Křižany
| Křižany | |||||
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| Basic data | |||||
| State : |
 Czech Republic
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| Region : | Liberecký kraj | ||||
| District : | Liberec | ||||
| Area : | 2855.8038 ha | ||||
| Geographic location : | 50 ° 44 ' N , 14 ° 54' E | ||||
| Height: | 386 m nm | ||||
| Residents : | 851 (Jan. 1, 2019) | ||||
| Postal code : | 463 43 | ||||
| License plate : | L. | ||||
| traffic | |||||
| Street: | Chrastava - Osečná | ||||
| Railway connection: | Řetenice – Lovosice – Česká Lípa – Liberec | ||||
| structure | |||||
| Status: | local community | ||||
| Districts: | 2 | ||||
| administration | |||||
| Mayor : | Václav Honsejk (as of 2007) | ||||
| Address: | Křižany 80 463 53 Křižany |
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| Municipality number: | 564184 | ||||
| Website : | www.obeckrizany.cz | ||||
Křižany (formerly Suchá , German Kriesdorf ) is a seven kilometer long forest hoof village on the west side of the Ještěd ( Jeschken ), which extends along the Ještědský potok ( Jeschkenbach ), in the Okres Liberec in the Czech Republic. The area is called Podještědí (about "Under the Jeschken").
geography
The place is framed by mountains from east to north: Ještěd ( Jeschken , 1010 m above sea level), Malý Ještěd ( Moiselkoppe , 754 m above sea level), Lom ( Scheuflerkoppe , 679 m above sea level). In the north-west lies the Havraň sandstone ridge ( Rabberg , 500 m above sea level).
The village road from west to east leads from Žibřidice ( Seifersdorf ) over the Na Výpřeži ( capercaillie saddle , 770 m above sea level) to Liberec. It was built from 1860 to 1897. There used to be a picture of Mary on the saddle. It was reorganized in 2005.
In the center of Křižany there are two streets going north. The road to the east leads to the train station and on to Kryštofovo Údolí over the Křižanské sedlo pass ( Kriesdorfer Sattel , 576 m above sea level). It was completed in 1900. The road to the west goes towards Zdislava (built in 1866). A road leads south over a stone bridge over the Jeschkenbach. It goes past the Meierhof ( Druzcovský Dvůr ) to Druscov ( Drausendorf ) and Osečná ( Oschitz ). It was built in 1877. A footpath from the town center led past Pietsche's chapel to the train station. Žibřidice has since been incorporated into Křižany.
history
Beginnings
In 945 the district around Gabel and Lämberg , to which Kriesdorf belonged, was administered by the Bohemian crown. For many decades, the name Berka played a role as the owner.
In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Bohemian rulers called Germans into the country. They were privileged in many ways and founded places and monasteries on the outskirts of Bohemia. They brought wealth to the country, especially through their mastery of mining. It can be assumed that Kriesdorf was founded as part of this settlement policy.
Kriesdorf was first mentioned in a document in 1352 as Crysani villa ("Village of Kriesan"). This document was found in the church area. The name Křižany was derived from this name. Under the rule of Emperor Charles IV and his son Wenzel IV , the later Kriesdorf was named Krikani Villa in a church document from 1384. It is an indication of the existence of a manorial castle. The Czech name Suchi or Sucha was used at the end of the 14th century . It means something like "Dürredorf". The toponym was spelled differently over the centuries: Chrystorf , Chriesdorf , Griesdorf , Christof , Kryßdorff (1481) and Krinsdorf (1615). The spelling Kriesdorf has prevailed since the 17th century. The mentioned castle, perhaps just a noble residence, was in the area of houses no. 30, 31 and 33. The caretaker is said to have been a Christov raven head. A noble landlord is not known in Kriesdorf. This building was completely demolished in 1684. The church tower was built with its stones. The year 1684 can still be read on a church tower stone.
15th to 19th century
Sandstone boundary stones can still be seen on the Jeschkenkammweg, separating the Lemberk ( Lämberg ) and Grabštejn ( Grafenstein ) lords .
Between 1421 and 1433 the area around Kriesdorf was ruled by the Hussites . The extent to which the population was forced to adopt the Hussite faith is not known. From 1520, Protestantism spread . Kriesdorf became Protestant for 90 years. In 1624, Emperor Ferdinand II ordered the introduction of the Catholic faith. Those who resisted had to emigrate. In 1627 30,000 families left Bohemia for this reason. Kriesdorf was almost depopulated by the atrocities of the Thirty Years War. After the war ended, the economy had to be rebuilt. The manors made the financial means available with the requirement to do free drafting and manual labor for them. These duties were called the robots. From now on the peasants were unfree. The farmers in Kriesdorf also resisted this burden. They resisted first with delegations to Prague , and since this was of no use, they marched armed against their landlords in Lämberg in 1680. Emperor Leopold I limited the roboth to certain days.
In the Thirty Years' War was Wallenstein this area as fiefs and gave it as a fief in 1623 to Rudolph Freiherr von Bredau. After that, the western part of the village became the property of the Lords of Lemberk (Lämberg) until the 19th century. The upper part of Kriesdorf and Christofsgrund belonged to the Grabstejn ( Grafenstein ) rule .
On the western slope of the Jeschken, where the two Jeschken brooks meet, stood a pine tree with three round metal plates attached. The plate facing south bore the letter T, which means Trautmannsdorf, as the owner of the Grafenstein estate. The plate facing south was marked with SIA. It is the abbreviation for Sanctos Jacobus Austria. A reference to the territory under the rule of Bohemian Aicha , which belonged to the monastery of St. Jacob of Vienna. The plate attached to the northeast bore the letter B. It marked the border to the Lämberg rule with the owner Count von Bredau. These three tablets were in this place until 1858. The Lämberger and Grafensteiner part of Kriesdorf united in 1850. Nevertheless, a mutual distrust remained among the residents for a long time.
The frequent wars of the 18th century claimed their victims among the soldiers from Kriesdorf and the civilian population. The fire and war tax burdened the people additionally. Prussian troops moved into Kriesdorf in 1771 and were defeated by Austrian hussars near Wartenberg. In the Bavarian War of Succession 1778–1779, the Prussians plundered Kriesdorf.
In 1775 there were again uprisings over the Roboth. It was not until 1850 that this burden was abolished as a result of the 1848 riots. During the Napoleonic Wars , a French army corps moved into Kriesdorf in 1813. French and Austrian troops met on the north side of the village. Then the Austrian camp was set up near the place.
The Jeschkenbach devastated Kriesdorf in 1809 due to a flood. In 1850, 75 people died within three months of the consequences of cholera . The Prussians invaded Kriesdorf in 1866, coming from Schönbach. The community had to provide large quantities of food. Some farmers were forced to haul the train across the Jeschken. In September 1866, cholera broke out again, killing 60 people. In the 1970s, many residents were forced to emigrate. The preferred destination of the Kriesdorfers was Brazil .
20th century and after
In the First World War 56 soldiers from Kriesdorf were killed. The war memorial was inaugurated in 1925. It was on the east side of the church.
After the break-up of Austria-Hungary at the end of the First World War, the Czechoslovak state was founded on October 29, 1918. The aim of the German Bohemia to join their settlement area with the German Reich or German Austria was prevented by the Czechoslovak state with the support of the French government. Czechisation began, ie all official positions were filled by Czechs. Kriesdorf received a new Czech school. As a result of the Munich Agreement , all Czech officials had to leave the place by October 2, 1938. During the war, prisoners of war performed forced labor on the large farms. The treatment of these people by the farmers varied greatly. Much wrong has been done.
On May 9, 1945 soldiers of the Red Army moved into Kriesdorf. They came across the fields in tanks from the direction of the station. The German population of Kriesdorf was expelled to Germany in nine transports from July 27, 1945 to August 18, 1946. Initially, they had to appear at the waiting vehicles 4 hours after the notification with a maximum of 30 kg of luggage. In the district town of Jablonné ( Deutsch Gabel ) the transport continued in cattle wagons to Germany. There was mistreatment and assault on the part of the Czechs. Some families were transported to the interior of Czechoslovakia . They had to work there for a year without pay. The Kriesdorfers were distributed all over Germany. Most of the families came to Elbingerode .
The evicted Kriesdorfers meet in different places every year. In September 2005 they celebrated the 50th home meeting in Jonsdorf . As before, they often visited Křižany to celebrate mass in the old village church. The mayor of Křižany has invited the people of Kriesdorf to an official reception in the former Hotel Effenberger. The Vicar General of the Diocese of Litomerice ( Leitmeritz ) and the Mayor emphasized in their speeches the injustice of expulsion, reconciliation and the now existing friendly relations.
church
The church of St. Maximilian was initially called St. Nicolaus. It is arguably one of the oldest in the area. This Catholic church was designated by the Prague Archdiocese as being located in Krikani-Villa. It was registered under no. 10 in the Gabler deanery. The oldest part of the church is the Gothic-vaulted presbytery , the altar area. During the Protestant period - at the end of the 16th century - the west wall of the presbytery was removed and the nave with the sacristy added.
In a bell house north of the church hung three bells. A fourth bell was added in 1602. After the church was used again by the Catholics in 1650, today's stone bell tower was built in 1684. In the memorandum, which was kept in the tower button, Emperor Leopold I and - for the local area - Count von Trautmannsdorf are named as the ruler at that time. Stones from the old castle were used to build the church tower. In 1714 the community bought an organ. This was damaged by a lightning strike in the tower on June 28, 1717. In the period from 1746 to 1764 the high altar was renewed and the pulpit and two side altars were newly installed. Klemens Seiberer from Gabel took over the artistic design of the altar. In the following years there were several repairs to the roof and tower. The old church tower clock from 1709, which only showed the time on the west side of the tower, was repaired in 1818 and received an additional dial on the east side. On May 1, 1821, lightning struck again and damaged the masonry on the north side of the tower. When the church roof was re-roofed in 1844, a strong storm carried the unfinished roof into the garden behind the school. The figures in the oil garden, which had been lying on the church floor for years, were renovated and re-erected in 1856. The church patron stood in a niche opposite the rectory.
In both 1916 and 1942, three church bells were melted down. In 1930 the municipality made up for the loss by purchasing three new bells. After the eviction in 1945, the church fell into disrepair. The statue of Nepomuk from 1747 is worth mentioning in terms of cultural history. After the fall of the Wall, the main and two side doors as well as the electrical system of the church were renewed through donations from former Kriesdorf residents.
Parish
It is not known when the first own rectory was built in Kriesdorf. The place was evangelical-Lutheran for over 90 years. After 1650, according to the decree of Emperor Ferdinand II, all subjects had to belong to the Catholic faith. Due to a lack of Catholic clergy, Kriesdorf was looked after by the Grottau office . The last Lutheran pastor in Kriesdorf was Jakob Böhm from Rochlitz (Saxony). He was followed as a Catholic pastor by Jodacus Henricus Herzog from Erfurt. After a few decades, Kriesdorf had its own pastor. The parish was structurally changed in 1743 and 1802 and had its own land in the area below the Rabsteine ( Krkavčí skály ).
population
In 1862 Kriesdorf had 321 houses. The most common family name was Wollmann; it stayed that way until 1945.
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From the “Statistical Community Dictionary” of the Czechoslovak Republic on the community of Kriesdorf
- Census results from December 1, 1930
Area: 1598 ha
Houses: 340
Population: 1405
Czechoslovaks: 75
Germans: 1318
Foreigners: 12
Roman Catholic: 1354
Protestant: 7
Czechoslovak: 15
Jews: 1
without information: 3
without confession: 25
- Census of February 17, 1939:
Population: 1257
households: 420
Population according to economic departments: Agriculture and forestry: 472
Industry and craft: 394
Public. and private services: 54
self-employed and unemployed: 193
family
workers: 208
civil servants, employees: 65
workers: 400
Infrastructure
In 1945 there were (a selection) in Kriesdorf: 1 church, 2 schools, 11 restaurants (5 dance halls), 3 excursion restaurants, 11 general stores, 1 department store, 4 bakers, 5 butchers, 1 doctor, 1 dentist, 1 drugstore, 1 gas station, 1 dairy, 1 ring kiln brickworks, 1 sawmill, 1 music band, 1 choir, 1 gymnastics club and others. From 1874 the post office ran daily errands to Deutsch-Gabel. It was expanded into a telegraph office in 1904. In the new parish hall built in 1909, the following could be found: post office, Raiffeisenkasse, gendarmerie (3 people) and the district doctor. In 1922 the post office was given an additional function as a telephone office. The place was electrified in 1920. The Teplitz – Reichenberg railway line with Kriesdorf station was put into operation on September 17, 1900. The station is the highest on the whole route at 500.36 m above sea level. With a length of 822 m, the Jeschken tunnel breaks through the Kriesdorfer Sattel in the direction of Liberec.
economy
Small mines for iron extraction existed in the upper village until the Thirty Years War. The smelting took place on the spot. A hammer and stamp mill was operated with water power. There were several shafts in which coal was dug. In 1852 a mining cooperative was founded, which extracted graphite and nickel in a tunnel . When building a well in the village, it was not uncommon for coal to be found. In another tunnel at the southern foot of the Moiselkoppe, in the Zechloche, river spar and barite were found . Clay and brown coal were extracted on the Wacheberg .
Since the main line of business was agriculture, mills were used. There were four in the village, all of which used to be powered by water power . Due to the mill compulsion, each mill was assigned certain houses. The four millers financed a borehole on the Jeschken to bring more water to the Jeschkenbach. But the project was unsuccessful. From 1790 to 1840 there were two canvas manufacturers in the village , which also offered jobs for the neighboring towns. Many Kriesdorfers worked in Reichenberg as builders or industrial workers. They took the train every day. The Kriesdorf train station was also important for the places south of Kriesdorf.
Towards the end of the 19th century, tourism moved into Kriesdorf. The public bathing pond (90 × 30 m) was opened in 1910.
District village has a favorable climatic location for agriculture and fruit growing. Due to the high mountains, it is not exposed to the cold east and north winds. In 1945 there were 70 full farms and 65 agricultural part-time businesses . As early as 1913, people in Kriesdorf were breaking new ground in animal breeding. The young cattle pasture was introduced. For animal breeders, the place became an auction site for Northern Bohemia in 1939. Animal shows and awards were held in the war years. In 1911 the dairy started operations.
In 1927, a seed cleaning system was purchased for plant cultivation and was set up in an outbuilding of the dairy.
Above the station, a limestone quarry was opened in 1905 that supplied the Solvay works in Ústí nad Labem ( Aussig ). The rock came to the train station by cable car. This quarry was in operation until the end of the First World War. Lime was burned there from 1923 to 1930 .
In 1935, Josef Oswald set up an electrical engineering company near the train station, which was successfully rebuilt after being driven out in Bobingen near Augsburg.
The now closed uranium mine Křižany I was located in the hill southwest of the village.
Community structure
The community Křižany consists of the districts Křižany ( Kriesdorf ) and Žibřidice ( Seifersdorf ), which also form cadastral districts.
Attractions
- The Ještěd ( Jeschken ), Křižany's local mountain; the eastern part of the village extends a bit up the mountain. The last part of the footpath, the “crawl”, requires special effort. The old hotel burned down on February 1, 1963 because the welding torch was used inadvertently to thaw the frozen water pipe. The new restaurant offers 120 seats and another 50 in the café.
- The Jäckelbaude stood on the Malý Ještěd ( Moiselkoppe ) made of quartzite rock since 1906. It was uninhabited after 1945 and has since fallen into disrepair.
- The limestone Lom ( Scheuflerkoppe ) had the chapel of St. Christopher (from 1763) with a portrait of the painter Josef von Führich as a hiking destination.
- The Havran ( Rabberg ) with the 42 m high sandstone cliffs is still used today as a climbing wall for training for mountaineers. The sandstone quarry created a forge above the quarry in 1776, which produced tools for the quarry workers. From this an inn developed in 1887. Since it was well attended as an excursion restaurant, it was worth building a forest stage nearby. Today there are no more traces of it.
- The Semmering restaurant on the road to Bohemian Aicha was built in 1900. In 1927 it was expanded to include a dance hall and a swimming pond. After 1945 it was a private apartment, then a rest home for children from Prague. Now it belongs to the Automobile Club in Smíchov.
Personalities
- Oskar Kreibich (1916–1984), German painter and sculptor, born in Seifersdorf
- Georg Wollmann was a general in Russia in the middle of the 18th century.
- Josef Posselt was a large Manchester manufacturer. He died in 1933.
- Josef Neuheiser was regimental music leader in Vienna in 1862.
- Franz Schwan worked as a teacher and local chronicle in Kriesdorf from 1830. He is the holder of the Silver Cross of Merit with Crown, which was awarded by Emperor Franz Josef.
- Franz Wollmann, Councilor (February 18, 1871– August 29, 1961). He studied German and English in Vienna. In Krems (Wachau) he became director of the teacher training institute. Afterwards he was in the civil service as state school inspector for Lower Austria and Vienna. He taught Esperanto at the Vienna University of Technology . He is the author of books on German language teaching and language studies for teachers.
literature
- Franz Schwan: History of the community Kriesdorf. Personal records. In: Anton Prokop: History of the community Kriesdorf. Self-published. Nordendorf via Augsburg, 1862.
- Anton Prokop: History of the community Kriesdorf . Self-published, Nordendorf via Augsburg, 1990.
- Rudolf Hemmerle : Sudetenland . Bechtermünz Verlag im Weltbild Verlag GmbH, Augsburg 1996, p. 205. ISBN 3-86047-183-X .
- Rudolf Hemmerle: Sudetenland Lexicon . 2nd edition, Kraft, Mannheim 1985. ISBN 3-8083-1163-0 .
- Daniel Koch: Local history of the judicial districts Deutsch-Gabel and Zwickau i. B. , publishing house of the Free Teachers Association in the school district Deutsch-Gabel, Zwickau i. B., probably 1920.
- Home register of the judicial districts Deutsch-Gabel and Zwickau in Bohemia . Published by the home district Deutsch-Gabel / Zwickau with the responsibility of the sender. Offset printing company Dünnbier, Großschönau 1975.
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://www.uir.cz/obec/564184/Krizany
- ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
- ↑ http://www.uir.cz/casti-obce-obec/564184/Obec-Krizany
- ↑ http://www.uir.cz/katastralni-uzemi-obec/564184/Obec-Krizany
Web links