Ceska series of murders

Memorial plaque for the ten murder victims of the NSU at Kassel Halitplatz not far from the last scene of the Ceska murder series

The Ceska series of murders or NSU series of murders is the name given to nine racially motivated murders of small business owners with a migration background , eight of which were of Turkish origin and one Greek , which the right-wing extremist terrorist group National Socialist Underground (NSU) carried out in major German cities between 2000 and 2006 . The official investigations focused on the victims themselves and on their relatives, which led to their victimization and stigmatization, while there was hardly any investigation into right-wing extremist motivation. In the leading media, the acts were given the misleading description of kebab murders or - according to the title of the murder commission involved - the Bosporus series of murders , which from 2011 was criticized as belittling, clichéd and racist. The eponymous weapon , a Česká CZ 83 pistol , 7.65 mm Browning caliber , was found in the rubble of the last NSU apartment in Zwickau in November 2011 .

The main culprit, the neo-Nazis Uwe Mundlos and Uwe Böhnhardt , committed in 2011 on 4 November suicide . Her accomplice Beate Zschäpe sent confession videos; since then the series of murders has been attributed to the NSU. She turned herself in to the police on November 8, 2011 and had to answer as a suspected accomplice in the NSU trial from May 2013 . Four other alleged aides were charged with aiding and abetting murder and aiding a terrorist organization . All five were sentenced to prison terms in July 2018, Zschäpe to a life sentence. Legal remedies are still possible.

The Heilbronn police murder is also attributed to the NSU. It occurred a year after the last case of this series of murders, but was carried out with other weapons and is therefore not one of them.

The murders

Nuremberg 1st act: 09.09.2000 2nd act: 13.06.2001 6th act: 09.06.2005 Hamburg 3rd act: June 27, 2001 Munich 4th act: 08/29/2001 7th act: 06/15/2005 Rostock 5th act: 25.02.2004 Dortmund 8th act: 04/04/2006 Kassel 9th act: April 6, 2006

Crime scenes of the Česká murders

The nine NSU murders of migrants took place without any discernible rhythm within just under six years. The first four crimes occurred within eleven months between September 2000 and August 2001, the next two and a half years later in February 2004, the following four crimes within ten months from June 2005 to April 2006. The series of crimes reached its highest intensity in summer 2001 .

The victims were exclusively men who were killed while working as operators or employees of shops or stalls. All of them had a migration background: six were Turkish citizens , two Germans of Turkish origin, one Greek. Five of the eight victims from Turkey were Kurds in Germany . In addition to the Czech pistol, a Bruni model 315 Auto pistol with a caliber of 6.35 mm was also used in two cases . Apart from the weapons, crime scenes, trading activities and the immigration background of the victims, the special police commissions found no connections or cross-connections between the victims or the crimes. In no case was a victim-related motive recognizable for them.

Enver Şimşek

Enver Şimşek , owner of a flower shop in Schlüchtern , was shot on September 9, 2000 on the edge of an arterial road in the east of Nuremberg , where he had set up his mobile flower stand in a parking bay ( location ), with eight shots from two pistols. He died in the hospital two days later. Şimşek was 38 years old. He came to Germany from Turkey in 1986 , initially working in a factory, opening a flower shop and finally a wholesale business with affiliated shops and stands. He was considered a successful businessman. In addition to the Česká 83, which was used in all cases, the murder weapons were a Bruni model 315. Şimşek normally only delivered the flowers, but this Saturday he was in charge of the stand as the seller, who was usually present, was on vacation.

Abdurrahim Özüdoğru

Abdurrahim Özüdoğru was killed with two headshots on June 13, 2001 in a tailoring shop in the southern part of Nuremberg ( Lage ) . He was 49 years old, immigrated from Turkey to Germany in 1972 and, in addition to his job as a skilled metal worker, set up a tailoring shop with his wife, which he took over after the separation. The forensic investigation revealed that the Česká 83 used in the murder of Enver Şimşek was also used here, and further investigations also remained inconclusive.

Suleyman Taşköprü

Süleyman Taşköprü, a fruit and vegetable dealer, was killed on June 27, 2001 in Hamburg-Bahrenfeld in his father's shop ( Lage ) with three shots from two different weapons. He was 31 years old, from Afyonkarahisar, and had a three-year-old daughter. The pistols used could be identified as those already used in the murder of Enver Şimşek, in addition to the Česká also the Bruni model 315. The Hamburg police determined that Taşköprü had friends in the “Hamburg red light district”. Against this background, it was suspected that it was an organized crime .

Habil Kılıç

Habil Kılıç, owner of a fruit and vegetable trade, 38 years old, was shot in his shop ( location ) on August 29, 2001 in Munich - Ramersdorf . In contrast to the three previous crimes, the investigators found no cartridge cases at this crime scene , as at all subsequent crime scenes. Organized crime in the drug trade continued to be the most likely motive and explanation of the connections .

Mehmet Turgut

Mehmet Turgut was killed with three headshots on February 25, 2004 at a doner kebab snack ( location ) in the Rostock district of Toitenwinkel . Turgut was 25 years old and came from Turkey. He was visiting a friend in Rostock, for whom he had spontaneously taken on the task of opening the snack bar in the morning. He had lived in Hamburg until ten days before the crime. By December 2011, the victim's name was published as Yunus Turgut due to a confusion with his brother .

İsmail Yaşar

İsmail Yaşar, owner of a doner kebab snack, was on 9 June 2005 in its sales container in the Nuremberg Scharrerstraße ( location killed) with five shots in the head and upper body. He was 50 years old, came from Suruç , had a son and was divorced. Witnesses noticed two suspiciously behaving men with bicycles near the crime scene; based on their description, phantom images were made. After the crime, the Federal Criminal Police Office increasingly assumed the possibility that the victims were “in connection with Turkish drug dealers from the Netherlands ”. Police officers continued to run the snack bar for a while in the (futile) hope of gaining knowledge in this way. A witness who had seen two men with bicycles in the immediate vicinity of the crime scene around the time of the crime had recently noticed a woman in the supermarket who reminded her of the actress Sara Gilbert and whom she believed to be Beate Zschäpe after the wanted photos were published in 2011 .

Theodoros Boulgarides

Theodoros Boulgarides , co-owner of a locksmith, was shot dead on June 15, 2005 in his shop in Munich- Westend ( Lage ). He was 41 years old and Greek and left a wife and two daughters. He had only opened the shop on June 1, 2005, before he was employed as a ticket inspector. The local tabloid press wrote after the murder: "The Turkish mafia struck again".

Memorial to Mehmet Kubasik in front of his former kiosk in Dortmund

Mehmet Kubaşık

Mehmet Kubaşık , owner of a kiosk, was killed on April 4, 2006 in his shop ( location ) in the north of Dortmund . The kiosk was located near what was then a meeting place for the Dortmund neo-Nazi scene. Kubaşık was 39 years old, a German of Turkish origin and a father of three. After this act there was a public rally: On June 11, 2006, Turkish cultural associations organized a silent march with relatives in Dortmund, commemorating the nine victims of the series and calling on the authorities to prevent a tenth victim. After the NSU was uncovered, his daughter stated that the family always assumed a right-wing extremist background to the crime.

Halit Yozgat

Halit Yozgat , operator of an internet café ( Lage ), was killed by two headshots on April 6, 2006 in Kassel . He was 21 years old and of German Turkish descent. He had just opened the café a short time before with money borrowed from his father. He also attended evening school to do his Abitur. Yozgat found himself unplanned in his business, he should have already been replaced by his father, who was late. After this act, there was a public rally: On June 11, 2006, Turkish cultural associations organized a silent march in Dortmund with relatives of the series' nine victims and called on the authorities to prevent a tenth victim. After the NSU was uncovered, his daughter stated that the family always assumed a right-wing extremist background to the crime.

Investigations

As early as 2006, the special commissions set up for the investigation under the coordination of the so-called Special Organizational Organization (BAO) Bosporus from Nuremberg, with 50 officers under the direction of Criminal Director (LKD) Wolfgang Geier , were the largest that ever existed in Germany. At times, 160 officials from several federal states were involved in the search, there were a total of seven special commissions. 3500 traces , 11,000 people and millions of records from cell phones and credit cards were examined. Relatives of the victims accused the German authorities of unilateral investigations, they had looked in the wrong direction, as possible racist motives were not taken into account.

The murder weapons

A Česká 83, caliber 7.65 mm Browning (example)

Until the NSU discovered itself in 2011, the investigators found only one concrete common trace of the series of murders: The 7.65 caliber ammunition used by the US manufacturer PMC could only have been fired by an identical weapon, a Czech Ceska 83. After the fifth murder (April 2004) they realized that the murder weapon had been used with a silencer . Only now did they start looking for it. Schläfli & Zbinden in Bern (Switzerland) legally imported the second most weapons of this type and associated ammunition from the manufacturer. In May 2004, the BKA for the first time asked for assistance from Switzerland if this company PMC cartridges and silencers have sold to Turkish nationals. The result was negative. At that time, however, the BKA failed to identify buyers of a Ceska with a silencer and PMC ammunition, which the company register listed in full. The reason was the false assumption that it was contract killings of Turks in the drug business, who mainly used illegal weapons.

In 2006, the investigators found out that only 55 manufactured copies of the Ceska 83 were suitable for this silencer and 27 of them had been delivered to the Swiss company Luxik in Derendingen from 1990 onwards. In 2007 a BKA representative found in the company's sales register that Anton Germann from Bern had bought two such models from Schläfli & Zbinden in 1996. Germann was interviewed once, but denied any business relationship with the seller. In December 2008, the BKA applied for permission to question him and another registered Ceska buyer and to search their homes. The action was only approved and carried out in October 2009, but with no result. Germann continued to claim that he had never received such a Ceska. The trail was not followed up. The investigators ruled out that the murder weapon came from the Ministry for State Security of the GDR, which had bought 31 Ceskas of that limited special edition. By 2010, eight of the Ceska models in question that were delivered to Switzerland remained undetectable despite TV views. In March 2010, the BKA claimed in the program file number XY ... unresolved erroneously, because the Swiss intermediary for Ceska delivery (Schläfli & Zbinden) had not existed for years, no documents could be found there. Schläfli did, however, and had just not been asked about it.

On November 5, 2011, a Ceska 83 with a silencer was found in the rubble of the burned-out NSU apartment in Zwickau. The ground down serial number "034678" could be made visible. In addition, a Bruni alarm pistol was found in the rubble , which had been converted into a sharp weapon without a silencer and used next to the Ceska in two of the murders. On November 11, the Federal Prosecutor's Office announced that it was the two weapons used in the series of murders.

In the NSU trial, the prosecution reconstructed the route taken by Ceska to the NSU, primarily from statements by co-defendants. According to this, the Czech manufacturer delivered them to the Swiss arms importer Luxik in 1993. Schläfli & Zbinden in Bern bought it on April 9, 1996 because a customer had ordered such a weapon with a standard silencer. Hans-Ulrich Müller paid for it on April 11th by presenting a weapons acquisition license that he had bought from the Swiss Anton Germann. The company sent Germann the weapon and registered him as a buyer of a Ceska with the serial number "34678". The zero was missing because it was not necessary for identification. The silencer was not specifically noted as an accessory. Germann handed the weapon over to Müller as agreed upon receipt. He handed it over either directly to Jürgen Länger from Jena or to his friend Enrico Theile, who then handed it over to Länger. Both belonged to the right-wing Thuringian scene. Lange sold the weapon in the spring of 2000 to Andreas Schultz, who ran the “Madley” shop in Jena. Mundlos and Böhnhardt had previously commissioned their assistant Carsten Schultze to buy a silenced pistol. He turned to his confidante Ralf Wohlleben . He recommended Schultz, who got the weapon and asked for 2500 DM for it. Wohlleben loaned this sum to Schultze and then examined the weapon. On May 17, 2000 at the latest, Schultze picked up the paid gun with ammunition and handed it over to Mundlos, Böhnhardt and Zschäpe a few days later in Chemnitz. Before that, the two men revealed to him that they were constantly armed and that they had already committed an (unsuccessful) murder attempt with explosives. Schultz initially received DM 500 for his services. According to the indictment, Wohlleben and Schultze knew that the trio in hiding wanted to use the Ceska for racist murders. They procured the weapon for them because they “felt obliged to them in the truest sense of the word due to their own National Socialist convictions”.

September 2000 to June 2005

In addition to the weapon used in every crime, it was noticeable that all of the crimes took place during the day in small shops or at mobile sales stands and that the victims primarily had a Turkish migration background. No usable traces were found at any crime scene. No shops were searched and no registers plundered. Due to the lack of evidence, the investigators estimated that the perpetrators usually entered the shops, shot and disappeared again. The deeds could have been carried out in less than a minute. In the course of the investigation, apart from the lack of concrete traces, neither connections between the victims nor a motive could be identified. For a long time, the police suspected organized crime in the narcotics sector with contacts in Turkey. The tabloids spoke in this context of a Turkish mafia or crescent-Mafia , the Nuremberg Special Commission, which was convened after killing Habil Kılıç 2001, was called as SoKo Crescent (an allusion to the flag of Turkey ), the name of the SoKo Bosporus established in summer 2005 can be understood in this sense. In this case, the investigators even flew to Turkey to interview relatives of Kılıç.

Abdurrahim Özüdoğru was shot dead on June 13, 2001 in this shop on the corner of Gyulaer Strasse and Siemensstrasse. In the former tailoring shop there is a shop for Asian handicrafts (photo 2012).

Already after the first crime, the killing of the florist Enver Şimşek in Nuremberg in September 2000, the assumption was made that the victim might have been involved in drug deals as a regular buyer at the Dutch flower market. These investigative approaches remained inconclusive. The manner of the act pointed to amateurs as the victim was wounded with eight shots. The crime scene was in a parking bay on a busy arterial road in an uninhabited forest area. The murder weapon found was the only connection to the second crime: Abdurrahim Özüdoğru was killed with two aimed shots in the head on June 13, 2001 and was immediately dead. The scene of the crime was in the southern part of Nuremberg, in an urban area. While Şimşek was considered a successful businessman, Özüdoğru, who had to earn extra money for his factory work by tailoring, was described as a “poor eater”. No evidence was found that either victim knew or was related to one another.

After the killing of Süleyman Taşköprü on June 27, 2001 in the Hamburg district of Bahrenfeld, where the scene of the crime, in a little-frequented shop on a side street, bears similarities to the circumstances at the time of the killing of Özüdoğru, the police believed they had an investigation. She suspected that the greengrocer had contacts with the criminal neighborhood of St. Pauli . However, there was no evidence to support this assumption. Nevertheless, the thesis was developed that the three offenses must be internal punitive actions in the area of organized crime and that there is a connection between the victims. The assumption was reinforced with the killing of Habil Kılıç on August 29, 2001 in Munich. Police told the press that the likely motive was organized crime, presumably the drug business. The rigidity of the acts was explained by the alleged organization's code of ethics , which the victims violated.

The forensic investigation from the fourth scene of the crime showed, in contrast to the previous one, that no bullet case was found, not even in later cases. It was suspected that the perpetrators now wrapped plastic bags around the guns to catch the casings and to allow the pistol to be used inconspicuously. Also in the targeted execution one saw an increasing professionalization of the perpetrators. After the first four acts, which took place within a year, the next known act took place against Mehmet Turgut on February 25, 2004 in Rostock, about two and a half years later. Since Turgut lived in Hamburg until about ten days before he was shot, the police looked for connections with Süleyman Taşköprü, who had been shot there three years earlier. This search was also unsuccessful.

One trace arose with the deed against İsmail Yaşar on June 5, 2005 in Nuremberg. Witnesses noticed two cyclists studying a map near the crime scene. Also not far from the crime scene, they loaded the bicycles into a dark van with tinted windows. Descriptions and phantom images were made of both men. One witness noticed a similarity with video recordings of the alleged perpetrator of the Cologne nail bomb attack from the previous year, but this correspondence was not adequately pursued in the investigation (see mishaps and systematic errors in the investigation ). The similarities in the method of inspection - witnesses had pointed out cyclists in a total of four out of nine Ceska murders - were noticeable during the investigation, but little weight was attached to this evidence.

June 2005 to February 2008: BAO Bosporus

After İsmail Yaşar was shot, the SoKo Bosporus was deployed in Nuremberg in mid-2005 and worked with the special commissions in Munich, Hamburg and Rostock, and from 2006 also in Dortmund and Kassel. Above all, connections were sought between the victims, the investigations were concentrated primarily in the direction of arms or drug trafficking, gambling or betting debts, and the assumption was increasingly “that the victims were in connection with Turkish drug traffickers from the Netherlands”. After the murder to Theodoros Boulgarides on June 15, 2005 in Munich, a local tabloid ran the headline: “Executed ice cold - the seventh victim. Turkish mafia struck again ”. In Munich and Nuremberg, 900 small Turkish entrepreneurs were questioned about the crimes.

After the murders of Mehmet Kubaşık and Halit Yozgat (April 2006), relatives organized a demonstration in May and June 2006 at the crime scenes in Dortmund and Kassel. They warned “Stop the murderer”, “Nine dead and no perpetrator”, “We don't want a 10th victim”, “Police scandal” and asked: “Where are the police?” They protested that the investigators had been going on for years, from their point of view one-sided, looking for motives in the victims' environment and not preventing further murders. The German state should finally protect them and not treat them like criminals for their part. They believed a right-wing extremist background to the murders was likely, but lack of evidence of the perpetrators was unlikely, and called on suspected witnesses to come forward. The Dortmund public prosecutor's office rejected the accusation: Investigations are being carried out in all directions, but have so far not found any hot leads and no common crime patterns.

In the last murder, five people were present in the two rooms of the internet café at the time of the crime, four of whom made themselves available as witnesses. The fifth person was searched for two weeks until the investigators realized that it was the official Andreas Temme of the Hessian Office for the Protection of the Constitution . Temme was arrested. Since the public prosecutor's office assumed only a “low level of suspicion”, he was released after 24 hours.

Timeline of years with acts of series; the series ends in April 2006

In May 2006, during the conference of interior ministers, the federal and state governments considered transferring the case of serial offenses to the Federal Criminal Police Office . Günther Beckstein (CSU) prevailed as Bavarian Minister of the Interior with the view that the case would remain with the SoKo Bosporus in Nuremberg despite the acts that were spread across five federal states . At the same time Beckstein advocated an increase in the reward from 30,000 to 300,000 euros for clues that lead to the apprehension of the perpetrators. The then deputy spokesman for the Bavarian Ministry of the Interior, Rainer Riedl, said that the high sum was intended to entice those who knew about it to break their silence. It stands to reason that the masterminds behind the crime are to be found in the area of ​​organized crime. In this environment, a reward would promise success. As a result, the Bavarian police in Nuremberg ran a kebab shop for six months and deployed a policewoman disguised as a journalist among migrants, said former Nuremberg Public Prosecutor Walter Kimmel in 2012 before the investigative committee. The officials owed payments to suppliers because a debt collection team was suspected to be the culprit.

After years of investigations showed no connection between the victims either with one another or with organized crime, the case analyst Alexander Horn from the operational case analysis department of the Munich criminal police was called in to investigate in the summer of 2006 . As a result, it was increasingly assumed that there was a racially motivated individual perpetrator, a 25 to 45-year-old German, a serial killer who did not know any of the victims and who chose them at random. In January 2012 it became known that the deputy head of SoKo Bosporus , Klaus Mähler, commissioned the Bavarian Office for the Protection of the Constitution in May 2006 to ask all other state authorities for the protection of the constitution for assistance or information on a series motivated by hatred of foreigners . It is unbelievable "that no evidence of the neo-Nazi trio came from Thuringia at that time," said Mähler. Case analysts from the Baden-Württemberg State Criminal Police Office assumed in 2007 that the victims were in conflict with a Southeast European gang with a “rigid code of honor” whose “chief” commissioned the crime.

In July 2007, the Turkish Ministry of the Interior particularly called on Turks in Germany to support the German police in investigating the situation in order to prevent further homicides against Turkish citizens.

The SoKo Bosporus was dissolved on February 1, 2008. Nine officers from Murder Commission 3 in Nuremberg, headed by Georg Schalkhaußer, continued the investigation alongside their normal activities.

There were further investigations into the individual murder cases. In 2008, Hamburg police officers who belonged to Soko 061 , which was founded in March 2006, sought advice from an Iranian necromancer. He had stated that he had made contact with the greengrocer Süleyman Taşköprü, who had been killed seven years earlier. The man said he knew the victim was connected to a rock group, drugs played a role and the perpetrator could possibly be a Turk. The officers did not pay the man, but noted his details in a file.

November 2011 to the opening of the process in May 2013

→ Main article : “Exposure” in the article National Socialist Underground

In November 2011 the right-wing terrorist National Socialist underground was uncovered. In the rubble of a burned-out apartment in Zwickau , where the main suspects lived, one found, in addition to the long-sought murder weapon, the Česká 83, as well as a multi-copy DVD that cynically documents the series of homicides as a kind of confessional video. On November 11, 2011, the Federal Prosecutor's Office headed by Harald Range took over the investigation. At their request, the Federal Court of Justice issued an arrest warrant on November 13, 2011 against the then 36-year-old Beate Zschäpe on suspicion of membership in a terrorist organization . The two other alleged main culprits Uwe Mundlos and Uwe Böhnhardt were found dead after a bank robbery on November 4, 2011 in Eisenach . The involvement of other right-wing extremists in the series of murders has now been examined. Several arrests and arrest warrants were made, some of which were overturned in May and June 2012.

On November 8, 2012, the federal prosecutor brought charges against Beate Zschäpe as a suspected member of the NSU terrorist organization and against Ralf Wohlleben and Carsten Schultze for aiding and abetting nine murder cases of foreign citizens, André Eminger for aiding and abetting the bomb attack in Cologne, and for aiding and abetting robbery and support the terrorist organization in two cases each and Holger Gerlach for supporting the terrorist organization in three cases. The NSU trial took place before the 6th Criminal Senate of the Munich Higher Regional Court and lasted from May 6, 2013 to July 11, 2018. After their arrest on November 11 and 29, 2011, Zschäpe and Wohlleben were taken into custody, the others The accused remained at large, with Holger Gerlach being in custody from November 13, 2011 to May 25, 2012, André Eminger from November 23, 2011 to June 14, 2012 and Carsten S. from February 1 to May 29, 2012 . Eminger was also taken into custody in September 2017 after the Federal Prosecutor's Office called for the high sentence of 12 years in its closing lecture.

Designations and reporting

The Nürnberger Zeitung titled the series of murders on August 31, 2005 for the first time as "kebab murders". The German Press Agency (dpa) spread this name on April 8, 2006, which was first picked up by the Frankfurter Allgemeine and Neue Zürcher Zeitung , a few days later by the tabloid Abendzeitung and Bild , whereupon the name changed in the German-speaking media landscape - up to the taz - established ones.

Until November 2011, almost all German media reports suspected Turkish criminals to be the perpetrators. The Bild newspaper rumored on April 15, 2006 that there were "four hot tracks: [...] drug mafia , organized crime , racketeering , money laundering ". On May 30, 2006, the Hamburger Abendblatt wrote : "The difficult-to-penetrate parallel world of the Turks protects the killers". On August 1, 2007, the Second German Television (ZDF) broadcast the documentary Hunt for the Phantom by Sybille Bassler about the series of murders. The program Aktenzeichen XY ... repeatedly took up the serial offenses unresolved . Moderator Rudi Cerne suspected on August 3, 2006 that the murdered were themselves involved in criminal business and therefore fell victim to organized crime hit men. In the 2009 soccer betting scandal , press reports linked the murders with it and speculated that the victims might have had gambling debts with the betting mafia . The responsible homicide commission contradicted: No victim had a "potentially motivating connection to the gambling scene". Not all victims would have had financial problems.

In April 2010, Bayerischer Rundfunk broadcast a radio feature entitled In Search of the “Dönerkiller” (authors: Oliver Bendixen and Matthias Fink). It showed detailed interview excerpts from relatives of the victims and police officers involved, the course of the investigation and that the theses and investigations pursued in the victims' environment had not led to any result, not even after a reward had been offered. The news magazine Der Spiegel reported in February 2011, based on the statements of an informant, that an alliance of Turkish nationalists, secret service agents, military, politicians and lawyers, entangled with the underground organization Ergenekon and the right-wing nationalist Gray Wolves , was behind the crimes . It is about building a " deep state ", for which the Turks living in Germany have to pay tribute. The practice is to shoot those who do not make their business available for money laundering or the like. "The shot in the face is the Turkish nationalists' mark of loss of honor, and the use of the same weapon was a warning to others." Investigators said they had found no evidence of any connection to the victims of Turkish nationalists.

In August 2011, Der Spiegel wrote that investigators had contact with an informant with inside knowledge. As an undercover agent for the protection of the constitution, he was involved in one of the crimes and knows the hiding place of the murder weapon in Switzerland. He also explained the entanglements of the protection of the constitution. Contact was broken on July 5, 2011. The Nuremberg public prosecutor's office confirmed the process to the mirror . The Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution said the story of the informant was fictitious.

Since the perpetrators were discovered in November 2011, false names such as “kebab murders”, “betting mafia”, “crescent mafia” and “Bosporus series of murders” have been publicly criticized. Anetta Kahane (Chair of the Amadeu Antonio Foundation ) pointed out that such “stereotypical racist classifications” are offensive to the victims and their families. Kenan Kolat (chairman of the Turkish community in Germany) emphasized that they had little to do with reality (only two of the victims worked in a kebab shop) and reflected a stereotypical opinion of the majority society, especially about migrants of Turkish origin. Stefan Kuzmany ( Der Spiegel ) called the term "kebab murders", which the news magazine itself had long used, a dehumanizing "exclusion through language" and "sad evidence of the latent racism of German society." Also the term "Bosporus murder series “I used the cliché of foreign crime and at the same time solidified the long persecuted offender theory of organized criminals coming from the south. For the German Institute for Human Rights , such expressions reflected “at least prejudice, possibly racist attitudes” and made it difficult to recognize racist motives. For Hatice Akyün ( Der Tagesspiegel ) the term “kebab murders” made the acts “like an internal affair among Turks” and made it possible to distance oneself from them without losing the authority to interpret them.

The Federal Prosecutor described the series of murders by the NSU as of November 29, 2011 as the Ceska murders .

On January 17, 2012, a jury from the Society for the German Language chose “Döner-Morde” as the German word of the year 2011:

“The expression is prototypical for the fact that the political dimension of the series of murders was misunderstood or willfully ignored for years: The assumption that the motives for the murders were to be found in the criminal milieu of protection money and / or drug business was supported by this designation. So has doner murder (s) of time perception influenced over the years many people and social institutions fatally. In 2011, the racist tenor of the expression became fully clear: With the factually inadequate, folkloristic-stereotypical labeling of a right-wing terrorist series of murders, entire sections of the population are excluded and the victims themselves are discriminated against to the greatest extent by being on a snack dish based on their origin be reduced. "

Further clarification

Suspicion against the protection of the constitution

→ Main article : “Behavior of the security authorities” in the article National Socialist Underground

In connection with the investigations against the neo-Nazi trio and its environment, the role of other federal and state authorities has also been criticized, in particular the Thuringian State Office for the Protection of the Constitution and the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution are in public criticism. At various points, the members and supporters of the NSU came into contact with employees or information providers ( V-persons ) of various authorities.

On January 26, 2012, the Bundestag set up a committee of inquiry to investigate the right-wing extremist crimes committed by the NSU and the failure of German security agencies and the agencies involved in the protection of the constitution to investigate and prevent the crimes. Other NSU investigative committees followed in various state parliaments.

When the former Vice President of the Protection of the Constitution, Klaus-Dieter Fritsche, was questioned in the NSU committee of the Bundestag on October 18, 2012, there was a scandal. Fritsche, who was Vice President at the time of the NSU murder series and is now State Secretary in the Federal Ministry of the Interior, sharply rejected the criticism of the work of the security authorities in connection with the NSU. He complained about the disclosure of secret information to the media and criticized that the investigative work was "superimposed by a scandalous contest". He expressly defends himself against the fact that “biting criticism, scorn and ridicule descends on an entire branch of the police and constitutional protection officers”. Several times he rejected questions from MPs. The committee chairman Sebastian Edathy admonished Fritsche to “concentrate” only on the subject of the committee and then interrupted the meeting for 20 minutes.

→ Main article : Halit Yozgat

In addition to some informants who were in their surroundings before and after going into hiding, there are connections with official employees and middlemen in particular in the case of an act in the Ceska series of murders, the murder of the 21-year-old Kassel internet café operator Halit Yozgat. On April 21, 2006, Andreas Temme, an employee of the Hessian State Office for the Protection of the Constitution , was arrested in Kassel on suspicion of being involved in the murder of Halit Yozgat. At the time of the deed he was in his internet café (as it was only found out after 2011 through reconstruction) and did not report to the police despite repeated searches. T. also had contacts with the chairman of the Hells Angels Kassel and privately several firearms with which he practiced combat shooting . Since a house search did not corroborate any suspicions, the investigations were discontinued due to the lack of suspicion. The case of the protection of the constitution occupied the parliamentary control commission in Hesse. The chairman of the FDP parliamentary group in the Hessian state parliament, Jörg-Uwe Hahn , called the communication policy of the interior ministry “unbearable”. The parliamentarians only found out from the media that an employee of the Hessian Office for the Protection of the Constitution had been investigated on suspicion of murder. It was also only afterwards that tapped phone calls became known in which the then LfV security officer said to Andreas Temme: "I tell everyone: If they know that something like this is happening somewhere, please don't drive past."

In addition, it became known that the constitutional protector had “a strong right-wing conviction” in his youth. During a house search in 2006, right-wing extremist writings and several weapons were seized. The public prosecutor's office in Kassel denied recent reports that he had been at several crime scenes in the series of murders. She said the official was withdrawn from the Office for the Protection of the Constitution in 2007 and transferred to the Kassel regional council. Here he is employed in an "internal area without external impact". More recent findings since 2007 have therefore not resulted.

The undercover agent with whom Temme had telephoned shortly before and shortly after the crime, Benjamin G., was on the right-wing extremist scene. There is speculation as to whether this was about researching his brother's connections to the neo-Nazi scene in Dortmund and Kassel beyond his official assignments. Benjamin G. appeared at his testimony in the NSU trial with a lawyer paid by the State Office for the Protection of the Constitution and had previously received expenses for an official “preparatory meeting”. In November 2011, the authorities provided him with legal counsel.

Systematic investigation errors and mishaps

The investigation revealed a number of failures. There was selective failure, but systemic problems also came to light. The first NSU committee of the Bundestag concluded in 2013 that "most investigators ... not only placed the focus on the direction of investigation organized crime , but also stuck to this focus when trace by trace in this direction remained inconclusive". The view is widespread that institutional or structural racism played a role within the authorities and that a possible right-wing extremist background was therefore largely ignored. Some statements made by investigators suggest racist thought patterns. The murdered Süleyman Taşköprü was described as a "parasite" in a case analysis by the Hamburg State Criminal Police Office in 2005. His father's testimony that shortly after the son's murder he saw two tall, slim Germans between 25 and 30 years old (no southerners) going out of business was never followed up. An operative case analysis by the LKA Baden-Württemberg from January 30, 2007 suspected the perpetrator of the Ceska series: “Against the background that the killing of people in our cultural area is subject to a high taboo, it can be deduced that the perpetrator with regard to his behavioral system is located far outside the local system of norms and values ​​”. In several cases, leads from witnesses who observed light skin and hair colors on the perpetrators were not followed up or these leads were not followed up. After the ninth act in 2006, an Islamic community in Hamburg received a letter which said: “We are all haters of Turks. You have sneaked in here and remain multicultural and criminal. It's good that someone shoots a couple of Turks. I was happy about it. ”The community handed the letter to the police, who did not pursue any right-wing extremist motives.

The investigative authorities sometimes also lacked the necessary care. For example, after the murder of the takeaway stall owner İsmail Yaşar who was shot in Nuremberg, the police seized 23,000 euros in cash, the inventory of the snack bar and jewelry and wrongly handed everything over to İsmail Yaşar's ex-wife . Yaşar's daughter only found out about the father's assets from the trial files. Within two weeks of the murder of Yașar, on June 21, 2005, the head of the investigation into the nail bomb attack in Cologne at the Nuremberg BAO Bosporus pointed out the similarity of the phantom image of the perpetrator in the Munich case with the video recordings of the Cologne perpetrator and the commission of the crime by bicycles and asked to show the Cologne video sequences to the Munich witness who believed she had recognized the perpetrator. However, this only happened on May 23, 2006, whereupon the witness said: “It was him!” However, this was weakened in the protocol and was not followed up. In the Bavarian NSU investigation committee, the witness testified that she had had the impression in the interviews: "It cannot be what must not be". A comparative case analysis was rejected on the grounds that it was not possible to compare apples and pears.

While the trio went into hiding, there were localization attempts by target investigators from the Thuringian State Criminal Police Office and several constitutional protection authorities after all three were wanted for explosives offenses and Uwe Böhnhardt for the execution of an arrest warrant. Essential features of the terrorist cell were identified. In May 2013, a document from the Saxon State Office for the Protection of the Constitution dated April 28, 2000 was leaked to Report Mainz , which was addressed to the then Interior Minister Klaus Hardraht (CDU), among others . It says that the approach of the trio resembles “the strategy of terrorist groups that pursue a common purpose through division of labor.” The purpose of the association is to “commit serious crimes against the free democratic basic order”. Here, "a significant increase in intensity up to the most serious crimes can be determined." That is why communication monitoring of the trio's suspected surroundings was ordered. The G 10 measures carried out under the name “Terzett” from May 2000 to October yielded little information, as the controls were only carried out sporadically. At that time, before the first act, the state criminal police and constitution protection offices in Saxony and Thuringia and the terror department of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution knew about the surveillance measures.

Remember the victims

Vigils and memorial services

Following the shootings of Mehmet Kubaşık on April 4, 2006 in Dortmund and Halit Yozgat on April 6, 2006 in Kassel, Turkish cultural associations organized a silent march in Dortmund on June 11, 2006 together with their relatives . The nine victims in the series were commemorated and the authorities called on to prevent a tenth victim.

On November 13, 2011, the Turkish Community in Germany (TGD) organized a vigil in front of the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin to commemorate the victims of right-wing violence , calling for solidarity against racism . In addition to some politicians, Kenan Kolat , TGD federal chairman, and Stephan J. Kramer , general secretary of the Central Council of Jews , also took part. The participants wore signs with the names of those killed in this series and commemorated past racist murders and right-wing extremist attacks. On November 16, 2011, representatives of the Hamburg organizations Entrepreneurs Without Borders , Laut gegen Nazis and the Turkish community in front of the former vegetable shop of the Taşköprü family, whose son Süleyman was the third victim in the series, commemorated the murdered in Hamburg-Bahrenfeld. In a press conference that followed, they criticized the unilateral police investigations - Süleyman Taşköprü had been accused of links to the drug milieu - and the involvement of the security authorities.

In the Bundestag was 21 November 2011 by the deputies a minute of silence inserted and a unanimous declaration after a controversial debate extremist given force. The President of the Bundestag, Norbert Lammert, apologized to the relatives of the victims on behalf of all MPs. "He is ashamed that the security authorities have been unable to uncover or prevent the crimes that have been planned and carried out over the years."

On December 2, 2011, prominent musicians such as Udo Lindenberg , Peter Maffay , Julia Neigel , Silly and Clueso organized a protest against the facts and their background. 50,000 people took part in the charity festival entitled " Rock'n 'Roll -Arena Jena - For the Colorful Republic of Germany". The action was organized within ten days and met with nationwide media interest. Sigmar Gabriel , Jürgen Trittin and other politicians called for solidarity and remembered the victims of the homicides in a minute's silence. The Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk broadcast the event live.

In December 2011, the ARD broadcast a documentary entitled Eight Turks, a Greek and a Policewoman , with which they published researched backgrounds and life contexts of the victims. In it, the filmmakers addressed the confusion of Mehmet Turgut's name, which was known to the police but not corrected by them, as an example of the superficial treatment of those affected and their relatives.

In a central memorial service in the Konzerthaus Berlin on February 23, 2012, Chancellor Angela Merkel asked the relatives of the victims to forgive the false suspicions. She called the murders “a shame for our country” and asked the question “[…] who or what […] such extremist perpetrators” in relation to the perpetrators. The chairman of the Turkish community in Germany , Kenan Kolat , criticized the commemoration. What politicians would have said on the occasion of the arson attacks in Mölln and Solingen in the 1990s would also apply today. Kolat missed a clear strategy by the federal government against social racism .

The father of the victim Halit Yozgat , İsmail Yozgat, spoke on behalf of the members of the series at the central memorial event. He asked that Holländische Strasse, where his son was born and murdered, be renamed Halit Strasse. He also suggested that a foundation for cancer patients should be established on behalf of the victims of the series and that all financial aid offered for the bereaved should flow into this foundation.

On April 13, 2013, shortly before the planned start of the trial, several thousand people demonstrated against racism and at the same time remembered the victims of the acts. In the evening there was property damage to the building of the Bavarian Refugee Council , which was allegedly committed by neo-Nazis.

Memorials

Memorial stele in Kassel, Halitplatz

Memorial stele in Nuremberg, Kartäusertor opposite the opera house

Memorial plaque for Theodoros Boulgarides in the Munich Trappentreustrasse

The Lord Mayors of Kassel, Nuremberg, Munich, Rostock, Dortmund and Heilbronn as well as the First Mayor of Hamburg agreed that memorial plaques should commemorate the victims of the acts in their cities. In a joint declaration on April 3, 2012, it was announced that with a uniform message and the naming of all victims, the crimes would be “appropriately identified as a series of terrifying crimes of xenophobic character.” This understanding was implemented with the erection of various steles , on each of which the names and dates of death of the ten victims are listed, on October 1, 2012 in Kassel on the newly inaugurated Halitplatz, on March 21, 2013 in Nuremberg Kartäusertor and on July 13, 2013 in Dortmund in a green area at the main train station. But the joint declaration already contains a wrong date of death for İsmail Yaşar, and wrong dates of death were engraved on the memorial plaques.

On September 24, 2012, Mayor Ullrich Sierau unveiled a memorial stone for the killed Mehmet Kubaşık near the kiosk he ran in Dortmund . Sierau apologized for the investigation errors with the relatives of Kubaşık. False allegations were made against the family. The Turkish Consul General Şule Özkaya expressed concern about the situation of Turkish immigrants at the memorial event.

On October 1, 2012, Halitplatz was inaugurated in Kassel to commemorate Halit Yozgat .

A memorial stone was set in Hamburg-Bahrenfeld on Schützenstraße in December 2012, and in May 2013 a street north of the Bahrenfeld Kühnehöfe was named after Süleyman Taşköprü.

In June 2013 the Rostock citizens decided to erect a work of art in memory of Mehmet Turgut in addition to a memorial stone.

In November 2013, memorial plaques were placed at the crime scenes in the Ramersdorf and Westend districts of Munich.

In May 2019, it was decided in Jena to designate a new place to commemorate Enver Şimşek in the Winzerla district, where the NSU perpetrators met; the official naming should take place in spring 2020.

In October 2019, a memorial tree was planted in Zwickau for the first victim in the series, Enver Şimşek. This was sawed off by strangers two days later. A bank set up as a replacement at short notice was also badly damaged. In November 2019, a memorial site with ten trees and memorial plaques was built with the help of 14,000 euros.

So far, vandalizing actions against these have been carried out in five of the eight cities with memorial plaques . The Federal Criminal Police Office counted eight such cases from 2010 to 2018, seven from right-wing extremists and one from left-wing extremists. The offenses fall under the criminal offenses of disparaging the memory of the deceased and using symbols of unconstitutional organizations . In all cases, those responsible have remained unknown.

See also

• Fatalities of right-wing extremist violence in the Federal Republic of Germany
• Hostility to the Turks

literature

• Christian Fuchs , John Goetz : The cell. Right-wing terror in Germany. Rowohlt, Reinbek near Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-498-02005-7 .
• Patrick Gensing : Terror from the right. The Nazi murders and the failure of politics. Rotbuch, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-86789-163-9 .
• Semiya Şimşek : Painful home - Germany and the murder of my father. Rowohlt Berlin, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-87134-480-0 .
• Christoph Busch: The NSU murders - a new type of right-wing extremist violence. In: Totalitarianism and Democracy. Volume 10, 2013, issue 2, pp. 211–236, doi: 10.13109 / tode.2013.10.2.211 .
• Stefan Aust , Dirk Laabs : Heimatschutz - The state and the series of murders of the NSU. Pantheon, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-570-55202-5 .
• Imke Schmincke, Jasmin Siri : NSU murders. In: Torben Fischer, Matthias N. Lorenz (Hrsg.): Lexicon of “Coping with the Past” in Germany: Debate and Discourse History of National Socialism after 1945. 3rd, revised and expanded edition. Transcript, Bielefeld 2015, pp. 391–394 (preview).
• Tanjev Schultz : NSU. The terror from the right and the failure of the state. Droemer, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-426-27628-0 , chapter “Beside the trace: The investigations into the series of murders”, pp. 183–225.

Web links

Commons : National Socialist Underground  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

 Wikinews: "Kebab murders" is a bad word 2011  - news

• Subject NSU series of murders at Zeit Online
• Civil society initiatives: NSU-Watch , NSU-Tatort Hamburg , initiative April 6th
• Bahar Aslan: Burned into memory: the NSU series of murders. In: Institute for Democracy and Civil Society. April 6, 2017, doi: 10.19222 / 201701/3 .
• "What the government is doing is incredible." Kenan Kolat on the underestimation of right-wing ideas and the Chancellor's lack of sympathy. In: New Germany . November 15, 2011.
• Right-wing terror: deadly underestimated. ARD Radio Feature , April 2012, Feature Audio ( Memento from May 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), 53:29 min., 48.9 MB; Manuscript (PDF) , 0.4 MB.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Stefan Aust, Dirk Laabs: Heimatschutz. The state and the NSU series of murders. Pantheon, Munich 2014, p. 490.
2. ↑ ^{a b} Investigators find the weapon used in the kebab murders. In: Spiegel Online . November 11, 2011.
3. ↑ Open letter: correctly name the origin of the victims! In: Kurdish Community Germany. (Website).
4. ↑ Hans Leyendecker : Fight against right-wing terror: "Murderers do not set fire, they burn off". In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . 5th December 2011.
5. ↑ Claus Peter Müller, Axel Wermelskirchen, David Klaubert: crime series before the clearing up. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . November 11, 2011.
6. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Oliver Bendixen, Matthias Fink: In search of the "kebab killer" ( Memento from September 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) ARD radio feature of the BR from 2010 (PDF; 333 kB).
7. ↑ ^{a b} Olaf Przybilla : Mysterious series of murders: It happened in broad daylight. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . August 6, 2010.
8. ↑ ^{a b c} Gregor Staltmaier: "Halbmond" determined in a series of murders. In: The world . November 10, 2001.
9. ↑ Stefan Aust , Dirk Laabs : Heimatschutz. The state and the NSU series of murders. Pantheon, Munich 2014, p. 570 f.
10. ^ Frank Pergande : Neo-Nazi Crimes: The Fifth Murder. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . November 15, 2011.
11. ↑ Gisela Friedrichsen : Kripo officer on NSU murder: "I have not seen anything like it". In: Spiegel Online . October 23, 2013.
12. ↑ Martin Debes: The ten murder victims of the NSU: Ismail Yasar. In: Thuringian General . May 5, 2013.
13. ↑ ^{a b} As a joint plaintiff against the NSU. In: Rheinische Post . 12th September 2017.
14. ↑ Series of murders against Turkish small business owners. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . June 10, 2005.
15. ↑ Antonia von der Behrens: The network of the NSU, contributory negligence of the state and prevented clarification. In this. (Ed.): No closing words. VSA, Hamburg 2018, pp. 197–322, here p. 277. Von der Behrens mistakenly uses the name of the series character who embodied Gilbert in the television series Roseanne , see Tom Sundermann: Behind Zschäpe at the cash desk. In: Zeit Online. 22nd October, 2013.
16. ↑ Barbara John (ed.) In collaboration with Vera Gaserow and Taha Kahya: Our wounds cannot be healed. What the NSU terror means for the victims and their families. Herder, Freiburg / Basel / Vienna 2014, ISBN 978-3-451-06727-3 , chapter “I don't want to be a victim forever: Gamze Kubaşık, daughter of Mehmet Kubaşık, tells”, pp. 121–134, here p. 125 ( Preprint) .
17. ↑ Andrea Kinzinger: Nine dead men and a mysterious constitutional protection officer. In: Der Spiegel. July 14, 2006, accessed March 25, 2015 . 
18. ↑ Barbara John (ed.) In collaboration with Vera Gaserow and Taha Kahya: Our wounds cannot be healed. What the NSU terror means for the victims and their families. Herder, Freiburg / Basel / Vienna 2014, ISBN 978-3-451-06727-3 , chapter “I don't want to be a victim forever: Gamze Kubaşık, daughter of Mehmet Kubaşık, tells”, pp. 121–134, here p. 125 ( Preprint) .
19. ↑ ^{a b} Christian Denso: On the hunt for a murderous phantom. In: Hamburger Abendblatt. May 30, 2006, accessed September 6, 2013 . 
20. ^ ^{A b} Conny Neumann, Andreas Ulrich: Düstere Parallelwelten . In: Der Spiegel . No. 8 , 2011 ( online - February 21, 2011 ).
21. ↑ victim's widow: "Even I had the police suspected" . In: Der Tagesspiegel. November 15, 2011.
22. ↑ Thomas Knellwolf, David Nauer: So the only hot lead to the murderous neo-Nazis was lost. In: Berner Zeitung. September 28, 2012.
23. ↑ Thomas Knellwolf: The pistol in the Zwickau cell cost 1250 francs back then. In: Tages-Anzeiger. November 17, 2011.
24. ↑ Ulrich Stoll: The weapon of the terror trio. ZDF (Frontal 21), September 25, 2012, viewed October 29, 2018.
25. ^ Secondary action NSU trial: Minutes Pleading by the Federal Prosecutor's Office 4th day: complete transcript. July 31, 2017.
26. ↑ Exclusion through language. Germans and doner kebab. In: Spiegel online. November 16, 2011.
27. ↑ As if Habil Kiliç had been a mafioso. In: The time. July 11th 2013.
28. ↑ The fifth murder. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine. November 15, 2011.
29. ↑ Christian Denso: Seven dead, one weapon - the murderer's trail. In: Hamburger Abendblatt. June 23, 2005.
30. ↑ Tanjev Schultz : NSU , Munich 2018, pages 224 f.
31. ↑ Series of murders against Turkish small business owners. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. June 10, 2005.
32. ↑ NSU committee makes massive accusations against authorities. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. 4th July 2013.
33. ↑ “No 10th victim!” - Short film about the silent marches in Kassel and Dortmund in May / June 2006 , NSU-Watch January 7, 2014
34. ↑ Miriam Bunjes: Silent grief, loud warning. In: taz. June 13, 2006; Beate Lakotta: With 300 questions against the wall. In: Der Spiegel. No. 41, October 7, 2017, p. 41.
35. ↑ Nine dead men and a mysterious intelligence service. In: Spiegel Online. July 14, 2006.
36. ↑ Beckstein tenfold reward for clues about serial killers. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. April 26, 2006.
37. ↑ Police lured murderers with their own kebab snack. In: The time. May 10, 2012; Markus Decker: Police went on a hunt for criminals with a kebab shop. In: Frankfurter Rundschau. May 11, 2012.
38. ↑ Ciphers of a Deadly Code. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. August 6, 2006.
39. ↑ Veronica Frenzel: The man with the right nose. In: Bayerische Staatszeitung. January 13, 2012, p. 3.
40. ↑ A terrifying record. In: taz. May 16, 2013.
41. ^ Press release by the Hamburg police ( memento from November 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), Hanseatic City of Hamburg, July 18, 2007.
42. ↑ Kebab murders: The SoKo is considerably reduced in size. Investigations should continue. In: Nürnberger Zeitung . February 1, 2008.
43. Jump up ↑ Veit Medick : Right-wing terrorism: Police used necromancers to search for NSU killers. In: Spiegel Online. June 14, 2012.
44. ↑ Barbara Hans, Birger Menke, Benjamin Schulz: Confessional video of the Zwickau cell: 15 minutes of sadism. In: Spiegel Online. November 14, 2011.
45. ^ Press release from the Federal Prosecutor's Office of November 13, 2011 , accessed on November 15, 2011.
46. ^ Press release from the Federal Prosecutor's Office of May 29, 2012.
47. ↑ Press release by the Attorney General of November 8, 2012 , accessed on February 7, 2014.
48. ^ Christian Fuchs, John Goetz : The cell. Right-wing terror in Germany. Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 2012, p. 182 f.
49. ↑ Eva Berger, Konrad Litschko: A gang from the mountains of Anatolia. In: The daily newspaper. (taz), 19./20. November 2011, p. 3.
50. ^ Conny Neumann, Sven Röbel, Andreas Ulrich: Trace of the kebab murderer leads to the betting mafia. In: Spiegel online. December 12, 2009.
51. ^ "Cold trace" in the betting scandal ( memento from January 18, 2010 in the Internet Archive ). In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. December 15, 2009.
52. ↑ Conny Neumann, Andreas Ulrich: Hiding in Switzerland . In: Der Spiegel . No. 34 , 2011 ( online - August 22, 2011 ).
53. ↑ Ramona Ambs: All kebab or what? In: HaGalil . November 14, 2011; Julia Kuttner: Interview on the series of murders against migrants: "This talk is so unworthy". In: Tagesschau.de . November 16, 2011.
54. ↑ Chairman of the Turkish community: "The term kebab murders makes me angry". November 15, 2011.
55. ^ Stefan Kuzmany: Exclusion through language: Germans and kebab. In: Spiegel Online. November 16, 2011.
56. ↑ Victims were symbolically expatriated through language. In: Der Tagesspiegel. November 19, 2011.
57. ↑ Hatice Akyün: My belief in the state has been shaken. In: Der Tagesspiegel. November 21, 2011.
58. ↑ Another arrest in connection with the investigation against members and supporters of the terrorist organization "National Socialist Underground (NSU)". Press release by the Attorney General, November 29, 2011.
59. ^ Language-critical campaign Unwort des Jahres: Unwort des Jahres ( Memento from October 13, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) (2012); Unword of the year 2011. In: Spiegel Online. 17th January 2012.
60. ^ SPD politician Edathy. Reboot with obstacles. In: Spiegel Online. January 18, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
61. ↑ Questioning about the destruction of files: Scandal in the NSU committee of the Bundestag ( memento of October 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), tagesschau.de of October 18, 2012.
62. ↑ faz.net: Constitutional protectors involved in "kebab murders"? July 14, 2006
63. ↑ Stefan Aust , Dirk Laabs : Heimatschutz. The state and the NSU series of murders. Pantheon Verlag Munich 2014, pp. 603f.
64. ↑ Stefan Aust, Per Hinrichs, Dirk Laabs: How close was the protection of the constitution to the NSU murderers? In: Welt.de , March 1, 2015.
65. ↑ Waiting for the statement from Beate Z. In: Hamburger Abendblatt. November 16, 2011.
66. ↑ “Little Adolf” no right? ( Memento of 18 November 2011 at the Internet Archive ), hr-online from 16 November 2011th
67. ^ Olaf Kern: NSU trial: neo-Nazi Benjamin G. got money from the country. In: FNP.de , March 13, 2015.
68. ^ German Bundestag, BT-Drs. 17/14600 , p. 843.
69. ↑ Andreas Speit : NSU victims called "parasites". In: The daily newspaper . 1st of May 2013.
70. ↑ Andreas Speit : Did the NSU have helpers in Hamburg? In: The daily newspaper . 1st February 2018.
71. ^ German Bundestag, BT-Drs. 17/14600 , p. 575. The Baden-Wuerttemberg NSU investigative committee questioned the official responsible for the formulation, who from the committee's point of view was able to "convincingly refute" the accusation of structural racism, since the formulation from the context does not refer to geographical or ethnic origin of the perpetrator, but rather to behavior and socialization, see final report, Landtag-Drucksache 15/8000, April 28, 2016, p. 866 f. (PDF) . However, the analysis continues: “All nine victims had contact with a group that makes a living through criminal activities and within which there is also a rigid code of honor or a rigid internal law. ... The rigid code of honor that characterizes the group also speaks in favor of a grouping in Eastern and Southeastern Europe (not European western background). "German Bundestag, BT-Drs. 17/14600 , p. 576.
72. ↑ Exemplary Bavarian State Parliament, printed matter 16/17740, p. 141 ff. (PDF) .
73. ↑ I want answers, not dismay. In: Tagesschau.de , February 17, 2013.
74. ^ Next NSU breakdown: police paid inheritance to wrong woman. In: Focus.de , June 17, 2014.
75. ^ German Bundestag, BT-Drs. 17/14600 , pp. 524 f., 578 and 992; Bavarian State Parliament, printed matter 16/17740, p. 141 (PDF) .
76. ^ Authorities and politicians have known about the right-wing terror trio since 2000. In: SWR.de , May 21, 2013.
77. ^ NSU known as the terror trio since 2000 ( memento from May 22, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). In: Tagesschau.de , May 21, 2013.
78. ↑ Pascal Beucker : A series of murders in the background . In: the daily newspaper . June 10, 2006.
79. ↑ Series of murders in Germany: Commemoration of the victims of right-wing violence . In: The time . November 13, 2011.
80. ↑ Edgar S. Hasse, Florian Hanauer: "The murders make us afraid" . In: The world . November 17, 2011.
81. ↑ Christian Unger: entrepreneur: "If the authorities blind in the right eye?" . In: Hamburger Abendblatt . November 17, 2011.
82. ^ Right-wing extremism: Bundestag asks relatives of the victims for forgiveness . In: The time . November 22, 2011.
83. ↑ 50,000 rock against the right. In: Spiegel online. 3rd December 2012.
84. ↑ Rock 'n' Roll Arena Jena - For the colorful Republic of Germany ( Memento from January 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) mdr.de from December 2, 2011.
85. ↑ Stefan Kuzmany: ARD documentary about neo-Nazi victims: The shame. In: Der Spiegel . December 12, 2011, accessed March 25, 2015 . 
86. ↑ Victims of right-wing terrorism: Merkel asks relatives for forgiveness . In: Spiegel Online . February 23, 2012.
87. ↑ Mely Kiyak : Column: Dear Ismail Yozgat! . February 25, 2012.
88. ↑ Thousands remember the victims of the NSU during a demonstration . In: Augsburger Allgemeine . April 13, 2013.
89. ^ Building of the Bavarian Refugee Council damaged . In: nordbayern.de , April 15, 2013.
90. ^ Daniel Bax: Municipalities commemorate NSU victims: A Halit-Platz for Kassel . In: the daily newspaper . April 3, 2012.
91. ^ Memorial for NSU victims incorrect , dradio.de of July 17, 2013.
92. ↑ Murders of the NSU - Memorial stone for Dortmund victims of the NSU series of murders unveiled . In: Hamburger Abendblatt . September 24, 2012.
93. ↑ Kassel: Halitplatz commemorates NSU victims ( memento of October 3, 2012 in the Internet Archive ). In: Hessischer Rundfunk . October 1, 2012.
94. ↑ Lee Hielscher: De / Reality of Terror. An urban documentation of visual axes at the former home of the victims of the NSU terror . In: movements. Journal for critical migration and border regime research . tape 2 , no. 1 , September 26, 2016 ( movements-journal.org [accessed September 28, 2016]).
95. ↑ Memorial stone and work of art for Mehmet Turgut ( Memento from February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), ndr.de from June 16, 2013.
96. ↑ Memorial plaques for NSU victims revealed, in: Süddeutsche Zeitung, November 8, 2013
97. ^ Page of the Bavarian Ministry of Culture for the memorial plaques
98. ^ Günter Platzdasch: Right-wing terrorism: where it all began . In: FAZ.NET . ISSN  0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed February 3, 2020]).
99. ^ Günter Platzdasch: A place and a festival. Jena finds a form to commemorate the victims of the NSU . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine . May 24, 2019.
100. ^ ZEIT ONLINE: Zwickau: Memorial site for NSU victims destroyed again . In: The time . October 6, 2019, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed November 4, 2019]).
101. ↑ Frida Thurm, dpa, Reuters: Angela Merkel: "We will do everything so that this does not happen again" . In: The time . November 4, 2019, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed November 4, 2019]).
102. ↑ Martin Lutz and Annelie Naumann: Most memorials for victims of the NSU were desecrated . In: Welt.de , October 13, 2019, accessed on October 14, 2019.