost was even given at 1.5 billion euros. The salvage was therefore more than three times as expensive as the original construction price of the ship.

With the help of strand jacks and flooded caissons , the wreck could be brought into a horizontal position within about 19 hours on September 16 and 17, 2013, after which it rested on a prepared platform. After installing further caissons on the starboard side, the removal was initially planned for June. For the recovery, 30,000 tons of steel were used, which corresponds to about two thirds of the ship's mass. When erecting, the winches achieved a pulling force of up to 23,800 tons. After straightening, the damage in the area of ​​the support points on the starboard side of the deckhouse could be seen.

• Schematic representation of the erection and removal
• 

  Platform and caissons

• 

  Erecting, among other things, by flooding the caissons

• 

  Preparation for removal on the platform

• 

  Removal, additional buoyancy through caissons

On October 10, 2013, Costa reserved the semi-submersible ship Dockwise Vanguard with the Dutch shipping company Dockwise for a possible removal of the wreck, but later the President of the Tuscany Region vehemently opposed this method of transport because he feared further environmental damage from liquids leaking from the wreck. In January 2014, a 41-year-old Spanish diver died installing flotation boxes. On May 7, 2014, one of the floating containers on the wreck of the Costa Concordia came loose . In May it was announced that the wreck would not be able to swim again until July.

The Costa Concordia floating up

The engineer Franco Porcellacchia described the release from the platform as the most critical point of the recovery. Work also through the night until July 15, the wreck was lifted two meters from the platform, pulled 30 meters from the rocky coast towards the sea and fastened with chains and ropes. Next, the floating tanks had to be finally positioned on the right-hand side. Robots checked the bottom of the ship and found it intact - important to prevent liquids from leaking. According to Porcellacchia, damage feared by environmentalists has not materialized for the time being. On July 19, oil leaked , but it was quickly bound and rendered harmless. On July 20, objects were also washed ashore in Giglio, which presumably came from the Costa Concordia and must have broken through the barriers. According to their own admission, Greenpeace and Legambiente wanted to accompany the transport of the ship to Genoa critically and with their own ships and measurements.

Transfer to Genoa

Due to the weather, the overpass had to be postponed several times at short notice. The ship finally left Giglio on the evening of July 23, 2014. Two ships hauled the wreck of the Costa Concordia 190  nautical miles (approx. 350 kilometers) to Genoa at a speed of two knots. Another ten ships accompanied the tug to provide security and support in emergencies. When crossing the whale sanctuary, biologists tried to keep dolphins away from the wreck. Police and coast guards in boats monitored compliance with a restricted zone of three nautical miles around the convoy, and the airspace was also closed. The chief pilot there coordinated the entry into the port of Genoa. On July 27, 2014 at around 09:30 UTC, the Costa Concordia backwards passed the port entrance of Porto Di Voltri in Genoa and reached the berth at the outer pier three hours later.

scrapping

The Costa Concordia being scrapped in the port of Genoa (September 2015)

Before the decision was made to scrap the ship in Genoa, other ports were also under discussion. Companies from Turkey , Norway , Great Britain , France and China had applied for the contract. From the start, however, the Italian government preferred scrapping in an Italian port in order to better control the disposal of the garbage. The lowest bid came from Turkey ($ 40 million); the most expensive would have been a cutting in Civitavecchia north of Rome for 200 million US dollars. The also very inexpensive offer from Norway was excluded very early on due to the greater distance. At the end of May it was announced that the Costa Concordia would be scrapped in Genoa. The removal began on July 23, 2014. The scrapping should cost around 100 million euros, 100 workers should be employed for a year. Around 80% of the ship should be recycled. The almost 40,000 tons of scrap steel from the shipwreck should bring in 15 million euros.

The search for the last missing victim has resumed. At the beginning of August, a skull and bones were found on board the ship, which are to be assigned to the missing victim of the accident with the help of a DNA analysis. ^[obsolete] On May 10, 2015, the wreck was to be docked in the Prà-Voltri-Port-Dock and finally broken up there.

On September 1, 2016, the remains of the hull were towed by four tugs from "Molo ex Superbacino" for its last voyage to dry dock 4, where the final dismantling and dismantling was carried out. The scrapping was completed in July 2017 and is said to have cost more than 100 million euros.

Consequential effects

Starboard side after straightening

Costa Concordia erected

On March 1, 2012, the Italian Ministers for the Environment and the Economy signed an ordinance aimed at preventing such incidents from occurring in the future. Since then , merchant and passenger ships with a size of over 500  GT have to maintain a minimum distance of two nautical miles from all national parks. The decree is referred to in the Italian press as the "Anti-Bowing Decree". For the Pelagos whale sanctuary (in which the accident site is located), a separate regulation is to be drawn up ^{[out of date] .}

At its annual meeting in November 2012, the Maritime Safety Committee of the International Maritime Organization announced, among other things, that it would ^reformulate the rules for conducting rescue exercises; every passenger should take part in a rescue exercise before the ship leaves or shortly afterwards.

Since the beginning of 2015, only cruise ships with a GT less than 96,000 have been allowed in the Venice lagoon and these should no longer sail through the Canale della Giudecca ; for the latter, however, a fairway has to be deepened. In Venice there was a. Because of the Concordia disaster, there was a broad discussion about the frequent passages of large cruise ships, among others. also by Costa Cruises, created by the Canale della Giudecca. In January 2015, however, the regional administrative court of Veneto repealed this ordinance due to insufficient balancing of interests; a new, valid regulation should be ^[obsolete] as soon as possible .

In the spring of 2014, the national park administration announced that surveillance cameras would be installed on all the islands of the Parco Nazionale dell 'Arcipelago Toscano (i.e. Giglio, Pianosa , Montecristo , etc.) to monitor ship traffic and, among other things, to enable illegal maneuvers to be punished. ^[outdated]

In May 2012, the shipping company Costa Crociere announced that in future it would control the movements of all its ships in real time, curtail the powers of the captain and inform passengers about how to behave in emergencies before the ships leave. ^[obsolete] Costa Crociere put a central fleet operations center in Hamburg's Speicherstadt into operation in autumn 2015, in which the movements and other ship data of all of the Group's ships are monitored.

Germany discontinued its accident investigation cooperation with Italy in December 2015 after the Federal Bureau of Maritime Casualty Investigation was prevented from carrying out a proper investigation by Italian public prosecutors and courts.

Commemoration

The victims were commemorated on the first anniversary of the disaster. Part of the rock that the ship had torn down at that time was given a plaque and put back under water in its original location on the Scola Piccola cliff. The mayor of Giglio, representatives of the Costa Crociere shipping company and relatives of victims brought the rock to the reef on a ship. Archbishop Guglielmo Borghetti held a mass near the site of the accident and thanked the residents of Giglio, who had rushed to the port after the accident to help the castaways. The shipping company caused outrage by asking the survivors not to come to the memorial service due to lack of space.

The victim was also commemorated on the second anniversary.

literature

• Anna Culjak: Organization and Deviance: An empirical case reconstruction of the Costa Concordia accident. Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2015, ISBN 978-3-658-06154-8 (print); ISBN 978-3-658-06155-5 (eBook) ( table of contents ) ( book info )
• Jonathan Danko Kielkowski: Concordia . White Press Verlag, Freiburg 2016, ISBN 978-3-00-052081-5 .

See also

• List of cruise lines
• List of shipping disasters
• Accidents involving the Sea Diamond and the Express Samina due to contact with rocks

Web links

Commons : Costa Concordia  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

 Wikinews: Italy: cruise ship runs aground - 70 passengers are missing  - news

• In the belly of the disaster ship , photos of the wreck of the Costa Concordia, Katja Iken, one day , January 13, 2016
• Cruise Ship COSTA CONCORDIA Marine casualty on January 13, 2012 Report on the safety technical investigation - Commissione centrale di indagine sui sinistri marittimi (Marine Casualties Investigative Body), Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport (EN)
• Reconstruction of the last section of the accident . In: amazonaws.com. Quality Positioning Services BV (QPS)
  Note: Only the positions with the times are secured AIS data .
• Information on how to recover the fuel from Smit Salvage
• The Parbuckling Project - Website of the companies Titan Salvage and Micoperi for the salvage of the ship (English, Italian)
• Description and video animation of the four phases of the scrapping process in Genoa
• Costa Concordia - The full story | HD Doku Welt.de from January 13th, 2021 (German)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d} Administrative data of the "Costa Concordia". Equasis - France-Ministry for Transport, accessed January 14, 2012 . 
2. ↑ Three dead after the cruise disaster . ( Memento from January 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) tagesschau.de, January 14, 2012.
3. ↑ ^{a b c} Technical and administrative data of the "Costa Concordia". Registro Italiano Navale, accessed January 14, 2012 . 
4. ^ After a shipwreck: The difficult recovery of the "Costa Concordia". In: faz.net , January 24, 2012.
5. ↑ Ships and shipping ( Memento of the original from April 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Information on the sister ship (though not structurally identical) can be found on page 22. In: realviewtechnologies.com , October 2009. 
6. ↑ Technical data of the Costa Concordia. In: logitravel.de .
7. ^ Rescue from Giglio: "Costa Concordia" is swimming again . In: spiegel.de .
8. ^ Tilmann Kleinjung: End station: Genoa. In: Tagesschau.de. May 30, 2014; Archived from the original on May 31, 2014 ; accessed on May 30, 2014 : "In the middle of the summer season, the wreck of the" Costa Concordia "is to be removed from the island of Giglio. The "Costa" shipping company expects the "Concordia" to be buoyant again from July 20, 2014. The scheduled date of July 21, 2014 for removal was delayed by two days. Since July 23, she has been towed from the port of Giglio north to Genoa at a snail's pace. " 
9. ↑ Scrapping of the "Costa Concordia" begins. derwesten.de, July 29, 2014, accessed on July 30, 2014 (dpa). 
10. ^ CIN Staff: Concordia Recycling Project Complete . July 7, 2017 ( cruiseindustrynews.com [accessed September 27, 2017]).
11. ^ The new flagship Costa Concordia, the largest Italian and European cruise vessel, christened and feted in the Port of Rome. Fincantieri, July 7, 2006, accessed January 14, 2012 . 
12. ^ Xan Brooks: Costa Concordia provided setting for a 2010 Jean-Luc Godard film. In: The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited, January 15, 2012, accessed January 4, 2019 . 
13. ^ Vks : "Costa Concordia": the ship of the accident was a film set. In: Spiegel Online . Spiegel Online GmbH & Co. KG, January 17, 2012, accessed on January 5, 2019 . 
14. ↑ ^{a b c} Relazione tecnica dei consulenti nominati dal GIP del tribunale di Grosseto
15. ↑ Costa Concordia: Three dead in a cruise ship accident off Italy . Die Welt, January 14, 2012, accessed on January 14, 2012.
16. ^ The log of the Costa Concordia accident ( memento from September 25, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). BZ Berlin, January 14, 2012.
17. ↑ AIS positions shortly before and after the collision
18. ^ Relazione Tecnica dei Consulenti nominati del GIP del tribunale di Grosseto. In: iltirreno.it , p. 85, accessed on September 25, 2012. (Italian)
19. ↑ Aerial photograph of "Le Scole".
20. ↑ Reconstruction of the collision point as a PDF file. (PDF; 2.5 MB)
21. ^ Nave fuori rotta per salutare con le sirene , Primocanale, January 14, 2012, 8:18 pm
22. ^ Crew Mutinied on Behavior of Passengers . Corriere della Sera, January 17, 2012. (Eng.)
23. ↑ la foto dell'urto alle Scole e la ricostruzione definitiva dell'incidente .
24. ↑ The hull only offered protection against minor leaks . In: Spiegel Online , January 16, 2012.
25. ↑ Cronaca 23-01-2012 16:39 'Ufficiale guardia macchina: Le pompe non funzionavano'. In: gelocal.it .
26. ^ Relazione Tecnica dei Consulenti nominati del GIP del tribunale di Grosseto . In: iltirreno.it , p. 101, accessed on September 25, 2012. (Italian)
27. ↑ La manovra di accostamento è stata solo un caso . In: Il Tirreno , January 16, 2012. (Italian)
28. ↑ Discussion of the accident on farevela.net, there quotation from a weather report by the LaMMA.
29. ↑ Copy of the weather forecast for January 13 and 14, 2012 ( Memento of January 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 161 kB)
30. ↑ ^{a b} Norbert Lossau: Schettinos Irrungen . Rostock scientists expose the mistakes and lies of the "Concordia" captain . In: Die Welt , April 24, 2012. “The wind alone pushed the wrecked ship onto the rock after it had turned 'greedy' to starboard into the wind. If the wind had blown from the opposite side, the ship would have sunk - which would probably have led to significantly higher numbers of victims. The depth of the sea on the reef drops from five to 100 meters on the stretch of just a ship's length. "
31. ↑ ^{a b} grounding of the Costa Concordia ( Memento of January 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ); AIS visualization. Quality Positioning Services BV (QPS).
32. ^ "Costa Concordia": Crew members denied passengers access to lifeboats . Spiegel Online, November 25, 2013.
33. ^ Processo Concordia, test in lacrime . In: iltirreno.it , November 25, 2013.
34. ^ Relazione Tecnica dei Consulenti nominati del GIP del tribunale di Grosseto . In: iltirreno.it , pp. 105 and 241ff., Accessed on September 25, 2012.
35. ↑ Weather situation Tirreno Settentrionale for Saturday, January 14, 2012 (original source no longer accessible, but can be obtained from the archive here: https://www.paolociraci.it/meteo-nautica/marina-di-campo-condizioni-mare.htm ) .
36. ↑ Dead and injured in a shipwreck off the Italian coast ( Memento from January 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ). In: tagesschau.de , January 14, 2012.
37. ↑ Gaia Pianigiani, Rachel Donadio: As Divers Search Cruise Ship, Reason for Crash Is Unclear. New York Times, January 14, 2012, accessed October 22, 2019.
38. ^ Fiona Ehlers: Passengers complain about rescue chaos. In: Spiegel Online , January 15, 2012.
39. ↑ ^{a b c} Il brogliaccio della capitaneria di porto di Livorno . In: repubblica.it , January 18, 2012.
40. ↑ Gerald Trautfetter: Death trap on the high seas . In: Der Spiegel , February 18, 2012, p. 116
41. ↑ Coast Guard video of the rescue operation
42. ↑ The Costa Concordia disaster . Timeline. In: Focus Online .
43. ↑ La Lista delle vittime . In: iltirreno.it , January 22, 2012.
44. ↑ Concordia recovery: remote-controlled robot searches for corpses in the sea. In: diepresse.com , accessed on January 21, 2012
45. ↑ Costa victims identified: Nordwest-Zeitung, April 18, 2012, p. 8
46. ↑ Five more bodies discovered in the wreck. RP Online, March 22, 2012.
47. ^ Prefettura di Grosseto: Elenco delle persone da rintracciare ( Memento of September 22, 2012 in the Internet Archive ). In: rp-online.de , accessed on April 17, 2012.
48. ↑ "Costa Concordia" is being scrapped in an Italian port. In: Tiroler Tageszeitung Online. October 25, 2013, accessed March 19, 2020 .  
49. ↑ Damaged cruise ship: Last victim recovered from the wreck of the "Costa Concordia" . In: Spiegel Online , November 3, 2014, accessed on November 3, 2014.
50. ↑ Memories of the 32 victims of the Costa Concordia ., In: iltirreno.it . (ital.)
51. ^ Famiglia reggiana sopravvissuta all'inferno della Costa Concordia. ( Memento of January 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) In: Reggio Online , January 14, 2012.
52. ↑ Gonfalone d'argento alla popolazione del Giglio . In: iltirreno.it , June 1, 2012.
53. ↑ Video TG24: Chaos on the Bridge (Italian)
54. ↑ Video TG5: The Escape from the Ship , on ilsecoloxix.it (ital.)
55. ↑ Errore umano, procedure non rispettate. In: repubblica.it , January 16, 2012.
56. ↑ Minuto per minuto la notte da incubo ., In: repubblica.it , January 18, 2012.
57. ^ K. Riccardi: "In quell'inferno ci siamo aiutati" Il vicesindaco e gli ultimi sulla nave. In: repubblica.it , January 16, 2012.
58. ↑ Victim identified - captain arrested. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . January 14, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2012 .  
59. ↑ Arresti domiciliari a Schettino , repubblica.it, January 17, 2012
60. ↑ Il comandante resta ai domiciliari ( Memento of September 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), ilmessaggero.it, February 7, 2012
61. ↑ Sette nuovo indagati , iltirreno.it, February 22, 2012
62. ^ Incidente probatorio, nuove accuse a Schettino , iltirreno.it , March 3, 2012
63. ^ Naufragio Concordia, al via l'esame della scatola nera , iltirreno.it, March 9, 2012
64. ↑ ^{a b} Inchiesta Sommaria della Capitaneria di Porto di Livorno . (PDF; 15.0 MB)
65. ↑ Schettino ammette: "Ho sbagliato la manovra". In: la Repubblica, January 18, 2012
66. ↑ dpa report bdt0035 from January 18, 2012, 3:33 a.m.
67. ^ Photo of a Costa ship off Giglio Porto on August 9, 2011
68. ↑ Video of a drive past Giglio in August 2011
69. ^ Lo spettacolo unico del passaggio ravvicinato della Concordia al Giglio ( Memento of January 20, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) In: La Stampa , January 15, 2012
70. ↑ Andrea Dernbach, Andreas Oswald, Elisa Simantke , Paul Kreiner: Is the captain to blame for the shipwreck of the "Costa Concordia"? In: Der Tagesspiegel , January 15, 2012
71. ↑ C. Pagel: The captain hid himself in the house of a taxi driver . In: Focus-Online , January 17, 2012
72. ↑ Costa Concordia accident: Of meaningless women, heroes and flimsy excuses. In: Cabo Ruivo , January 19, 2012
73. ↑ "Get on board, damn it!" In: tagesschau.de , accessed on January 17, 2012
74. ↑ "Schettino, torni a bordo!" In: rai.tv , January 17, 2012
75. ↑ Costa Concordia captain: Public prosecutor wants to indict Francesco Schettino. Spiegel Online, February 25, 2013.
76. ↑ La Procura di Grosseto chiede il rinvio a giudizio per Schettino ., RAI TG1, February 25, 2013. (Ital.)
77. ↑ Codice Penale: 'Naufragio, sommersione o disastro aviatorio' . Retrieved on February 26, 2013. (Italian)
78. ↑ Codice della navigazione: 'Abbandono della nave in pericolo' . Retrieved February 26, 2013.
79. ↑ Codice della navigazione: 'Abbandono di nave o di aeromobile in pericolo da parte del comandante' . Retrieved February 26, 2013.
80. ^ "Non trovarono posto sulle scialuppe" - La ricostruzione delle 32 morti della Concordia . In: iltirreno.it , March 4, 2013. (Italian)
81. ^ Trial of the "Costa Concordia" disaster: five shipping company employees convicted ( memento of July 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). In: tagesschau.de , July 20, 2013, accessed on July 20, 2013.
82. ^ "Costa Concordia" case: Prosecutor is working on deals with defendants. In: Spiegel Online , May 15, 2013.
83. ↑ Schettino chiede il patteggiamento, la Procura dice no . In: iltirreno.it , May 15, 2013. (Italian)
84. ^ "Costa Concordia": Schettino faces 20 years imprisonment . In: orf.at , May 15, 2013.
85. ^ Concordia, il gup di Grosseto ha rinviato a giudizio Schettino . Corriere del Mezzogiorno, May 22, 2013. (Ital.)
86. ↑ Schettino chiede di risalire a bordo e attacca il timoniere. La procura generale impugna i patteggiamenti . In: iltirreno.it , September 23, 2013.
87. ^ Concordia, confermati i 5 patteggiamenti . In: iltirreno.it , 01: February 2014.
88. ↑ Schettino: Qualcuno si spaventò e la mia manovra fallì . In: iltirreno.it , July 18, 2013. (Italian)
89. ↑ Il Processo della Concordia , Il Tirreno, July 19, 2013, page 2.
90. ^ Concordia: tribunale, la nuova perizia sarà a bordo della nave . In: iltirreno.it , September 24, 2013. (Italian)
91. ^ Processo Concordia, De Falco: "Vada a bordo c ..." e Schettino abbassa lo sguardo . In: iltirreno.it , December 9, 2013. (Italian)
92. ↑ Schettino, scintille in aula con De Falco: Telefonata sprezzante e provocatori . In: repubblica.it , December 9, 2013. (Italian)
93. ^ Concordia, via libera a nuovo sopralluogo sul relitto , iltirreno.it. December 10, 2013, accessed March 12, 2014 (Italian). 
94. ↑ "Costa Concordia" captain returns to wreck. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014 ; accessed on February 27, 2014 . 
95. ↑ Captain Schettino back on the "Costa Concordia". Retrieved February 27, 2014 . 
96. ↑ "Captain Feigling" back on the death wreck. Retrieved February 27, 2014 . 
97. ↑ "I'm not a pushover, I want the truth". Retrieved February 27, 2014 . 
98. ↑ Return of the captain to the Costa Concordia. Retrieved February 17, 2014 . 
99. ^ Captain of the misfortune returns to the Costa Concordia. Retrieved February 27, 2014 . 
100. ↑ Captain Schettino goes on board the Costa Concordia. Archived from the original on September 23, 2014 . 
101. ↑ Schettino wants to go back to the Costa Concordia. Retrieved February 25, 2014 . 
102. ↑ Key witness apparently disappeared without a trace. Retrieved March 18, 2014 . 
103. ↑ Costa Concordia key witness not published. Archived from the original on March 18, 2014 ; Retrieved March 18, 2014 . 
104. ↑ La Procura: "Condannate Schettino a 26th year. E mettetelo subito in carcere" . In: iltirreno.it , January 26, 2015.
105. ^ Naufragio Concordia, Francesco Schettino condannato a 16 anni. Ma non va in carcere . In: repubblica.it , February 11, 2015. (Italian)
106. ^ Judgment in the "Costa Concordia" trial: The late tears of Francesco Schettino. In: spiegel.de , February 11, 2015.
107. ^{^ A b} Concordia, Schettino condannato insiste : "Non ho lasciato la nave" . In: iltirreno.it , February 12, 2015. (Italian)
108. ↑ hna.de of September 24, 2015: "Costa Concordia": Will the captain still be released? "
109. ^ "Costa Concordia captain has to go to court again" , in Berliner Morgenpost from February 23, 2016
110. ↑ Spiegel Online from May 31, 2016: 'Appeal judgment in the case of "Costa Concordia": Schettino should be imprisoned for 16 years'
111. ↑ Il Tirreno of May 31, 2015: 'Schettino, confermata la condanna a 16 anni'
112. ^ "Court Dismisses Passengers' Costa Concordia Lawsuits Filed in Miami" , in: Cruiselawnews.com of January 28, 2016
113. ↑ Revision process against the captain of the Costa Concordia begins , SZ Online from April 20, 2017
114. ^ Concordia, il pg della Cassazione: sì a pena più elevata per Schettino , repubblica.it of April 20, 2017
115. ↑ Report from May 12, 2017 on tagesschau.de: Final - 16 years imprisonment for ex-captain
116. ^ Schettino condannato per il naufragio della Concordia. Cassazione conferma i 16 anni , repubblica.it of May 12, 2017
117. ↑ Ex- "Costa Concordia" captain sees his human rights violated. In: Legal Tribune Online. April 3, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2018 . 
118. ^ Three dead after cruise ship runs aground off Italy . AFP, Jan. 14, 2012
119. ↑ Comunicazione Importante - 15 gennaio 2012 ore 20.15 - Costa Concordia Isola del Giglio . ( Memento of January 17th, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Blog by Costa Crociere, January 15th, 2012, 8:15 pm
120. ^ "Costa Concordia" disaster - The shipping company. Spiegel Online , January 25, 2012, accessed January 25, 2012 . 
121. ↑ "Costa" sister ship ran aground in 2005. Die Welt , January 25, 2012, accessed January 25, 2012 . 
122. ↑ Lena Jakat: sister ship is said to have run aground in 2005. Süddeutsche Zeitung, January 25, 2012, accessed on July 17, 2013.
123. ↑ Costa Crociere was aware of the accident from the start
124. ↑ Costa Concordia accident: 14,000 euros hush money. Cabo Ruivo, accessed January 29, 2012.
125. ↑ Costa Concordia Company Hit With $ 1.3 Million Fine for January 2012 Disaster . In: travelerstoday.com .
126. ^ Costa crisis managers accused of negligence , Nordwestzeitung, October 17, 2012, p. 8.
127. ↑ Costa Concordia wins Lloyd's 'Seafarer of the Year' award. The Telegraph, September 27, 2012, accessed October 30, 2013 . 
128. ^ Tatajana Obretenowa: The Bulgarian sailor Petar Petrow receives the “European Citizen 2012” award , Radio Bulgaria from October 2, 2012, accessed on June 11, 2017.
129. ↑ Comunicato
130. ↑ Costa Concordia accident: A captain on the wrong track , Cabo Ruivo, January 16, 2012
131. ^ Parco Nazionale Arcipelago Toscano . Duck Parco Nazionale Arcipelago Toscano, accessed January 26, 2012
132. ↑ Italy declares a state of emergency . In: Focus Online , January 20, 2012, dpa.
133. ↑ Costa Concordia, le foto di mercoledì. In: ilpost.it , January 18, 2012
134. ↑ Last heavy oil pumped from shipwreck. , In: Zeit Online , March 22, 2012.
135. ↑ Recovery of the "Costa Concordia" is delayed . Die Welt, August 14, 2012, accessed on September 17, 2012.
136. ^ Domani si comincia a svuotare i serbatoi . In: iltirreno.it , January 16, 2012.
137. ^ Otto progetti per rimuovere la Concordia . In: iltirreno.it , March 5, 2012.
138. ↑ Smit-Neri contro Titan: ormai è una partita a due . In: iltirreno.it , April 5, 2012.
139. ↑ Start of the rescue at the beginning of May . In: Tageblatt Online , April 21, 2012.
140. ↑ "Costa Concordia" is transported away: US company is awarded the contract . In: n-tv.de , April 22, 2012, accessed on August 28, 2012.
141. ↑ Il relitto si incurva ei lavori ritardano: rimosso solo l'albero . In: iltirreno.it , June 21, 2012.
142. ↑ See photos on Commons
143. ↑ The parbuckling project ( Memento from July 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
144. ↑ Costa Concordia removal on YouTube May 2nd , 2012
145. ↑ Problems at the beginning of the salvage of the "Costa Concordia". Die Zeit, September 16, 2013, accessed on September 16, 2013 . 
146. ^ Average cost of the Costa Concordia is 1.5 billion euros. Focus, July 7, 2014, accessed July 7, 2014 . 
147. ↑ Barbie Latza Nadeau: Massive Cables Are Slowly Raising the Costa Concordia Shipwreck. In: Scientific American . September 16, 2013, accessed April 5, 2014 . 
148. ↑ Costa Concordia is to leave Giglio in June 2014. Retrieved December 22, 2013 . 
149. ↑ During the rescue, the first emergency operation takes place. Die Welt, September 16, 2013, accessed on September 17, 2013 . 
150. ↑ Costa Concordia, rotazione completata. "Nei prossimi giorni la ricerche dei dispersi". Il Tirreno, September 17, 2013, accessed September 17, 2013 (Italian). 
151. ^ Rescue from Giglio: wreck of the "Costa Concordia" erected. Spiegel Online, September 17, 2013, accessed September 17, 2013 . 
152. ^ Resurrection of a cruise giant , Nordwest-Zeitung of September 17, 2013, p. 8
153. ^ La Costa Concordia torna su e commuove il mondo . Il Tirreno, September 17, 2013, accessed September 17, 2013 . 
154. ^ "Concordia, Rossi contro l'uso della nave Vanguard", iltirreno.it from May 19, 2014
155. ^ "Costa Concordia" diver crashed. In: tagesschau.de. February 2, 2014, archived from the original on February 19, 2014 ; Retrieved February 2, 2014 . 
156. ↑ Problems with the wreck of the "Costa Concordia". May 7, 2014, accessed May 7, 2014 . 
157. ↑ Again problems on the "Costa" wreck. May 7, 2014, archived from the original on May 8, 2014 ; Retrieved May 7, 2014 . 
158. ↑ Again problems with the Costa Concordia. May 7, 2014, archived from the original on May 10, 2014 ; Retrieved May 7, 2014 . 
159. ↑ The swimming box is detached from the Costa Concordia. May 7, 2014, accessed May 7, 2014 . 
160. ↑ Costa, rigalleggiamento Concordia slitta al 18-20 luglio . In: ansa.it , May 14, 2014.
161. ↑ Removal of the "Costa Concordia" - difficult last journey. July 21, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2014 . 
162. ↑ Oil leak from the "Costa Concordia" mountain. Retrieved July 22, 2014 . 
163. ^ "Costa" recovery is going according to plan . In: orf.at , July 15, 2014.
164. ↑ Recovery of "Costa Concordia" continues according to plan . In: orf.at , July 16, 2014.
165. ↑ Removal of the “Costa Concordia” postponed. euronews, July 21, 2014, accessed on July 22, 2014 . 
166. ↑ Removal of the «Costa Concordia» postponed to Tuesday. July 19, 2014, archived from the original on July 19, 2014 ; Retrieved July 20, 2014 . 
167. ↑ Removal of the "Costa Concordia" is delayed. July 22, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2014 . 
168. ↑ Starting signal for towing - the weather will be decisive , ORF, July 12, 2014.
169. ↑ Five countries want the wreck of the Costa Concordia. In: derStandard.at. January 11, 2014, accessed January 11, 2014 . 
170. ↑ Costa Concordia: Who can dismantle the shipwreck? In: The press. April 7, 2014, accessed April 18, 2014 . 
171. ↑ End station: Genoa. In: Tagesschau. May 30, 2014; Archived from the original on May 31, 2014 ; Retrieved July 21, 2014 . 
172. ↑ La Concordia lascerà il Giglio fra il 13 luglio e il 9 agosto. June 17, 2014, accessed June 17, 2014 (Italian). 
173. ↑ La Concordia va a Genova, so ha deciso il Consiglio dei ministri . In: iltirreno.it , June 30, 2014. (Italian)
174. ↑ Average of the "Costa Concordia" costs 1.5 billion euros . Focus, July 6, 2014.
175. ↑ ^{a b c} Costa Concordia ready to be scrapped . Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger, July 27, 2014.
176. ↑ wdr.de ( Memento from July 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
177. ^ Body parts in the "Costa" wreck . [1] , August 8, 2014.
178. ↑ Costa Concordia Ready for Last Journey. May 6, 2015, accessed May 7, 2015 . 
179. ^ Concordia, iniziato l'ultimo viaggio in porto a Genova. September 1, 2016, accessed September 1, 2016 . 
180. ↑ Spiegel online from January 6, 2018 (section: Panorama): "What happened to the 'Costa Concordia' and Captain Schettino?"
181. ^ Clini e Passera firmano il decreto 'anti inchini'. Il Tirreno , March 1, 2012, accessed September 17, 2013 (Italian). 
182. ↑ Summary of the 91st session of the IMO Maritime Safety Committee (MSC 91). Danish Maritime Authority, archived from the original on November 11, 2013 ; accessed on January 27, 2013 . 
183. ↑ Crociere, è partita la nuova stagione con i limiti di stazza . In: Nuova Venezia , April 8, 2015
184. ^ Venezia, stop al transito delle grandi navi dal primo November 2014. In: Repubblica.it. Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso Spa, November 5, 2013, accessed November 5, 2013 (Italian). 
185. ^ Grandi navi alla Giudecca, Tar veneto annulla divieto . In: repubblica.it , January 9, 2015. (Italian)
186. ↑ Telecamere anti inchino per proteggere le isole . In: iltirreno.it , March 27, 2014.
187. ↑ Consequences of the "Concordia" accident: Costa shipping company tightened safety rules. In: Spiegel Online. Spiegel Online GmbH, May 5, 2012, accessed on May 6, 2012 . 
188. ↑ taz.de of October 28, 2015: "Ships under control"
189. ↑ Sharp criticism of Italian investigations into ship accidents - Federal authorities discontinue cooperation with Italy at NDR, December 7, 2015
190. ↑ Italy commemorates the "Costa" disaster . In : zeit.de.
191. ^ Costa Concordia, la rabbia e il ricordo . In: ilgiornale.it , January 14, 2013.
192. ↑ Memory of victims of the Costa Concordia disaster. January 4, 2014, accessed January 14, 2014 . 
193. ↑ Costa Concordia - Mourning on the 2nd Anniversary. Retrieved January 14, 2014 . 
194. ^ Costa Concordia . In FAZ , May 19, 2016, p. R6